man-pages/man3/malloc.3

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.\" Modified Sat Jul 24 19:00:59 1993 by Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu)
.\" Clarification concerning realloc, iwj10@cus.cam.ac.uk (Ian Jackson), 950701
.\" Documented MALLOC_CHECK_, Wolfram Gloger (wmglo@dent.med.uni-muenchen.de)
.\" 2007-09-15 mtk: added notes on malloc()'s use of sbrk() and mmap().
.\"
.\" FIXME . Review http://austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=374
.\" to see what changes are required on this page.
.\"
.TH MALLOC 3  2020-06-09 "GNU" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
.SH NAME
malloc, free, calloc, realloc, reallocarray \- allocate and free dynamic memory
.SH SYNOPSIS
.nf
.B #include <stdlib.h>
.PP
.BI "void *malloc(size_t " "size" );
.BI "void free(void " "*ptr" );
.BI "void *calloc(size_t " "nmemb" ", size_t " "size" );
.BI "void *realloc(void " "*ptr" ", size_t "  "size" );
.BI "void *reallocarray(void " "*ptr" ", size_t " nmemb ", size_t "  "size" );
.fi
.PP
.RS -4
Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see
.BR feature_test_macros (7)):
.RE
.PP
.BR reallocarray ():
.ad l
    Since glibc 2.29:
        _DEFAULT_SOURCE
    Glibc 2.28 and earlier:
        _GNU_SOURCE
.ad
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
.BR malloc ()
function allocates
.I size
bytes and returns a pointer to the allocated memory.
.IR "The memory is not initialized" .
If
.I size
is 0, then
.BR malloc ()
returns either NULL,
.\" glibc does this:
or a unique pointer value that can later be successfully passed to
.BR free ().
.PP
The
.BR free ()
function frees the memory space pointed to by
.IR ptr ,
which must have been returned by a previous call to
.BR malloc (),
.BR calloc (),
or
.BR realloc ().
Otherwise, or if
.I free(ptr)
has already been called before, undefined behavior occurs.
If
.I ptr
is NULL, no operation is performed.
.PP
The
.BR calloc ()
function allocates memory for an array of
.I nmemb
elements of
.I size
bytes each and returns a pointer to the allocated memory.
The memory is set to zero.
If
.I nmemb
or
.I size
is 0, then
.BR calloc ()
returns either NULL,
.\" glibc does this:
or a unique pointer value that can later be successfully passed to
.BR free ().
If the multiplication of
.I nmemb
and
.I size
would result in integer overflow, then
.BR calloc ()
returns an error.
By contrast,
an integer overflow would not be detected in the following call to
.BR malloc (),
with the result that an incorrectly sized block of memory would be allocated:
.PP
.in +4n
.EX
malloc(nmemb * size);
.EE
.in
.PP
The
.BR realloc ()
function changes the size of the memory block pointed to by
.I ptr
to
.I size
bytes.
The contents will be unchanged in the range from the start of the region
up to the minimum of the old and new sizes.
If the new size is larger than the old size, the added memory will
.I not
be initialized.
If
.I ptr
is NULL, then the call is equivalent to
.IR malloc(size) ,
for all values of
.IR size ;
if
.I size
is equal to zero,
and
.I ptr
is not NULL, then the call is equivalent to
.IR free(ptr) .
Unless
.I ptr
is NULL, it must have been returned by an earlier call to
.BR malloc (),
.BR calloc (),
or
.BR realloc ().
If the area pointed to was moved, a
.I free(ptr)
is done.
.PP
The
.BR reallocarray ()
function changes the size of the memory block pointed to by
.I ptr
to be large enough for an array of
.I nmemb
elements, each of which is
.I size
bytes.
It is equivalent to the call
.PP
.in +4n
    realloc(ptr, nmemb * size);
.in
.PP
However, unlike that
.BR realloc ()
call,
.BR reallocarray ()
fails safely in the case where the multiplication would overflow.
If such an overflow occurs,
.BR reallocarray ()
returns NULL, sets
.I errno
to
.BR ENOMEM ,
and leaves the original block of memory unchanged.
.SH RETURN VALUE
The
.BR malloc ()
and
.BR calloc ()
functions return a pointer to the allocated memory,
which is suitably aligned for any built-in type.
On error, these functions return NULL.
NULL may also be returned by a successful call to
.BR malloc ()
with a
.I size
of zero,
or by a successful call to
.BR calloc ()
with
.I nmemb
or
.I size
equal to zero.
.PP
The
.BR free ()
function returns no value.
.PP
The
.BR realloc ()
function returns a pointer to the newly allocated memory, which is suitably
aligned for any built-in type, or NULL if the request failed.
The returned pointer may be the same as
.IR ptr
if the allocation was not moved
(e.g., there was room to expand the allocation in-place), or different from
.IR ptr
if the allocation was moved to a new address.
