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Import of man-pages 1.70

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# Do "make screen" first, if you want to protect already installed,
# more up-to-date manual pages than the ones included in this package.
# Do "make install" to copy the pages to their destination.
# Do "make gz" or "make bz2" first if you use compressed source pages.
MANDIR=$(prefix)/usr/share/man
GZIP=gzip -9
BZIP2=bzip2 -9
all: screen remove install
allgz: gz all
allbz: bz2 all
screen:
-mkdir not_installed
for i in man?/*; do \
if [ $(MANDIR)/"$$i" -nt "$$i" ]; then \
cmp -s $(MANDIR)/"$$i" "$$i" > /dev/null 2>&1; \
if [ "$$?" != 0 ]; then mv "$$i" not_installed; fi; \
fi; \
done
remove:
for i in man?/* man??/*; do \
rm -f $(MANDIR)/"$$i" $(MANDIR)/"$$i".gz $(MANDIR)/"$$i".bz2; \
done
gz:
for i in man? man??; do $(GZIP) "$$i"/*; done
bz2:
for i in man? man??; do $(BZIP2) "$$i"/*; done
# Use with
# make HTDIR=/some/dir HTOPTS=whatever html
# The sed removes the lines "Content-type: text/html\n\n"
html:
@if [ x$(HTDIR) = x ]; then echo "You must set HTDIR."; else \
for i in man?; do \
[ -d $(HTDIR)/"$$i" ] || mkdir -p $(HTDIR)/"$$i"; \
find "$$i/" -type f | while read f; do \
(cd "$$i"; man2html $(HTOPTS) `basename $$f`) | \
sed -e '1,2d' > $(HTDIR)/"$$i"/`basename $$f`.html; \
done; \
done; fi
README=$(MANDIR)/man1/README
install:
for i in man? man??; do \
install -d -m 755 $(MANDIR)/"$$i"; \
install -m 644 "$$i"/* $(MANDIR)/"$$i"; \
done; \
rm -f $(README) $(README).gz $(README).bz2
# someone might also want to look at /var/catman/cat2 or so ...
# a problem is that the location of cat pages varies a lot

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The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and
The Open Group, have given us permission to reprint portions of
their documentation.
In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to
portions of the system documentation.
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
in the linux-manpages package, from IEEE Std 1003.1 (TM), 2003 Edition,
Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System
Interface (POSIX (R)), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6,
Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy
between these versions and the original IEEE and The Open Group
Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee
document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .
This notice shall appear on any product containing this material.
Redistribution of this material is permitted so long as this notice and
the corresponding notices within each POSIX manual page are retained on
any distribution, and the nroff source is included. Modifications to
the text are permitted so long as any conflicts with the standard
are clearly marked as such in the text.

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This package contains the Linux man pages for all chapters
except 1, 6 and 8. Some more information is given in the
`Announce' file.
Install by copying to your favourite location.
"make install" will just copy them to /usr/share/man/man[1-8].
"make" will move the pages from this package that are older than
the already installed ones to a subdirectory `not_installed',
then remove old versions (compressed or not),
compress the pages, and copy them to /usr/share/man/man[1-8].
Note that you may have to remove preformatted pages.
Note that sometimes these pages are duplicates of pages
also distributed in other packages. This has been reported
about dlclose.3, dlerror.3, dlopen.3, dlsym.3 (found in ld.so),
about resolver.3, resolv.conf.5 (found in bind-utils),
and about passwd.5, and mailaddr.7. Be careful not to
overwrite more up-to-date versions.
Reports on further duplicates are welcome.
Formerly present and now removed duplicates:
*_module.2, get_kernel_syms.2 (found in modutils-2.1.*),
exports.5 (found in nfs-server-2.2*),
fstab.5, nfs.5 (found in util-linux-2.12*),
lilo.8, lilo.conf.5 (found in lilo-21.6*).
Note that the pages that come with GNU fileutils are really
help texts (indeed, are generated automatically from help texts),
and worse than worthless. Without them people would have good
detailed man pages, such as those found here in man1.
As it is, many distributions install these "man pages",
to the detriment of their users.
Copyrights: These man pages come under various copyrights.
For the POSIX pages, see the file POSIX-COPYRIGHT.
All other pages are freely distributable when the nroff source is included.
Send corrections and additions to mtk-manpages@gmx.net
(man.7 has some info on the macros to use).

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RELEASE
After more than nine years and 64 releases,
the old Linux man page maintainer announces a last release. . .
man-pages-1.70.tar.gz - man pages for Linux
NEW MAINTAINER
Michael Kerrisk has accepted to take over maintenance. (Thanks!)
Send comments and patches to
mtk-manpages@gmx.net
POSIX
This release contains a copy of the POSIX 1003.1-2003 man pages.
The directories man0p, man1p, man3p contain descriptions of the
headers, the utilities, and the functions documented in that standard.
For the copyright notice, see the file POSIX-COPYRIGHT.
In order to use this, put in {/usr/share/misc/}man.conf{ig} or so
your favourite order of looking at these pages, for example,
MANSECT 1p:1:8:0p:3p:2:3:4:5:6:7:9:tcl:n:l:p:o
or set the MANSECT environment variable.
OTHER PAGES
The remaining pages are most of the section 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 man pages
for Linux, and in addition section 1 man pages for the fileutils-4.0
utilities, and section 5 and 8 man pages for the timezone utilities.
[The latter were taken from ftp://elsie.nci.nih.gov/pub/tzcode2001a.tar.gz.]
[The section 3 man pages for the db routines have been taken from
ftp://ftp.terra.net/pub/sleepycat/db.1.86.tar.gz.]
[The rpc man pages were taken from the 4.4BSD-Lite CDROM.]
Differences from version 1.69:
The man pages
ls.1
chroot.2 exit_group.2 mmap.2 nanosleep.2 remap_file_pages.2
undocumented.2 wait.2
HUGE_VAL.3 HUGE_VALF.3 HUGE_VALL.3 INFINITY.3 NAN.3
dl_iterate_phdr.3 drand48_r.3 endnetgrent.3 erand48_r.3
finite.3 finitef.3 finitel.3 fpclassify.3 gethostent.3
gethostent_r.3 getnetgrent.3 getnetgrent_r.3 grantpt.3
ilogb.3 ilogbf.3 ilogbl.3 innetgr.3 isalpha.3 isinf.3
isinff.3 isinfl.3 jrand48_r.3 lcong48_r.3 ldexp.3
logb.3 logbf.3 logbl.3 lrand48_r.3 mrand48_r.3 nrand48_r.3
openpty.3 ptsname.3 remquo.3 remquof.3 remquol.3 resolver.3
scalb.3 scalbf.3 scalbl.3 scalbln.3 scalblnf.3 scalblnl.3
scalbn.3 scalbnf.3 scalbnl.3 seed48_r.3 setnetgrent.3
significand.3 significandf.3 significandl.3 srand48_r.3
termios.3 undocumented.3 unlockpt.3
resolv.conf.5 utmp.5
ip.7
ld-linux.8 ld-linux.so.8
are new or have been updated. Typographical or grammatical errors
have been corrected in several other places.
Here is a breakdown of what this distribution contains:
Section 0p = POSIX headers
Section 1p = POSIX utilities
Section 3p = POSIX functions
Section 1 = user commands (intro, and pages not maintained by FSF)
Section 2 = system calls
Section 3 = libc calls
Section 4 = devices (e.g., hd, sd)
Section 5 = file formats and protocols (e.g., wtmp, /etc/passwd, nfs)
Section 6 = games (intro only)
Section 7 = conventions, macro packages, etc.
Section 8 = system administration (intro only)
Usually, there are no section 1, 6 and 8 man pages because these
should be distributed with the binaries they are written for.
Sometimes Section 9 is used for man pages describing parts of the kernel.
Note that only Section 2 is rather complete, but Section 3 contains
several hundred man pages. If you want to write some man pages,
please do so and mail them to mtk-manpages@gmx.net.
Copyright information:
For the POSIX pages permission to distribute was given by IEEE
and the Open Group, see POSIX-COPYRIGHT.
For the remaining pages, please note that these man pages are
distributed under a variety of copyright licenses. Although these
licenses permit free distribution of the nroff sources contained in
this package, commercial distribution may impose other requirements
(e.g., acknowledgement of copyright or inclusion of the raw nroff
sources with the commercial distribution).
If you distribute these man pages commercially, it is your
responsibility to figure out your obligations. (For many man pages,
these obligations require you to distribute nroff sources with any
pre-formatted man pages that you provide.) Each file that contains
nroff source for a man page also contains the author(s) name, email
address, and copyright notice.

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Begin3
Title: Section 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 man pages for Linux
Version: 1.70
Entered-date: 2004-10-31
Description: Linux and POSIX manual pages
Keywords: man pages
Author: several
Maintained-by: Andries Brouwer <aeb@cwi.nl>
Michael Kerrisk <mtk-manpages@gmx.net>
Primary-site: ftp://ftp.win.tue.nl/pub/linux-local/manpages
2281k man-pages-1.70.tar.gz
Alternate-site: ftp://ftp.XX.kernel.org/pub/linux/docs/manpages
Copying-policy: several; for the POSIX pages, see the file POSIX-COPYRIGHT;
the other pages are all freely distributable provided
nroff source is provided
End

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<aio.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <aio.h>
.SH NAME
aio.h \- asynchronous input and output (\fBREALTIME\fP)
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <aio.h> \fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<aio.h>\fP header shall define the \fBaiocb\fP structure which
shall include at least the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint aio_fildes \fP File descriptor. \fB
off_t aio_offset \fP File offset. \fB
volatile void *aio_buf \fP Location of buffer. \fB
size_t aio_nbytes \fP Length of transfer. \fB
int aio_reqprio \fP Request priority offset. \fB
struct sigevent aio_sigevent \fP Signal number and value. \fB
int aio_lio_opcode\fP Operation to be performed. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
This header shall also include the following constants:
.TP 7
AIO_ALLDONE
A return value indicating that none of the requested operations could
be canceled since they are already complete.
.TP 7
AIO_CANCELED
A return value indicating that all requested operations have been
canceled.
.TP 7
AIO_NOTCANCELED
.sp
A return value indicating that some of the requested operations could
not be canceled since they are in progress.
.TP 7
LIO_NOP
A \fIlio_listio\fP() element operation option indicating that no transfer
is
requested.
.TP 7
LIO_NOWAIT
A \fIlio_listio\fP() synchronization operation indicating that the
calling thread
is to continue execution while the \fIlio_listio\fP() operation is
being performed, and
no notification is given when the operation is complete.
.TP 7
LIO_READ
A \fIlio_listio\fP() element operation option requesting a read.
.TP 7
LIO_WAIT
A \fIlio_listio\fP() synchronization operation indicating that the
calling thread
is to suspend until the \fIlio_listio\fP() operation is complete.
.TP 7
LIO_WRITE
A \fIlio_listio\fP() element operation option requesting a write.
.sp
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint aio_cancel(int, struct aiocb *);
int aio_error(const struct aiocb *);
int aio_fsync(int, struct aiocb *);
int aio_read(struct aiocb *);
ssize_t aio_return(struct aiocb *);
int aio_suspend(const struct aiocb *const[], int,
const struct timespec *);
int aio_write(struct aiocb *);
int lio_listio(int, struct aiocb *restrict const[restrict], int,
struct sigevent *restrict);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
Inclusion of the \fI<aio.h>\fP header may make visible symbols defined
in the headers \fI<fcntl.h>\fP, \fI<signal.h>\fP, \fI<sys/types.h>\fP,
and \fI<time.h>\fP.
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<fcntl.h>\fP , \fI<signal.h>\fP , \fI<sys/types.h>\fP , \fI<time.h>\fP
, the System Interfaces volume
of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIfsync\fP(), \fIlseek\fP(), \fIread\fP(),
\fIwrite\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<assert.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <assert.h>
.SH NAME
assert.h \- verify program assertion
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <assert.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<assert.h>\fP header shall define the \fIassert\fP() macro.
It refers to
the macro NDEBUG which is not defined in the header. If NDEBUG is
defined as a macro name before the inclusion of this header, the
\fIassert\fP() macro shall be defined simply as:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fB#define assert(ignore)((void) 0)
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
Otherwise, the macro behaves as described in \fIassert\fP().
.LP
The \fIassert\fP() macro shall be redefined according to the current
state of NDEBUG
each time \fI<assert.h>\fP is included.
.LP
The \fIassert\fP() macro shall be implemented as a macro, not as a
function. If the
macro definition is suppressed in order to access an actual function,
the behavior is undefined.
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
The System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIassert\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<complex.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <complex.h>
.SH NAME
complex.h \- complex arithmetic
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <complex.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<complex.h>\fP header shall define the following macros:
.TP 7
complex
Expands to \fB_Complex\fP.
.TP 7
_Complex_I
Expands to a constant expression of type \fBconst float _Complex\fP,
with the value of the imaginary unit (that is, a number
\fIi\fP such that \fIi\fP**2=-1).
.TP 7
imaginary
Expands to \fB_Imaginary\fP.
.TP 7
_Imaginary_I
Expands to a constant expression of type \fBconst float _Imaginary\fP
with the value of the imaginary unit.
.TP 7
I
Expands to either _Imaginary_I or _Complex_I. If _Imaginary_I is not
defined, I expands to _Complex_I.
.sp
.LP
The macros imaginary and _Imaginary_I shall be defined if and only
if the implementation supports imaginary types.
.LP
An application may undefine and then, perhaps, redefine the complex,
imaginary, and I macros.
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBdouble cabs(double complex);
float cabsf(float complex);
long double cabsl(long double complex);
double complex cacos(double complex);
float complex cacosf(float complex);
double complex cacosh(double complex);
float complex cacoshf(float complex);
long double complex cacoshl(long double complex);
long double complex cacosl(long double complex);
double carg(double complex);
float cargf(float complex);
long double cargl(long double complex);
double complex casin(double complex);
float complex casinf(float complex);
double complex casinh(double complex);
float complex casinhf(float complex);
long double complex casinhl(long double complex);
long double complex casinl(long double complex);
double complex catan(double complex);
float complex catanf(float complex);
double complex catanh(double complex);
float complex catanhf(float complex);
long double complex catanhl(long double complex);
long double complex catanl(long double complex);
double complex ccos(double complex);
float complex ccosf(float complex);
double complex ccosh(double complex);
float complex ccoshf(float complex);
long double complex ccoshl(long double complex);
long double complex ccosl(long double complex);
double complex cexp(double complex);
float complex cexpf(float complex);
long double complex cexpl(long double complex);
double cimag(double complex);
float cimagf(float complex);
long double cimagl(long double complex);
double complex clog(double complex);
float complex clogf(float complex);
long double complex clogl(long double complex);
double complex conj(double complex);
float complex conjf(float complex);
long double complex conjl(long double complex);
double complex cpow(double complex, double complex);
float complex cpowf(float complex, float complex);
long double complex cpowl(long double complex, long double complex);
double complex cproj(double complex);
float complex cprojf(float complex);
long double complex cprojl(long double complex);
double creal(double complex);
float crealf(float complex);
long double creall(long double complex);
double complex csin(double complex);
float complex csinf(float complex);
double complex csinh(double complex);
float complex csinhf(float complex);
long double complex csinhl(long double complex);
long double complex csinl(long double complex);
double complex csqrt(double complex);
float complex csqrtf(float complex);
long double complex csqrtl(long double complex);
double complex ctan(double complex);
float complex ctanf(float complex);
double complex ctanh(double complex);
float complex ctanhf(float complex);
long double complex ctanhl(long double complex);
long double complex ctanl(long double complex);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
Values are interpreted as radians, not degrees.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
The choice of \fII\fP instead of \fIi\fP for the imaginary unit concedes
to the widespread use of the identifier \fIi\fP for
other purposes. The application can use a different identifier, say
\fIj\fP, for the imaginary unit by following the inclusion of
the \fI<complex.h>\fP header with:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fB#undef I
#define j _Imaginary_I
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
An \fII\fP suffix to designate imaginary constants is not required,
as multiplication by \fII\fP provides a sufficiently
convenient and more generally useful notation for imaginary terms.
The corresponding real type for the imaginary unit is
\fBfloat\fP, so that use of \fII\fP for algorithmic or notational
convenience will not result in widening types.
.LP
On systems with imaginary types, the application has the ability to
control whether use of the macro I introduces an imaginary
type, by explicitly defining I to be _Imaginary_I or _Complex_I. Disallowing
imaginary types is useful for some applications
intended to run on implementations without support for such types.
.LP
The macro _Imaginary_I provides a test for whether imaginary types
are supported.
.LP
The \fIcis\fP() function (\fIcos\fP(\fIx\fP) + \fII\fP*\fIsin\fP(\fIx\fP))
was considered but rejected because its
implementation is easy and straightforward, even though some implementations
could compute sine and cosine more efficiently in
tandem.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
The following function names and the same names suffixed with \fIf\fP
or \fIl\fP are reserved for future use, and may be added
to the declarations in the \fI<complex.h>\fP header.
.TS C
center; lw(26) lw(26) lw(26).
T{
.br
\fIcerf\fP()
.br
\fIcerfc\fP()
.br
\fIcexp2\fP()
.br
\
T} T{
.br
\fIcexpm1\fP()
.br
\fIclog10\fP()
.br
\fIclog1p\fP()
.br
\
T} T{
.br
\fIclog2\fP()
.br
\fIclgamma\fP()
.br
\fIctgamma\fP()
.br
\
T}
.TE
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
The System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIcabs\fP(),
\fIcacos\fP(), \fIcacosh\fP(), \fIcarg\fP(), \fIcasin\fP(), \fIcasinh\fP(),
\fIcatan\fP(), \fIcatanh\fP(), \fIccos\fP(), \fIccosh\fP(), \fIcexp\fP(),
\fIcimag\fP(), \fIclog\fP(), \fIconj\fP(), \fIcpow\fP(), \fIcproj\fP(),
\fIcreal\fP(), \fIcsin\fP(), \fIcsinh\fP(), \fIcsqrt\fP(), \fIctan\fP(),
\fIctanh\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<cpio.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <cpio.h>
.SH NAME
cpio.h \- cpio archive values
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <cpio.h> \fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
Values needed by the \fIc_mode\fP field of the \fIcpio\fP archive
format are described as follows:
.TS C
center; l1 l1 l.
\fBName\fP \fBDescription\fP \fBValue (Octal)\fP
C_IRUSR Read by owner. 0000400
C_IWUSR Write by owner. 0000200
C_IXUSR Execute by owner. 0000100
C_IRGRP Read by group. 0000040
C_IWGRP Write by group. 0000020
C_IXGRP Execute by group. 0000010
C_IROTH Read by others. 0000004
C_IWOTH Write by others. 0000002
C_IXOTH Execute by others. 0000001
C_ISUID Set user ID. 0004000
C_ISGID Set group ID. 0002000
C_ISVTX On directories, restricted deletion flag. 0001000
C_ISDIR Directory. 0040000
C_ISFIFO FIFO. 0010000
C_ISREG Regular file. 0100000
C_ISBLK Block special. 0060000
C_ISCHR Character special. 0020000
C_ISCTG Reserved. 0110000
C_ISLNK Symbolic link. 0120000
C_ISSOCK Socket. 0140000
.TE
.LP
The header shall define the symbolic constant:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBMAGIC "070707"
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
The Shell and Utilities volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIpax\fP
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<ctype.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <ctype.h>
.SH NAME
ctype.h \- character types
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <ctype.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
Some of the functionality described on this reference page extends
the ISO\ C standard. Applications shall define
the appropriate feature test macro (see the System Interfaces volume
of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, Section 2.2, The Compilation Environment)
to enable the visibility of these symbols in this
header.
