mirror of https://github.com/mkerrisk/man-pages
Formatting fixes
This commit is contained in:
parent
836f07c1c3
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11
Changes
11
Changes
|
@ -17,6 +17,17 @@ Global changes
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Typographical or grammatical errors have been corrected in several
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places.
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Make all function and page cross references that were italicised bold
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(which is how the majority of function and page cross references
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were already done).
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Change instances of things like "NULL-terminated string" to
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"null-terminated string"
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Pathnames, structures, and arguments that were bold were changed to italics
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Instances of the constant "NULL" that were bold-faced were made unformatted
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(which is how most instances of "NULL" already were.)
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Changes to individual pages
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---------------------------
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@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ The
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describes the object linked to the file descriptor
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.IR fd .
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The
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.B struct epoll_event
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.I struct epoll_event
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is defined as :
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.sp
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.nf
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@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ equal to zero makes
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.BR epoll_wait (2)
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to return immediately even if no events are available ( return code equal to zero ).
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The
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.B struct epoll_event
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.I struct epoll_event
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is defined as :
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.sp
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.nf
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@ -57,9 +57,7 @@ For
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.BR getdomainname ()
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under libc:
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.I name
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is
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.B NULL
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or
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is NULL or
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.I name
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is longer than
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.I len
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@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ and
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.BR setrlimit ()
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get and set resource limits respectively.
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Each resource has an associated soft and hard limit, as defined by the
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.B rlimit
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.I rlimit
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structure (the
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.I rlim
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argument to both
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@ -56,8 +56,9 @@ can get and set the time as well as a timezone.
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The
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.I tv
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argument is a
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.B timeval
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struct, as specified in <sys/time.h>:
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.I struct timeval
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(as specified in
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.IR <sys/time.h> ):
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.sp
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.nf
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struct timeval {
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@ -73,8 +74,7 @@ and gives the number of seconds and microseconds since the Epoch (see
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The
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.I tz
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argument is a
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.B timezone
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:
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.IR "struct timezone" :
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.sp
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.nf
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struct timezone {
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@ -151,8 +151,9 @@ is on local time, and that it has to be incremented by this amount
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to get UTC system time.
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No doubt it is a bad idea to use this feature.
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.PP
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The following macros are defined to operate on a struct timeval :
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.br
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The following macros are defined to operate on a
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.IR "struct timeval" :
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.sp
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.nf
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#define timerisset(tvp)\\
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.ti +8
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@ -213,9 +214,12 @@ and the defines for
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are (since glibc2.2.2) only available if
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.B _BSD_SOURCE
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is defined (either explicitly, or implicitly, by not defining
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_POSIX_SOURCE or compiling with the \-ansi flag).
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.B _POSIX_SOURCE
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or compiling with the \-ansi flag).
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.LP
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Traditionally, the fields of struct timeval were longs.
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Traditionally, the fields of
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.I struct timeval
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were longs.
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.SH "CONFORMING TO"
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SVr4, 4.3BSD. POSIX 1003.1-2001 describes
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.BR gettimeofday ()
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@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ even if the same filesystem is mounted on both.)
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Hard links, as created by
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.BR link (),
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cannot span filesystems. Use
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.B symlink
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.BR symlink ()
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if this is required.
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POSIX.1-2001 says that
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@ -161,9 +161,9 @@ is unspecified."
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Under Linux, this call cannot be used to create directories.
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One should make directories with
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.BR mkdir ,
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.BR mkdir (2),
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and FIFOs with
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.BR mkfifo .
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.BR mkfifo (2).
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.\" Unix domain sockets with .BR socket " (and " bind ),
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There are many infelicities in the protocol underlying NFS. Some
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10
man2/mmap.2
10
man2/mmap.2
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@ -87,9 +87,9 @@ the process or are to be shared with other references. It has bits
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.B MAP_FIXED
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Do not select a different address than the one specified.
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If the memory region specified by
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.B start
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.I start
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and
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.B len
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.I len
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overlaps pages of any existing mapping(s), then the overlapped
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part of the existing mapping(s) will be discarded.
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If the specified address cannot be used,
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@ -216,16 +216,16 @@ to these pages will generate SIGSEGV. It is not an error if the
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indicated range does not contain any mapped pages.
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For file-backed mappings, the
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.B st_atime
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.I st_atime
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field for the mapped file may be updated at any time between the
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.BR mmap ()
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and the corresponding unmapping; the first reference to a mapped
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page will update the field if it has not been already.
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.LP
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The
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.B st_ctime
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.I st_ctime
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and
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.B st_mtime
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.I st_mtime
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field for a file mapped with PROT_WRITE and MAP_SHARED will be updated after
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a write to the mapped region, and before a subsequent
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.BR msync ()
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@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ capability.
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.TP
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.B EEXIST
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A message queue exists for
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.B key
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.I key
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and
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.I msgflg
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specified both
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@ -46,8 +46,7 @@ remaining time into the structure pointed to by
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.IR rem
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unless
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.I rem
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is
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.BR NULL .
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is NULL.
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The value of
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.I *rem
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can then be used to call
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@ -191,9 +191,9 @@ in which case the lock is also successful.
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.B O_LARGEFILE
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(LFS)
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Allow files whose sizes cannot be represented in an
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.B off_t
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.I off_t
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(but can be represented in an
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.BR off64_t )
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.IR off64_t )
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to be opened.
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.TP
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.B O_NOATIME
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@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ They must be directories.
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the current root.
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.IP \- 3
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\fIput_old\fP must be underneath \fInew_root\fP, i.e. adding a non-zero
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number of \fB/..\fP to the string pointed to by \fIput_old\fP must yield
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number of \fI/..\fP to the string pointed to by \fIput_old\fP must yield
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the same directory as \fInew_root\fP.
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.IP \- 3
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No other file system may be mounted on \fIput_old\fP.
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@ -71,8 +71,8 @@ If the current root is not a mount point (e.g. after \fBchroot(2)\fP or
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mount point of that file system is mounted on \fIput_old\fP.
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.SH NOTES
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\fInew_root\fP does not have to be a mount point. In this case,
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\fB/proc/mounts\fP will show the mount point of the file system containing
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\fInew_root\fP as root (\fB/\fP).
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\fI/proc/mounts\fP will show the mount point of the file system containing
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\fInew_root\fP as root (\fI/\fP).
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.SH "RETURN VALUE"
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On success, zero is returned. On error, \-1 is returned, and
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\fIerrno\fP is set appropriately.
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@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ is not, in fact, a directory.
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.B ENOTEMPTY
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.I pathname
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contains entries other than
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.BR . " and " .. " ."
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.IR . " and " .. " ."
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.TP
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.B EPERM
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The directory containing
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@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ elements in the array pointed to by
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.I sops
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specifies an operation to be performed on a single semaphore.
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The elements of this structure are of type
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.BR "struct sembuf" ,
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.IR "struct sembuf" ,
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containing the following members:
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.sp
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.in +4n
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@ -296,8 +296,7 @@ set to
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is performed).
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If the
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.I timeout
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parameter is
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.BR NULL ,
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parameter isNULL,
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then
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.BR semtimedop ()
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behaves exactly like
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15
man2/shmop.2
15
man2/shmop.2
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@ -61,15 +61,13 @@ with one of the following criteria:
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.LP
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If
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.I shmaddr
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is
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.BR NULL ,
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is NULL,
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the system chooses a suitable (unused) address at which to attach
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the segment.
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.LP
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If
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.I shmaddr
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isn't
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.B NULL
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isn't NULL
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and
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.B SHM_RND
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is specified in
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@ -105,8 +103,7 @@ and continuing for the size of the segment.
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error would result if a mapping already exists in this address range.)
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In this case,
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.I shmaddr
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must not be
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.BR NULL .
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must not be NULL.
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.PP
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The
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.BR brk (2)
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@ -210,8 +207,7 @@ or
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.B SHM_REMAP
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was specified and
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.I shmaddr
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was
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.BR NULL .
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was NULL.
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.TP
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.B ENOMEM
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Could not allocate memory for the descriptor or for the page tables.
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@ -228,8 +224,7 @@ Using
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.BR shmat ()
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with
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.I shmaddr
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equal to
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.B NULL
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equal to NULL
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is the preferred, portable way of attaching a shared memory segment.
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Be aware that the shared memory segment attached in this way
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may be attached at different addresses in different processes.
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@ -43,8 +43,7 @@ removes the delivered signal from the calling process's list of pending
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signals and returns the signal number as its function result.
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If the
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.I info
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argument is not
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.BR NULL ,
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argument is not NULL,
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then it returns a structure of type
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.I siginfo_t
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(see
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@ -121,9 +120,7 @@ or
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.BR sigtimedwait ())
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and does not establish handlers for these signals.
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.PP
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POSIX leaves the meaning of a
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.B NULL
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value for the
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POSIX leaves the meaning of a NULL value for the
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.I timeout
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argument of
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.BR sigtimedwait ()
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|
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@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ was inspired by the 4.4BSD one
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Solaris, Irix and POSIX have a system call
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.BR statvfs (2)
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that returns a
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.B "struct statvfs"
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.I "struct statvfs"
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(defined in
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.IR "<sys/statvfs.h>" )
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containing an
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@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ containing an
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Linux, SunOS, HPUX, 4.4BSD have a system call
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.BR statfs ()
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that returns a
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.B "struct statfs"
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.I "struct statfs"
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(defined in
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.IR "<sys/vfs.h>" )
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containing a
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@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ containing a
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where
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.I fsid_t
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is defined as
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.BR "struct { int val[2]; }" .
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.IR "struct { int val[2]; }" .
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The same holds for FreeBSD, except that it uses the include file
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.IR "<sys/mount.h>" .
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@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ struct __sysctl_args {
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.PP
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This call does a search in a tree structure, possibly resembling
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a directory tree under
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.BR /proc/sys ,
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.IR /proc/sys ,
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and if the requested item is found calls some appropriate routine
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to read or modify the value.
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|
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@ -161,8 +161,7 @@ signal (see
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.PP
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If
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.I status
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is not
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.BR NULL ,
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is not NULL,
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.BR wait ()
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and
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.BR waitpid ()
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|
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@ -99,9 +99,7 @@ for further details.
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.PP
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If
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.I rusage
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is not
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.BR NULL ,
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the
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is not NULL, the
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.I struct rusage
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to which it points will be filled with accounting information
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about the child.
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|
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@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ and received by calling
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See their manual pages for more information.
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.PP
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Ancillary data is a sequence of
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.B struct cmsghdr
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.I struct cmsghdr
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structures with appended data. This sequence should only be accessed
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using the macros described in this manual page and never directly.
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See the specific protocol man pages for the available control message types.
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@ -68,10 +68,8 @@ data buffer associated with the passed
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returns the next valid
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.B cmsghdr
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after the passed
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.B cmsghdr.
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It returns
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.B NULL
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when there isn't enough space left in the buffer.
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.B cmsghdr .
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It returns NULL when there isn't enough space left in the buffer.
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.PP
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.BR CMSG_ALIGN (),
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given a length, returns it including the required alignment. This is a
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|
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@ -64,9 +64,7 @@ be found.
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.PP
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If
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.I buf
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is not
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.BR NULL ,
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and
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is not NULL and
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.I len
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is not zero,
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.BR confstr ()
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|
@ -84,8 +82,7 @@ If
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.I len
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is zero and
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.I buf
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is
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.BR NULL ,
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is NULL,
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.BR confstr ()
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just returns the value as defined below.
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.SH "RETURN VALUE"
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|
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@ -36,8 +36,7 @@ returns a string which is the pathname for the current controlling terminal for
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process.