If
.I size
was equal to 0, either NULL or a pointer suitable to be passed to
.BR free ()
is returned.
If
.BR realloc ()
fails, the original block is left untouched; it is not freed or moved.
.PP
On success, the
.BR reallocarray ()
function returns a pointer to the newly allocated memory.
On failure,
it returns NULL and the original block of memory is left untouched.
.SH ERRORS
.BR calloc (),
.BR malloc (),
.BR realloc (),
and
.BR reallocarray ()
can fail with the following error:
.TP
.B ENOMEM
Out of memory.
Possibly, the application hit the
.BR RLIMIT_AS
or
.BR RLIMIT_DATA
limit described in
.BR getrlimit (2).
.SH VERSIONS
.BR reallocarray ()
first appeared in glibc in version 2.26.
.SH ATTRIBUTES
For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see
.BR attributes (7).
.TS
allbox;
lbw20 lb lb
l l l.
Interface	Attribute	Value
T{
.BR malloc (),
.BR free (),
.br
.BR calloc (),
.BR realloc ()
T}	Thread safety	MT-Safe
.TE
.SH CONFORMING TO
.BR malloc (),
.BR free (),
.BR calloc (),
.BR realloc ():
POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008, C89, C99.
.PP
.BR reallocarray ()
is a nonstandard extension that first appeared in OpenBSD 5.6 and FreeBSD 11.0.
.SH NOTES
By default, Linux follows an optimistic memory allocation strategy.
This means that when
.BR malloc ()
returns non-NULL there is no guarantee that the memory really
is available.
In case it turns out that the system is out of memory,
one or more processes will be killed by the OOM killer.
For more information, see the description of
.IR /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory
and
.IR /proc/sys/vm/oom_adj
in
.BR proc (5),
and the Linux kernel source file
.IR Documentation/vm/overcommit-accounting.rst .
.PP
Normally,
.BR malloc ()
allocates memory from the heap, and adjusts the size of the heap
as required, using
.BR sbrk (2).
When allocating blocks of memory larger than
.B MMAP_THRESHOLD
bytes, the glibc
.BR malloc ()
implementation allocates the memory as a private anonymous mapping using
.BR mmap (2).
.B MMAP_THRESHOLD
is 128\ kB by default, but is adjustable using
.BR mallopt (3).
Prior to Linux 4.7
allocations performed using
.BR mmap (2)
were unaffected by the
.B RLIMIT_DATA
resource limit;
since Linux 4.7, this limit is also enforced for allocations performed using
.BR mmap (2).
.PP
To avoid corruption in multithreaded applications,
mutexes are used internally to protect the memory-management
data structures employed by these functions.
In a multithreaded application in which threads simultaneously
allocate and free memory,
there could be contention for these mutexes.
To scalably handle memory allocation in multithreaded applications,
glibc creates additional
.IR "memory allocation arenas"
if mutex contention is detected.
Each arena is a large region of memory that is internally allocated
by the system
(using
.BR brk (2)
or
.BR mmap (2)),
and managed with its own mutexes.
.PP
SUSv2 requires
.BR malloc (),
.BR calloc (),
and
.BR realloc ()
to set
.I errno
to
.B ENOMEM
upon failure.
Glibc assumes that this is done
(and the glibc versions of these routines do this); if you
use a private malloc implementation that does not set
.IR errno ,
then certain library routines may fail without having
a reason in
.IR errno .
.PP
Crashes in
.BR malloc (),
.BR calloc (),
.BR realloc (),
or
.BR free ()
are almost always related to heap corruption, such as overflowing
an allocated chunk or freeing the same pointer twice.
.PP
The
.BR malloc ()
implementation is tunable via environment variables; see
.BR mallopt (3)
for details.
.SH SEE ALSO
.\" http://g.oswego.edu/dl/html/malloc.html
.\" A Memory Allocator - by Doug Lea
.\"
.\" http://www.bozemanpass.com/info/linux/malloc/Linux_Heap_Contention.html
.\" Linux Heap, Contention in free() - David Boreham
.\"
.\" http://www.citi.umich.edu/projects/linux-scalability/reports/malloc.html
.\" malloc() Performance in a Multithreaded Linux Environment -
.\"     Check Lever, David Boreham
.\"
.ad l
.nh
.BR valgrind (1),
.BR brk (2),
.BR mmap (2),
.BR alloca (3),
.BR malloc_get_state (3),
.BR malloc_info (3),
.BR malloc_trim (3),
.BR malloc_usable_size (3),
.BR mallopt (3),
.BR mcheck (3),
.BR mtrace (3),
.BR posix_memalign (3)
.PP
For details of the GNU C library implementation, see
.UR https://sourceware.org/glibc/wiki/MallocInternals
.UE .