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint isalnum(int);
int isalpha(int);
int isascii(int);
int isblank(int);
int iscntrl(int);
int isdigit(int);
int isgraph(int);
int islower(int);
int isprint(int);
int ispunct(int);
int isspace(int);
int isupper(int);
int isxdigit(int);
int toascii(int);
int tolower(int);
int toupper(int);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The following are defined as macros:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fB
int _toupper(int);
int _tolower(int);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<locale.h>\fP , the System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001,
\fIisalnum\fP(), \fIisalpha\fP(), \fIisascii\fP(), \fIiscntrl\fP(),
\fIisdigit\fP(), \fIisgraph\fP(), \fIislower\fP(), \fIisprint\fP(),
\fIispunct\fP(), \fIisspace\fP(), \fIisupper\fP(), \fIisxdigit\fP(),
\fImblen\fP(), \fImbstowcs\fP(), \fImbtowc\fP(), \fIsetlocale\fP(),
\fItoascii\fP(), \fItolower\fP(), \fI_tolower\fP(), \fItoupper\fP(),
\fI_toupper\fP(), \fIwcstombs\fP(), \fIwctomb\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<dirent.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <dirent.h>
.SH NAME
dirent.h \- format of directory entries
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <dirent.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The internal format of directories is unspecified.
.LP
The \fI<dirent.h>\fP header shall define the following type:
.TP 7
\fBDIR\fP
A type representing a directory stream.
.sp
.LP
It shall also define the structure \fBdirent\fP which shall include
the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fB
ino_t d_ino \fP File serial number. \fB
char d_name[] \fP Name of entry. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The type \fBino_t\fP shall be defined as described in \fI<sys/types.h>\fP
\&.
.LP
The character array \fId_name\fP is of unspecified size, but the number
of bytes preceding the terminating null byte shall not
exceed {NAME_MAX}.
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint closedir(DIR *);
DIR *opendir(const char *);
struct dirent *readdir(DIR *);
int readdir_r(DIR *restrict, struct dirent *restrict,
struct dirent **restrict);
void rewinddir(DIR *);
void seekdir(DIR *, long);
long telldir(DIR *);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
Information similar to that in the \fI<dirent.h>\fP header is contained
in a file \fI<sys/dir.h>\fP in 4.2 BSD and
4.3 BSD. The equivalent in these implementations of \fBstruct dirent\fP
from this volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001 is
\fBstruct direct\fP. The filename was changed because the name \fI<sys/dir.h>\fP
was also used in earlier implementations
to refer to definitions related to the older access method; this produced
name conflicts. The name of the structure was changed
because this volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001 does not completely
define what is in the structure, so it could be different
on some implementations from \fBstruct direct\fP.
.LP
The name of an array of \fBchar\fP of an unspecified size should not
be used as an lvalue. Use of:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBsizeof(d_name)
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
is incorrect; use:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBstrlen(d_name)
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
instead.
.LP
The array of \fBchar\fP \fId_name\fP is not a fixed size. Implementations
may need to declare \fBstruct dirent\fP with an
array size for \fId_name\fP of 1, but the actual number of characters
provided matches (or only slightly exceeds) the length of
the filename.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<sys/types.h>\fP , the System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001,
\fIclosedir\fP(), \fIopendir\fP(), \fIreaddir\fP(), \fIreaddir_r\fP(),
\fIrewinddir\fP(), \fIseekdir\fP(), \fItelldir\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<dlfcn.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <dlfcn.h>
.SH NAME
dlfcn.h \- dynamic linking
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <dlfcn.h> \fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<dlfcn.h>\fP header shall define at least the following macros
for use in the construction of a \fIdlopen\fP() \fImode\fP argument:
.TP 7
RTLD_LAZY
Relocations are performed at an implementation-defined time.
.TP 7
RTLD_NOW
Relocations are performed when the object is loaded.
.TP 7
RTLD_GLOBAL
All symbols are available for relocation processing of other modules.
.TP 7
RTLD_LOCAL
All symbols are not made available for relocation processing by other
modules.
.sp
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint dlclose(void *);
char *dlerror(void);
void *dlopen(const char *, int);
void *dlsym(void *restrict, const char *restrict);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
The System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIdlopen\fP(),
\fIdlclose\fP(), \fIdlsym\fP(), \fIdlerror\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

290
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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<errno.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <errno.h>
.SH NAME
errno.h \- system error numbers
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <errno.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
Some of the functionality described on this reference page extends
the ISO\ C standard. Any conflict between the
requirements described here and the ISO\ C standard is unintentional.
This volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001 defers to
the ISO\ C standard.
.LP
The
ISO\ C standard only requires the symbols [EDOM], [EILSEQ], and [ERANGE]
to be defined.
.LP
The \fI<errno.h>\fP header shall provide a declaration for \fIerrno\fP
and give positive values for the following
symbolic constants. Their values shall be unique except as noted below.
.TP 7
.B E2BIG
Argument list too long.
.TP 7
.B EACCES
Permission denied.
.TP 7
.B EADDRINUSE
Address in use.
.TP 7
.B EADDRNOTAVAIL
Address not available.
.TP 7
.B EAFNOSUPPORT
Address family not supported.
.TP 7
.B EAGAIN
Resource unavailable, try again (may be the same value as [EWOULDBLOCK]).
.TP 7
.B EALREADY
Connection already in progress.
.TP 7
.B EBADF
Bad file descriptor.
.TP 7
.B EBADMSG
Bad message.
.TP 7
.B EBUSY
Device or resource busy.
.TP 7
.B ECANCELED
Operation canceled.
.TP 7
.B ECHILD
No child processes.
.TP 7
.B ECONNABORTED
Connection aborted.
.TP 7
.B ECONNREFUSED
Connection refused.
.TP 7
.B ECONNRESET
Connection reset.
.TP 7
.B EDEADLK
Resource deadlock would occur.
.TP 7
.B EDESTADDRREQ
Destination address required.
.TP 7
.B EDOM
Mathematics argument out of domain of function.
.TP 7
.B EDQUOT
Reserved.
.TP 7
.B EEXIST
File exists.
.TP 7
.B EFAULT
Bad address.
.TP 7
.B EFBIG
File too large.
.TP 7
.B EHOSTUNREACH
Host is unreachable.
.TP 7
.B EIDRM
Identifier removed.
.TP 7
.B EILSEQ
Illegal byte sequence.
.TP 7
.B EINPROGRESS
Operation in progress.
.TP 7
.B EINTR
Interrupted function.
.TP 7
.B EINVAL
Invalid argument.
.TP 7
.B EIO
I/O error.
.TP 7
.B EISCONN
Socket is connected.
.TP 7
.B EISDIR
Is a directory.
.TP 7
.B ELOOP
Too many levels of symbolic links.
.TP 7
.B EMFILE
Too many open files.
.TP 7
.B EMLINK
Too many links.
.TP 7
.B EMSGSIZE
Message too large.
.TP 7
.B EMULTIHOP
Reserved.
.TP 7
.B ENAMETOOLONG
Filename too long.
.TP 7
.B ENETDOWN
Network is down.
.TP 7
.B ENETRESET
Connection aborted by network.
.TP 7
.B ENETUNREACH
Network unreachable.
.TP 7
.B ENFILE
Too many files open in system.
.TP 7
.B ENOBUFS
No buffer space available.
.TP 7
.B ENODATA
No message is available on the STREAM head read queue.
.TP 7
.B ENODEV
No such device.
.TP 7
.B ENOENT
No such file or directory.
.TP 7
.B ENOEXEC
Executable file format error.
.TP 7
.B ENOLCK
No locks available.
.TP 7
.B ENOLINK
Reserved.
.TP 7
.B ENOMEM
Not enough space.
.TP 7
.B ENOMSG
No message of the desired type.
.TP 7
.B ENOPROTOOPT
Protocol not available.
.TP 7
.B ENOSPC
No space left on device.
.TP 7
.B ENOSR
No STREAM resources.
.TP 7
.B ENOSTR
Not a STREAM.
.TP 7
.B ENOSYS
Function not supported.
.TP 7
.B ENOTCONN
The socket is not connected.
.TP 7
.B ENOTDIR
Not a directory.
.TP 7
.B ENOTEMPTY
Directory not empty.
.TP 7
.B ENOTSOCK
Not a socket.
.TP 7
.B ENOTSUP
Not supported.
.TP 7
.B ENOTTY
Inappropriate I/O control operation.
.TP 7
.B ENXIO
No such device or address.
.TP 7
.B EOPNOTSUPP
Operation not supported on socket.
.TP 7
.B EOVERFLOW
Value too large to be stored in data type.
.TP 7
.B EPERM
Operation not permitted.
.TP 7
.B EPIPE
Broken pipe.
.TP 7
.B EPROTO
Protocol error.
.TP 7
.B EPROTONOSUPPORT
.sp
Protocol not supported.
.TP 7
.B EPROTOTYPE
Protocol wrong type for socket.
.TP 7
.B ERANGE
Result too large.
.TP 7
.B EROFS
Read-only file system.
.TP 7
.B ESPIPE
Invalid seek.
.TP 7
.B ESRCH
No such process.
.TP 7
.B ESTALE
Reserved.
.TP 7
.B ETIME
Stream \fIioctl\fP() timeout.
.TP 7
.B ETIMEDOUT
Connection timed out.
.TP 7
.B ETXTBSY
Text file busy.
.TP 7
.B EWOULDBLOCK
Operation would block (may be the same value as [EAGAIN]).
.TP 7
.B EXDEV
Cross-device link.
.sp
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
Additional error numbers may be defined on conforming systems; see
the System Interfaces volume of
IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
The System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, Section 2.3,
Error
Numbers
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<fcntl.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <fcntl.h>
.SH NAME
fcntl.h \- file control options
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <fcntl.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<fcntl.h>\fP header shall define the following requests and
arguments for use by the functions \fIfcntl\fP() and \fIopen\fP().
.LP
Values for \fIcmd\fP used by \fIfcntl\fP() (the following values are
unique) are as
follows:
.TP 7
F_DUPFD
Duplicate file descriptor.
.TP 7
F_GETFD
Get file descriptor flags.
.TP 7
F_SETFD
Set file descriptor flags.
.TP 7
F_GETFL
Get file status flags and file access modes.
.TP 7
F_SETFL
Set file status flags.
.TP 7
F_GETLK
Get record locking information.
.TP 7
F_SETLK
Set record locking information.
.TP 7
F_SETLKW
Set record locking information; wait if blocked.
.TP 7
F_GETOWN
Get process or process group ID to receive SIGURG signals.
.TP 7
F_SETOWN
Set process or process group ID to receive SIGURG signals.
.sp
.LP
File descriptor flags used for \fIfcntl\fP() are as follows:
.TP 7
FD_CLOEXEC
Close the file descriptor upon execution of an \fIexec\fP family function.
.sp
.LP
Values for \fIl_type\fP used for record locking with \fIfcntl\fP()
(the following values
are unique) are as follows:
.TP 7
F_RDLCK
Shared or read lock.
.TP 7
F_UNLCK
Unlock.
.TP 7
F_WRLCK
Exclusive or write lock.
.sp
.LP
The values used for \fIl_whence\fP, SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, and SEEK_END
shall be defined as described in \fI<unistd.h>\fP .
.LP
The following values are file creation flags and are used in the \fIoflag\fP
value to \fIopen\fP(). They shall be bitwise-distinct.
.TP 7
O_CREAT
Create file if it does not exist.
.TP 7
O_EXCL
Exclusive use flag.
.TP 7
O_NOCTTY
Do not assign controlling terminal.
.TP 7
O_TRUNC
Truncate flag.
.sp
.LP
File status flags used for \fIopen\fP() and \fIfcntl\fP() are as follows:
.TP 7
O_APPEND
Set append mode.
.TP 7
O_DSYNC
Write according to synchronized I/O data integrity completion.
.TP 7
O_NONBLOCK
Non-blocking mode.
.TP 7
O_RSYNC
Synchronized read I/O operations.
.TP 7
O_SYNC
Write according to synchronized I/O file integrity completion.
.sp
.LP
Mask for use with file access modes is as follows:
.TP 7
O_ACCMODE
Mask for file access modes.
.sp
.LP
File access modes used for \fIopen\fP() and \fIfcntl\fP() are as follows:
.TP 7
O_RDONLY
Open for reading only.
.TP 7
O_RDWR
Open for reading and writing.
.TP 7
O_WRONLY
Open for writing only.
.sp
.LP
The symbolic names for file modes for use as values of \fBmode_t\fP
shall be defined as described in \fI<sys/stat.h>\fP .
.LP
Values for \fIadvice\fP used by \fIposix_fadvise\fP() are as follows:
.TP 7
POSIX_FADV_NORMAL
.sp
The application has no advice to give on its behavior with respect
to the specified data. It is the default characteristic if no
advice is given for an open file.
.TP 7
POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL
.sp
The application expects to access the specified data sequentially
from lower offsets to higher offsets.
.TP 7
POSIX_FADV_RANDOM
.sp
The application expects to access the specified data in a random order.
.TP 7
POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED
.sp
The application expects to access the specified data in the near future.
.TP 7
POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED
.sp
The application expects that it will not access the specified data
in the near future.
.TP 7
POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE
.sp
The application expects to access the specified data once and then
not reuse it thereafter.
.sp
.LP
The structure \fBflock\fP describes a file lock. It shall include
the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBshort l_type \fP Type of lock; F_RDLCK, F_WRLCK, F_UNLCK. \fB
short l_whence\fP Flag for starting offset. \fB
off_t l_start \fP Relative offset in bytes. \fB
off_t l_len \fP Size; if 0 then until EOF. \fB
pid_t l_pid \fP Process ID of the process holding the lock; returned with F_GETLK. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fBmode_t\fP, \fBoff_t\fP, and \fBpid_t\fP types shall be defined
as described in \fI<sys/types.h>\fP .
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint creat(const char *, mode_t);
int fcntl(int, int, ...);
int open(const char *, int, ...);
int posix_fadvise(int, off_t, size_t, int);
int posix_fallocate(int, off_t, size_t);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
Inclusion of the \fI<fcntl.h>\fP header may also make visible all
symbols from \fI<sys/stat.h>\fP and \fI<unistd.h>\fP.
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<sys/stat.h>\fP , \fI<sys/types.h>\fP , \fI<unistd.h>\fP , the
System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIcreat\fP(),
\fIexec\fP, \fIfcntl\fP(), \fIopen\fP(), \fIposix_fadvise\fP(), \fIposix_fallocate\fP(),
\fIposix_madvise\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<fenv.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <fenv.h>
.SH NAME
fenv.h \- floating-point environment
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <fenv.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<fenv.h>\fP header shall define the following data types through
\fBtypedef\fP:
.TP 7
\fBfenv_t\fP
Represents the entire floating-point environment. The floating-point
environment refers collectively to any floating-point
status flags and control modes supported by the implementation.
.TP 7
\fBfexcept_t\fP
Represents the floating-point status flags collectively, including
any status the implementation associates with the flags. A
floating-point status flag is a system variable whose value is set
(but never cleared) when a floating-point exception is raised,
which occurs as a side effect of exceptional floating-point arithmetic
to provide auxiliary information. A floating-point control
mode is a system variable whose value may be set by the user to affect
the subsequent behavior of floating-point arithmetic.
.sp
.LP
The \fI<fenv.h>\fP header shall define the following constants if
and only if the implementation supports the
floating-point exception by means of the floating-point functions
\fIfeclearexcept\fP(), \fIfegetexceptflag\fP(), \fIferaiseexcept\fP(),
\fIfesetexceptflag\fP(), and \fIfetestexcept\fP(). Each expands to
an integer constant expression with values such that
bitwise-inclusive ORs of all combinations of the constants result
in distinct values.
.sp
.RS
.nf
FE_DIVBYZERO
FE_INEXACT
FE_INVALID
FE_OVERFLOW
FE_UNDERFLOW
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fI<fenv.h>\fP header shall define the following constant, which
is simply the bitwise-inclusive OR of all
floating-point exception constants defined above:
.sp
.RS
.nf
FE_ALL_EXCEPT
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fI<fenv.h>\fP header shall define the following constants if
and only if the implementation supports getting and
setting the represented rounding direction by means of the \fIfegetround\fP()
and \fIfesetround\fP() functions. Each expands to an integer constant
expression whose values
are distinct non-negative vales.
.sp
.RS
.nf
FE_DOWNWARD
FE_TONEAREST
FE_TOWARDZERO
FE_UPWARD
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fI<fenv.h>\fP header shall define the following constant, which
represents the default floating-point environment
(that is, the one installed at program startup) and has type pointer
to const-qualified \fBfenv_t\fP. It can be used as an
argument to the functions within the \fI<fenv.h>\fP header that manage
the floating-point environment.
.sp
.RS
.nf
FE_DFL_ENV
.fi
.RE
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint feclearexcept(int);
int fegetexceptflag(fexcept_t *, int);
int feraiseexcept(int);
int fesetexceptflag(const fexcept_t *, int);
int fetestexcept(int);
int fegetround(void);
int fesetround(int);
int fegetenv(fenv_t *);
int feholdexcept(fenv_t *);
int fesetenv(const fenv_t *);
int feupdateenv(const fenv_t *);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The FENV_ACCESS pragma provides a means to inform the implementation
when an application might access the floating-point
environment to test floating-point status flags or run under non-default
floating-point control modes. The pragma shall occur
either outside external declarations or preceding all explicit declarations
and statements inside a compound statement. When
outside external declarations, the pragma takes effect from its occurrence
until another FENV_ACCESS pragma is encountered, or
until the end of the translation unit. When inside a compound statement,
the pragma takes effect from its occurrence until another
FENV_ACCESS pragma is encountered (including within a nested compound
statement), or until the end of the compound statement; at
the end of a compound statement the state for the pragma is restored
to its condition just before the compound statement. If this
pragma is used in any other context, the behavior is undefined. If
part of an application tests floating-point status flags, sets
floating-point control modes, or runs under non-default mode settings,
but was translated with the state for the FENV_ACCESS pragma
off, the behavior is undefined. The default state (on or off) for
the pragma is implementation-defined. (When execution passes from
a part of the application translated with FENV_ACCESS off to a part
translated with FENV_ACCESS on, the state of the floating-point
status flags is unspecified and the floating-point control modes have
their default settings.)
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
This header is designed to support the floating-point exception status
flags and directed-rounding control modes required by the
IEC\ 60559:1989 standard, and other similar floating-point state information.
Also it is designed to facilitate code
portability among all systems.
.LP
Certain application programming conventions support the intended model
of use for the floating-point environment:
.IP " *" 3
A function call does not alter its caller's floating-point control
modes, clear its caller's floating-point status flags, nor
depend on the state of its caller's floating-point status flags unless
the function is so documented.
.LP
.IP " *" 3
A function call is assumed to require default floating-point control
modes, unless its documentation promises otherwise.
.LP
.IP " *" 3
A function call is assumed to have the potential for raising floating-point
exceptions, unless its documentation promises
otherwise.
.LP
.LP
With these conventions, an application can safely assume default floating-point
control modes (or be unaware of them). The
responsibilities associated with accessing the floating-point environment
fall on the application that does so explicitly.
.LP
Even though the rounding direction macros may expand to constants
corresponding to the values of FLT_ROUNDS, they are not
required to do so.