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If
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.I s
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is
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.BR NULL ,
|
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is NULL,
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a static buffer is used, otherwise
|
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.I s
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points to a buffer used to hold the terminal pathname.
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|
@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ SVID, Issue 1; POSIX.1
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.SH BUGS
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The path returned may not uniquely identify the controlling
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terminal; it may, for example, be
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.BR /dev/tty .
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.IR /dev/tty .
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.PP
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It is not assured that the program can open the terminal.
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.SH "SEE ALSO"
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|
|
15
man3/exec.3
15
man3/exec.3
|
@ -85,8 +85,7 @@ strings that represent the argument list available to the executed program.
|
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The first argument, by convention, should point to the file name associated
|
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with the file being executed. The list of arguments
|
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.I must
|
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be terminated by a
|
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.B NULL
|
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be terminated by a NULL
|
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pointer, and, since these are variadic functions, this pointer must be cast
|
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.BR "(char *) NULL" .
|
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.PP
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|
@ -99,22 +98,18 @@ represent the argument list available to the new program. The first
|
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argument, by convention, should point to the file name associated with the
|
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file being executed. The array of pointers
|
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.I must
|
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be terminated by a
|
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.B NULL
|
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pointer.
|
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be terminated by a NULL pointer.
|
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.PP
|
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The
|
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.BR execle ()
|
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function also specifies the environment of the executed process by following
|
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the
|
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.B NULL
|
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the NULL
|
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pointer that terminates the list of arguments in the parameter list or the
|
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pointer to the argv array with an additional parameter. This additional
|
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parameter is an array of pointers to null-terminated strings and
|
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.I must
|
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be terminated by a
|
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.B NULL
|
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pointer. The other functions take the environment for the new process
|
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be terminated by a NULL pointer.
|
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The other functions take the environment for the new process
|
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image from the external variable
|
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.I environ
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in the current process.
|
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|
|
|
@ -57,8 +57,7 @@ is unaffected.
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.PP
|
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If the
|
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.I stream
|
||||
argument is
|
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.BR NULL ,
|
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argument is NULL,
|
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.BR fflush ()
|
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flushes
|
||||
.I all
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -172,9 +172,8 @@ and
|
|||
.BR freopen ()
|
||||
return a
|
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.I FILE
|
||||
pointer. Otherwise,
|
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.B NULL
|
||||
is returned and the global variable
|
||||
pointer.
|
||||
Otherwise, NULL is returned and the global variable
|
||||
.I errno
|
||||
is set to indicate the error.
|
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.SH ERRORS
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ or
|
|||
to prepare a client or a server socket.
|
||||
.PP
|
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The
|
||||
.B addrinfo
|
||||
.I addrinfo
|
||||
structure used by this function contains the following members:
|
||||
.sp
|
||||
.nf
|
||||
|
@ -91,13 +91,13 @@ structure used by this function contains the following members:
|
|||
sets
|
||||
.I res
|
||||
to point to a dynamically-allocated linked list of
|
||||
.B addrinfo
|
||||
.I addrinfo
|
||||
structures, linked by the
|
||||
.I ai_next
|
||||
member.
|
||||
There are several reasons why
|
||||
the linked list may have more than one
|
||||
.B addrinfo
|
||||
.I addrinfo
|
||||
structure, including: if the network host is
|
||||
multi-homed; or if the same service
|
||||
is available from multiple socket protocols (one
|
||||
|
@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ A NULL
|
|||
.I hints
|
||||
specifies that any network address or protocol is acceptable.
|
||||
If this parameter is not NULL it points to an
|
||||
.B addrinfo
|
||||
.I addrinfo
|
||||
structure
|
||||
whose
|
||||
.IR ai_family ,
|
||||
|
@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ flag suppresses any potentially lengthy network host address lookups.
|
|||
The
|
||||
.BR getaddrinfo (3)
|
||||
function creates a linked list of
|
||||
.B addrinfo
|
||||
.I addrinfo
|
||||
structures, one for each network address subject to any restrictions
|
||||
imposed by the
|
||||
.I hints
|
||||
|
@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ parameter.
|
|||
The
|
||||
.I ai_canonname
|
||||
field of the first of these
|
||||
.B addrinfo
|
||||
.I addrinfo
|
||||
structures is set to point to the official name of the host, if
|
||||
.I hints.ai_flags
|
||||
includes the
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -49,9 +49,7 @@ which is of length
|
|||
.PP
|
||||
If the current absolute path name would require a buffer longer than
|
||||
.I size
|
||||
elements,
|
||||
.B NULL
|
||||
is returned, and
|
||||
elements, NULL is returned, and
|
||||
.I errno
|
||||
is set to
|
||||
.BR ERANGE ;
|
||||
|
@ -70,9 +68,8 @@ allocates the buffer dynamically using
|
|||
.BR malloc ()
|
||||
if
|
||||
.I buf
|
||||
is
|
||||
.B NULL
|
||||
on call. In this case, the allocated buffer has the length
|
||||
is NULL on call.
|
||||
In this case, the allocated buffer has the length
|
||||
.I size
|
||||
unless
|
||||
.I size
|
||||
|
@ -116,7 +113,7 @@ and may even be unlimited. For portability and security reasons, use of
|
|||
.BR getwd ()
|
||||
is deprecated.
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
.B NULL
|
||||
NULL
|
||||
on failure with
|
||||
.I errno
|
||||
set accordingly, and
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -95,13 +95,13 @@ If no date is given, but we know the hour, then that hour is taken
|
|||
to be the first such hour equal to or after the current hour.
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
When successful, this function returns a pointer to a
|
||||
.BR "struct tm" .
|
||||
.IR "struct tm" .
|
||||
Otherwise, it returns NULL and sets the global variable
|
||||
.BR getdate_err .
|
||||
.IR getdate_err .
|
||||
Changes to
|
||||
.I errno
|
||||
are unspecified. The following values for
|
||||
.B getdate_err
|
||||
.I getdate_err
|
||||
are defined:
|
||||
.TP 4n
|
||||
.B 1
|
||||
|
@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ Invalid input specification.
|
|||
Since
|
||||
.BR getdate ()
|
||||
is not reentrant because of the use of
|
||||
.B getdate_err
|
||||
.I getdate_err
|
||||
and the static buffer to return the result in, glibc provides a
|
||||
thread-safe variant. The functionality is the same. The result
|
||||
is returned in the buffer pointed to by
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -165,21 +165,21 @@ parameter specifies one of the following values:
|
|||
The
|
||||
.I addr
|
||||
parameter points to a
|
||||
.B struct in_addr
|
||||
.I struct in_addr
|
||||
and
|
||||
.I len
|
||||
must be set to
|
||||
.BR "sizeof(struct in_addr)" .
|
||||
.IR "sizeof(struct in_addr)" .
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.B AF_INET6
|
||||
The
|
||||
.I addr
|
||||
parameter points to a
|
||||
.B struct in6_addr
|
||||
.I struct in6_addr
|
||||
and
|
||||
.I len
|
||||
must be set to
|
||||
.BR "sizeof(struct in6_addr)" .
|
||||
.IR "sizeof(struct in6_addr)" .
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
A null pointer is returned if an error occurred, and
|
||||
.I error_num
|
||||
|
@ -236,11 +236,11 @@ parameter was
|
|||
.TP
|
||||
.B h_length
|
||||
This field will be set to
|
||||
.B sizeof(struct in_addr)
|
||||
.I sizeof(struct in_addr)
|
||||
if
|
||||
.I h_addrtype
|
||||
is AF_INET, and to
|
||||
.B sizeof(struct in6_addr)
|
||||
.I sizeof(struct in6_addr)
|
||||
if
|
||||
.I h_addrtype
|
||||
is AF_INET6.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -44,9 +44,7 @@ newline delimiter was found.
|
|||
.\" Answer: *n is ignored and a new buffer is allocated
|
||||
If
|
||||
.IR "*lineptr"
|
||||
is
|
||||
.BR "NULL" ,
|
||||
the
|
||||
is NULL, then the
|
||||
.BR getline ()
|
||||
routine will allocate a buffer for containing the line, which must be freed
|
||||
by the user program.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -154,9 +154,9 @@ or
|
|||
.PP
|
||||
.I longopts
|
||||
is a pointer to the first element of an array of
|
||||
.B struct option
|
||||
.I struct option
|
||||
declared in
|
||||
.B <getopt.h>
|
||||
.I <getopt.h>
|
||||
as
|
||||
.nf
|
||||
.sp
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ each return a pointer to an object with the
|
|||
following structure
|
||||
containing the broken-out
|
||||
fields of a line in the rpc program number data base,
|
||||
.BR /etc/rpc .
|
||||
.IR /etc/rpc .
|
||||
.RS
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.nf
|
||||
|
@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ program number is found, or until end-of-file is encountered.
|
|||
.SH FILES
|
||||
.PD 0
|
||||
.TP 20
|
||||
.B /etc/rpc
|
||||
.I /etc/rpc
|
||||
.PD
|
||||
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
||||
.BR rpc (5),
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -124,8 +124,7 @@ and
|
|||
.BR fgets ()
|
||||
return
|
||||
.I s
|
||||
on success, and
|
||||
.B NULL
|
||||
on success, and NULL
|
||||
on error or when end of file occurs while no characters have been read.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.BR ungetc ()
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -148,8 +148,7 @@ which means that only directories are matched.
|
|||
.PP
|
||||
If
|
||||
.I errfunc
|
||||
is not
|
||||
.BR NULL ,
|
||||
is not NULL,
|
||||
it will be called in case of an error with the arguments
|
||||
.IR epath ,
|
||||
a pointer to the path which failed, and
|
||||
|
@ -175,8 +174,7 @@ Upon successful return,
|
|||
contains the number of matched pathnames and
|
||||
.I pglob->gl_pathv
|
||||
a pointer to the list of matched pathnames. The first pointer after
|
||||
the last pathname is
|
||||
.BR NULL .
|
||||
the last pathname is NULL.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
It is possible to call
|
||||
.BR glob ()
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ localeconv \- get numeric formatting information
|
|||
The
|
||||
.BR localeconv ()
|
||||
function returns a pointer to a
|
||||
.B struct lconv
|
||||
.I struct lconv
|
||||
for the current locale. This structure is defined in the header-file
|
||||
.B locale.h
|
||||
and contains all values associated with the locale categories
|
||||
|
|
14
man3/login.3
14
man3/login.3
|
@ -91,15 +91,17 @@ to your compiler command line.
|
|||
|
||||
Note that the
|
||||
member
|
||||
.B ut_user
|
||||
of struct utmp is called
|
||||
.B ut_name
|
||||
.I ut_user
|
||||
of
|
||||
.I struct utmp
|
||||
is called
|
||||
.I ut_name
|
||||
in BSD. Therefore,
|
||||
.B ut_name
|
||||
.I ut_name
|
||||
is defined as an alias for
|
||||
.B ut_user
|
||||
.I ut_user
|
||||
in
|
||||
.IR utmp.h .
|
||||
.IR <utmp.h> .
|
||||
.SH FILES
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.I /var/run/utmp
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -67,9 +67,7 @@ Otherwise, or if
|
|||
has already been called before, undefined behaviour occurs.
|
||||
If
|
||||
.I ptr
|
||||
is
|
||||
.BR NULL ,
|
||||
no operation is performed.
|
||||
is NULL, no operation is performed.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.BR realloc ()
|
||||
changes the size of the memory block pointed to by
|
||||
|
@ -81,18 +79,14 @@ The contents will be unchanged to the minimum of the old and new sizes;
|
|||
newly allocated memory will be uninitialized.