.LP
For example:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fB#include <fenv.h>
void f(double x)
{
#pragma STDC FENV_ACCESS ON
void g(double);
void h(double);
/* ... */
g(x + 1);
h(x + 1);
/* ... */
}
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
If the function \fIg\fP() might depend on status flags set as a side
effect of the first \fIx\fP+1, or if the second
\fIx\fP+1 might depend on control modes set as a side effect of the
call to function \fIg\fP(), then the application shall
contain an appropriately placed invocation as follows:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fB#pragma STDC FENV_ACCESS ON
\fP
.fi
.RE
.SH RATIONALE
.SS The fexcept_t Type
.LP
\fBfexcept_t\fP does not have to be an integer type. Its values must
be obtained by a call to \fIfegetexceptflag\fP(), and cannot be created
by logical operations from the exception
macros. An implementation might simply implement \fBfexcept_t\fP as
an \fBint\fP and use the representations reflected by the
exception macros, but is not required to; other representations might
contain extra information about the exceptions.
\fBfexcept_t\fP might be a \fBstruct\fP with a member for each exception
(that might hold the address of the first or last
floating-point instruction that caused that exception). The ISO/IEC\ 9899:1999
standard makes no claims about the internals of
an \fBfexcept_t\fP, and so the user cannot inspect it.
.SS Exception and Rounding Macros
.LP
Macros corresponding to unsupported modes and rounding directions
are not defined by the implementation and must not be defined
by the application. An application might use \fB#ifdef\fP to test
for this.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
The System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIfeclearexcept\fP(),
\fIfegetenv\fP(), \fIfegetexceptflag\fP(), \fIfegetround\fP(),
\fIfeholdexcept\fP(), \fIferaiseexcept\fP(), \fIfesetenv\fP(), \fIfesetexceptflag\fP(),
\fIfesetround\fP(),
\fIfetestexcept\fP(), \fIfeupdateenv\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<float.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <float.h>
.SH NAME
float.h \- floating types
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <float.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The characteristics of floating types are defined in terms of a model
that describes a representation of floating-point numbers
and values that provide information about an implementation's floating-point
arithmetic.
.LP
The following parameters are used to define the model for each floating-point
type:
.TP 7
\fIs\fP
Sign (\(+-1).
.TP 7
\fIb\fP
Base or radix of exponent representation (an integer >1).
.TP 7
\fIe\fP
Exponent (an integer between a minimum \fIe\fP_min and a maximum \fIe\fP_max).
.TP 7
\fIp\fP
Precision (the number of base-\fIb\fP digits in the significand).
.TP 7
\fIf\fP_k
Non-negative integers less than \fIb\fP (the significand digits).
.sp
.LP
A floating-point number \fIx\fP is defined by the following model:
.LP
.LP
In addition to normalized floating-point numbers (\fIf\fP_1>0 if \fIx\fP!=0),
floating types may be able to contain other
kinds of floating-point numbers, such as subnormal floating-point
numbers ( \fIx\fP!=0, \fIe\fP= \fIe\fP_min, \fIf\fP_1=0) and
unnormalized floating-point numbers ( \fIx\fP!=0, \fIe\fP> \fIe\fP_min,
\fIf\fP_1=0), and values that are not floating-point
numbers, such as infinities and NaNs. A \fINaN\fP is an encoding signifying
Not-a-Number. A \fIquiet NaN\fP propagates through
almost every arithmetic operation without raising a floating-point
exception; a \fIsignaling NaN\fP generally raises a
floating-point exception when occurring as an arithmetic operand.
.LP
The accuracy of the floating-point operations ( \fB'+'\fP , \fB'-'\fP
, \fB'*'\fP , \fB'/'\fP ) and of the library
functions in \fI<math.h>\fP and \fI<complex.h>\fP that return floating-point
results is implementation-defined. The
implementation may state that the accuracy is unknown.
.LP
All integer values in the \fI<float.h>\fP header, except FLT_ROUNDS,
shall be constant expressions suitable for use in
\fB#if\fP preprocessing directives; all floating values shall be constant
expressions. All except DECIMAL_DIG, FLT_EVAL_METHOD,
FLT_RADIX, and FLT_ROUNDS have separate names for all three floating-point
types. The floating-point model representation is
provided for all values except FLT_EVAL_METHOD and FLT_ROUNDS.
.LP
The rounding mode for floating-point addition is characterized by
the implementation-defined value of FLT_ROUNDS:
.TP 7
-1
Indeterminable.
.TP 7
\ 0
Toward zero.
.TP 7
\ 1
To nearest.
.TP 7
\ 2
Toward positive infinity.
.TP 7
\ 3
Toward negative infinity.
.sp
.LP
All other values for FLT_ROUNDS characterize implementation-defined
rounding behavior.
.LP
The values of operations with floating operands and values subject
to the usual arithmetic conversions and of floating constants
are evaluated to a format whose range and precision may be greater
than required by the type. The use of evaluation formats is
characterized by the implementation-defined value of FLT_EVAL_METHOD:
.TP 7
-1
Indeterminable.
.TP 7
\ 0
Evaluate all operations and constants just to the range and precision
of the type.
.TP 7
\ 1
Evaluate operations and constants of type \fBfloat\fP and \fBdouble\fP
to the range and precision of the \fBdouble\fP type;
evaluate \fBlong double\fP operations and constants to the range and
precision of the \fBlong double\fP type.
.TP 7
\ 2
Evaluate all operations and constants to the range and precision of
the \fBlong double\fP type.
.sp
.LP
All other negative values for FLT_EVAL_METHOD characterize implementation-defined
behavior.
.LP
The values given in the following list shall be defined as constant
expressions with implementation-defined values that are
greater or equal in magnitude (absolute value) to those shown, with
the same sign.
.IP " *" 3
Radix of exponent representation, \fIb\fP.
.TP 7
FLT_RADIX
.RS
2
.RE
.sp
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Number of base-FLT_RADIX digits in the floating-point significand,
\fIp\fP.
.TP 7
FLT_MANT_DIG
.TP 7
DBL_MANT_DIG
.TP 7
LDBL_MANT_DIG
.sp
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Number of decimal digits, \fIn\fP, such that any floating-point number
in the widest supported floating type with \fIp\fP_max
radix \fIb\fP digits can be rounded to a floating-point number with
\fIn\fP decimal digits and back again without change to the
value.
.LP
.TP 7
DECIMAL_DIG
.RS
10
.RE
.sp
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Number of decimal digits, \fIq\fP, such that any floating-point number
with \fIq\fP decimal digits can be rounded into a
floating-point number with \fIp\fP radix \fIb\fP digits and back again
without change to the \fIq\fP decimal digits.
.LP
.TP 7
FLT_DIG
.RS
6
.RE
.TP 7
DBL_DIG
.RS
10
.RE
.TP 7
LDBL_DIG
.RS
10
.RE
.sp
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Minimum negative integer such that FLT_RADIX raised to that power
minus 1 is a normalized floating-point number, \fIe\fP_min.
.TP 7
FLT_MIN_EXP
.TP 7
DBL_MIN_EXP
.TP 7
LDBL_MIN_EXP
.sp
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Minimum negative integer such that 10 raised to that power is in the
range of normalized floating-point numbers.
.LP
.TP 7
FLT_MIN_10_EXP
.RS
-37
.RE
.TP 7
DBL_MIN_10_EXP
.RS
-37
.RE
.TP 7
LDBL_MIN_10_EXP
.RS
-37
.RE
.sp
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Maximum integer such that FLT_RADIX raised to that power minus 1 is
a representable finite floating-point number, \fIe\fP_max.
.TP 7
FLT_MAX_EXP
.TP 7
DBL_MAX_EXP
.TP 7
LDBL_MAX_EXP
.sp
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Maximum integer such that 10 raised to that power is in the range
of representable finite floating-point numbers.
.LP
.TP 7
FLT_MAX_10_EXP
.RS
+37
.RE
.TP 7
DBL_MAX_10_EXP
.RS
+37
.RE
.TP 7
LDBL_MAX_10_EXP
.RS
+37
.RE
.sp
.LP
.LP
The values given in the following list shall be defined as constant
expressions with implementation-defined values that are
greater than or equal to those shown:
.IP " *" 3
Maximum representable finite floating-point number.
.LP
.TP 7
FLT_MAX
.RS
1E+37
.RE
.TP 7
DBL_MAX
.RS
1E+37
.RE
.TP 7
LDBL_MAX
.RS
1E+37
.RE
.sp
.LP
.LP
The values given in the following list shall be defined as constant
expressions with implementation-defined (positive) values
that are less than or equal to those shown:
.IP " *" 3
The difference between 1 and the least value greater than 1 that is
representable in the given floating-point type, \fIb\fP**1-\fIp\fP.
.TP 7
FLT_EPSILON
.RS
1E-5
.RE
.TP 7
DBL_EPSILON
.RS
1E-9
.RE
.TP 7
LDBL_EPSILON
.RS
1E-9
.RE
.sp
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Minimum normalized positive floating-point number, \fIb\fP**\fIe\fP_min.
.TP 7
FLT_MIN
.RS
1E-37
.RE
.TP 7
DBL_MIN
.RS
1E-37
.RE
.TP 7
LDBL_MIN
.RS
1E-37
.RE
.sp
.LP
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<complex.h>\fP , \fI<math.h>\fP
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<fmtmsg.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <fmtmsg.h>
.SH NAME
fmtmsg.h \- message display structures
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <fmtmsg.h> \fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<fmtmsg.h>\fP header shall define the following macros, which
expand to constant integer expressions:
.TP 7
MM_HARD
Source of the condition is hardware.
.TP 7
MM_SOFT
Source of the condition is software.
.TP 7
MM_FIRM
Source of the condition is firmware.
.TP 7
MM_APPL
Condition detected by application.
.TP 7
MM_UTIL
Condition detected by utility.
.TP 7
MM_OPSYS
Condition detected by operating system.
.TP 7
MM_RECOVER
Recoverable error.
.TP 7
MM_NRECOV
Non-recoverable error.
.TP 7
MM_HALT
Error causing application to halt.
.TP 7
MM_ERROR
Application has encountered a non-fatal fault.
.TP 7
MM_WARNING
Application has detected unusual non-error condition.
.TP 7
MM_INFO
Informative message.
.TP 7
MM_NOSEV
No severity level provided for the message.
.TP 7
MM_PRINT
Display message on standard error.
.TP 7
MM_CONSOLE
Display message on system console.
.sp
.LP
The table below indicates the null values and identifiers for \fIfmtmsg\fP()
arguments.
The \fI<fmtmsg.h>\fP header shall define the macros in the \fBIdentifier\fP
column, which expand to constant expressions
that expand to expressions of the type indicated in the \fBType\fP
column:
.TS C
center; l l l l.
\fBArgument\fP \fBType\fP \fBNull-Value\fP \fBIdentifier\fP
\fIlabel\fP \fBchar *\fP (\fBchar\fP*)0 MM_NULLLBL
\fIseverity\fP \fBint\fP 0 MM_NULLSEV
\fIclass\fP \fBlong\fP \fB0L\fP MM_NULLMC
\fItext\fP \fBchar *\fP (\fBchar\fP*)0 MM_NULLTXT
\fIaction\fP \fBchar *\fP (\fBchar\fP*)0 MM_NULLACT
\fItag\fP \fBchar *\fP (\fBchar\fP*)0 MM_NULLTAG
.TE
.LP
The \fI<fmtmsg.h>\fP header shall also define the following macros
for use as return values for \fIfmtmsg\fP():
.TP 7
MM_OK
The function succeeded.
.TP 7
MM_NOTOK
The function failed completely.
.TP 7
MM_NOMSG
The function was unable to generate a message on standard error, but
otherwise succeeded.
.TP 7
MM_NOCON
The function was unable to generate a console message, but otherwise
succeeded.
.sp
.LP
The following shall be declared as a function and may also be defined
as a macro. A function prototype shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint fmtmsg(long, const char *, int,
const char *, const char *, const char *);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
The System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIfmtmsg\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<fnmatch.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <fnmatch.h>
.SH NAME
fnmatch.h \- filename-matching types
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <fnmatch.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<fnmatch.h>\fP header shall define the following constants:
.TP 7
FNM_NOMATCH
The string does not match the specified pattern.
.TP 7
FNM_PATHNAME
Slash in \fIstring\fP only matches slash in \fIpattern\fP.
.TP 7
FNM_PERIOD
Leading period in \fIstring\fP must be exactly matched by period in
\fIpattern\fP.
.TP 7
FNM_NOESCAPE
Disable backslash escaping.
.TP 7
FNM_NOSYS
Reserved.
.sp
.LP
The following shall be declared as a function and may also be defined
as a macro. A function prototype shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint fnmatch(const char *, const char *, int);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
The System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIfnmatch\fP(),
the
Shell and Utilities volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<ftw.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <ftw.h>
.SH NAME
ftw.h \- file tree traversal
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <ftw.h> \fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<ftw.h>\fP header shall define the \fBFTW\fP structure that
includes at least the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint base
int level
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fI<ftw.h>\fP header shall define macros for use as values of
the third argument to the application-supplied function
that is passed as the second argument to \fIftw\fP() and \fInftw\fP():
.TP 7
FTW_F
File.
.TP 7
FTW_D
Directory.
.TP 7
FTW_DNR
Directory without read permission.
.TP 7
FTW_DP
Directory with subdirectories visited.
.TP 7
FTW_NS
Unknown type; \fIstat\fP() failed.
.TP 7
FTW_SL
Symbolic link.
.TP 7
FTW_SLN
Symbolic link that names a nonexistent file.
.sp
.LP
The \fI<ftw.h>\fP header shall define macros for use as values of
the fourth argument to \fInftw\fP():
.TP 7
FTW_PHYS
Physical walk, does not follow symbolic links. Otherwise, \fInftw\fP()
follows links but
does not walk down any path that crosses itself.
.TP 7
FTW_MOUNT
The walk does not cross a mount point.
.TP 7
FTW_DEPTH
All subdirectories are visited before the directory itself.
.TP 7
FTW_CHDIR
The walk changes to each directory before reading it.
.sp
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint ftw(const char *, int (*)(const char *, const struct stat *,
int), int);
int nftw(const char *, int (*)(const char *, const struct stat *,
int, struct FTW*), int, int);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fI<ftw.h>\fP header shall define the \fBstat\fP structure and
the symbolic names for \fIst_mode\fP and the file
type test macros as described in \fI<sys/stat.h>\fP .
.LP
Inclusion of the \fI<ftw.h>\fP header may also make visible all symbols
from \fI<sys/stat.h>\fP.
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<sys/stat.h>\fP , the System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001,
\fIftw\fP(), \fInftw\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<glob.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <glob.h>
.SH NAME
glob.h \- pathname pattern-matching types
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <glob.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<glob.h>\fP header shall define the structures and symbolic
constants used by the \fIglob\fP() function.
.LP
The structure type \fBglob_t\fP shall contain at least the following
members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBsize_t gl_pathc\fP Count of paths matched by \fIpattern.\fP \fB
char **gl_pathv\fP Pointer to a list of matched pathnames. \fB
size_t gl_offs \fP Slots to reserve at the beginning of \fIgl_pathv.\fP \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The following constants shall be provided as values for the \fIflags\fP
argument:
.TP 7
GLOB_APPEND
Append generated pathnames to those previously obtained.
.TP 7
GLOB_DOOFFS
Specify how many null pointers to add to the beginning of \fIgl_pathv\fP.
.TP 7
GLOB_ERR
Cause \fIglob\fP() to return on error.
.TP 7
GLOB_MARK
Each pathname that is a directory that matches \fIpattern\fP has a
slash appended.
.TP 7
GLOB_NOCHECK
If \fIpattern\fP does not match any pathname, then return a list consisting
of only \fIpattern\fP.
.TP 7
GLOB_NOESCAPE
Disable backslash escaping.
.TP 7
GLOB_NOSORT
Do not sort the pathnames returned.
.sp
.LP
The following constants shall be defined as error return values:
.TP 7
GLOB_ABORTED
The scan was stopped because GLOB_ERR was set or (*\fIerrfunc\fP)()
returned non-zero.
.TP 7
GLOB_NOMATCH
The pattern does not match any existing pathname, and GLOB_NOCHECK
was not set in \fIflags\fP.
.TP 7
GLOB_NOSPACE
An attempt to allocate memory failed.
.TP 7
GLOB_NOSYS
Reserved.
.sp
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint glob(const char *restrict, int, int (*)(const char *, int),
glob_t *restrict);
void globfree (glob_t *);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The implementation may define additional macros or constants using
names beginning with GLOB_.
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
The System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIglob\fP(),
the Shell
and Utilities volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<grp.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <grp.h>
.SH NAME
grp.h \- group structure
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <grp.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<grp.h>\fP header shall declare the structure \fBgroup\fP which
shall include the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBchar *gr_name\fP The name of the group. \fB
gid_t gr_gid \fP Numerical group ID. \fB
char **gr_mem \fP Pointer to a null-terminated array of character \fB
\fP pointers to member names. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fBgid_t\fP type shall be defined as described in \fI<sys/types.h>\fP
\&.
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBstruct group *getgrgid(gid_t);
struct group *getgrnam(const char *);
int getgrgid_r(gid_t, struct group *, char *,
size_t, struct group **);
int getgrnam_r(const char *, struct group *, char *,
size_t , struct group **);
struct group *getgrent(void);
void endgrent(void);
void setgrent(void);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<sys/types.h>\fP , the System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001,
\fIendgrent\fP(), \fIgetgrgid\fP(), \fIgetgrnam\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<iconv.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <iconv.h>
.SH NAME
iconv.h \- codeset conversion facility
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <iconv.h> \fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<iconv.h>\fP header shall define the following type:
.TP 7
\fBiconv_t\fP
Identifies the conversion from one codeset to another.
.sp
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBiconv_t iconv_open(const char *, const char *);
size_t iconv(iconv_t, char **restrict, size_t *restrict,
char **restrict, size_t *restrict);
int iconv_close(iconv_t);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
The System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIiconv\fP(),
\fIiconv_close\fP(), \fIiconv_open\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<net/if.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <net/if.h>
.SH NAME
net/if.h \- sockets local interfaces
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <net/if.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<net/if.h>\fP header shall define the \fBif_nameindex\fP structure
that includes at least the following
members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBunsigned if_index \fP Numeric index of the interface. \fB
char *if_name \fP Null-terminated name of the interface. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fI<net/if.h>\fP header shall define the following macro for the
length of a buffer containing an interface name
(including the terminating NULL character):
.TP 7
IF_NAMESIZE
Interface name length.
.sp
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBunsigned if_nametoindex(const char *);
char *if_indextoname(unsigned, char *);
struct if_nameindex *if_nameindex(void);
void if_freenameindex(struct if_nameindex *);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
The System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIif_freenameindex\fP(),
\fIif_indextoname\fP(), \fIif_nameindex\fP(), \fIif_nametoindex\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<netinet/in.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <netinet/in.h>
.SH NAME
netinet/in.h \- Internet address family
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <netinet/in.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<netinet/in.h>\fP header shall define the following types:
.TP 7
\fBin_port_t\fP
Equivalent to the type \fBuint16_t\fP as defined in \fI<inttypes.h>\fP
\&.
.TP 7
\fBin_addr_t\fP
Equivalent to the type \fBuint32_t\fP as defined in \fI<inttypes.h>\fP
\&.
.sp
.LP
The \fBsa_family_t\fP type shall be defined as described in \fI<sys/socket.h>\fP
\&.
.LP
The \fBuint8_t\fP and \fBuint32_t\fP type shall be defined as described
in \fI<inttypes.h>\fP. Inclusion of the \fI<netinet/in.h>\fP header
may also make
visible all symbols from \fI<inttypes.h>\fP and \fI<sys/socket.h>\fP.