|
||||
If
|
||||
.I ptr
|
||||
is
|
||||
.BR NULL ,
|
||||
the call is equivalent to
|
||||
is NULL, the call is equivalent to
|
||||
.BR malloc(size) ;
|
||||
if size is equal to zero,
|
||||
the call is equivalent to
|
||||
.BI "free(" "ptr" ) .
|
||||
Unless
|
||||
.I ptr
|
||||
is
|
||||
.BR NULL ,
|
||||
it must have been returned by an earlier call to
|
||||
is NULL, it must have been returned by an earlier call to
|
||||
.BR malloc (),
|
||||
.BR calloc ()
|
||||
or
|
||||
|
@ -106,9 +100,7 @@ For
|
|||
and
|
||||
.BR malloc (),
|
||||
the value returned is a pointer to the allocated memory, which is suitably
|
||||
aligned for any kind of variable, or
|
||||
.B NULL
|
||||
if the request fails.
|
||||
aligned for any kind of variable, or NULL if the request fails.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.BR free ()
|
||||
returns no value.
|
||||
|
@ -117,9 +109,8 @@ returns no value.
|
|||
returns a pointer to the newly allocated memory, which is suitably
|
||||
aligned for any kind of variable and may be different from
|
||||
.IR ptr ,
|
||||
or
|
||||
.B NULL
|
||||
if the request fails. If
|
||||
or NULL if the request fails.
|
||||
If
|
||||
.I size
|
||||
was equal to 0, either NULL or a pointer suitable to be passed to
|
||||
.BR free ()
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ function. It copies
|
|||
bytes from the object beginning at
|
||||
.I src
|
||||
into the object pointed to by
|
||||
.I dest.
|
||||
.IR dest .
|
||||
But instead of returning the value of
|
||||
.I dest
|
||||
it returns a pointer to the byte following the last written byte.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -92,9 +92,7 @@ status of the command as returned by
|
|||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
The
|
||||
.BR popen ()
|
||||
function returns
|
||||
.B NULL
|
||||
if the
|
||||
function returns NULL if the
|
||||
.BR fork (2)
|
||||
or
|
||||
.BR pipe (2)
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -75,9 +75,7 @@ For all three routines, the memory is not zeroed.
|
|||
.BR memalign ()
|
||||
and
|
||||
.BR valloc ()
|
||||
return the pointer to the allocated memory, or
|
||||
.B NULL
|
||||
if the request fails.
|
||||
return the pointer to the allocated memory, or NULL if the request fails.
|
||||
|
||||
.BR posix_memalign ()
|
||||
returns zero on success, or one of the error values listed in the
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ For decimal conversion
|
|||
.BR G )
|
||||
the output is to be grouped with thousands' grouping characters
|
||||
if the locale information indicates any. Note that many versions of
|
||||
.B gcc
|
||||
.BR gcc (1)
|
||||
cannot parse this option and will issue a warning. SUSv2 does not
|
||||
include %'F.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -42,8 +42,7 @@ which is overwritten by subsequent use of
|
|||
.BR re_comp ().
|
||||
If
|
||||
.I regex
|
||||
is
|
||||
.BR NULL ,
|
||||
is NULL,
|
||||
no operation is performed and the pattern buffer's contents are not
|
||||
altered.
|
||||
|
||||
|
@ -54,9 +53,7 @@ matches the previously compiled
|
|||
.IR regex .
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
.BR re_comp ()
|
||||
returns
|
||||
.B NULL
|
||||
on successful compilation of
|
||||
returns NULL on successful compilation of
|
||||
.I regex
|
||||
otherwise it returns a pointer to an appropriate error message.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -747,7 +747,7 @@ Stuff the machine's
|
|||
address into
|
||||
.IR *addr ,
|
||||
without consulting the library routines that deal with
|
||||
.BR /etc/hosts .
|
||||
.IR /etc/hosts .
|
||||
The port number is always set to
|
||||
.BR htons(\s-1PMAPPORT\s0) .
|
||||
.br
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -105,8 +105,7 @@ argument should point to a buffer at least
|
|||
bytes long; this buffer will be used instead of the current buffer. If the
|
||||
argument
|
||||
.I buf
|
||||
is
|
||||
.BR NULL ,
|
||||
is NULL,
|
||||
only the mode is affected; a new buffer will be allocated on the next read
|
||||
or write operation. The
|
||||
.BR setvbuf ()
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -43,8 +43,7 @@ function is used to set or query the program's current locale.
|
|||
.PP
|
||||
If
|
||||
.I locale
|
||||
is not
|
||||
.BR NULL ,
|
||||
is not NULL,
|
||||
the program's current locale is modified according to the arguments.
|
||||
The argument
|
||||
.I category
|
||||
|
@ -132,9 +131,7 @@ For a list of all supported locales, try "locale \-a", cf.\&
|
|||
.PP
|
||||
If
|
||||
.I locale
|
||||
is
|
||||
.BR NULL ,
|
||||
the current locale is only queried, not modified.
|
||||
is NULL, the current locale is only queried, not modified.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
On startup of the main program, the portable
|
||||
.B """C"""
|
||||
|
@ -162,9 +159,8 @@ returns an opaque string that corresponds to the locale set.
|
|||
This string may be allocated in static storage.
|
||||
The string returned is such that a subsequent call with that string
|
||||
and its associated category will restore that part of the process's
|
||||
locale. The return value is
|
||||
.B NULL
|
||||
if the request cannot be honored.
|
||||
locale.
|
||||
The return value is NULL if the request cannot be honored.
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
ANSI C, POSIX.1
|
||||
.SH NOTES
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -111,8 +111,7 @@ These functions return the converted value, if any.
|
|||
|
||||
If
|
||||
.I endptr
|
||||
is not
|
||||
.BR NULL ,
|
||||
is not NULL,
|
||||
a pointer to the character after the last character used in the conversion
|
||||
is stored in the location referenced by
|
||||
.IR endptr .
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -67,8 +67,7 @@ a command that does
|
|||
.PP
|
||||
If the value of
|
||||
.I command
|
||||
is
|
||||
.BR NULL ,
|
||||
is NULL,
|
||||
.BR system ()
|
||||
returns non-zero if the shell is available, and zero if not.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -51,9 +51,8 @@ of length
|
|||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
The function
|
||||
.BR ttyname ()
|
||||
returns a pointer to a pathname on success. On error,
|
||||
.B NULL
|
||||
is returned, and
|
||||
returns a pointer to a pathname on success.
|
||||
On error, NULL is returned, and
|
||||
.I errno
|
||||
is set appropriately.
|
||||
The function
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ console \- console terminal and virtual consoles
|
|||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
A Linux system has up to 63 \fIvirtual consoles\fP
|
||||
(character devices with major number 4 and minor number 1 to 63),
|
||||
usually called \fB/dev/tty\fP\fIn\fP with 1 \(<= \fIn\fP \(<= 63.
|
||||
usually called \fI/dev/tty\fP\fIn\fP with 1 \(<= \fIn\fP \(<= 63.
|
||||
The current console is also addressed by
|
||||
\fB/dev/console\fP or \fB/dev/tty0\fP, the character device with
|
||||
\fI/dev/console\fP or \fI/dev/tty0\fP, the character device with
|
||||
major number 4 and minor number 0.
|
||||
The device files /dev/* are usually created using the script MAKEDEV,
|
||||
or using
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ lost when the media is changed.
|
|||
sets the media information of a drive (geometry of disk in drive). The
|
||||
media information will not be lost when the media is changed. This
|
||||
will disable autodetection. In order to re-enable autodetection, you
|
||||
have to issue an \fBFDCLRPRM\fP .
|
||||
have to issue an \fBFDCLRPRM\fP.
|
||||
.IP \fBFDGETDRVTYP\fP
|
||||
returns the type of a drive (name parameter). For formats which work
|
||||
in several drive types, \fBFDGETDRVTYP\fP returns a name which is
|
||||
|
|
10
man4/full.4
10
man4/full.4
|
@ -27,16 +27,16 @@
|
|||
.SH NAME
|
||||
full \- always full device
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
File \fB/dev/full\fP has major device number 1
|
||||
File \fI/dev/full\fP has major device number 1
|
||||
and minor device number 7.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
Writes to the \fB/dev/full\fP device will fail with an ENOSPC error.
|
||||
Writes to the \fI/dev/full\fP device will fail with an ENOSPC error.
|
||||
|
||||
Reads from the \fB/dev/full\fP device will return \\0 characters.
|
||||
Reads from the \fI/dev/full\fP device will return \\0 characters.
|
||||
|
||||
Seeks on \fB/dev/full\fP will always succeed.
|
||||
Seeks on \fI/dev/full\fP will always succeed.
|
||||
.SH CONFIGURING
|
||||
If your system does not have \fB/dev/full\fP created already, it
|
||||
If your system does not have \fI/dev/full\fP created already, it
|
||||
can be created with the following commands:
|
||||
.nf
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -58,9 +58,9 @@ Both DOS-type partitioning and BSD-disklabel partitioning are supported.
|
|||
You can have at most 63 partitions on an IDE disk.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
For example,
|
||||
.B /dev/hda
|
||||
.I /dev/hda
|
||||
refers to all of the first IDE drive in the system; and
|
||||
.B /dev/hdb3
|
||||
.I /dev/hdb3
|
||||
refers to the third DOS `primary' partition on the second one.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
They are typically created by:
|
||||
|
|
163
man4/initrd.4
163
man4/initrd.4
|
@ -39,20 +39,20 @@ initrd \- boot loader initialized RAM disk
|
|||
.\"
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The special file
|
||||
.B /dev/initrd
|
||||
.I /dev/initrd
|
||||
is a read-only block device.
|
||||
Device
|
||||
.B /dev/initrd
|
||||
.I /dev/initrd
|
||||
is a RAM disk that is initialized (e.g. loaded) by the boot loader before
|
||||
the kernel is started.
|
||||
The kernel then can use the block device
|
||||
.BR /dev/initrd "'s "
|
||||
.IR /dev/initrd "'s "
|
||||
contents for a two phased system boot-up.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
In the first boot-up phase, the kernel starts up
|
||||
and mounts an initial root file-system from the contents
|
||||
of
|
||||
.B /dev/initrd
|
||||
.I /dev/initrd
|
||||
(e.g. RAM disk initialized by the boot loader).
|
||||
In the second phase, additional drivers or other modules
|
||||
are loaded from the initial root device's contents.
|
||||
|
@ -68,41 +68,42 @@ When booting up with
|
|||
.RS 0.2i
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
1. The boot loader loads the kernel program and
|
||||
.BR /dev/initrd "'s contents into memory."
|
||||
.IR /dev/initrd "'s contents into memory."
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
2. On kernel startup, the kernel uncompresses and copies the contents of the device
|
||||
.B /dev/initrd
|
||||
2. On kernel startup,
|
||||
the kernel uncompresses and copies the contents of the device
|
||||
.I /dev/initrd
|
||||
onto device
|
||||
.B /dev/ram0
|
||||
.I /dev/ram0
|
||||
and then frees the memory used by
|
||||
.BR /dev/initrd "."
|
||||
.IR /dev/initrd "."
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
3. The kernel then read-write mounts device
|
||||
.B /dev/ram0
|
||||
.I /dev/ram0
|
||||
as the initial root file system.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
4. If the indicated normal root file system is also the initial root file-system
|
||||
(e.g.
|
||||
.B /dev/ram0
|
||||
.I /dev/ram0
|
||||
) then the kernel skips to the last step for the usual boot sequence.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
5. If the executable file
|
||||
.BR /linuxrc " is present in the initial root file-system, " /linuxrc
|
||||
.IR /linuxrc " is present in the initial root file-system, " /linuxrc
|
||||
is executed with UID 0.
|
||||
(The file
|
||||
.B /linuxrc
|
||||
.I /linuxrc
|
||||
must have executable permission.
|
||||
The file
|
||||
.B /linuxrc
|
||||
.I /linuxrc
|
||||
can be any valid executable, including a shell script.)