.LP
The \fI<netinet/in.h>\fP header shall define the \fBin_addr\fP structure
that includes at least the following
member:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBin_addr_t s_addr
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fI<netinet/in.h>\fP header shall define the \fBsockaddr_in\fP
structure that includes at least the following
members (all in network byte order):
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBsa_family_t sin_family \fP AF_INET. \fB
in_port_t sin_port \fP Port number. \fB
struct in_addr sin_addr \fP IP address. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fBsockaddr_in\fP structure is used to store addresses for the
Internet address family. Values of this type shall be cast
by applications to \fBstruct sockaddr\fP for use with socket functions.
.LP
The \fI<netinet/in.h>\fP header shall define the \fBin6_addr\fP structure
that contains at least the following
member:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBuint8_t s6_addr[16]
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
This array is used to contain a 128-bit IPv6 address, stored in network
byte order.
.LP
The \fI<netinet/in.h>\fP header shall define the \fBsockaddr_in6\fP
structure that includes at least the following
members (all in network byte order):
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBsa_family_t sin6_family \fP AF_INET6. \fB
in_port_t sin6_port \fP Port number. \fB
uint32_t sin6_flowinfo \fP IPv6 traffic class and flow information. \fB
struct in6_addr sin6_addr \fP IPv6 address. \fB
uint32_t sin6_scope_id \fP Set of interfaces for a scope. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fBsockaddr_in6\fP structure shall be set to zero by an application
prior to using it, since implementations are free to
have additional, implementation-defined fields in \fBsockaddr_in6\fP.
.LP
The \fIsin6_scope_id\fP field is a 32-bit integer that identifies
a set of interfaces as appropriate for the scope of the
address carried in the \fIsin6_addr\fP field. For a link scope \fIsin6_addr\fP,
the application shall ensure that
\fIsin6_scope_id\fP is a link index. For a site scope \fIsin6_addr\fP,
the application shall ensure that \fIsin6_scope_id\fP is
a site index. The mapping of \fIsin6_scope_id\fP to an interface or
set of interfaces is implementation-defined.
.LP
The \fI<netinet/in.h>\fP header shall declare the following external
variable:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBconst struct in6_addr in6addr_any
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
This variable is initialized by the system to contain the wildcard
IPv6 address. The \fI<netinet/in.h>\fP header also
defines the IN6ADDR_ANY_INIT macro. This macro must be constant at
compile time and can be used to initialize a variable of type
\fBstruct in6_addr\fP to the IPv6 wildcard address.
.LP
The \fI<netinet/in.h>\fP header shall declare the following external
variable:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBconst struct in6_addr in6addr_loopback
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
This variable is initialized by the system to contain the loopback
IPv6 address. The \fI<netinet/in.h>\fP header also
defines the IN6ADDR_LOOPBACK_INIT macro. This macro must be constant
at compile time and can be used to initialize a variable of
type \fBstruct in6_addr\fP to the IPv6 loopback address.
.LP
The \fI<netinet/in.h>\fP header shall define the \fBipv6_mreq\fP structure
that includes at least the following
members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBstruct in6_addr ipv6mr_multiaddr \fP IPv6 multicast address. \fB
unsigned ipv6mr_interface \fP Interface index. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fI<netinet/in.h>\fP header shall define the following macros
for use as values of the \fIlevel\fP argument of \fIgetsockopt\fP()
and \fIsetsockopt\fP():
.TP 7
IPPROTO_IP
Internet protocol.
.TP 7
IPPROTO_IPV6
Internet Protocol Version 6.
.TP 7
IPPROTO_ICMP
Control message protocol.
.TP 7
IPPROTO_RAW
Raw IP Packets Protocol.
.TP 7
IPPROTO_TCP
Transmission control protocol.
.TP 7
IPPROTO_UDP
User datagram protocol.
.sp
.LP
The \fI<netinet/in.h>\fP header shall define the following macros
for use as destination addresses for \fIconnect\fP(), \fIsendmsg\fP(),
and \fIsendto\fP():
.TP 7
INADDR_ANY
IPv4 local host address.
.TP 7
INADDR_BROADCAST
IPv4 broadcast address.
.sp
.LP
The \fI<netinet/in.h>\fP header shall define the following macro to
help applications declare buffers of the proper size
to store IPv4 addresses in string form:
.TP 7
INET_ADDRSTRLEN
16. Length of the string form for IP.
.sp
.LP
The \fIhtonl\fP(), \fIhtons\fP(), \fIntohl\fP(), and \fIntohs\fP()
functions shall be
available as defined in \fI<arpa/inet.h>\fP . Inclusion of the
\fI<netinet/in.h>\fP header may also make visible all symbols from
\fI<arpa/inet.h>\fP .
.LP
The \fI<netinet/in.h>\fP header shall define the following macro to
help applications declare buffers of the proper
size to store IPv6 addresses in string form:
.TP 7
INET6_ADDRSTRLEN
46. Length of the string form for IPv6.
.sp
.LP
The \fI<netinet/in.h>\fP header shall define the following macros,
with distinct integer values, for use in the
\fIoption_name\fP argument in the \fIgetsockopt\fP() or \fIsetsockopt\fP()
functions at protocol level IPPROTO_IPV6:
.TP 7
IPV6_JOIN_GROUP
Join a multicast group.
.TP 7
IPV6_LEAVE_GROUP
Quit a multicast group.
.TP 7
IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS
.sp
Multicast hop limit.
.TP 7
IPV6_MULTICAST_IF
Interface to use for outgoing multicast packets.
.TP 7
IPV6_MULTICAST_LOOP
.sp
Multicast packets are delivered back to the local application.
.TP 7
IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS
Unicast hop limit.
.TP 7
IPV6_V6ONLY
Restrict AF_INET6 socket to IPv6 communications only.
.sp
.LP
The \fI<netinet/in.h>\fP header shall define the following macros
that test for special IPv6 addresses. Each macro is of
type \fBint\fP and takes a single argument of type \fBconst struct
in6_addr *\fP:
.TP 7
IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED
.sp
Unspecified address.
.TP 7
IN6_IS_ADDR_LOOPBACK
.sp
Loopback address.
.TP 7
IN6_IS_ADDR_MULTICAST
.sp
Multicast address.
.TP 7
IN6_IS_ADDR_LINKLOCAL
.sp
Unicast link-local address.
.TP 7
IN6_IS_ADDR_SITELOCAL
.sp
Unicast site-local address.
.TP 7
IN6_IS_ADDR_V4MAPPED
.sp
IPv4 mapped address.
.TP 7
IN6_IS_ADDR_V4COMPAT
.sp
IPv4-compatible address.
.TP 7
IN6_IS_ADDR_MC_NODELOCAL
.sp
Multicast node-local address.
.TP 7
IN6_IS_ADDR_MC_LINKLOCAL
.sp
Multicast link-local address.
.TP 7
IN6_IS_ADDR_MC_SITELOCAL
.sp
Multicast site-local address.
.TP 7
IN6_IS_ADDR_MC_ORGLOCAL
.sp
Multicast organization-local address.
.TP 7
IN6_IS_ADDR_MC_GLOBAL
.sp
Multicast global address.
.sp
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fIHost and Network Byte Orders\fP , \fI<arpa/inet.h>\fP , \fI<inttypes.h>\fP
, \fI<sys/socket.h>\fP , the System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001,
\fIconnect\fP(), \fIgetsockopt\fP(), \fIhtonl\fP(), \fIhtons\fP(),
\fIntohl\fP(), \fIntohs\fP(), \fIsendmsg\fP(), \fIsendto\fP(), \fIsetsockopt\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<arpa/inet.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <arpa/inet.h>
.SH NAME
arpa/inet.h \- definitions for internet operations
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <arpa/inet.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fBin_port_t\fP and \fBin_addr_t\fP types shall be defined as
described in \fI<netinet/in.h>\fP .
.LP
The \fBin_addr\fP structure shall be defined as described in \fI<netinet/in.h>\fP
\&.
.LP
The INET_ADDRSTRLEN \ and INET6_ADDRSTRLEN macros
shall be defined as described in \fI<netinet/in.h>\fP .
.LP
The following shall either be declared as functions, defined as macros,
or both. If functions are declared, function prototypes
shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBuint32_t htonl(uint32_t);
uint16_t htons(uint16_t);
uint32_t ntohl(uint32_t);
uint16_t ntohs(uint16_t);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fBuint32_t\fP and \fBuint16_t\fP types shall be defined as described
in \fI<inttypes.h>\fP .
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBin_addr_t inet_addr(const char *);
char *inet_ntoa(struct in_addr);
const char *inet_ntop(int, const void *restrict, char *restrict,
socklen_t);
int inet_pton(int, const char *restrict, void *restrict);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
Inclusion of the \fI<arpa/inet.h>\fP header may also make visible
all symbols from \fI<netinet/in.h>\fP and \fI<inttypes.h>\fP.
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<netinet/in.h>\fP , \fI<inttypes.h>\fP , the System Interfaces
volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIhtonl\fP(), \fIinet_addr\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<inttypes.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <inttypes.h>
.SH NAME
inttypes.h \- fixed size integer types
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <inttypes.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
Some of the functionality described on this reference page extends
the ISO\ C standard. Applications shall define
the appropriate feature test macro (see the System Interfaces volume
of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, Section 2.2, The Compilation Environment)
to enable the visibility of these symbols in this
header.
.LP
The \fI<inttypes.h>\fP header shall include the \fI<stdint.h>\fP
header.
.LP
The \fI<inttypes.h>\fP header shall include a definition of at least
the following type:
.TP 7
\fBimaxdiv_t\fP
Structure type that is the type of the value returned by the \fIimaxdiv\fP()
function.
.sp
.LP
The following macros shall be defined. Each expands to a character
string literal containing a conversion specifier, possibly
modified by a length modifier, suitable for use within the \fIformat\fP
argument of a formatted input/output function when
converting the corresponding integer type. These macros have the general
form of PRI (character string literals for the \fIfprintf\fP() and
\fIfwprintf\fP() family of
functions) or SCN (character string literals for the \fIfscanf\fP()
and \fIfwscanf\fP() family of functions), followed by the conversion
specifier, followed by a name
corresponding to a similar type name in \fI<stdint.h>\fP. In these
names, \fIN\fP
represents the width of the type as described in \fI<stdint.h>\fP.
For example,
\fIPRIdFAST32\fP can be used in a format string to print the value
of an integer of type \fBint_fast32_t\fP.
.LP
The \fIfprintf\fP() macros for signed integers are:
.TS C
center; l2 l2 l2 l2 l.
PRId\fIN\fP PRIdLEAST\fIN\fP PRIdFAST\fIN\fP PRIdMAX PRIdPTR
PRIi\fIN\fP PRIiLEAST\fIN\fP PRIiFAST\fIN\fP PRIiMAX PRIiPTR
.TE
.LP
The \fIfprintf\fP() macros for unsigned integers are:
.TS C
center; l2 l2 l2 l2 l.
PRIo\fIN\fP PRIoLEAST\fIN\fP PRIoFAST\fIN\fP PRIoMAX PRIoPTR
PRIu\fIN\fP PRIuLEAST\fIN\fP PRIuFAST\fIN\fP PRIuMAX PRIuPTR
PRIx\fIN\fP PRIxLEAST\fIN\fP PRIxFAST\fIN\fP PRIxMAX PRIxPTR
PRIX\fIN\fP PRIXLEAST\fIN\fP PRIXFAST\fIN\fP PRIXMAX PRIXPTR
.TE
.LP
The \fIfscanf\fP() macros for signed integers are:
.TS C
center; l2 l2 l2 l2 l.
SCNd\fIN\fP SCNdLEAST\fIN\fP SCNdFAST\fIN\fP SCNdMAX SCNdPTR
SCNi\fIN\fP SCNiLEAST\fIN\fP SCNiFAST\fIN\fP SCNiMAX SCNiPTR
.TE
.LP
The \fIfscanf\fP() macros for unsigned integers are:
.TS C
center; l2 l2 l2 l2 l.
SCNo\fIN\fP SCNoLEAST\fIN\fP SCNoFAST\fIN\fP SCNoMAX SCNoPTR
SCNu\fIN\fP SCNuLEAST\fIN\fP SCNuFAST\fIN\fP SCNuMAX SCNuPTR
SCNx\fIN\fP SCNxLEAST\fIN\fP SCNxFAST\fIN\fP SCNxMAX SCNxPTR
.TE
.LP
For each type that the implementation provides in \fI<stdint.h>\fP,
the
corresponding \fIfprintf\fP() and \fIfwprintf\fP() macros shall be
defined and the corresponding \fIfscanf\fP() and \fIfwscanf\fP() macros
shall be defined
unless the implementation does not have a suitable modifier for the
type.
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBintmax_t imaxabs(intmax_t);
imaxdiv_t imaxdiv(intmax_t, intmax_t);
intmax_t strtoimax(const char *restrict, char **restrict, int);
uintmax_t strtoumax(const char *restrict, char **restrict, int);
intmax_t wcstoimax(const wchar_t *restrict, wchar_t **restrict, int);
uintmax_t wcstoumax(const wchar_t *restrict, wchar_t **restrict, int);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.SH EXAMPLES
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fB#include <inttypes.h>
#include <wchar.h>
int main(void)
{
uintmax_t i = UINTMAX_MAX; // This type always exists.
wprintf(L"The largest integer value is %020"
PRIxMAX "\\n", i);
return 0;
}
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
The purpose of \fI<inttypes.h>\fP is to provide a set of integer types
whose definitions are consistent across machines
and independent of operating systems and other implementation idiosyncrasies.
It defines, via \fBtypedef\fP, integer types of
various sizes. Implementations are free to \fBtypedef\fP them as ISO\ C
standard integer types or extensions that they
support. Consistent use of this header will greatly increase the portability
of applications across platforms.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
The ISO/IEC\ 9899:1990 standard specified that the language should
support four signed and unsigned integer data types-
\fBchar\fP, \fBshort\fP, \fBint\fP, and \fBlong\fP- but placed very
little requirement on their size other than that \fBint\fP
and \fBshort\fP be at least 16 bits and \fBlong\fP be at least as
long as \fBint\fP and not smaller than 32 bits. For 16-bit
systems, most implementations assigned 8, 16, 16, and 32 bits to \fBchar\fP,
\fBshort\fP, \fBint\fP, and \fBlong\fP,
respectively. For 32-bit systems, the common practice has been to
assign 8, 16, 32, and 32 bits to these types. This difference in
\fBint\fP size can create some problems for users who migrate from
one system to another which assigns different sizes to integer
types, because the ISO\ C standard integer promotion rule can produce
silent changes unexpectedly. The need for defining an
extended integer type increased with the introduction of 64-bit systems.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
Macro names beginning with PRI or SCN followed by any lowercase letter
or \fB'X'\fP may be added to the macros defined in the
\fI<inttypes.h>\fP header.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
The System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIimaxdiv\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<iso646.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <iso646.h>
.SH NAME
iso646.h \- alternative spellings
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <iso646.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<iso646.h>\fP header shall define the following eleven macros
(on the left) that expand to the corresponding
tokens (on the right):
.TP 7
and
\fB&&\fP
.TP 7
and_eq
\fB&=\fP
.TP 7
bitand
\fB&\fP
.TP 7
bitor
\fB|\fP
.TP 7
compl
\fB~\fP
.TP 7
not
\fB!\fP
.TP 7
not_eq
\fB!=\fP
.TP 7
or
\fB||\fP
.TP 7
or_eq
\fB|=\fP
.TP 7
xor
\fB^\fP
.TP 7
xor_eq
\fB^=\fP
.sp
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
None.
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<langinfo.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <langinfo.h>
.SH NAME
langinfo.h \- language information constants
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <langinfo.h> \fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<langinfo.h>\fP header contains the constants used to identify
items of \fIlanginfo\fP data (see \fInl_langinfo\fP()). The type of
the constant, \fBnl_item\fP, shall be defined as described
in \fI<nl_types.h>\fP .
.LP
The following constants shall be defined. The entries under \fBCategory\fP
indicate in which \fIsetlocale\fP() category each item is defined.
.TS C
center; l1 l1 lw(40).
\fBConstant\fP \fBCategory\fP T{
.na
\fBMeaning\fP
.ad
T}
CODESET \fILC_CTYPE\fP T{
.na
Codeset name.
.ad
T}
D_T_FMT \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
String for formatting date and time.
.ad
T}
D_FMT \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Date format string.
.ad
T}
T_FMT \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Time format string.
.ad
T}
T_FMT_AMPM \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
a.m. or p.m. time format string.
.ad
T}
AM_STR \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Ante-meridiem affix.
.ad
T}
PM_STR \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Post-meridiem affix.
.ad
T}
DAY_1 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Name of the first day of the week (for example, Sunday).
.ad
T}
DAY_2 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Name of the second day of the week (for example, Monday).
.ad
T}
DAY_3 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Name of the third day of the week (for example, Tuesday).
.ad
T}
DAY_4 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Name of the fourth day of the week
.ad
T}
\fI\ \fP T{
.na
(for example, Wednesday).
.ad
T}
DAY_5 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Name of the fifth day of the week (for example, Thursday).
.ad
T}
DAY_6 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Name of the sixth day of the week (for example, Friday).
.ad
T}
DAY_7 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Name of the seventh day of the week
.ad
T}
\fI\ \fP T{
.na
(for example, Saturday).
.ad
T}
ABDAY_1 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Abbreviated name of the first day of the week.
.ad
T}
ABDAY_2 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Abbreviated name of the second day of the week.
.ad
T}
ABDAY_3 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Abbreviated name of the third day of the week.
.ad
T}
ABDAY_4 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Abbreviated name of the fourth day of the week.
.ad
T}
ABDAY_5 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Abbreviated name of the fifth day of the week.
.ad
T}
ABDAY_6 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Abbreviated name of the sixth day of the week.
.ad
T}
ABDAY_7 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Abbreviated name of the seventh day of the week.
.ad
T}
MON_1 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Name of the first month of the year.
.ad
T}
MON_2 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Name of the second month.
.ad
T}
MON_3 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Name of the third month.
.ad
T}
MON_4 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Name of the fourth month.
.ad
T}
MON_5 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Name of the fifth month.
.ad
T}
MON_6 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Name of the sixth month.
.ad
T}
MON_7 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Name of the seventh month.
.ad
T}
MON_8 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Name of the eighth month.
.ad
T}
MON_9 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Name of the ninth month.
.ad
T}
MON_10 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Name of the tenth month.
.ad
T}
MON_11 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Name of the eleventh month.
.ad
T}
MON_12 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Name of the twelfth month.
.ad
T}
ABMON_1 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Abbreviated name of the first month.
.ad
T}
ABMON_2 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Abbreviated name of the second month.
.ad
T}
ABMON_3 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Abbreviated name of the third month.
.ad
T}
ABMON_4 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Abbreviated name of the fourth month.
.ad
T}
ABMON_5 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Abbreviated name of the fifth month.
.ad
T}
ABMON_6 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Abbreviated name of the sixth month.
.ad
T}
ABMON_7 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Abbreviated name of the seventh month.
.ad
T}
ABMON_8 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Abbreviated name of the eighth month.
.ad
T}
ABMON_9 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Abbreviated name of the ninth month.
.ad
T}
ABMON_10 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Abbreviated name of the tenth month.
.ad
T}
ABMON_11 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Abbreviated name of the eleventh month.
.ad
T}
ABMON_12 \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Abbreviated name of the twelfth month.
.ad
T}
ERA \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Era description segments.
.ad
T}
ERA_D_FMT \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Era date format string.
.ad
T}
ERA_D_T_FMT \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Era date and time format string.
.ad
T}
ERA_T_FMT \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Era time format string.
.ad
T}
ALT_DIGITS \fILC_TIME\fP T{
.na
Alternative symbols for digits.
.ad
T}
RADIXCHAR \fILC_NUMERIC\fP T{
.na
Radix character.
.ad
T}
THOUSEP \fILC_NUMERIC\fP T{
.na
Separator for thousands.
.ad
T}
YESEXPR \fILC_MESSAGES\fP T{
.na
Affirmative response expression.
.ad
T}
NOEXPR \fILC_MESSAGES\fP T{
.na
Negative response expression.
.ad
T}
CRNCYSTR \fILC_MONETARY\fP T{
.na
Local currency symbol, preceded by \fB'-'\fP if the symbol should appear before the value, \fB'+'\fP if the symbol should appear after the value, or \fB'.'\fP if the symbol should replace the radix character. If the local currency symbol is the empty string, implementations may return the empty string ( \fB""\fP ).
.ad
T}
.TE
.LP
If the locale's values for \fBp_cs_precedes\fP and \fBn_cs_precedes\fP
do not match, the value of \fInl_langinfo\fP(CRNCYSTR)
is unspecified.
.LP
The following shall be declared as a function and may also be defined
as a macro. A function prototype shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBchar *nl_langinfo(nl_item);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
Inclusion of the \fI<langinfo.h>\fP header may also make visible all
symbols from \fI<nl_types.h>\fP.
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
Wherever possible, users are advised to use functions compatible with
those in the ISO\ C standard to access items of
\fIlanginfo\fP data. In particular, the \fIstrftime\fP() function
should be used to
access date and time information defined in category \fILC_TIME .\fP
The \fIlocaleconv\fP() function should be used to access information
corresponding to RADIXCHAR,
THOUSEP, and CRNCYSTR.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
The System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fInl_langinfo\fP(),
\fIlocaleconv\fP(), \fIstrfmon\fP(), \fIstrftime\fP(), \fILocale\fP
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

46
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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<libgen.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <libgen.h>
.SH NAME
libgen.h \- definitions for pattern matching functions
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <libgen.h> \fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBchar *basename(char *);
char *dirname(char *);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
The System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIbasename\fP(),
\fIdirname\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<locale.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <locale.h>
.SH NAME
locale.h \- category macros
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <locale.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
Some of the functionality described on this reference page extends
the ISO\ C standard. Any conflict between the
requirements described here and the ISO\ C standard is unintentional.
This volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001 defers to
the ISO\ C standard.
.LP
The \fI<locale.h>\fP header shall provide a definition for \fBlconv\fP
structure, which shall include at least the
following members. (See the definitions of \fILC_MONETARY\fP in \fILC_MONETARY\fP
and
\fILC_NUMERIC\fP .)
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBchar *currency_symbol
char *decimal_point
char frac_digits
char *grouping
char *int_curr_symbol
char int_frac_digits
char int_n_cs_precedes
char int_n_sep_by_space
char int_n_sign_posn
char int_p_cs_precedes
char int_p_sep_by_space
char int_p_sign_posn
char *mon_decimal_point
char *mon_grouping
char *mon_thousands_sep
char *negative_sign
char n_cs_precedes
char n_sep_by_space
char n_sign_posn
char *positive_sign
char p_cs_precedes
char p_sep_by_space
char p_sign_posn
char *thousands_sep
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fI<locale.h>\fP header shall define NULL (as defined in \fI<stddef.h>\fP
) and at
least the following as macros:
.LP
.sp
\fILC_ALL\fP
.br
\fILC_COLLATE\fP
.br
\fILC_CTYPE\fP
.br
.sp
\fILC_MESSAGES\fP
.br
.sp
\fILC_MONETARY\fP
.br
\fILC_NUMERIC\fP
.br
\fILC_TIME\fP
.br
.LP
which shall expand to distinct integer constant expressions, for use
as the first argument to the \fIsetlocale\fP() function.
.LP
Additional macro definitions, beginning with the characters \fILC_\fP
and an uppercase letter, may also be given here.
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBstruct lconv *localeconv (void);
char *setlocale(int, const char *);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
The System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIlocaleconv\fP(),
\fIsetlocale\fP(), \fIEnvironment Variables\fP
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

487
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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<math.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <math.h>
.SH NAME
math.h \- mathematical declarations
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <math.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
Some of the functionality described on this reference page extends
the ISO\ C standard. Applications shall define
the appropriate feature test macro (see the System Interfaces volume
of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, Section 2.2, The Compilation Environment)
to enable the visibility of these symbols in this
header.
.LP
The \fI<math.h>\fP header shall include definitions for at least the
following types:
.TP 7
\fBfloat_t\fP
A real-floating type at least as wide as \fBfloat\fP.
.TP 7
\fBdouble_t\fP
A real-floating type at least as wide as \fBdouble\fP, and at least
as wide as \fBfloat_t\fP.
.sp
.LP
If FLT_EVAL_METHOD equals 0, \fBfloat_t\fP and \fBdouble_t\fP shall
be \fBfloat\fP and \fBdouble\fP, respectively; if
FLT_EVAL_METHOD equals 1, they shall both be \fBdouble\fP; if FLT_EVAL_METHOD
equals 2, they shall both be \fBlong double\fP; for
other values of FLT_EVAL_METHOD, they are otherwise implementation-defined.
.LP
The \fI<math.h>\fP header shall define the following macros, where
real-floating indicates that the argument shall be an
expression of real-floating type:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint fpclassify(real-floating x);
int isfinite(real-floating x);
int isinf(real-floating x);
int isnan(real-floating x);
int isnormal(real-floating x);
int signbit(real-floating x);
int isgreater(real-floating x, real-floating y);
int isgreaterequal(real-floating x, real-floating y);
int isless(real-floating x, real-floating y);
int islessequal(real-floating x, real-floating y);
int islessgreater(real-floating x, real-floating y);
int isunordered(real-floating x, real-floating y);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fI<math.h>\fP header shall provide for the following constants.
The values are of type \fBdouble\fP and are
accurate within the precision of the \fBdouble\fP type.
.TP 7
M_E
Value of \fIe\fP
.TP 7
M_LOG2E
Value of log_2\fIe\fP
.TP 7
M_LOG10E
Value of log_10\fIe\fP
.TP 7
M_LN2
Value of log_e2
.TP 7
M_LN10
Value of log_e10
.TP 7
M_PI
Value of pi
.TP 7
M_PI_2
Value of pi/2
.TP 7
M_PI_4
Value of pi/4
.TP 7
M_1_PI
Value of 1/pi
.TP 7
M_2_PI
Value of 2/pi
.TP 7
M_2_SQRTPI
Value of 2/ sqrt pi
.TP 7
M_SQRT2
Value of sqrt 2
.TP 7
M_SQRT1_2
Value of 1/sqrt 2
.sp
.LP
The header shall define the following symbolic constants:
.TP 7
MAXFLOAT
Value of maximum non-infinite single-precision floating-point number.
.TP 7
HUGE_VAL
A positive \fBdouble\fP expression, not necessarily representable
as a \fBfloat\fP. Used as an error value returned by the
mathematics library. HUGE_VAL evaluates to +infinity on systems supporting
IEEE\ Std\ 754-1985.
.TP 7
HUGE_VALF
A positive \fBfloat\fP constant expression. Used as an error value
returned by the mathematics library. HUGE_VALF evaluates to
+infinity on systems supporting IEEE\ Std\ 754-1985.
.TP 7
HUGE_VALL
A positive \fBlong double\fP constant expression. Used as an error
value returned by the mathematics library. HUGE_VALL
evaluates to +infinity on systems supporting IEEE\ Std\ 754-1985.
.TP 7
INFINITY
A constant expression of type \fBfloat\fP representing positive or
unsigned infinity, if available; else a positive constant
of type \fBfloat\fP that overflows at translation time.
.TP 7
NAN
A constant expression of type \fBfloat\fP representing a quiet NaN.
This symbolic constant is only defined if the
implementation supports quiet NaNs for the \fBfloat\fP type.
.sp
.LP
The following macros shall be defined for number classification. They
represent the mutually-exclusive kinds of floating-point
values. They expand to integer constant expressions with distinct
values. Additional implementation-defined floating-point
classifications, with macro definitions beginning with FP_ and an
uppercase letter, may also be specified by the
implementation.
.sp
.RS
.nf
FP_INFINITE
FP_NAN
FP_NORMAL
FP_SUBNORMAL
FP_ZERO
.fi
.RE
.LP
The following optional macros indicate whether the \fIfma\fP() family
of functions are fast
compared with direct code:
.sp
.RS
.nf
FP_FAST_FMA
FP_FAST_FMAF
FP_FAST_FMAL
.fi
.RE
.LP
The FP_FAST_FMA macro shall be defined to indicate that the \fIfma\fP()
function generally
executes about as fast as, or faster than, a multiply and an add of
\fBdouble\fP operands. The other macros have the equivalent
meaning for the \fBfloat\fP and \fBlong double\fP versions.
.LP
The following macros shall expand to integer constant expressions
whose values are returned by \fIilogb\fP( \fIx\fP) if
\fIx\fP is zero or NaN, respectively. The value of FP_ILOGB0 shall
be either {INT_MIN} or - {INT_MAX}. The value of FP_ILOGBNAN
shall be either {INT_MAX} or {INT_MIN}.
.sp
.RS
.nf
FP_ILOGB0
FP_ILOGBNAN
.fi
.RE
.LP
The following macros shall expand to the integer constants 1 and 2,
respectively;
.sp
.RS
.nf
MATH_ERRNO
MATH_ERREXCEPT
.fi
.RE
.LP
The following macro shall expand to an expression that has type \fBint\fP
and the value MATH_ERRNO, MATH_ERREXCEPT, or the
bitwise-inclusive OR of both:
.sp
.RS
.nf
math_errhandling
.fi
.RE
.LP
The value of math_errhandling is constant for the duration of the
program. It is unspecified whether math_errhandling is a macro
or an identifier with external linkage. If a macro definition is suppressed
or a program defines an identifier with the name
math_errhandling , the behavior is undefined. If the expression (math_errhandling
& MATH_ERREXCEPT) can be non-zero, the
implementation shall define the macros FE_DIVBYZERO, FE_INVALID, and
FE_OVERFLOW in \fI<fenv.h>\fP.
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBdouble acos(double);
float acosf(float);
double acosh(double);
float acoshf(float);
long double acoshl(long double);
long double acosl(long double);
double asin(double);
float asinf(float);
double asinh(double);
float asinhf(float);
long double asinhl(long double);
long double asinl(long double);
double atan(double);
double atan2(double, double);
float atan2f(float, float);
long double atan2l(long double, long double);
float atanf(float);
double atanh(double);
float atanhf(float);
long double atanhl(long double);
long double atanl(long double);
double cbrt(double);
float cbrtf(float);
long double cbrtl(long double);
double ceil(double);
float ceilf(float);
long double ceill(long double);
double copysign(double, double);
float copysignf(float, float);
long double copysignl(long double, long double);
double cos(double);
float cosf(float);
double cosh(double);
float coshf(float);
long double coshl(long double);
long double cosl(long double);
double erf(double);
double erfc(double);
float erfcf(float);
long double erfcl(long double);
float erff(float);
long double erfl(long double);
double exp(double);
double exp2(double);
float exp2f(float);
long double exp2l(long double);
float expf(float);
long double expl(long double);
double expm1(double);
float expm1f(float);
long double expm1l(long double);
double fabs(double);
float fabsf(float);
long double fabsl(long double);
double fdim(double, double);
float fdimf(float, float);
long double fdiml(long double, long double);
double floor(double);
float floorf(float);
long double floorl(long double);
double fma(double, double, double);
float fmaf(float, float, float);
long double fmal(long double, long double, long double);
double fmax(double, double);
float fmaxf(float, float);
long double fmaxl(long double, long double);
double fmin(double, double);
float fminf(float, float);
long double fminl(long double, long double);
double fmod(double, double);
float fmodf(float, float);
long double fmodl(long double, long double);
double frexp(double, int *);
float frexpf(float value, int *);
long double frexpl(long double value, int *);
double hypot(double, double);
float hypotf(float, float);
long double hypotl(long double, long double);
int ilogb(double);
int ilogbf(float);
int ilogbl(long double);
double j0(double);
double j1(double);
double jn(int, double);
double ldexp(double, int);
float ldexpf(float, int);
long double ldexpl(long double, int);
double lgamma(double);
float lgammaf(float);
long double lgammal(long double);
long long llrint(double);
long long llrintf(float);
long long llrintl(long double);
long long llround(double);
long long llroundf(float);
long long llroundl(long double);
double log(double);
double log10(double);
float log10f(float);
long double log10l(long double);
double log1p(double);
float log1pf(float);
long double log1pl(long double);
double log2(double);
float log2f(float);
long double log2l(long double);
double logb(double);
float logbf(float);
long double logbl(long double);
float logf(float);
long double logl(long double);
long lrint(double);
long lrintf(float);
long lrintl(long double);
long lround(double);
long lroundf(float);
long lroundl(long double);
double modf(double, double *);
float modff(float, float *);
long double modfl(long double, long double *);
double nan(const char *);
float nanf(const char *);
long double nanl(const char *);
double nearbyint(double);
float nearbyintf(float);
long double nearbyintl(long double);
double nextafter(double, double);
float nextafterf(float, float);
long double nextafterl(long double, long double);
double nexttoward(double, long double);
float nexttowardf(float, long double);
long double nexttowardl(long double, long double);
double pow(double, double);
float powf(float, float);
long double powl(long double, long double);
double remainder(double, double);
float remainderf(float, float);
long double remainderl(long double, long double);
double remquo(double, double, int *);
float remquof(float, float, int *);
long double remquol(long double, long double, int *);
double rint(double);
float rintf(float);
long double rintl(long double);
double round(double);
float roundf(float);
long double roundl(long double);
double scalb(double, double);
double scalbln(double, long);
float scalblnf(float, long);
long double scalblnl(long double, long);
double scalbn(double, int);
float scalbnf(float, int);
long double scalbnl(long double, int);
double sin(double);
float sinf(float);
double sinh(double);
float sinhf(float);
long double sinhl(long double);
long double sinl(long double);
double sqrt(double);
float sqrtf(float);
long double sqrtl(long double);
double tan(double);
float tanf(float);
double tanh(double);
float tanhf(float);
long double tanhl(long double);
long double tanl(long double);
double tgamma(double);
float tgammaf(float);
long double tgammal(long double);
double trunc(double);
float truncf(float);
long double truncl(long double);
double y0(double);
double y1(double);
double yn(int, double);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The following external variable shall be defined:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fB
extern int signgam;
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The behavior of each of the functions defined in \fI<math.h>\fP is
specified in the System Interfaces volume of
IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001 for all representable values of its input arguments,
except where stated otherwise. Each function
shall execute as if it were a single operation without generating
any externally visible exceptional conditions.
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
The FP_CONTRACT pragma can be used to allow (if the state is on) or
disallow (if the state is off) the implementation to
contract expressions. Each pragma can occur either outside external
declarations or preceding all explicit declarations and
statements inside a compound statement. When outside external declarations,
the pragma takes effect from its occurrence until
another FP_CONTRACT pragma is encountered, or until the end of the
translation unit. When inside a compound statement, the pragma
takes effect from its occurrence until another FP_CONTRACT pragma
is encountered (including within a nested compound statement), or
until the end of the compound statement; at the end of a compound
statement the state for the pragma is restored to its condition
just before the compound statement. If this pragma is used in any
other context, the behavior is undefined. The default state (on
or off) for the pragma is implementation-defined.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
Before the ISO/IEC\ 9899:1999 standard, the math library was defined
only for the floating type \fBdouble\fP. All the names
formed by appending \fB'f'\fP or \fB'l'\fP to a name in \fI<math.h>\fP
were reserved to allow for the definition of
\fBfloat\fP and \fBlong double\fP libraries; and the ISO/IEC\ 9899:1999
standard provides for all three versions of math
functions.
.LP
The functions \fIecvt\fP(), \fIfcvt\fP(), and \fIgcvt\fP() have been
dropped from the ISO\ C standard since their capability is available
through \fIsprintf\fP(). These are provided on XSI-conformant systems
supporting the
Legacy Option Group.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<stddef.h>\fP , \fI<sys/types.h>\fP , the System
Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIacos\fP(), \fIacosh\fP(),
\fIasin\fP(), \fIatan\fP(), \fIatan2\fP(), \fIcbrt\fP(), \fIceil\fP(),
\fIcos\fP(), \fIcosh\fP(), \fIerf\fP(), \fIexp\fP(), \fIexpm1\fP(),
\fIfabs\fP(), \fIfloor\fP(), \fIfmod\fP(), \fIfrexp\fP(), \fIhypot\fP(),
\fIilogb\fP(), \fIisnan\fP(), \fIj0\fP(), \fIldexp\fP(), \fIlgamma\fP(),
\fIlog\fP(), \fIlog10\fP(), \fIlog1p\fP(), \fIlogb\fP(), \fImodf\fP(),
\fInextafter\fP(), \fIpow\fP(), \fIremainder\fP(), \fIrint\fP(), \fIscalb\fP(),
\fIsin\fP(), \fIsinh\fP(), \fIsqrt\fP(), \fItan\fP(), \fItanh\fP(),
\fIy0\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.so man0p/sys_mman.h.0p

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<monetary.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <monetary.h>
.SH NAME
monetary.h \- monetary types
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <monetary.h> \fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<monetary.h>\fP header shall define the following types:
.TP 7
\fBsize_t\fP
As described in \fI<stddef.h>\fP .
.TP 7
\fBssize_t\fP
As described in \fI<sys/types.h>\fP .
.sp
.LP
The following shall be declared as a function and may also be defined
as a macro. A function prototype shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBssize_t strfmon(char *restrict, size_t, const char *restrict, ...);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
The System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIstrfmon\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<mqueue.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <mqueue.h>
.SH NAME
mqueue.h \- message queues (\fBREALTIME\fP)
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <mqueue.h> \fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<mqueue.h>\fP header shall define the \fBmqd_t\fP type, which
is used for message queue descriptors. This is not
an array type.
.LP
The \fI<mqueue.h>\fP header shall define the \fBsigevent\fP structure
(as described in \fI<signal.h>\fP ) and the \fBmq_attr\fP structure,
which is used in getting and setting the attributes
of a message queue. Attributes are initially set when the message
queue is created. An \fBmq_attr\fP structure shall have at least
the following fields:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBlong mq_flags \fP Message queue flags. \fB
long mq_maxmsg \fP Maximum number of messages. \fB
long mq_msgsize \fP Maximum message size. \fB
long mq_curmsgs \fP Number of messages currently queued. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint mq_close(mqd_t);
int mq_getattr(mqd_t, struct mq_attr *);
int mq_notify(mqd_t, const struct sigevent *);
mqd_t mq_open(const char *, int, ...);
ssize_t mq_receive(mqd_t, char *, size_t, unsigned *);
int mq_send(mqd_t, const char *, size_t, unsigned );
int mq_setattr(mqd_t, const struct mq_attr *restrict,
struct mq_attr *restrict);
ssize_t mq_timedreceive(mqd_t, char *restrict, size_t,
unsigned *restrict, const struct timespec *restrict);
int mq_timedsend(mqd_t, const char *, size_t, unsigned ,
const struct timespec *);
int mq_unlink(const char *);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
Inclusion of the \fI<mqueue.h>\fP header may make visible symbols
defined in the headers \fI<fcntl.h>\fP, \fI<signal.h>\fP, \fI<sys/types.h>\fP,
and \fI<time.h>\fP.