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
6. If
|
||||
.B /linuxrc
|
||||
.I /linuxrc
|
||||
is not executed or when
|
||||
.B /linuxrc
|
||||
.I /linuxrc
|
||||
terminates, the normal root file system is mounted.
|
||||
(If
|
||||
.BR /linuxrc
|
||||
.IR /linuxrc
|
||||
exits with any file-systems mounted on the initial root
|
||||
file-system, then the behavior of the kernel is
|
||||
.BR UNSPECIFIED "."
|
||||
|
@ -111,21 +112,21 @@ See the
|
|||
section for the current kernel behavior.)
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
7. If the normal root file has directory
|
||||
.BR /initrd ", device"
|
||||
.B /dev/ram0
|
||||
.IR /initrd ", device"
|
||||
.I /dev/ram0
|
||||
is moved from
|
||||
.BR / " to " /initrd "."
|
||||
.IR / " to " /initrd "."
|
||||
Otherwise if directory
|
||||
.BR /initrd " does not exist device " /dev/ram0 " is unmounted."
|
||||
.IR /initrd " does not exist device " /dev/ram0 " is unmounted."
|
||||
(When moved from
|
||||
.BR / " to " /initrd ", " /dev/ram0
|
||||
.IR / " to " /initrd ", " /dev/ram0
|
||||
is not unmounted and therefore processes can remain running from
|
||||
.BR /dev/ram0 "."
|
||||
.IR /dev/ram0 "."
|
||||
If directory
|
||||
.BR /initrd
|
||||
.IR /initrd
|
||||
does not exist on the normal root file-system
|
||||
and any processes remain running from
|
||||
.BR /dev/ram0 " when " /linuxrc
|
||||
.IR /dev/ram0 " when " /linuxrc
|
||||
exits, the behavior of the kernel is
|
||||
.BR UNSPECIFIED "."
|
||||
See the
|
||||
|
@ -133,7 +134,8 @@ See the
|
|||
section for the current kernel behavior.)
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
8. The usual boot sequence (e.g. invocation of
|
||||
.BR /sbin/init ") is performed on the normal root file system."
|
||||
.IR /sbin/init )
|
||||
is performed on the normal root file system.
|
||||
.\"
|
||||
.\"
|
||||
.\"
|
||||
|
@ -143,27 +145,29 @@ The following boot loader options when used with
|
|||
.TP
|
||||
.BI initrd= "filename"
|
||||
Specifies the file to load as the contents of
|
||||
.BR /dev/initrd "."
|
||||
.IR /dev/initrd "."
|
||||
.RB "For " LOADLIN
|
||||
this is a command line option.
|
||||
.RB "For " LILO " you have to use this command in the
|
||||
.BR LILO " configuration file " /etc/lilo.config "."
|
||||
.BR LILO
|
||||
configuration file
|
||||
.IR /etc/lilo.config .
|
||||
The filename specified with this
|
||||
option will typically be a gzipped file-system image.
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.B noinitrd
|
||||
.I noinitrd
|
||||
This boot time option disables the two phase boot-up operation.
|
||||
The kernel performs the usual boot sequence as if
|
||||
.B /dev/initrd
|
||||
.I /dev/initrd
|
||||
was not initialized.
|
||||
With this option, any contents of
|
||||
.B /dev/initrd
|
||||
.I /dev/initrd
|
||||
loaded into memory by the boot loader contents are preserved.
|
||||
This option permits the contents of
|
||||
.B /dev/initrd
|
||||
.I /dev/initrd
|
||||
to be any data and need not be limited to a file system image.
|
||||
However, device
|
||||
.B /dev/initrd
|
||||
.I /dev/initrd
|
||||
is read-only and can be read only one time after system startup.
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.BI root= "device-name"
|
||||
|
@ -182,7 +186,7 @@ device having a suitable root file-system.
|
|||
By default,
|
||||
the kernel's settings
|
||||
(e.g. set in the kernel file with
|
||||
.B rdev
|
||||
.BR rdev (8)
|
||||
or compiled into the kernel file),
|
||||
or the boot loader option setting
|
||||
is used for the normal root file systems.
|
||||
|
@ -195,38 +199,38 @@ For more information on setting the root file system also see the
|
|||
.BR LILO " and " LOADLIN " documentation."
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
It is also possible for the
|
||||
.BR /linuxrc
|
||||
.IR /linuxrc
|
||||
executable to change the normal root device.
|
||||
For
|
||||
.BR /linuxrc
|
||||
.IR /linuxrc
|
||||
to change the normal root device,
|
||||
.BR /proc " must be mounted."
|
||||
.IR /proc " must be mounted."
|
||||
After mounting
|
||||
.BR /proc ", " /linuxrc
|
||||
.IR /proc ", " /linuxrc
|
||||
changes the normal root device by writing into the proc files
|
||||
.BR /proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev ", "
|
||||
.BR /proc/sys/kernel/nfs-root-name ", and "
|
||||
.BR /proc/sys/kernel/nfs-root-addrs "."
|
||||
.IR /proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev ", "
|
||||
.IR /proc/sys/kernel/nfs-root-name ", and "
|
||||
.IR /proc/sys/kernel/nfs-root-addrs "."
|
||||
For a physical root device, the root device is changed by having
|
||||
.BR /linuxrc
|
||||
.IR /linuxrc
|
||||
write the new root file system device number into
|
||||
.BR /proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev "."
|
||||
.IR /proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev "."
|
||||
For a NFS root file system, the root device is changed by having
|
||||
.BR /linuxrc
|
||||
.IR /linuxrc
|
||||
write the NFS setting into files
|
||||
.BR /proc/sys/kernel/nfs-root-name " and "
|
||||
.BR /proc/sys/kernel/nfs-root-addrs
|
||||
.IR /proc/sys/kernel/nfs-root-name " and "
|
||||
.IR /proc/sys/kernel/nfs-root-addrs
|
||||
and then writing 0xff (e.g. the pseudo-NFS-device number) into file
|
||||
.BR /proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev "."
|
||||
.IR /proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev "."
|
||||
For example, the following shell command line would change
|
||||
the normal root device to
|
||||
.BR /dev/hdb1 :
|
||||
.IR /dev/hdb1 :
|
||||
.nf
|
||||
echo 0x365 >/proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev
|
||||
.fi
|
||||
For a NFS example, the following shell command lines would change the
|
||||
normal root device to the NFS directory
|
||||
.BR /var/nfsroot
|
||||
.IR /var/nfsroot
|
||||
on a local networked NFS server with IP number 193.8.232.7 for a system with
|
||||
IP number 193.8.232.7 and named 'idefix':
|
||||
.nf
|
||||
|
@ -238,7 +242,7 @@ IP number 193.8.232.7 and named 'idefix':
|
|||
|
||||
.BR Note :
|
||||
The use of
|
||||
.BR /proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev
|
||||
.IR /proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev
|
||||
to change the root file system is obsolete.
|
||||
See the kernel source file
|
||||
.I Documentation/initrd.txt
|
||||
|
@ -261,11 +265,11 @@ A possible system installation scenario is as follows:
|
|||
.PP
|
||||
1. The loader program boots from floppy or other media with a minimal kernel
|
||||
(e.g. support for
|
||||
.BR /dev/ram ", " /dev/initrd ", and the ext2 file-system) and loads "
|
||||
.BR /dev/initrd " with a gzipped version of the initial file-system.
|
||||
.IR /dev/ram ", " /dev/initrd ", and the ext2 file-system) and loads "
|
||||
.IR /dev/initrd " with a gzipped version of the initial file-system.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
2. The executable
|
||||
.BR /linuxrc
|
||||
.IR /linuxrc
|
||||
determines what is needed to (1) mount the normal root file-system
|
||||
(i.e. device type, device drivers, file system) and (2) the
|
||||
distribution media (e.g. CD-ROM, network, tape, ...). This can be
|
||||
|
@ -273,19 +277,19 @@ done by asking the user, by auto-probing, or by using a hybrid
|
|||
approach.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
3. The executable
|
||||
.BR /linuxrc
|
||||
.IR /linuxrc
|
||||
loads the necessary modules from the initial root file-system.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
4. The executable
|
||||
.BR /linuxrc
|
||||
.IR /linuxrc
|
||||
creates and populates the root file system. (At this stage the normal
|
||||
root file system does not have to be a
|
||||
completed system yet.)
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
5. The executable
|
||||
.BR /linuxrc " sets " /proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev,
|
||||
.IR /linuxrc " sets " /proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev,
|
||||
unmount
|
||||
.BR /proc ", "
|
||||
.IR /proc ", "
|
||||
the normal root file system and any other file
|
||||
systems it has mounted, and then terminates.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
|
@ -295,12 +299,12 @@ systems it has mounted, and then terminates.
|
|||
the boot loader can be installed.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
8. The boot loader is configured to load into
|
||||
.BR /dev/initrd
|
||||
.IR /dev/initrd
|
||||
a file system with the set of modules that was used to bring up the system.
|
||||
(e.g. Device
|
||||
.BR /dev/ram0
|
||||
.IR /dev/ram0
|
||||
can be modified, then unmounted, and finally, the image is written from
|
||||
.BR /dev/ram0
|
||||
.IR /dev/ram0
|
||||
to a file.)
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
9. The system is now bootable and additional installation tasks can be
|
||||
|
@ -308,7 +312,7 @@ performed.
|
|||
.RE
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The key role of
|
||||
.BR /dev/initrd
|
||||
.IR /dev/initrd
|
||||
in the above is to re-use the configuration data during normal system operation
|
||||
without requiring initial kernel selection, a large generic kernel or,
|
||||
recompiling the kernel.
|
||||
|
@ -321,15 +325,15 @@ information as small as possible.
|
|||
In this case, create a common file
|
||||
with all needed modules.
|
||||
Then, only the
|
||||
.B /linuxrc
|
||||
.I /linuxrc
|
||||
file or a file executed by
|
||||
.B /linuxrc
|
||||
.I /linuxrc
|
||||
would be different.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
A third scenario is more convenient recovery disks.
|
||||
Because information like the location of the root file-system
|
||||
partition is not needed at boot time, the system loaded from
|
||||
.B /dev/initrd
|
||||
.I /dev/initrd
|
||||
can use a dialog and/or auto-detection followed by a
|
||||
possible sanity check.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
|
@ -339,27 +343,27 @@ for easy installation from the CD-ROM.
|
|||
The distribution can use
|
||||
.BR LOADLIN
|
||||
to directly load
|
||||
.BR /dev/initrd
|
||||
.IR /dev/initrd
|
||||
from CD-ROM without the need of any floppies.
|
||||
The distribution could also use a
|
||||
.BR LILO
|
||||
boot floppy and then bootstrap a bigger ram disk via
|
||||
.BR /dev/initrd " from the CD-ROM."
|
||||
.IR /dev/initrd " from the CD-ROM."
|
||||
.\"
|
||||
.\"
|
||||
.\"
|
||||
.SH CONFIGURATION
|
||||
The
|
||||
.B /dev/initrd
|
||||
.I /dev/initrd
|
||||
is a read-only block device assigned
|
||||
major number 1 and minor number 250.
|
||||
Typically
|
||||
.B /dev/initrd
|
||||
.I /dev/initrd
|
||||
is owned by
|
||||
.B root.disk
|
||||
.I root.disk
|
||||
with mode 0400 (read access by root only).