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<fcntl.h>\fP , \fI<signal.h>\fP , \fI<sys/types.h>\fP , \fI<time.h>\fP
, the System Interfaces volume
of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fImq_close\fP(), \fImq_getattr\fP(), \fImq_notify\fP(),
\fImq_open\fP(), \fImq_receive\fP(), \fImq_send\fP(), \fImq_setattr\fP(),
\fImq_timedreceive\fP(), \fImq_timedsend\fP(), \fImq_unlink\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<ndbm.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <ndbm.h>
.SH NAME
ndbm.h \- definitions for ndbm database operations
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <ndbm.h> \fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<ndbm.h>\fP header shall define the \fBdatum\fP type as a structure
that includes at least the following
members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBvoid *dptr \fP A pointer to the application's data. \fB
size_t dsize\fP The size of the object pointed to by \fIdptr.\fP \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fBsize_t\fP type shall be defined as described in \fI<stddef.h>\fP
\&.
.LP
The \fI<ndbm.h>\fP header shall define the \fBDBM\fP type.
.LP
The following constants shall be defined as possible values for the
\fIstore_mode\fP argument to \fIdbm_store\fP():
.TP 7
DBM_INSERT
Insertion of new entries only.
.TP 7
DBM_REPLACE
Allow replacing existing entries.
.sp
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint dbm_clearerr(DBM *);
void dbm_close(DBM *);
int dbm_delete(DBM *, datum);
int dbm_error(DBM *);
datum dbm_fetch(DBM *, datum);
datum dbm_firstkey(DBM *);
datum dbm_nextkey(DBM *);
DBM *dbm_open(const char *, int, mode_t);
int dbm_store(DBM *, datum, datum, int);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fBmode_t\fP type shall be defined through \fBtypedef\fP as described
in \fI<sys/types.h>\fP .
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<stddef.h>\fP , \fI<sys/types.h>\fP , the System
Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIdbm_clearerr\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<netdb.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <netdb.h>
.SH NAME
netdb.h \- definitions for network database operations
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <netdb.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<netdb.h>\fP header may define the \fBin_port_t\fP type and
the \fBin_addr_t\fP type as described in \fI<netinet/in.h>\fP .
.LP
The \fI<netdb.h>\fP header shall define the \fBhostent\fP structure
that includes at least the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBchar *h_name \fP Official name of the host. \fB
char **h_aliases \fP A pointer to an array of pointers to \fB
\fP alternative host names, terminated by a \fB
\fP null pointer. \fB
int h_addrtype \fP Address type. \fB
int h_length \fP The length, in bytes, of the address. \fB
char **h_addr_list \fP A pointer to an array of pointers to network \fB
\fP addresses (in network byte order) for the host, \fB
\fP terminated by a null pointer. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fI<netdb.h>\fP header shall define the \fBnetent\fP structure
that includes at least the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBchar *n_name \fP Official, fully-qualified (including the \fB
\fP domain) name of the host. \fB
char **n_aliases \fP A pointer to an array of pointers to \fB
\fP alternative network names, terminated by a \fB
\fP null pointer. \fB
int n_addrtype \fP The address type of the network. \fB
uint32_t n_net \fP The network number, in host byte order. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fBuint32_t\fP type shall be defined as described in \fI<inttypes.h>\fP
\&.
.LP
The \fI<netdb.h>\fP header shall define the \fBprotoent\fP structure
that includes at least the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBchar *p_name \fP Official name of the protocol. \fB
char **p_aliases \fP A pointer to an array of pointers to \fB
\fP alternative protocol names, terminated by \fB
\fP a null pointer. \fB
int p_proto \fP The protocol number. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fI<netdb.h>\fP header shall define the \fBservent\fP structure
that includes at least the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBchar *s_name \fP Official name of the service. \fB
char **s_aliases \fP A pointer to an array of pointers to \fB
\fP alternative service names, terminated by \fB
\fP a null pointer. \fB
int s_port \fP The port number at which the service \fB
\fP resides, in network byte order. \fB
char *s_proto \fP The name of the protocol to use when \fB
\fP contacting the service. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fI<netdb.h>\fP header shall define the IPPORT_RESERVED macro
with the value of the highest reserved Internet port
number.
.LP
When the \fI<netdb.h>\fP header is included, \fIh_errno\fP shall be
available as a modifiable lvalue of type \fBint\fP. It
is unspecified whether \fIh_errno\fP is a macro or an identifier declared
with external linkage.
.LP
The \fI<netdb.h>\fP header shall define the following macros for use
as error values for \fIgethostbyaddr\fP() and \fIgethostbyname\fP():
.sp
.RS
.nf
HOST_NOT_FOUND
NO_DATA
NO_RECOVERY
TRY_AGAIN
.fi
.RE
.SS Address Information Structure
.LP
The \fI<netdb.h>\fP header shall define the \fBaddrinfo\fP structure
that includes at least the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint ai_flags \fP Input flags. \fB
int ai_family \fP Address family of socket. \fB
int ai_socktype \fP Socket type. \fB
int ai_protocol \fP Protocol of socket. \fB
socklen_t ai_addrlen \fP Length of socket address. \fB
struct sockaddr *ai_addr \fP Socket address of socket. \fB
char *ai_canonname \fP Canonical name of service location. \fB
struct addrinfo *ai_next \fP Pointer to next in list. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fI<netdb.h>\fP header shall define the following macros that
evaluate to bitwise-distinct integer constants for use
in the \fIflags\fP field of the \fBaddrinfo\fP structure:
.TP 7
AI_PASSIVE
Socket address is intended for \fIbind\fP().
.TP 7
AI_CANONNAME
.sp
Request for canonical name.
.TP 7
AI_NUMERICHOST
.sp
Return numeric host address as name.
.TP 7
AI_NUMERICSERV
.sp
Inhibit service name resolution.
.TP 7
AI_V4MAPPED
If no IPv6 addresses are found, query for IPv4 addresses and return
them to the caller as IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses.
.TP 7
AI_ALL
Query for both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
.TP 7
AI_ADDRCONFIG
.sp
Query for IPv4 addresses only when an IPv4 address is configured;
query for IPv6 addresses only when an IPv6 address is
configured.
.sp
.LP
The \fI<netdb.h>\fP header shall define the following macros that
evaluate to bitwise-distinct integer constants for use
in the \fIflags\fP argument to \fIgetnameinfo\fP():
.TP 7
NI_NOFQDN
Only the nodename portion of the FQDN is returned for local hosts.
.TP 7
NI_NUMERICHOST
.sp
The numeric form of the node's address is returned instead of its
name.
.TP 7
NI_NAMEREQD
Return an error if the node's name cannot be located in the database.
.TP 7
NI_NUMERICSERV
.sp
The numeric form of the service address is returned instead of its
name.
.TP 7
NI_NUMERICSCOPE
.sp
For IPv6 addresses, the numeric form of the scope identifier is returned
instead of its name.
.TP 7
NI_DGRAM
Indicates that the service is a datagram service (SOCK_DGRAM).
.sp
.SS Address Information Errors
.LP
The \fI<netdb.h>\fP header shall define the following macros for use
as error values for \fIgetaddrinfo\fP() and \fIgetnameinfo\fP():
.TP 7
EAI_AGAIN
The name could not be resolved at this time. Future attempts may succeed.
.TP 7
EAI_BADFLAGS
The flags had an invalid value.
.TP 7
EAI_FAIL
A non-recoverable error occurred.
.TP 7
EAI_FAMILY
The address family was not recognized or the address length was invalid
for the specified family.
.TP 7
EAI_MEMORY
There was a memory allocation failure.
.TP 7
EAI_NONAME
The name does not resolve for the supplied parameters.
.LP
NI_NAMEREQD is set and the host's name cannot be located, or both
\fInodename\fP and \fIservname\fP were null.
.TP 7
EAI_SERVICE
The service passed was not recognized for the specified socket type.
.TP 7
EAI_SOCKTYPE
The intended socket type was not recognized.
.TP 7
EAI_SYSTEM
A system error occurred. The error code can be found in \fIerrno\fP.
.TP 7
EAI_OVERFLOW
.sp
An argument buffer overflowed.
.sp
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBvoid endhostent(void);
void endnetent(void);
void endprotoent(void);
void endservent(void);
void freeaddrinfo(struct addrinfo *);
const char *gai_strerror(int);
int getaddrinfo(const char *restrict, const char *restrict,
const struct addrinfo *restrict,
struct addrinfo **restrict);
struct hostent *gethostbyaddr(const void *, socklen_t, int);
struct hostent *gethostbyname(const char *);
struct hostent *gethostent(void);
int getnameinfo(const struct sockaddr *restrict, socklen_t,
char *restrict, socklen_t, char *restrict,
socklen_t, int);
struct netent *getnetbyaddr(uint32_t, int);
struct netent *getnetbyname(const char *);
struct netent *getnetent(void);
struct protoent *getprotobyname(const char *);
struct protoent *getprotobynumber(int);
struct protoent *getprotoent(void);
struct servent *getservbyname(const char *, const char *);
struct servent *getservbyport(int, const char *);
struct servent *getservent(void);
void sethostent(int);
void setnetent(int);
void setprotoent(int);
void setservent(int);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The type \fBsocklen_t\fP shall be defined through \fBtypedef\fP as
described in \fI<sys/socket.h>\fP.
.LP
Inclusion of the \fI<netdb.h>\fP header may also make visible all
symbols from \fI<netinet/in.h>\fP, \fI<sys/socket.h>\fP, and \fI<inttypes.h>\fP.
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<netinet/in.h>\fP , \fI<inttypes.h>\fP , \fI<sys/socket.h>\fP ,
the System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIbind\fP(),
\fIendhostent\fP(), \fIendnetent\fP(), \fIendprotoent\fP(), \fIendservent\fP(),
\fIgetaddrinfo\fP(), \fIgetnameinfo\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<nl_types.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <nl_types.h>
.SH NAME
nl_types.h \- data types
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <nl_types.h> \fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<nl_types.h>\fP header shall contain definitions of at least
the following types:
.TP 7
\fBnl_catd\fP
Used by the message catalog functions \fIcatopen\fP(), \fIcatgets\fP(),
and \fIcatclose\fP() to identify a
catalog descriptor.
.TP 7
\fBnl_item\fP
Used by \fInl_langinfo\fP() to identify items of \fIlanginfo\fP data.
Values of
objects of type \fBnl_item\fP are defined in \fI<langinfo.h>\fP .
.sp
.LP
The \fI<nl_types.h>\fP header shall contain definitions of at least
the following constants:
.TP 7
NL_SETD
Used by \fIgencat\fP when no $\fIset\fP directive is specified in
a message text source file; see the Internationalization
Guide. This constant can be passed as the value of \fIset_id\fP on
subsequent calls to \fIcatgets\fP() (that is, to retrieve messages
from the default message set). The value of NL_SETD
is implementation-defined.
.TP 7
NL_CAT_LOCALE
Value that must be passed as the \fIoflag\fP argument to \fIcatopen\fP()
to ensure
that message catalog selection depends on the \fILC_MESSAGES\fP locale
category, rather than directly on the \fILANG\fP
environment variable.
.sp
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint catclose(nl_catd);
char *catgets(nl_catd, int, int, const char *);
nl_catd catopen(const char *, int);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<langinfo.h>\fP , the System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001,
\fIcatclose\fP(), \fIcatgets\fP(), \fIcatopen\fP(), \fInl_langinfo\fP(),
the Shell and
Utilities volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIgencat\fP
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

110
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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<poll.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <poll.h>
.SH NAME
poll.h \- definitions for the poll() function
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <poll.h> \fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<poll.h>\fP header shall define the \fBpollfd\fP structure
that includes at least the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint fd \fP The following descriptor being polled. \fB
short events \fP The input event flags (see below). \fB
short revents \fP The output event flags (see below). \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fI<poll.h>\fP header shall define the following type through
\fBtypedef\fP:
.TP 7
\fBnfds_t\fP
An unsigned integer type used for the number of file descriptors.
.sp
.LP
The implementation shall support one or more programming environments
in which the width of \fBnfds_t\fP is no greater than the
width of type \fBlong\fP. The names of these programming environments
can be obtained using the \fIconfstr\fP() function or the \fIgetconf\fP
utility.
.LP
The following symbolic constants shall be defined, zero or more of
which may be OR'ed together to form the \fIevents\fP or
\fIrevents\fP members in the \fBpollfd\fP structure:
.TP 7
POLLIN
Data other than high-priority data may be read without blocking.
.TP 7
POLLRDNORM
Normal data may be read without blocking.
.TP 7
POLLRDBAND
Priority data may be read without blocking.
.TP 7
POLLPRI
High priority data may be read without blocking.
.TP 7
POLLOUT
Normal data may be written without blocking.
.TP 7
POLLWRNORM
Equivalent to POLLOUT.
.TP 7
POLLWRBAND
Priority data may be written.
.TP 7
POLLERR
An error has occurred ( \fIrevents\fP only).
.TP 7
POLLHUP
Device has been disconnected ( \fIrevents\fP only).
.TP 7
POLLNVAL
Invalid \fIfd\fP member ( \fIrevents\fP only).
.sp
.LP
The significance and semantics of normal, priority, and high-priority
data are file and device-specific.
.LP
The following shall be declared as a function and may also be defined
as a macro. A function prototype shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint poll(struct pollfd[], nfds_t, int);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
The System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIconfstr\fP(),
\fIpoll\fP(), the Shell and Utilities volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001,
\fIgetconf\fP
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<pthread.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <pthread.h>
.SH NAME
pthread.h \- threads
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <pthread.h> \fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<pthread.h>\fP header shall define the following symbols:
.LP
.sp
.sp
PTHREAD_BARRIER_SERIAL_THREAD
.br
.sp
PTHREAD_CANCEL_ASYNCHRONOUS
.br
PTHREAD_CANCEL_ENABLE
.br
PTHREAD_CANCEL_DEFERRED
.br
PTHREAD_CANCEL_DISABLE
.br
PTHREAD_CANCELED
.br
PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER
.br
PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED
.br
PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE
.br
PTHREAD_EXPLICIT_SCHED
.br
PTHREAD_INHERIT_SCHED
.br
.sp
PTHREAD_MUTEX_DEFAULT
.br
PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK
.br
.sp
PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER
.br
.sp
PTHREAD_MUTEX_NORMAL
.br
PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE
.br
.sp
PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT
.br
.sp
PTHREAD_PRIO_INHERIT
.br
.sp
.sp
PTHREAD_PRIO_NONE
.br
.sp
.sp
PTHREAD_PRIO_PROTECT
.br
.sp
PTHREAD_PROCESS_SHARED
.br
PTHREAD_PROCESS_PRIVATE
.br
.sp
PTHREAD_SCOPE_PROCESS
.br
PTHREAD_SCOPE_SYSTEM
.br
.sp
.LP
The following types shall be defined as described in \fI<sys/types.h>\fP
:
.LP
.sp
\fBpthread_attr_t\fP
.br
.sp
\fBpthread_barrier_t\fP
.br
\fBpthread_barrierattr_t\fP
.br
.sp
\fBpthread_cond_t\fP
.br
\fBpthread_condattr_t\fP
.br
\fBpthread_key_t\fP
.br
\fBpthread_mutex_t\fP
.br
\fBpthread_mutexattr_t\fP
.br
\fBpthread_once_t\fP
.br
\fBpthread_rwlock_t\fP
.br
\fBpthread_rwlockattr_t\fP
.br
.sp
\fBpthread_spinlock_t\fP
.br
.sp
\fBpthread_t\fP
.br
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint pthread_atfork(void (*)(void), void (*)(void),
void(*)(void));
int pthread_attr_destroy(pthread_attr_t *);
int pthread_attr_getdetachstate(const pthread_attr_t *, int *);
int pthread_attr_getguardsize(const pthread_attr_t *restrict,
size_t *restrict);
int pthread_attr_getinheritsched(const pthread_attr_t *restrict,
int *restrict);
int pthread_attr_getschedparam(const pthread_attr_t *restrict,
struct sched_param *restrict);
int pthread_attr_getschedpolicy(const pthread_attr_t *restrict,
int *restrict);
int pthread_attr_getscope(const pthread_attr_t *restrict,
int *restrict);
int pthread_attr_getstack(const pthread_attr_t *restrict,
void **restrict, size_t *restrict);
int pthread_attr_getstackaddr(const pthread_attr_t *restrict,
void **restrict);
int pthread_attr_getstacksize(const pthread_attr_t *restrict,
size_t *restrict);
int pthread_attr_init(pthread_attr_t *);
int pthread_attr_setdetachstate(pthread_attr_t *, int);
int pthread_attr_setguardsize(pthread_attr_t *, size_t);
int pthread_attr_setinheritsched(pthread_attr_t *, int);
int pthread_attr_setschedparam(pthread_attr_t *restrict,
const struct sched_param *restrict);
int pthread_attr_setschedpolicy(pthread_attr_t *, int);
int pthread_attr_setscope(pthread_attr_t *, int);
int pthread_attr_setstack(pthread_attr_t *, void *, size_t);
int pthread_attr_setstackaddr(pthread_attr_t *, void *);
int pthread_attr_setstacksize(pthread_attr_t *, size_t);
int pthread_barrier_destroy(pthread_barrier_t *);
int pthread_barrier_init(pthread_barrier_t *restrict,
const pthread_barrierattr_t *restrict, unsigned);
int pthread_barrier_wait(pthread_barrier_t *);
int pthread_barrierattr_destroy(pthread_barrierattr_t *);
int pthread_barrierattr_getpshared(
const pthread_barrierattr_t *restrict, int *restrict);
int pthread_barrierattr_init(pthread_barrierattr_t *);
int pthread_barrierattr_setpshared(pthread_barrierattr_t *, int);
int pthread_cancel(pthread_t);
void pthread_cleanup_push(void (*)(void *), void *);
void pthread_cleanup_pop(int);
int pthread_cond_broadcast(pthread_cond_t *);
int pthread_cond_destroy(pthread_cond_t *);
int pthread_cond_init(pthread_cond_t *restrict,
const pthread_condattr_t *restrict);
int pthread_cond_signal(pthread_cond_t *);
int pthread_cond_timedwait(pthread_cond_t *restrict,
pthread_mutex_t *restrict, const struct timespec *restrict);
int pthread_cond_wait(pthread_cond_t *restrict,
pthread_mutex_t *restrict);
int pthread_condattr_destroy(pthread_condattr_t *);
int pthread_condattr_getclock(const pthread_condattr_t *restrict,
clockid_t *restrict);
int pthread_condattr_getpshared(const pthread_condattr_t *restrict,
int *restrict);
int pthread_condattr_init(pthread_condattr_t *);
int pthread_condattr_setclock(pthread_condattr_t *, clockid_t);
int pthread_condattr_setpshared(pthread_condattr_t *, int);
int pthread_create(pthread_t *restrict, const pthread_attr_t *restrict,
void *(*)(void *), void *restrict);
int pthread_detach(pthread_t);
int pthread_equal(pthread_t, pthread_t);
void pthread_exit(void *);
int pthread_getconcurrency(void);
int pthread_getcpuclockid(pthread_t, clockid_t *);
int pthread_getschedparam(pthread_t, int *restrict,
struct sched_param *restrict);
void *pthread_getspecific(pthread_key_t);
int pthread_join(pthread_t, void **);
int pthread_key_create(pthread_key_t *, void (*)(void *));
int pthread_key_delete(pthread_key_t);
int pthread_mutex_destroy(pthread_mutex_t *);
int pthread_mutex_getprioceiling(const pthread_mutex_t *restrict,
int *restrict);
int pthread_mutex_init(pthread_mutex_t *restrict,
const pthread_mutexattr_t *restrict);
int pthread_mutex_lock(pthread_mutex_t *);
int pthread_mutex_setprioceiling(pthread_mutex_t *restrict, int,
int *restrict);
int pthread_mutex_timedlock(pthread_mutex_t *,
const struct timespec *);
int pthread_mutex_trylock(pthread_mutex_t *);
int pthread_mutex_unlock(pthread_mutex_t *);
int pthread_mutexattr_destroy(pthread_mutexattr_t *);
int pthread_mutexattr_getprioceiling(
const pthread_mutexattr_t *restrict, int *restrict);
int pthread_mutexattr_getprotocol(const pthread_mutexattr_t *restrict,
int *restrict);
int pthread_mutexattr_getpshared(const pthread_mutexattr_t *restrict,
int *restrict);
int pthread_mutexattr_gettype(const pthread_mutexattr_t *restrict,
int *restrict);
int pthread_mutexattr_init(pthread_mutexattr_t *);
int pthread_mutexattr_setprioceiling(pthread_mutexattr_t *, int);
int pthread_mutexattr_setprotocol(pthread_mutexattr_t *, int);
int pthread_mutexattr_setpshared(pthread_mutexattr_t *, int);
int pthread_mutexattr_settype(pthread_mutexattr_t *, int);
int pthread_once(pthread_once_t *, void (*)(void));
int pthread_rwlock_destroy(pthread_rwlock_t *);
int pthread_rwlock_init(pthread_rwlock_t *restrict,
const pthread_rwlockattr_t *restrict);
int pthread_rwlock_rdlock(pthread_rwlock_t *);
int pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock(pthread_rwlock_t *restrict,
const struct timespec *restrict);
int pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock(pthread_rwlock_t *restrict,
const struct timespec *restrict);
int pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock(pthread_rwlock_t *);
int pthread_rwlock_trywrlock(pthread_rwlock_t *);
int pthread_rwlock_unlock(pthread_rwlock_t *);
int pthread_rwlock_wrlock(pthread_rwlock_t *);
int pthread_rwlockattr_destroy(pthread_rwlockattr_t *);
int pthread_rwlockattr_getpshared(
const pthread_rwlockattr_t *restrict, int *restrict);
int pthread_rwlockattr_init(pthread_rwlockattr_t *);
int pthread_rwlockattr_setpshared(pthread_rwlockattr_t *, int);
pthread_t
pthread_self(void);
int pthread_setcancelstate(int, int *);
int pthread_setcanceltype(int, int *);
int pthread_setconcurrency(int);
int pthread_setschedparam(pthread_t, int,
const struct sched_param *);
int pthread_setschedprio(pthread_t, int);
int pthread_setspecific(pthread_key_t, const void *);
int pthread_spin_destroy(pthread_spinlock_t *);
int pthread_spin_init(pthread_spinlock_t *, int);
int pthread_spin_lock(pthread_spinlock_t *);
int pthread_spin_trylock(pthread_spinlock_t *);
int pthread_spin_unlock(pthread_spinlock_t *);
void pthread_testcancel(void);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
Inclusion of the \fI<pthread.h>\fP header shall make symbols defined
in the headers \fI<sched.h>\fP and \fI<time.h>\fP visible.
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<sched.h>\fP , \fI<sys/types.h>\fP , \fI<time.h>\fP , the System
Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIpthread_attr_getguardsize\fP(),
\fIpthread_attr_init\fP(), \fIpthread_attr_setscope\fP(), \fIpthread_barrier_destroy\fP(),
\fIpthread_barrier_init\fP(), \fIpthread_barrier_wait\fP(), \fIpthread_barrierattr_destroy\fP(),
\fIpthread_barrierattr_getpshared\fP(), \fIpthread_barrierattr_init\fP(),
\fIpthread_barrierattr_setpshared\fP(), \fIpthread_cancel\fP(), \fIpthread_cleanup_pop\fP(),
\fIpthread_cond_init\fP(), \fIpthread_cond_signal\fP(), \fIpthread_cond_wait\fP(),
\fIpthread_condattr_getclock\fP(), \fIpthread_condattr_init\fP(),
\fIpthread_condattr_setclock\fP(), \fIpthread_create\fP(), \fIpthread_detach\fP(),
\fIpthread_equal\fP(), \fIpthread_exit\fP(),
\fIpthread_getconcurrency\fP(), \fIpthread_getcpuclockid\fP(), \fIpthread_getschedparam\fP(),
\fIpthread_join\fP(), \fIpthread_key_create\fP(), \fIpthread_key_delete\fP(),
\fIpthread_mutex_init\fP(), \fIpthread_mutex_lock\fP(), \fIpthread_mutex_setprioceiling\fP(),
\fIpthread_mutex_timedlock\fP(), \fIpthread_mutexattr_init\fP(), \fIpthread_mutexattr_gettype\fP(),
\fIpthread_mutexattr_setprotocol\fP(), \fIpthread_once\fP(), \fIpthread_rwlock_destroy\fP(),
\fIpthread_rwlock_init\fP(), \fIpthread_rwlock_rdlock\fP(), \fIpthread_rwlock_timedrdlock\fP(),
\fIpthread_rwlock_timedwrlock\fP(), \fIpthread_rwlock_tryrdlock\fP(),
\fIpthread_rwlock_trywrlock\fP(), \fIpthread_rwlock_unlock\fP(), \fIpthread_rwlock_wrlock\fP(),
\fIpthread_rwlockattr_destroy\fP(), \fIpthread_rwlockattr_getpshared\fP(),
\fIpthread_rwlockattr_init\fP(), \fIpthread_rwlockattr_setpshared\fP(),
\fIpthread_self\fP(), \fIpthread_setcancelstate\fP(), \fIpthread_setspecific\fP(),
\fIpthread_spin_destroy\fP(), \fIpthread_spin_init\fP(), \fIpthread_spin_lock\fP(),
\fIpthread_spin_trylock\fP(), \fIpthread_spin_unlock\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<pwd.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <pwd.h>
.SH NAME
pwd.h \- password structure
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <pwd.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<pwd.h>\fP header shall provide a definition for \fBstruct
passwd\fP, which shall include at least the following
members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBchar *pw_name \fP User's login name. \fB
uid_t pw_uid \fP Numerical user ID. \fB
gid_t pw_gid \fP Numerical group ID. \fB
char *pw_dir \fP Initial working directory. \fB
char *pw_shell \fP Program to use as shell. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fBgid_t\fP and \fBuid_t\fP types shall be defined as described
in \fI<sys/types.h>\fP .
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBstruct passwd *getpwnam(const char *);
struct passwd *getpwuid(uid_t);
int getpwnam_r(const char *, struct passwd *, char *,
size_t, struct passwd **);
int getpwuid_r(uid_t, struct passwd *, char *,
size_t, struct passwd **);
void endpwent(void);
struct passwd *getpwent(void);
void setpwent(void);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<sys/types.h>\fP , the System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001,
\fIendpwent\fP(), \fIgetpwnam\fP(), \fIgetpwuid\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<regex.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <regex.h>
.SH NAME
regex.h \- regular expression matching types
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <regex.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<regex.h>\fP header shall define the structures and symbolic
constants used by the \fIregcomp\fP(), \fIregexec\fP(), \fIregerror\fP(),
and \fIregfree\fP() functions.
.LP
The structure type \fBregex_t\fP shall contain at least the following
member:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBsize_t re_nsub \fP Number of parenthesized subexpressions. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The type \fBsize_t\fP shall be defined as described in \fI<sys/types.h>\fP
\&.
.LP
The type \fBregoff_t\fP shall be defined as a signed integer type
that can hold the largest value that can be stored in either
a type \fBoff_t\fP or type \fBssize_t\fP. The structure type \fBregmatch_t\fP
shall contain at least the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBregoff_t rm_so \fP Byte offset from start of string \fB
\fP to start of substring. \fB
regoff_t rm_eo \fP Byte offset from start of string of the \fB
\fP first character after the end of substring. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
Values for the \fIcflags\fP parameter to the \fIregcomp\fP() function
are as
follows:
.TP 7
REG_EXTENDED
Use Extended Regular Expressions.
.TP 7
REG_ICASE
Ignore case in match.
.TP 7
REG_NOSUB
Report only success or fail in \fIregexec\fP().
.TP 7
REG_NEWLINE
Change the handling of <newline>.
.sp
.LP
Values for the \fIeflags\fP parameter to the \fIregexec\fP() function
are as
follows:
.TP 7
REG_NOTBOL
The circumflex character ( \fB'^'\fP ), when taken as a special character,
does not match the beginning of
\fIstring\fP.
.TP 7
REG_NOTEOL
The dollar sign ( \fB'$'\fP ), when taken as a special character,
does not match the end of \fIstring\fP.
.sp
.LP
The following constants shall be defined as error return values:
.TP 7
REG_NOMATCH
\fIregexec\fP() failed to match.
.TP 7
REG_BADPAT
Invalid regular expression.
.TP 7
REG_ECOLLATE
Invalid collating element referenced.
.TP 7
REG_ECTYPE
Invalid character class type referenced.
.TP 7
REG_EESCAPE
Trailing \fB'\\'\fP in pattern.
.TP 7
REG_ESUBREG
Number in \\\fIdigit\fP invalid or in error.
.TP 7
REG_EBRACK
\fB"[]"\fP imbalance.
.TP 7
REG_EPAREN
\fB"\\(\\)"\fP or \fB"()"\fP imbalance.
.TP 7
REG_EBRACE
\fB"\\{\\}"\fP imbalance.
.TP 7
REG_BADBR
Content of \fB"\\{\\}"\fP invalid: not a number, number too large,
more than two numbers, first larger than second.
.TP 7
REG_ERANGE
Invalid endpoint in range expression.
.TP 7
REG_ESPACE
Out of memory.
.TP 7
REG_BADRPT
\fB'?'\fP , \fB'*'\fP , or \fB'+'\fP not preceded by valid regular
expression.
.TP 7
REG_ENOSYS
Reserved.
.sp
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint regcomp(regex_t *restrict, const char *restrict, int);
size_t regerror(int, const regex_t *restrict, char *restrict, size_t);
int regexec(const regex_t *restrict, const char *restrict, size_t,
regmatch_t[restrict], int);
void regfree(regex_t *);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The implementation may define additional macros or constants using
names beginning with REG_.
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<sys/types.h>\fP , the System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001,
\fIregcomp\fP(), the Shell and Utilities volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<sched.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <sched.h>
.SH NAME
sched.h \- execution scheduling (\fBREALTIME\fP)
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <sched.h> \fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<sched.h>\fP header shall define the \fBsched_param\fP structure,
which contains the scheduling parameters
required for implementation of each supported scheduling policy. This
structure shall contain at least the following member:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint sched_priority \fP Process execution scheduling priority. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
In addition, if _POSIX_SPORADIC_SERVER or _POSIX_THREAD_SPORADIC_SERVER
is defined, the \fBsched_param\fP structure defined in
\fI<sched.h>\fP shall contain the following members in addition to
those specified above:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint sched_ss_low_priority\fP Low scheduling priority for \fB
\fP sporadic server. \fB
struct timespec sched_ss_repl_period \fP Replenishment period for \fB
\fP sporadic server. \fB
struct timespec sched_ss_init_budget \fP Initial budget for sporadic server. \fB
int sched_ss_max_repl \fP Maximum pending replenishments for \fB
\fP sporadic server. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
Each process is controlled by an associated scheduling policy and
priority. Associated with each policy is a priority range.
Each policy definition specifies the minimum priority range for that
policy. The priority ranges for each policy may overlap the
priority ranges of other policies.
.LP
Four scheduling policies are defined; others may be defined by the
implementation. The four standard policies are indicated by
the values of the following symbolic constants:
.TP 7
SCHED_FIFO
First in-first out (FIFO) scheduling policy.
.TP 7
SCHED_RR
Round robin scheduling policy.
.TP 7
SCHED_SPORADIC
Sporadic server scheduling policy.
.TP 7
SCHED_OTHER
Another scheduling policy.
.sp
.LP
The values of these constants are distinct.
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fB
int sched_get_priority_max(int);
int sched_get_priority_min(int);
int sched_getparam(pid_t, struct sched_param *);
int sched_getscheduler(pid_t);
int sched_rr_get_interval(pid_t, struct timespec *);
int sched_setparam(pid_t, const struct sched_param *);
int sched_setscheduler(pid_t, int, const struct sched_param *);
int sched_yield(void);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
Inclusion of the \fI<sched.h>\fP header may make visible all symbols
from the \fI<time.h>\fP header.
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<time.h>\fP
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<search.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <search.h>
.SH NAME
search.h \- search tables
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <search.h> \fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<search.h>\fP header shall define the \fBENTRY\fP type for
structure \fBentry\fP which shall include the
following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBchar *key
void *data
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
and shall define \fBACTION\fP and \fBVISIT\fP as enumeration data
types through type definitions as follows:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBenum { FIND, ENTER } ACTION;
enum { preorder, postorder, endorder, leaf } VISIT;
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fBsize_t\fP type shall be defined as described in \fI<sys/types.h>\fP
\&.
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint hcreate(size_t);
void hdestroy(void);
ENTRY *hsearch(ENTRY, ACTION);
void insque(void *, void *);
void *lfind(const void *, const void *, size_t *,
size_t, int (*)(const void *, const void *));
void *lsearch(const void *, void *, size_t *,
size_t, int (*)(const void *, const void *));
void remque(void *);
void *tdelete(const void *restrict, void **restrict,
int(*)(const void *, const void *));
void *tfind(const void *, void *const *,
int(*)(const void *, const void *));
void *tsearch(const void *, void **,
int(*)(const void *, const void *));
void twalk(const void *,
void (*)(const void *, VISIT, int ));
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<sys/types.h>\fP , the System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001,
\fIhcreate\fP(), \fIinsque\fP(), \fIlsearch\fP(), \fIremque\fP(),
\fItsearch\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<semaphore.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <semaphore.h>
.SH NAME
semaphore.h \- semaphores (\fBREALTIME\fP)
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <semaphore.h> \fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<semaphore.h>\fP header shall define the \fBsem_t\fP type,
used in performing semaphore operations. The semaphore
may be implemented using a file descriptor, in which case applications
are able to open up at least a total of {OPEN_MAX} files and
semaphores. The symbol SEM_FAILED shall be defined (see \fIsem_open\fP()).
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint sem_close(sem_t *);
int sem_destroy(sem_t *);
int sem_getvalue(sem_t *restrict, int *restrict);
int sem_init(sem_t *, int, unsigned);
sem_t *sem_open(const char *, int, ...);
int sem_post(sem_t *);
int sem_timedwait(sem_t *restrict, const struct timespec *restrict);
int sem_trywait(sem_t *);
int sem_unlink(const char *);
int sem_wait(sem_t *);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
Inclusion of the \fI<semaphore.h>\fP header may make visible symbols
defined in the headers \fI<fcntl.h>\fP and \fI<sys/types.h>\fP.
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<fcntl.h>\fP , \fI<sys/types.h>\fP , the System
Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIsem_destroy\fP(),
\fIsem_getvalue\fP(), \fIsem_init\fP(), \fIsem_open\fP(), \fIsem_post\fP(),
\fIsem_timedwait\fP(), \fIsem_trywait\fP(), \fIsem_unlink\fP(), \fIsem_wait\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

78
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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<setjmp.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <setjmp.h>
.SH NAME
setjmp.h \- stack environment declarations
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <setjmp.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
Some of the functionality described on this reference page extends
the ISO\ C standard. Applications shall define
the appropriate feature test macro (see the System Interfaces volume
of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, Section 2.2, The Compilation Environment)
to enable the visibility of these symbols in this
header.
.LP
The \fI<setjmp.h>\fP header shall define the array types \fBjmp_buf\fP
and \fBsigjmp_buf\fP.
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBvoid longjmp(jmp_buf, int);
void siglongjmp(sigjmp_buf, int);
void _longjmp(jmp_buf, int);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The following may be declared as a function, or defined as a macro,
or both. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint setjmp(jmp_buf);
int sigsetjmp(sigjmp_buf, int);
int _setjmp(jmp_buf);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
The System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIlongjmp\fP(),
\fI_longjmp\fP(), \fIsetjmp\fP(), \fIsiglongjmp\fP(), \fIsigsetjmp\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

1
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788
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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<signal.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <signal.h>
.SH NAME
signal.h \- signals
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <signal.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
Some of the functionality described on this reference page extends
the ISO\ C standard. Applications shall define
the appropriate feature test macro (see the System Interfaces volume
of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, Section 2.2, The Compilation Environment)
to enable the visibility of these symbols in this
header.
.LP
The \fI<signal.h>\fP header shall define the following symbolic constants,
each of which expands to a distinct constant
expression of the type:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBvoid (*)(int)
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
whose value matches no declarable function.
.TP 7
SIG_DFL
Request for default signal handling.
.TP 7
SIG_ERR
Return value from \fIsignal\fP() in case of error.
.TP 7
SIG_HOLD
Request that signal be held.
.TP 7
SIG_IGN
Request that signal be ignored.
.sp
.LP
The following data types shall be defined through \fBtypedef\fP:
.TP 7
\fBsig_atomic_t\fP
Possibly volatile-qualified integer type of an object that can be
accessed as an atomic entity, even in the presence of
asynchronous interrupts.
.TP 7
\fBsigset_t\fP
Integer or structure type of an object used to represent sets of signals.
.TP 7
\fBpid_t\fP
As
described in \fI<sys/types.h>\fP .
.sp
.LP
The \fI<signal.h>\fP header shall define the \fBsigevent\fP structure,
which has at least the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint sigev_notify \fP Notification type. \fB
int sigev_signo \fP Signal number. \fB
union sigval sigev_value \fP Signal value. \fB
void(*)(union sigval) sigev_notify_function \fP Notification function. \fB
(pthread_attr_t *) sigev_notify_attributes\fP Notification attributes. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The following values of \fIsigev_notify\fP shall be defined:
.TP 7
SIGEV_NONE
No asynchronous notification is delivered when the event of interest
occurs.
.TP 7
SIGEV_SIGNAL
A queued signal, with an application-defined value, is generated when
the event of interest occurs.
.TP 7
SIGEV_THREAD
A notification function is called to perform notification.
.sp
.LP
The \fBsigval\fP union shall be defined as:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint sival_int \fP Integer signal value. \fB
void *sival_ptr \fP Pointer signal value. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
This header shall also declare the macros SIGRTMIN and SIGRTMAX, which
evaluate to integer expressions, and specify a range of
signal numbers that are reserved for application use and for which
the realtime signal behavior specified in this volume of
IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001 is supported. The signal numbers in this range
do not overlap any of the signals specified in the
following table.
.LP
The range SIGRTMIN through SIGRTMAX inclusive shall include at least
{RTSIG_MAX} signal numbers.
.LP
It is implementation-defined whether realtime signal behavior is supported
for other signals.
.LP
This header also declares the constants that are used to refer to
the signals that occur in the system. Signals defined here
begin with the letters SIG. Each of the signals have distinct positive
integer values. The value 0 is reserved for use as the null
signal (see \fIkill\fP()). Additional implementation-defined signals
may occur in the
system.
.LP
The
ISO\ C standard only requires the signal names SIGABRT, SIGFPE, SIGILL,
SIGINT, SIGSEGV, and SIGTERM to be defined.
.LP
The following signals shall be supported on all implementations (default
actions are explained below the table):
.TS C
center; l1 l1 lw(40).
\fBSignal\fP \fBDefault Action\fP T{
.na
\fBDescription\fP
.ad
T}
SIGABRT A T{
.na
Process abort signal.