|
||||
If the Linux system does not have
|
||||
.B /dev/initrd
|
||||
.I /dev/initrd
|
||||
already created, it can be created with the following commands:
|
||||
.nf
|
||||
\fB
|
||||
|
@ -371,9 +375,9 @@ Also, support for both "RAM disk" and "Initial RAM disk"
|
|||
(e.g.
|
||||
.BR CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM=y " and " CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD=y
|
||||
) support must be compiled directly into the Linux kernel to use
|
||||
.BR /dev/initrd "."
|
||||
.IR /dev/initrd "."
|
||||
When using
|
||||
.BR /dev/initrd ", "
|
||||
.IR /dev/initrd ", "
|
||||
the RAM disk driver cannot be loaded as a module.
|
||||
.\"
|
||||
.\"
|
||||
|
@ -402,24 +406,25 @@ the LOADLIN documentation, the SYSLINUX documentation.
|
|||
.\"
|
||||
.SH NOTES
|
||||
1. With the current kernel, any file systems that remain mounted when
|
||||
.BR /dev/ram0 " is moved from " / " to " /initrd
|
||||
.IR /dev/ram0 " is moved from " / " to " /initrd
|
||||
continue to be accessible. However, the
|
||||
.BR /proc/mounts
|
||||
.IR /proc/mounts
|
||||
entries are not updated.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
2. With the current kernel, if directory
|
||||
.BR /initrd " does not exist, then " /dev/ram0
|
||||
.IR /initrd " does not exist, then "
|
||||
.I /dev/ram0
|
||||
will NOT be fully unmounted if
|
||||
.BR /dev/ram0
|
||||
.IR /dev/ram0
|
||||
is used by any process or has any file-system mounted on it.
|
||||
If
|
||||
.BR /dev/ram0 " is NOT fully unmounted, "
|
||||
.IR /dev/ram0 " is NOT fully unmounted, "
|
||||
then
|
||||
.BR /dev/ram0
|
||||
.IR /dev/ram0
|
||||
will remain in memory.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
3. Users of
|
||||
.BR /dev/initrd
|
||||
.IR /dev/initrd
|
||||
should not depend on the behavior give in the above notes.
|
||||
The behavior may change in future versions of the Linux kernel.
|
||||
.\"
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -7,15 +7,15 @@
|
|||
.SH NAME
|
||||
ptmx and pts \- pseudo-terminal master and slave
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The file \fB/dev/ptmx\fP is a character file with major number 5 and
|
||||
The file \fI/dev/ptmx\fP is a character file with major number 5 and
|
||||
minor number 2, usually of mode 0666 and owner.group of root.root.
|
||||
It is used to create a pseudo-terminal master and slave pair.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
When a process opens \fB/dev/ptmx\fP, it gets a file
|
||||
When a process opens \fI/dev/ptmx\fP, it gets a file
|
||||
descriptor for a pseudo-terminal master (PTM),
|
||||
and a pseudo-terminal slave (PTS) device is created in the
|
||||
.I /dev/pts
|
||||
directory. Each file descriptor obtained by opening \fB/dev/ptmx\fP
|
||||
directory. Each file descriptor obtained by opening \fI/dev/ptmx\fP
|
||||
is an independent PTM with its own associated PTS, whose path can
|
||||
be found by passing the descriptor to
|
||||
.BR ptsname (3).
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -14,11 +14,11 @@
|
|||
.SH NAME
|
||||
random, urandom \- kernel random number source devices
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The character special files \fB/dev/random\fP and
|
||||
\fB/dev/urandom\fP (present since Linux 1.3.30)
|
||||
The character special files \fI/dev/random\fP and
|
||||
\fI/dev/urandom\fP (present since Linux 1.3.30)
|
||||
provide an interface to the kernel's random number generator.
|
||||
File \fB/dev/random\fP has major device number 1
|
||||
and minor device number 8. File \fB/dev/urandom\fP
|
||||
File \fI/dev/random\fP has major device number 1
|
||||
and minor device number 8. File \fI/dev/urandom\fP
|
||||
has major device number 1 and minor device number 9.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
The random number generator gathers environmental noise
|
||||
|
@ -27,25 +27,25 @@ The generator also keeps an estimate of the
|
|||
number of bits of noise in the entropy pool.
|
||||
From this entropy pool random numbers are created.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
When read, the \fB/dev/random\fP device will only return random bytes
|
||||
When read, the \fI/dev/random\fP device will only return random bytes
|
||||
within the estimated number of bits of noise in the entropy
|
||||
pool. \fB/dev/random\fP should be suitable for uses that need very
|
||||
pool. \fI/dev/random\fP should be suitable for uses that need very
|
||||
high quality randomness such as one-time pad or key generation.
|
||||
When the entropy pool is empty, reads from \fB/dev/random\fP will block
|
||||
When the entropy pool is empty, reads from \fI/dev/random\fP will block
|
||||
until additional environmental noise is gathered.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
A read from the \fB/dev/urandom\fP device will not block
|
||||
A read from the \fI/dev/urandom\fP device will not block
|
||||
waiting for more entropy.
|
||||
As a result, if there is not sufficient entropy in the
|
||||
entropy pool, the returned values are theoretically vulnerable to a
|
||||
cryptographic attack on the algorithms used by the driver. Knowledge of
|
||||
how to do this is not available in the current non-classified
|
||||
literature, but it is theoretically possible that such an attack may
|
||||
exist. If this is a concern in your application, use \fB/dev/random\fP
|
||||
exist. If this is a concern in your application, use \fI/dev/random\fP
|
||||
instead.
|
||||
.SH CONFIGURING
|
||||
If your system does not have
|
||||
\fB/dev/random\fP and \fB/dev/urandom\fP created already, they
|
||||
\fI/dev/random\fP and \fI/dev/urandom\fP created already, they
|
||||
can be created with the following commands:
|
||||
|
||||
.nf
|
||||
|
@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ run during the Linux system shutdown:
|
|||
The files in the directory
|
||||
.I /proc/sys/kernel/random
|
||||
(present since 2.3.16) provide an additional interface to the
|
||||
.B /dev/random
|
||||
.I /dev/random
|
||||
device.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
The read-only file
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -55,10 +55,10 @@ partitions 1-4 are the DOS "primary" partitions
|
|||
partitions 5-8 are the DOS "extended" (or "logical") partitions
|
||||
|
||||
For example,
|
||||
.B /dev/sda
|
||||
.I /dev/sda
|
||||
will have major 8, minor 0, and will refer to all of the first SCSI drive
|
||||
in the system; and
|
||||
.B /dev/sdb3
|
||||
.I /dev/sdb3
|
||||
will have major 8, minor 19, and will refer to the third DOS "primary"
|
||||
partition on the second SCSI drive in the system.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -422,11 +422,11 @@ and
|
|||
are designed to operate in configurations where a network path between the ports on one adapter exists. Moreover, they are not designed to work where adapters are connected back-to-back.
|
||||
.SH FILES
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.B /proc/net/sk98lin/eth[x]
|
||||
.I /proc/net/sk98lin/eth[x]
|
||||
.br
|
||||
The statistics file of a particular interface of an adapter card. It contains generic information about the adapter card plus a detailed summary of all transmit and receive counters.
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.B /usr/src/linux/Documentation/network/sk98lin.txt
|
||||
.I /usr/src/linux/Documentation/network/sk98lin.txt
|
||||
.br
|
||||
This is the
|
||||
.IR README
|
||||
|
|
12
man4/st.4
12
man4/st.4
|
@ -142,12 +142,12 @@ compile-time constant (originally four). The driver contains an
|
|||
that can format a tape with either one or two partitions.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
Device
|
||||
.B /dev/tape
|
||||
.I /dev/tape
|
||||
is usually created as a hard or soft link to the default tape device
|
||||
on the system.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
Starting from kernel 2.6.2, the driver exports in the sysfs directory
|
||||
.BR /sys/class/scsi_tape
|
||||
.IR /sys/class/scsi_tape
|
||||
the attached devices and some parameters assigned to the devices.
|
||||
.SH "DATA TRANSFER"
|
||||
The driver supports operation in both fixed-block mode and
|
||||
|
@ -202,11 +202,11 @@ driver are passed to the
|
|||
.B SCSI
|
||||
driver.
|
||||
The definitions below are from
|
||||
.BR /usr/include/linux/mtio.h :
|
||||
.IR /usr/include/linux/mtio.h :
|
||||
.SS "\s-1MTIOCTOP\s+1 \(em Perform a tape operation"
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
This request takes an argument of type
|
||||
.BR "(struct mtop *)" .
|
||||
.IR "(struct mtop *)" .
|
||||
Not all drives support all operations.
|
||||
The driver returns an EIO error if the drive rejects an operation.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
|
@ -537,7 +537,7 @@ the masked sense data byte.
|
|||
.SS "\s-1MTIOCGET\s+1 \(em Get status"
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
This request takes an argument of type
|
||||
.BR "(struct mtget *)" .
|
||||
.IR "(struct mtget *)" .
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.nf
|
||||
/* structure for \s-1MTIOCGET\s+1 \- mag tape get status command */
|
||||
|
@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ This value is set to \-1 when the block number is unknown (e.g., after
|
|||
.SS "\s-1MTIOCPOS\s+1 \(em Get tape position"
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
This request takes an argument of type
|
||||
.B "(struct mtpos *)"
|
||||
.I "(struct mtpos *)"
|
||||
and reports the drive's notion of the current tape block number,
|
||||
which is not the same as
|
||||
.B mt_blkno
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
|
|||
.SH NAME
|
||||
tty \- controlling terminal
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The file \fB/dev/tty\fP is a character file with major number 5 and
|
||||
The file \fI/dev/tty\fP is a character file with major number 5 and
|
||||
minor number 0, usually of mode 0666 and owner.group root.tty. It is a
|
||||
synonym for the controlling terminal of a process, if any.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
|
@ -41,9 +41,9 @@ then SIGHUP and SIGCONT signals are sent to the foreground process group
|
|||
and all processes in the current session lose their controlling tty.
|
||||
.sp
|
||||
This \fBioctl\fP() call only works on file descriptors connected
|
||||
to \fB/dev/tty\fP. It is used by daemon processes when they are invoked
|
||||
to \fI/dev/tty\fP. It is used by daemon processes when they are invoked
|
||||
by a user at a terminal.
|
||||
The process attempts to open \fB/dev/tty\fP. If the open succeeds, it
|
||||
The process attempts to open \fI/dev/tty\fP. If the open succeeds, it
|
||||
detaches itself from the terminal by using \fBTIOCNOTTY\fP, while if the
|
||||
open fails, it is obviously not attached to a terminal and does not need
|
||||
to detach itself.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -54,9 +54,9 @@ set the current serial port settings.
|
|||
.LP
|
||||
The following four ioctls are just like TCGETS, TCSETS, TCSETSW, TCSETSF,
|
||||
except that they take a
|
||||
.B "struct termio *"
|
||||
.I "struct termio *"
|
||||
instead of a
|
||||
.BR "struct termios *" .
|
||||
.IR "struct termios *" .
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.BI "TCGETA struct termio *" argp
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -27,14 +27,14 @@
|
|||
.SH NAME
|
||||
vcs, vcsa \- virtual console memory
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
\fB/dev/vcs0\fP is a character device with major number 7 and minor number
|
||||
\fI/dev/vcs0\fP is a character device with major number 7 and minor number
|
||||
0, usually of mode 0644 and owner root.tty. It refers to the memory
|
||||
of the currently
|
||||
displayed virtual console terminal.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
\fB/dev/vcs[1\-63]\fP are character devices for virtual console
|
||||
\fI/dev/vcs[1\-63]\fP are character devices for virtual console
|
||||
terminals, they have major number 7 and minor number 1 to 63, usually
|
||||
mode 0644 and owner root.tty. \fB/dev/vcsa[0\-63]\fP are the same, but
|
||||
mode 0644 and owner root.tty. \fI/dev/vcsa[0\-63]\fP are the same, but
|
||||
including attributes, and prefixed with four bytes giving the screen
|
||||
dimensions and cursor position: \fIlines\fP, \fIcolumns\fP, \fIx\fP, \fIy\fP.
|
||||
(\fIx\fP = \fIy\fP = 0 at the top left corner of the screen.)
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ acct("/somewhere/accountingfile");
|
|||
will start the process accounting. Each time a process terminates
|
||||
a record for this process is appended to the accounting file.
|
||||
The accounting structure
|
||||
.B "struct acct"
|
||||
.I "struct acct"
|
||||
is also described in the file
|
||||
.IR /usr/include/linux/acct.h .
|
||||
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
|
|||
.SH NAME
|
||||
group \- user group file
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
\fB/etc/group\fP is an ASCII file which defines the groups to which users
|
||||
\fI/etc/group\fP is an ASCII file which defines the groups to which users
|
||||
belong. There is one entry per line, and each line has the format:
|
||||
.sp
|
||||
.RS
|
||||
|
|
10
man5/ipc.5
10
man5/ipc.5
|
@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ In the following, the word
|
|||
means an instantiation of one among such mechanisms.
|
||||
.SS Resource Access Permissions
|
||||
For each resource, the system uses a common structure of type
|
||||
.BR "struct ipc_perm"
|
||||
.IR "struct ipc_perm"
|
||||
to store information needed in determining permissions to perform an
|
||||
ipc operation.
|
||||
The
|
||||
|
@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ type variable.
|
|||
A message queue is uniquely identified by a positive integer
|
||||
.RI "(its " msqid )
|
||||
and has an associated data structure of type
|
||||
.BR "struct msqid_ds" ,
|
||||
.IR "struct msqid_ds" ,
|
||||
defined in
|
||||
.IR <sys/msg.h> ,
|
||||
containing the following members:
|
||||
|
@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ structure.
|
|||
A semaphore set is uniquely identified by a positive integer
|
||||
.RI "(its " semid )
|
||||
and has an associated data structure of type
|
||||
.BR "struct semid_ds" ,
|
||||
.IR "struct semid_ds" ,
|
||||
defined in
|
||||
.IR <sys/sem.h> ,
|
||||
containing the following members:
|
||||
|
@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ to
|
|||
.BR sem_nsems\-1 .
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
A semaphore is a data structure of type
|
||||
.B "struct sem"
|
||||
.I "struct sem"
|
||||
containing the following members:
|
||||
.sp
|
||||
.B
|
||||
|
@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ to become zero.
|
|||
A shared memory segment is uniquely identified by a positive integer
|
||||
.RI "(its " shmid )
|
||||
and has an associated data structure of type
|
||||
.BR "struct shmid_ds" ,
|
||||
.IR "struct shmid_ds" ,
|
||||
defined in
|
||||
.IR <sys/shm.h> ,
|
||||
containing the following members:
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
|
|||
.SH NAME
|
||||
issue \- pre-login message and identification file
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The file \fB/etc/issue\fP is a text file which contains a message or
|
||||
The file \fI/etc/issue\fP is a text file which contains a message or
|
||||
system identification to be printed before the login prompt. It may
|
||||
contain various \fB@\fP\fIchar\fP and \fB\e\fP\fIchar\fP sequences, if
|
||||
supported by
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ and is terminated with the keyword
|
|||
.PP
|
||||
|
||||
For more details see the sources in
|
||||
.B /usr/lib/nls/src
|
||||
.I /usr/lib/nls/src
|
||||
notably the examples
|
||||
.BR POSIX ,
|
||||
.B Example
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
|
|||
.SH NAME
|
||||
motd \- message of the day
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The contents of \fB/etc/motd\fP are displayed by
|
||||
The contents of \fI/etc/motd\fP are displayed by
|
||||
.BR login (1)
|
||||
after a successful login but just before it executes the login shell.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
|
|||
.SH NAME
|
||||
nologin \- prevent non-root users from logging into the system
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
If the file \fB/etc/nologin\fP exists,
|
||||
If the file \fI/etc/nologin\fP exists,
|
||||
.BR login (1)
|
||||
will allow access only to root. Other users will
|
||||
be shown the contents of this file and their logins will be refused.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
|
|||
/etc/nscd.conf \- name service cache daemon configuration file
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The file
|
||||
.B /etc/nscd.conf
|
||||
.I /etc/nscd.conf
|
||||
is read from
|
||||
.BR nscd (8)
|
||||
at startup. Each line specifies either an attribute and a value, or an
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ contain a cleaner solution of this problem. It is designed after a method
|
|||
used by Sun Microsystems in the C library of Solaris 2. We follow their
|
||||
name and call this scheme "Name Service Switch" (NSS). The sources for
|
||||
the "databases" and their lookup order are specified in the
|
||||
.B /etc/nsswitch.conf
|
||||
.I /etc/nsswitch.conf
|
||||
file.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
The following databases are available in the NSS:
|
||||
|
@ -98,9 +98,9 @@ Shadow user passwords, used by
|
|||
.BR getspnam (3).
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
An example
|
||||
.B /etc/nsswitch.conf
|
||||
.I /etc/nsswitch.conf
|
||||
(namely, the default used when
|
||||
.B /etc/nsswitch.conf
|
||||
.I /etc/nsswitch.conf
|
||||
is missing):
|
||||
.sp 1n
|
||||
.PD 0
|
||||
|
@ -202,20 +202,20 @@ default action is `continue'.
|
|||
.SS Interaction with +/\- syntax (compat mode)
|
||||
Linux libc5 without NYS does not have the name service switch but does
|
||||
allow the user some policy control. In
|
||||
.B /etc/passwd
|
||||
.I /etc/passwd
|
||||
you could have entries of the form +user or +@netgroup
|
||||
(include the specified user from the NIS passwd map),
|
||||
\-user or \-@netgroup (exclude the specified user),
|
||||
and + (include every user, except the excluded ones, from the NIS
|
||||
passwd map). Since most people only put a + at the end of
|
||||
.B /etc/passwd
|
||||
.I /etc/passwd
|
||||
to include everything from NIS, the switch provides a faster
|
||||
alternative for this case (`passwd: files nis') which doesn't
|
||||
require the single + entry in
|
||||
.BR /etc/passwd ,
|
||||
.BR /etc/group ,
|
||||
.IR /etc/passwd ,
|
||||
.IR /etc/group ,
|
||||
and
|
||||
.BR /etc/shadow .
|
||||
.IR /etc/shadow .
|
||||
If this is not sufficient, the NSS `compat' service provides full
|
||||
+/\- semantics. By default, the source is `nis', but this may be
|
||||
overridden by specifying `nisplus' as source for the pseudo-databases
|
||||
|
@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ that resides in
|
|||
.IR /lib .
|
||||
.TP 25
|
||||
.PD 0
|
||||
.B /etc/nsswitch.conf
|
||||
.I /etc/nsswitch.conf
|
||||
configuration file
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.BI /lib/libnss_compat.so. X
|
||||
|
@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ implements `hesiod' source for glibc2
|
|||
.BI /lib/libnss_nis.so. X
|
||||
implements `nis' source for glibc2
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.B /lib/libnss_nisplus.so.2
|
||||
.I /lib/libnss_nisplus.so.2
|
||||
implements `nisplus' source for glibc 2.1
|
||||
.SH NOTES
|
||||
Within each process that uses
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ the user's $HOME directory.
|
|||
.TP
|
||||
.I shell
|
||||
the program to run at login (if empty, use
|
||||
.BR /bin/sh ).
|
||||
.IR /bin/sh ).
|
||||
If set to a non-existing executable, the user will be unable to login
|
||||
through
|
||||
.BR login (1).
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
|
|||
.SH NAME
|
||||
shells \- pathnames of valid login shells
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
.B /etc/shells
|
||||
.I /etc/shells
|
||||
is a text file which contains the full pathnames of valid login shells.
|
||||
This file is consulted by
|
||||
.BR chsh (1)
|
||||
|
@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Be aware that there are programs which consult this file to
|
|||
find out if a user is a normal user. E.g.: ftp daemons traditionally
|
||||
disallow access to users with shells not included in this file.
|
||||
.SH EXAMPLES
|
||||
.B /etc/shells
|
||||
.I /etc/shells
|
||||
may contain the following paths:
|
||||
.sp
|
||||
.RS
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ only for capability with old programs; new ones should use the
|
|||
.BR terminfo (5)
|
||||
database and associated libraries.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
.B /etc/termcap
|
||||
.I /etc/termcap
|
||||
is an ASCII file (the database master) that lists the capabilities of
|
||||
many different types of terminals. Programs can read termcap to find
|
||||
the particular escape codes needed to control the visual attributes of
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ begin with the magic characters "TZif" to identify then as
|
|||
time zone information files,
|
||||
followed by sixteen bytes reserved for future use,
|
||||
followed by six four-byte values of type
|
||||
.BR long ,
|
||||
.IR long ,
|
||||
written in a ``standard'' byte order
|
||||
(the high-order byte of the value is written first).
|
||||
These values are,
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -73,13 +73,13 @@ for more information.
|
|||
Most distributions include the HOWTOs and mini-HOWTOs in the installation
|
||||
.PD 0
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
\fB/usr/doc/\fP (old place for documentation)
|
||||
\fI/usr/doc/\fP (old place for documentation)
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
\fB/usr/share/doc/\fP (new place for documentation)
|
||||
\fI/usr/share/doc/\fP (new place for documentation)
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
\fB/usr/share/doc/HOWTO/\fP (HOWTO files)
|
||||
\fI/usr/share/doc/HOWTO/\fP (HOWTO files)
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
\fB/usr/share/doc/HOWTO/mini/\fP (mini-HOWTO files)
|
||||
\fI/usr/share/doc/HOWTO/mini/\fP (mini-HOWTO files)
|
||||
.PD
|
||||
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
||||
.BR info (1),
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Three ioctls are available on all
|
|||
.B PF_INET
|
||||
sockets.
|
||||
They take a pointer to a
|
||||
.B struct arpreq
|
||||
.I struct arpreq
|
||||
as their parameter.
|
||||
|
||||
.nf
|
||||
|
@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ is obsolete and should not be used.
|
|||
ARP supports a sysctl interface to configure parameters on a global
|
||||
or per-interface basis.
|
||||
The sysctls can be accessed by reading or writing the
|
||||
.B /proc/sys/net/ipv4/neigh/*/*
|
||||
.I /proc/sys/net/ipv4/neigh/*/*
|
||||
files or with the
|
||||
.BR sysctl (2)
|
||||
interface. Each interface in the system has its own directory in
|
||||
|
@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ functionality together.
|
|||
|
||||
.SH VERSIONS
|
||||
The
|
||||
.B struct arpreq
|
||||
.I struct arpreq
|
||||
changed in Linux 2.0 to include the
|
||||
.I arp_dev
|
||||
member and the ioctl numbers changed at the same time.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ without parameters displays the possible arguments.
|
|||
.SS "Sequencing Directories"
|
||||
To make specific scripts start/stop at specific run-levels and in
|
||||
specific order, there are \fIsequencing directories\fR. These
|
||||
are normally in \fB/etc/rc[0\-6S].d\fR. In each of these directories
|
||||
are normally in \fI/etc/rc[0\-6S].d\fR. In each of these directories
|
||||
there are links (usually symbolic) to the scripts in the \fIinit.d\fR
|
||||
directory.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
10
man7/ddp.7
10
man7/ddp.7
|
@ -75,10 +75,10 @@ struct sockaddr_atalk {
|
|||
.PP
|
||||
.I sat_family
|
||||
is always set to
|
||||
.B AF_APPLETALK.
|
||||
.BR AF_APPLETALK .
|
||||
.I sat_port
|
||||
contains the port. The port numbers below 129 are known as
|
||||
.B reserved ports.
|
||||
.I reserved ports.
|
||||
Only processes with the effective user ID 0 or the
|
||||
.B CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE
|
||||
capability may
|
||||
|
@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ is the host address.
|
|||
The
|
||||
.I net
|
||||
member of
|
||||
.B struct at_addr
|
||||
.I struct at_addr
|
||||
contains the host network in network byte order. The value of
|
||||
.B AT_ANYNET
|
||||
is a
|
||||
|
@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ wildcard and also implies \(lqthis network.\(rq
|
|||
The
|
||||
.I node
|
||||
member of
|
||||
.B struct at_addr
|
||||
.I struct at_addr
|
||||
contains the host node number. The value of
|
||||
.B AT_ANYNODE
|
||||
is a
|
||||
|
@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ No protocol-specific socket options are supported.
|
|||
.SH SYSCTLS
|
||||
IP supports a sysctl interface to configure some global AppleTalk parameters.
|
||||
The sysctls can be accessed by reading or writing the
|
||||
.B /proc/sys/net/atalk/*
|
||||
.I /proc/sys/net/atalk/*
|
||||
files or with the
|
||||
.BR sysctl (2)
|
||||
interface.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ are also limited by the destination route of the incoming packets.
|
|||
.SH SYSCTLS
|
||||
ICMP supports a sysctl interface to configure some global IP parameters.
|
||||
The sysctls can be accessed by reading or writing the
|
||||
.B /proc/sys/net/ipv4/*
|
||||
.I /proc/sys/net/ipv4/*
|
||||
files or with the
|
||||
.BR sysctl (2)
|
||||
interface. Most of these sysctls are rate limitations for specific ICMP types.
|
||||
|
|
54
man7/ip.7
54
man7/ip.7
|
@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ are implemented by higher level protocols like
|
|||
and
|
||||
.BR tcp (7).
|
||||
On raw sockets
|
||||
.B sin_port
|
||||
.I sin_port
|
||||
is set to the IP protocol.
|
||||
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
|
@ -152,9 +152,9 @@ is the IP host address.
|
|||
The
|
||||
.I addr
|
||||
member of
|
||||
.B struct in_addr
|
||||
.I struct in_addr
|
||||
contains the host interface address in network order.
|
||||
.B in_addr
|
||||
.I in_addr
|
||||
should be only accessed using the
|
||||
.BR inet_aton (3),
|
||||
.BR inet_addr (3),
|
||||
|
@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ puts the current IP options used for sending into the supplied buffer.
|
|||
Pass an
|
||||
.I IP_PKTINFO
|
||||
ancillary message that contains a
|
||||
.B pktinfo
|
||||
.I pktinfo
|
||||
structure that supplies some information about the incoming packet.
|
||||
This only works for datagram oriented sockets.
|
||||
The argument is a flag that tells the socket whether the IP_PKTINFO message
|
||||
|
@ -258,11 +258,11 @@ struct in_pktinfo {
|
|||
.RE
|
||||
.IP
|
||||
.\" FIXME elaborate on that.
|
||||
.B ipi_ifindex
|
||||
.I ipi_ifindex
|
||||
is the unique index of the interface the packet was received on.
|
||||
.B ipi_spec_dst
|
||||
.I ipi_spec_dst
|
||||
is the local address of the packet and
|
||||
.B ipi_addr
|
||||
.I ipi_addr
|
||||
is the destination address in the packet header.
|
||||
If
|
||||
.I IP_PKTINFO
|
||||
|
@ -270,11 +270,11 @@ is passed to
|
|||
.BR sendmsg (2)
|
||||
and
|
||||
.\" This field is grossly misnamed
|
||||
.B ipi_spec_dst
|
||||
.I ipi_spec_dst
|
||||
is not zero, then it is used as the local source address for the routing
|
||||
table lookup and for setting up IP source route options.
|
||||
When
|
||||
.B ipi_ifindex
|
||||
.I ipi_ifindex
|
||||
is not zero the primary local address of the interface specified by the
|
||||
index overwrites
|
||||
.I ipi_spec_dst
|
||||
|
@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ be received by calling
|
|||
with the
|
||||
.B MSG_ERRQUEUE
|
||||
flag set. The
|
||||
.B sock_extended_err
|
||||
.I sock_extended_err
|
||||
structure describing the error will be passed in a ancillary message with
|
||||
the type
|
||||
.I IP_RECVERR
|
||||
|
@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ contains the error packet.
|
|||
The
|
||||
.I IP_RECVERR
|
||||
control message contains a
|
||||
.B sock_extended_err
|
||||
.I sock_extended_err
|
||||
structure:
|
||||
.IP
|
||||
.RS
|
||||
|
@ -416,9 +416,9 @@ struct sockaddr *SO_EE_OFFENDER(struct sock_extended_err *);
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
.RE
|
||||
.IP
|
||||
.B ee_errno
|
||||
.I ee_errno
|
||||
contains the errno number of the queued error.
|
||||
.B ee_origin
|
||||
.I ee_origin
|
||||
is the origin code of where the error originated.
|
||||
The other fields are protocol specific. The macro
|
||||
.B SO_EE_OFFENDER
|
||||
|
@ -427,15 +427,15 @@ where the error originated from given a pointer to the ancillary message.
|
|||
If this address is not known, the
|
||||
.I sa_family
|
||||
member of the
|
||||
.B sockaddr
|
||||
.I sockaddr
|
||||
contains
|
||||
.B AF_UNSPEC
|
||||
and the other fields of the
|
||||
.B sockaddr
|
||||
.I sockaddr
|
||||
are undefined.
|
||||
.IP
|
||||
IP uses the
|
||||
.B sock_extended_err
|
||||
.I sock_extended_err
|
||||
structure as follows:
|
||||
.I ee_origin
|
||||
is set to
|
||||
|
@ -594,8 +594,8 @@ packets should be looped back to the local sockets.
|
|||
.\"
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.B IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP
|
||||
Join a multicast group. Argument is a
|
||||
.B struct ip_mreqn
|
||||
Join a multicast group. Argument is an
|
||||
.I ip_mreqn
|
||||
structure.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.RS
|
||||
|
@ -625,9 +625,9 @@ is the interface index of the interface that should join/leave the
|
|||
group, or 0 to indicate any interface.
|
||||
.IP
|
||||
For compatibility, the old
|
||||
.B ip_mreq
|
||||
.I ip_mreq
|
||||
structure is still supported. It differs from
|
||||
.B ip_mreqn
|
||||
.I ip_mreqn
|
||||
only by not including
|
||||
the
|
||||
.I imr_ifindex
|
||||
|
@ -637,18 +637,18 @@ field. Only valid as a
|
|||
.TP
|
||||
.B IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP
|
||||
Leave a multicast group. Argument is an
|
||||
.B ip_mreqn
|
||||
.I ip_mreqn
|
||||
or
|
||||
.B ip_mreq
|
||||
.I ip_mreq
|
||||
structure similar to
|
||||
.IR IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP .
|
||||
.\"
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.B IP_MULTICAST_IF
|
||||
Set the local device for a multicast socket. Argument is an
|
||||
.B ip_mreqn
|
||||
.I ip_mreqn
|
||||
or
|
||||
.B ip_mreq
|
||||
.I ip_mreq
|
||||
structure similar to
|
||||
.IR IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP .
|
||||
.IP
|
||||
|
@ -659,7 +659,7 @@ is returned.
|
|||
The IP protocol
|
||||
supports the sysctl interface to configure some global options. The sysctls
|
||||
can be accessed by reading or writing the
|
||||
.B /proc/sys/net/ipv4/*
|
||||
.I /proc/sys/net/ipv4/*
|
||||
files or using the
|
||||
.\" FIXME As at 2.6.12, 14 Jun 2005, the following are undocumented:
|
||||
.\" ip_queue_maxlen
|
||||
|
@ -926,7 +926,7 @@ are new options in Linux 2.2.
|
|||
They are also all Linux specific and should not be used in
|
||||
programs intended to be portable.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.B struct ip_mreqn
|
||||
.I struct ip_mreqn
|
||||
is new in Linux 2.2. Linux 2.0 only supported
|
||||
.BR ip_mreq .
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
|
@ -940,7 +940,7 @@ socket. This is deprecated and should be replaced by
|
|||
.BI "socket(PF_PACKET, SOCK_RAW, " protocol )
|
||||
instead. The main difference is the
|
||||
new
|
||||
.B sockaddr_ll
|
||||
.I sockaddr_ll
|
||||
address structure for generic link layer information instead of the old
|
||||
.BR sockaddr_pkt .
|
||||
.SH BUGS
|
||||
|
|
14
man7/ipv6.7
14
man7/ipv6.7
|
@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ struct in6_addr {
|
|||
.sp
|
||||
.B sin6_family
|
||||
is always set to
|
||||
.B AF_INET6;
|
||||
.BR AF_INET6 ;
|
||||
.B sin6_port
|
||||
is the protocol port (see
|
||||
.B sin_port
|
||||
|
@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ socket into a socket of a different address family. Only
|
|||
is currently supported for that. It is only allowed for IPv6 sockets
|
||||
that are connected and bound to a v4-mapped-on-v6 address. The argument
|
||||
is a pointer to a integer containing
|
||||
.B AF_INET.
|
||||
.BR AF_INET .
|
||||
This is useful to pass v4-mapped sockets as file descriptors to
|
||||
programs that don't know how to deal with the IPv6 API.
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
|
@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ Argument is a pointer to boolean.
|
|||
.TP
|
||||
.B IPV6_ADD_MEMBERSHIP, IPV6_DROP_MEMBERSHIP
|
||||
Control membership in multicast groups. Argument is a pointer to a
|
||||
.B struct ipv6_mreq
|
||||
.I struct ipv6_mreq
|
||||
structure.
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.B IPV6_MTU
|
||||
|
@ -239,13 +239,13 @@ when the passed address length contains it. Some programs that pass a
|
|||
longer address buffer and then check the outgoing address length may break.
|
||||
.SH "PORTING NOTES"
|
||||
The
|
||||
.B sockaddr_in6
|
||||
.I sockaddr_in6
|
||||
structure is bigger than the generic
|
||||
.B sockaddr.
|
||||
.BR sockaddr .
|
||||
Programs that assume that all address types can be stored safely in a
|
||||
.B struct sockaddr
|
||||
.I struct sockaddr
|
||||
need to be changed to use
|
||||
.B struct sockaddr_storage
|
||||
.I struct sockaddr_storage
|
||||
for that instead.
|
||||
.SH BUGS
|
||||
The IPv6 extended API as in RFC\ 2292 is currently only partly implemented;
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ the value of
|
|||
is used.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
Values about local numeric formatting is made available in a
|
||||
.B struct lconv
|
||||
.I struct lconv
|
||||
returned by the
|
||||
.BR localeconv ()
|
||||
function, which has the following declaration:
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ are passed to a packet socket. To only get packets from a specific interface
|
|||
use
|
||||
.BR bind (2)
|
||||
specifying an address in a
|
||||
.B struct sockaddr_ll
|
||||
.I struct sockaddr_ll
|
||||
to bind the packet socket to an interface. Only the
|
||||
.B sll_protocol
|
||||
and the
|
||||
|
@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ can be used for the same purpose.
|
|||
.B SIOCGSTAMP
|
||||
can be used to receive the time stamp of the last received packet. Argument
|
||||
is a
|
||||
.B struct timeval.
|
||||
.I struct timeval.
|
||||
|
||||
In addition all standard ioctls defined in
|
||||
.BR netdevice (7)
|
||||
|
@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ This is still supported but strongly deprecated.
|
|||
The main difference between the two methods is that
|
||||
.B SOCK_PACKET
|
||||
uses the old
|
||||
.B struct sockaddr_pkt
|
||||
.I struct sockaddr_pkt
|
||||
to specify an interface, which doesn't provide physical layer independence.
|
||||
|
||||
.RS
|
||||
|
@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ multiplexed on the DSAP/SSAP protocol fields; instead they are supplied to the
|
|||
user as protocol
|
||||
.B ETH_P_802_2
|
||||
with the LLC header prepended. It is thus not possible to bind to
|
||||
.B ETH_P_802_3;
|
||||
.BR ETH_P_802_3 ;
|
||||
bind to
|
||||
.B ETH_P_802_2
|
||||
instead and do the protocol multiplex yourself.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ A raw socket can be bound to a specific local address using the
|
|||
.BR bind (2)
|
||||
call. If it isn't bound all packets with the specified IP protocol are received.
|
||||
In addition a RAW socket can be bound to a specific network device using
|
||||
.B SO_BINDTODEVICE;
|
||||
.BR SO_BINDTODEVICE ;
|
||||
see
|
||||
.BR socket (7).
|
||||
|
||||
|
@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ RAW sockets are generally rather unportable and should be avoided in programs
|
|||
intended to be portable.
|
||||
|
||||
Sending on raw sockets should take the IP protocol from
|
||||
.B sin_port;
|
||||
.BR sin_port ;
|
||||
this ability was lost in Linux 2.2. Work around is to use
|
||||
.BR IP_HDRINCL .
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ struct ifaddrmsg
|
|||
is the address family type (currently
|
||||
.B AF_INET
|
||||
or
|
||||
.B AF_INET6),
|
||||
.BR AF_INET6 ),
|
||||
.B ifa_prefixlen
|
||||
is the length of the address mask of the address if defined for the
|
||||
family (like for IPv4),
|
||||
|
@ -402,16 +402,16 @@ If the
|
|||
field is
|
||||
.B NDA_CACHEINFO
|
||||
then a
|
||||
.B struct nda_cacheinfo
|
||||
.I struct nda_cacheinfo
|
||||
header follows
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.BR RTM_NEWRULE ", " RTM_DELRULE ", " RTM_GETRULE
|
||||
Add, delete or retrieve a routing rule. Carries a
|
||||
.B struct rtmsg
|
||||
.I struct rtmsg
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.BR RTM_NEWQDISC ", " RTM_DELQDISC ", " RTM_GETQDISC
|
||||
Add, remove or get a queueing discipline. The message contains a
|
||||
.B struct tcmsg
|
||||
.I struct tcmsg
|
||||
and may be followed by a series of
|
||||
attributes.
|
||||
|
||||
|
@ -447,13 +447,13 @@ For more information see the appropriate include files.
|
|||
.TP
|
||||
.BR RTM_NEWTCLASS ", " RTM_DELTCLASS ", " RTM_GETTCLASS
|
||||
Add, remove or get a traffic class. These messages contain a
|
||||
.B struct tcmsg
|
||||
.I struct tcmsg
|
||||
as described above.
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.BR RTM_NEWTFILTER ", " RTM_DELTFILTER ", " RTM_GETTFILTER
|
||||
Add, remove or receive information about a traffic filter. These
|
||||
messages contain a
|
||||
.B struct tcmsg
|
||||
.I struct tcmsg
|
||||
as described above.
|
||||
.SH VERSIONS
|
||||
.B rtnetlink
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ of the call to
|
|||
or
|
||||
.BR socketpair (2).
|
||||
Argument is a
|
||||
.B ucred
|
||||
.I ucred
|
||||
structure.
|
||||
Only valid as a
|
||||
.BR getsockopt ().
|
||||
|
@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ sysctl.
|
|||
Sets or gets the
|
||||
.B SO_LINGER
|
||||
option. The argument is a
|
||||
.B linger
|
||||
.I linger
|
||||
structure.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.RS
|
||||
|
@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ signal later.
|
|||
.\" .SH ANCILLARY MESSAGES
|
||||
.SH SYSCTLS
|
||||
The core socket networking sysctls can be accessed using the
|
||||
.B /proc/sys/net/core/*
|
||||
.I /proc/sys/net/core/*
|
||||
files or with the
|
||||
.BR sysctl (2)
|
||||
interface.
|
||||
|
@ -504,12 +504,12 @@ These operations can be accessed using
|
|||
.TP
|
||||
.B SIOCGSTAMP
|
||||
Return a
|
||||
.B struct timeval
|
||||
.I struct timeval
|
||||
with the receive timestamp of the last packet passed to the user. This is useful
|
||||
for accurate round trip time measurements. See
|
||||
.BR setitimer (2)
|
||||
for a description of
|
||||
.BR "struct timeval" .
|
||||
.IR "struct timeval" .
|
||||
.\"
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.BR SIOCSPGRP
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ communication; broadcasting and multicasting are not
|
|||
supported.
|
||||
.SH SYSCTLS
|
||||
These variables can be accessed by the
|
||||
.B /proc/sys/net/ipv4/*
|
||||
.I /proc/sys/net/ipv4/*
|
||||
files or with the
|
||||
.BR sysctl (2)
|
||||
interface. In addition, most IP sysctls also apply to TCP; see
|
||||
|
@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ exceeds this number of pages, TCP moderates its memory
|
|||
consumption. This memory pressure state is exited
|
||||
once the number of pages allocated falls below
|
||||
the
|
||||
.B low
|
||||
.I low
|
||||
mark.
|
||||
|
||||
.I high
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ The passed file descriptors behave as though they have been created with
|
|||
.B SCM_CREDENTIALS
|
||||
Send or receive Unix credentials. This can be used for authentication.
|
||||
The credentials are passed as a
|
||||
.B struct ucred
|
||||
.I struct ucred
|
||||
ancillary message.
|
||||
|
||||
.RS
|
||||
|
@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ its user ID, effective user ID, or saved set-user-ID (unless it has
|
|||
and its group ID, effective group ID, or saved set-group-ID (unless it has
|
||||
.BR CAP_SETGID ).
|
||||
To receive a
|
||||
.B struct ucred
|
||||
.I struct ucred
|
||||
message the
|
||||
.B SO_PASSCRED
|
||||
option must be enabled on the socket.
|
||||
|
@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ User memory address was not valid.
|
|||
.TP
|
||||
.B EPERM
|
||||
The sender passed invalid credentials in the
|
||||
.BR "struct ucred" .
|
||||
.IR "struct ucred" .
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
Other errors can be generated by the generic socket layer or
|
||||
by the filesystem while generating a filesystem socket object. See
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ occurs, the X.25 connection will be reset.
|
|||
The
|
||||
.B AF_X25
|
||||
socket address family uses the
|
||||
.B struct sockaddr_x25
|
||||
.I struct sockaddr_x25
|
||||
for representing network addresses as defined in ITU-T
|
||||
recommendation X.121.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
|
|
18
man8/ld.so.8
18
man8/ld.so.8
|
@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ The program
|
|||
.B ld.so
|
||||
handles a.out binaries, a format used long ago;
|
||||
.B ld-linux.so*
|
||||
handles ELF (\fB/lib/ld-linux.so.1\fP for libc5, \fB/lib/ld-linux.so.2\fP
|
||||
handles ELF (\fI/lib/ld-linux.so.1\fP for libc5, \fI/lib/ld-linux.so.2\fP
|
||||
for glibc2), which everybody has been using for years now.
|
||||
Otherwise both have the same behaviour, and use the same
|
||||
support files and programs
|
||||
|
@ -46,16 +46,16 @@ in which case it is ignored.
|
|||
of the binary if present.
|
||||
.IP o
|
||||
From the cache file
|
||||
.BR /etc/ld.so.cache
|
||||
.IR /etc/ld.so.cache
|
||||
which contains a compiled list of candidate libraries previously found
|
||||
in the augmented library path. If, however, the binary was linked with
|
||||
.B \-z nodeflib
|
||||
linker option, libraries in the default library paths are skipped.
|
||||
.IP o
|
||||
In the default path
|
||||
.BR /lib ,
|
||||
.IR /lib ,
|
||||
and then
|
||||
.BR /usr/lib .
|
||||
.IR /usr/lib .
|
||||
If the binary was linked with
|
||||
.B \-z nodeflib
|
||||
linker option, this step is skipped.
|
||||
|
@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ which is stored in the
|
|||
.B .interp
|
||||
section of the program is executed) or directly by running:
|
||||
.P
|
||||
.B /lib/ld-linux.so.*
|
||||
.I /lib/ld-linux.so.*
|
||||
[OPTIONS] [PROGRAM [ARGUMENTS]]
|
||||
.SH COMMAND LINE OPTIONS
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
|
@ -217,17 +217,17 @@ when none is present.
|
|||
.SH FILES
|
||||
.PD 0
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.B /lib/ld.so
|
||||
.I /lib/ld.so
|
||||
a.out dynamic linker/loader
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.BR /lib/ld\-linux.so. { 1 , 2 }
|
||||
.IR /lib/ld\-linux.so. { 1 , 2 }
|
||||
ELF dynamic linker/loader
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.B /etc/ld.so.cache
|
||||
.I /etc/ld.so.cache
|
||||
File containing a compiled list of directories in which to search for
|
||||
libraries and an ordered list of candidate libraries.
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.B /etc/ld.so.preload
|
||||
.I /etc/ld.so.preload
|
||||
File containing a whitespace separated list of ELF shared libraries to
|
||||
be loaded before the program.
|
||||
libraries and an ordered list of candidate libraries.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -81,11 +81,11 @@ Some existing libs do not contain enough information to allow the deduction of
|
|||
their type. Therefore, the
|
||||
.IR /etc/ld.so.conf
|
||||
file format allows the specification of an expected type. This is
|
||||
.B only
|
||||
.I only
|
||||
used for those ELF libs which we can not work out. The format
|
||||
is "dirname=TYPE", where TYPE can be libc4, libc5, or libc6.
|
||||
(This syntax also works on the command line.) Spaces are
|
||||
.B not
|
||||
.I not
|
||||
allowed. Also see the
|
||||
.B \-p
|
||||
option.
|
||||
|
@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ instead of
|
|||
.TP
|
||||
.B \-r root
|
||||
Change to and use
|
||||
.B root
|
||||
.I root
|
||||
as the root directory.
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.B \-l
|
||||
|
@ -151,15 +151,15 @@ the current cache.
|
|||
.SH FILES
|
||||
.PD 0
|
||||
.TP 20
|
||||
.B /lib/ld.so
|
||||
.I /lib/ld.so
|
||||
run-time linker/loader
|
||||
.TP 20
|
||||
.B /etc/ld.so.conf
|
||||
.I /etc/ld.so.conf
|
||||
File containing a list of colon, space, tab, newline, or comma-separated
|
||||
directories in which to search for libraries.
|
||||
.TP 20
|
||||
.B /etc/ld.so.cache
|
||||
.I /etc/ld.so.cache
|
||||
File containing an ordered list of libraries found in the directories
|
||||
specified in
|
||||
.BR /etc/ld.so.conf .
|
||||
.IR /etc/ld.so.conf .
|
||||
.PD
|
||||
|
|
Loading…
Reference in New Issue