.ad
T}
SIGALRM T T{
.na
Alarm clock.
.ad
T}
SIGBUS A T{
.na
Access to an undefined portion of a memory object.
.ad
T}
SIGCHLD I T{
.na
Child process terminated, stopped,
.ad
T}
\ \ T{
.na
or continued.
.ad
T}
SIGCONT C T{
.na
Continue executing, if stopped.
.ad
T}
SIGFPE A T{
.na
Erroneous arithmetic operation.
.ad
T}
SIGHUP T T{
.na
Hangup.
.ad
T}
SIGILL A T{
.na
Illegal instruction.
.ad
T}
SIGINT T T{
.na
Terminal interrupt signal.
.ad
T}
SIGKILL T T{
.na
Kill (cannot be caught or ignored).
.ad
T}
SIGPIPE T T{
.na
Write on a pipe with no one to read it.
.ad
T}
SIGQUIT A T{
.na
Terminal quit signal.
.ad
T}
SIGSEGV A T{
.na
Invalid memory reference.
.ad
T}
SIGSTOP S T{
.na
Stop executing (cannot be caught or ignored).
.ad
T}
SIGTERM T T{
.na
Termination signal.
.ad
T}
SIGTSTP S T{
.na
Terminal stop signal.
.ad
T}
SIGTTIN S T{
.na
Background process attempting read.
.ad
T}
SIGTTOU S T{
.na
Background process attempting write.
.ad
T}
SIGUSR1 T T{
.na
User-defined signal 1.
.ad
T}
SIGUSR2 T T{
.na
User-defined signal 2.
.ad
T}
SIGPOLL T T{
.na
Pollable event.
.ad
T}
SIGPROF T T{
.na
Profiling timer expired.
.ad
T}
SIGSYS A T{
.na
Bad system call.
.ad
T}
SIGTRAP A T{
.na
Trace/breakpoint trap.
.ad
T}
SIGURG I T{
.na
High bandwidth data is available at a socket.
.ad
T}
SIGVTALRM T T{
.na
Virtual timer expired.
.ad
T}
SIGXCPU A T{
.na
CPU time limit exceeded.
.ad
T}
SIGXFSZ A T{
.na
File size limit exceeded.
.ad
T}
.TE
.LP
The default actions are as follows:
.TP 7
T
Abnormal termination of the process. The process is terminated with
all the consequences of \fI_exit\fP() except that the status made
available to \fIwait\fP() and \fIwaitpid\fP() indicates abnormal
termination by the specified signal.
.TP 7
A
Abnormal termination of the process.
.br
Additionally, implementation-defined abnormal termination actions,
such as creation of a \fBcore\fP file, may occur.
.TP 7
I
Ignore the signal.
.TP 7
S
Stop the process.
.TP 7
C
Continue the process, if it is stopped; otherwise, ignore the signal.
.sp
.sp
.LP
The
header shall provide a declaration of \fBstruct sigaction\fP, including
at least the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBvoid (*sa_handler)(int) \fP Pointer to a signal-catching function or one of the macros \fB
\fP SIG_IGN or SIG_DFL. \fB
sigset_t sa_mask \fP Set of signals to be blocked during execution of the signal \fB
\fP handling function. \fB
int sa_flags \fP Special flags. \fB
void (*sa_sigaction)(int, siginfo_t *, void *)
\fP Pointer to a signal-catching function. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The storage occupied by \fIsa_handler\fP and \fIsa_sigaction\fP may
overlap, and a conforming application shall not use both
simultaneously.
.LP
The following shall be declared as constants:
.TP 7
SA_NOCLDSTOP
Do
not generate SIGCHLD when children stop
.br
or
stopped children continue.
.TP 7
SIG_BLOCK
The resulting set is the union of the current set and the signal set
pointed to by the argument \fIset\fP.
.TP 7
SIG_UNBLOCK
The resulting set is the intersection of the current set and the complement
of the signal set pointed to by the argument
\fIset\fP.
.TP 7
SIG_SETMASK
The resulting set is the signal set pointed to by the argument \fIset\fP.
.TP 7
SA_ONSTACK
Causes signal delivery to occur on an alternate stack.
.TP 7
SA_RESETHAND
Causes signal dispositions to be set to SIG_DFL on entry to signal
handlers.
.TP 7
SA_RESTART
Causes certain functions to become restartable.
.TP 7
SA_SIGINFO
Causes extra information to be passed to signal handlers at the time
of receipt of a signal.
.TP 7
SA_NOCLDWAIT
Causes implementations not to create zombie processes on child death.
.TP 7
SA_NODEFER
Causes signal not to be automatically blocked on entry to signal handler.
.TP 7
SS_ONSTACK
Process is executing on an alternate signal stack.
.TP 7
SS_DISABLE
Alternate signal stack is disabled.
.TP 7
MINSIGSTKSZ
Minimum stack size for a signal handler.
.TP 7
SIGSTKSZ
Default size in bytes for the alternate signal stack.
.sp
.LP
The \fBucontext_t\fP structure shall be defined through \fBtypedef\fP
as described in \fI<ucontext.h>\fP.
.LP
The \fBmcontext_t\fP type shall be defined through \fBtypedef\fP as
described in \fI<ucontext.h>\fP.
.LP
The \fI<signal.h>\fP header shall define the \fBstack_t\fP type as
a structure that includes at least the following
members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBvoid *ss_sp \fP Stack base or pointer. \fB
size_t ss_size \fP Stack size. \fB
int ss_flags \fP Flags. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fI<signal.h>\fP header shall define the \fBsigstack\fP structure
that includes at least the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint ss_onstack \fP Non-zero when signal stack is in use. \fB
void *ss_sp \fP Signal stack pointer. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The
\fI<signal.h>\fP header shall define the \fBsiginfo_t\fP type as a
structure that includes at least the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fB
int si_signo \fP Signal number. \fB
int si_errno \fP If non-zero, an \fIerrno\fP value associated with \fB
\fP this signal, as defined in \fB<errno.h>.\fP \fB
int si_code \fP Signal code. \fB
pid_t si_pid \fP Sending process ID. \fB
uid_t si_uid \fP Real user ID of sending process. \fB
void *si_addr \fP Address of faulting instruction. \fB
int si_status\fP Exit value or signal. \fB
long si_band \fP Band event for SIGPOLL. \fB
union sigval si_value \fP Signal value. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The macros specified in the \fBCode\fP column of the following table
are defined for use as values of \fIsi_code\fP that are
\ signal-specific or non-signal-specific reasons why the signal
was generated.
.TS C
center; l l lw(40).
\fBSignal\fP \fBCode\fP T{
.na
\fBReason\fP
.ad
T}
SIGILL ILL_ILLOPC T{
.na
Illegal opcode.
.ad
T}
\ ILL_ILLOPN T{
.na
Illegal operand.
.ad
T}
\ ILL_ILLADR T{
.na
Illegal addressing mode.
.ad
T}
\ ILL_ILLTRP T{
.na
Illegal trap.
.ad
T}
\ ILL_PRVOPC T{
.na
Privileged opcode.
.ad
T}
\ ILL_PRVREG T{
.na
Privileged register.
.ad
T}
\ ILL_COPROC T{
.na
Coprocessor error.
.ad
T}
\ ILL_BADSTK T{
.na
Internal stack error.
.ad
T}
SIGFPE FPE_INTDIV T{
.na
Integer divide by zero.
.ad
T}
\ FPE_INTOVF T{
.na
Integer overflow.
.ad
T}
\ FPE_FLTDIV T{
.na
Floating-point divide by zero.
.ad
T}
\ FPE_FLTOVF T{
.na
Floating-point overflow.
.ad
T}
\ FPE_FLTUND T{
.na
Floating-point underflow.
.ad
T}
\ FPE_FLTRES T{
.na
Floating-point inexact result.
.ad
T}
\ FPE_FLTINV T{
.na
Invalid floating-point operation.
.ad
T}
\ FPE_FLTSUB T{
.na
Subscript out of range.
.ad
T}
SIGSEGV SEGV_MAPERR T{
.na
Address not mapped to object.
.ad
T}
\ SEGV_ACCERR T{
.na
Invalid permissions for mapped object.
.ad
T}
SIGBUS BUS_ADRALN T{
.na
Invalid address alignment.
.ad
T}
\ BUS_ADRERR T{
.na
Nonexistent physical address.
.ad
T}
\ BUS_OBJERR T{
.na
Object-specific hardware error.
.ad
T}
SIGTRAP TRAP_BRKPT T{
.na
Process breakpoint.
.ad
T}
\ TRAP_TRACE T{
.na
Process trace trap.
.ad
T}
SIGCHLD CLD_EXITED T{
.na
Child has exited.
.ad
T}
\ CLD_KILLED T{
.na
Child has terminated abnormally and did not create a \fBcore\fP file.
.ad
T}
\ CLD_DUMPED T{
.na
Child has terminated abnormally and created a \fBcore\fP file.
.ad
T}
\ CLD_TRAPPED T{
.na
Traced child has trapped.
.ad
T}
\ CLD_STOPPED T{
.na
Child has stopped.
.ad
T}
\ CLD_CONTINUED T{
.na
Stopped child has continued.
.ad
T}
SIGPOLL POLL_IN T{
.na
Data input available.
.ad
T}
\ POLL_OUT T{
.na
Output buffers available.
.ad
T}
\ POLL_MSG T{
.na
Input message available.
.ad
T}
\ POLL_ERR T{
.na
I/O error.
.ad
T}
\ POLL_PRI T{
.na
High priority input available.
.ad
T}
\ POLL_HUP T{
.na
Device disconnected.
.ad
T}
Any SI_USER T{
.na
Signal sent by \fIkill\fP().
.ad
T}
\ SI_QUEUE T{
.na
Signal sent by the \fIsigqueue\fP().
.ad
T}
\ SI_TIMER T{
.na
Signal generated by expiration of a timer set by \fItimer_settime\fP().
.ad
T}
\ SI_ASYNCIO T{
.na
Signal generated by completion of an asynchronous I/O request.
.ad
T}
\ SI_MESGQ T{
.na
Signal generated by arrival of a message on an empty message queue.
.ad
T}
.TE
.LP
Implementations may support additional \fIsi_code\fP values not included
in this list, may generate values included in this list
under circumstances other than those described in this list, and may
contain extensions or limitations that prevent some values
from being generated. Implementations do not generate a different
value from the ones described in this list for circumstances
described in this list.
.LP
In addition, the following signal-specific information shall be available:
.TS C
center; l1 l1 l.
\fBSignal\fP \fBMember\fP \fBValue\fP
SIGILL \fBvoid * \fIsi_addr\fP\fP Address of faulting instruction.
SIGFPE \fB\ \fP \
SIGSEGV \fBvoid * \fIsi_addr\fP\fP Address of faulting memory reference.
SIGBUS \fB\ \fP \
SIGCHLD \fBpid_t \fIsi_pid\fP\fP Child process ID.
\ \fBint \fIsi_status\fP\fP Exit value or signal.
\ \fBuid_t \fIsi_uid\fP\fP Real user ID of the process that sent the signal.
SIGPOLL \fBlong \fIsi_band\fP\fP Band event for POLL_IN, POLL_OUT, or POLL_MSG.
.TE
.LP
For some implementations, the value of \fIsi_addr\fP may be inaccurate.
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fB
void (*bsd_signal(int, void (*)(int)))(int);
int kill(pid_t, int);
int killpg(pid_t, int);
int pthread_kill(pthread_t, int);
int pthread_sigmask(int, const sigset_t *, sigset_t *);
int raise(int);
int sigaction(int, const struct sigaction *restrict,
struct sigaction *restrict);
int sigaddset(sigset_t *, int);
int sigaltstack(const stack_t *restrict, stack_t *restrict);
int sigdelset(sigset_t *, int);
int sigemptyset(sigset_t *);
int sigfillset(sigset_t *);
int sighold(int);
int sigignore(int);
int siginterrupt(int, int);
int sigismember(const sigset_t *, int);
void (*signal(int, void (*)(int)))(int);
int sigpause(int);
int sigpending(sigset_t *);
int sigprocmask(int, const sigset_t *restrict, sigset_t *restrict);
int sigqueue(pid_t, int, const union sigval);
int sigrelse(int);
void (*sigset(int, void (*)(int)))(int);
int sigsuspend(const sigset_t *);
int sigtimedwait(const sigset_t *restrict, siginfo_t *restrict,
const struct timespec *restrict);
int sigwait(const sigset_t *restrict, int *restrict);
int sigwaitinfo(const sigset_t *restrict, siginfo_t *restrict);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
Inclusion of the \fI<signal.h>\fP header may make visible all symbols
from the \fI<time.h>\fP header.
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<errno.h>\fP , \fI<stropts.h>\fP , \fI<sys/types.h>\fP , \fI<time.h>\fP
, \fI<ucontext.h>\fP , the System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001,
\fIalarm\fP(), \fIbsd_signal\fP(), \fIioctl\fP(), \fIkill\fP(), \fIkillpg\fP(),
\fIraise\fP(), \fIsigaction\fP(), \fIsigaddset\fP(), \fIsigaltstack\fP(),
\fIsigdelset\fP(), \fIsigemptyset\fP(), \fIsigfillset\fP(), \fIsiginterrupt\fP(),
\fIsigismember\fP(), \fIsignal\fP(), \fIsigpending\fP(), \fIsigprocmask\fP(),
\fIsigqueue\fP(), \fIsigsuspend\fP(), \fIsigwaitinfo\fP(), \fIwait\fP(),
\fIwaitid\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

1
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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<spawn.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <spawn.h>
.SH NAME
spawn.h \- spawn (\fBADVANCED REALTIME\fP)
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <spawn.h> \fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<spawn.h>\fP header shall define the \fBposix_spawnattr_t\fP
and \fBposix_spawn_file_actions_t\fP types used in
performing spawn operations.
.LP
The \fI<spawn.h>\fP header shall define the flags that may be set
in a \fBposix_spawnattr_t\fP object using the \fIposix_spawnattr_setflags\fP()
function:
.LP
.sp
POSIX_SPAWN_RESETIDS
.br
POSIX_SPAWN_SETPGROUP
.br
.sp
POSIX_SPAWN_SETSCHEDPARAM
.br
POSIX_SPAWN_SETSCHEDULER
.br
.sp
POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGDEF
.br
POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGMASK
.br
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint posix_spawn(pid_t *restrict, const char *restrict,
const posix_spawn_file_actions_t *,
const posix_spawnattr_t *restrict, char *const [restrict],
char *const [restrict]);
int posix_spawn_file_actions_addclose(posix_spawn_file_actions_t *,
int);
int posix_spawn_file_actions_adddup2(posix_spawn_file_actions_t *,
int, int);
int posix_spawn_file_actions_addopen(posix_spawn_file_actions_t *restrict,
int, const char *restrict, int, mode_t);
int posix_spawn_file_actions_destroy(posix_spawn_file_actions_t *);
int posix_spawn_file_actions_init(posix_spawn_file_actions_t *);
int posix_spawnattr_destroy(posix_spawnattr_t *);
int posix_spawnattr_getsigdefault(const posix_spawnattr_t *restrict,
sigset_t *restrict);
int posix_spawnattr_getflags(const posix_spawnattr_t *restrict,
short *restrict);
int posix_spawnattr_getpgroup(const posix_spawnattr_t *restrict,
pid_t *restrict);
int posix_spawnattr_getschedparam(const posix_spawnattr_t *restrict,
struct sched_param *restrict);
int posix_spawnattr_getschedpolicy(const posix_spawnattr_t *restrict,
int *restrict);
int posix_spawnattr_getsigmask(const posix_spawnattr_t *restrict,
sigset_t *restrict);
int posix_spawnattr_init(posix_spawnattr_t *);
int posix_spawnattr_setsigdefault(posix_spawnattr_t *restrict,
const sigset_t *restrict);
int posix_spawnattr_setflags(posix_spawnattr_t *, short);
int posix_spawnattr_setpgroup(posix_spawnattr_t *, pid_t);
.sp
int posix_spawnattr_setschedparam(posix_spawnattr_t *restrict,
const struct sched_param *restrict);
int posix_spawnattr_setschedpolicy(posix_spawnattr_t *, int);
int posix_spawnattr_setsigmask(posix_spawnattr_t *restrict,
const sigset_t *restrict);
int posix_spawnp(pid_t *restrict, const char *restrict,
const posix_spawn_file_actions_t *,
const posix_spawnattr_t *restrict,
char *const [restrict], char *const [restrict]);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
Inclusion of the \fI<spawn.h>\fP header may make visible symbols defined
in the \fI<sched.h>\fP, \fI<signal.h>\fP, and \fI<sys/types.h>\fP
headers.
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<sched.h>\fP , \fI<semaphore.h>\fP , \fI<signal.h>\fP , \fI<sys/types.h>\fP
, the System Interfaces
volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIposix_spawnattr_destroy\fP(),
\fIposix_spawnattr_getsigdefault\fP(), \fIposix_spawnattr_getflags\fP(),
\fIposix_spawnattr_getpgroup\fP(), \fIposix_spawnattr_getschedparam\fP(),
\fIposix_spawnattr_getschedpolicy\fP(), \fIposix_spawnattr_getsigmask\fP(),
\fIposix_spawnattr_init\fP(), \fIposix_spawnattr_setsigdefault\fP(),
\fIposix_spawnattr_setflags\fP(), \fIposix_spawnattr_setpgroup\fP(),
\fIposix_spawnattr_setschedparam\fP(), \fIposix_spawnattr_setschedpolicy\fP(),
\fIposix_spawnattr_setsigmask\fP(), \fIposix_spawn\fP(), \fIposix_spawn_file_actions_addclose\fP(),
\fIposix_spawn_file_actions_adddup2\fP(), \fIposix_spawn_file_actions_addopen\fP(),
\fIposix_spawn_file_actions_destroy\fP(), \fIposix_spawn_file_actions_init\fP(),
\fIposix_spawnp\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<stdarg.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <stdarg.h>
.SH NAME
stdarg.h \- handle variable argument list
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <stdarg.h>
.br
.sp
void va_start(va_list\fP \fIap\fP\fB,\fP \fIargN\fP\fB);
.br
void va_copy(va_list\fP \fIdest\fP\fB, va_list\fP \fIsrc\fP\fB);
.br
type va_arg(va_list\fP \fIap\fP\fB,\fP \fItype\fP\fB);
.br
void va_end(va_list\fP \fIap\fP\fB);
.br
\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<stdarg.h>\fP header shall contain a set of macros which allows
portable functions that accept variable argument
lists to be written. Functions that have variable argument lists (such
as \fIprintf\fP())
but do not use these macros are inherently non-portable, as different
systems use different argument-passing conventions.
.LP
The type \fBva_list\fP shall be defined for variables used to traverse
the list.
.LP
The \fIva_start\fP() macro is invoked to initialize \fIap\fP to the
beginning of the list before any calls to
\fIva_arg\fP().
.LP
The \fIva_copy\fP() macro initializes \fIdest\fP as a copy of \fIsrc\fP,
as if the \fIva_start\fP() macro had been applied
to \fIdest\fP followed by the same sequence of uses of the \fIva_arg\fP()
macro as had previously been used to reach the present
state of \fIsrc\fP. Neither the \fIva_copy\fP() nor \fIva_start\fP()
macro shall be invoked to reinitialize \fIdest\fP without
an intervening invocation of the \fIva_end\fP() macro for the same
\fIdest\fP.
.LP
The object \fIap\fP may be passed as an argument to another function;
if that function invokes the \fIva_arg\fP() macro with
parameter \fIap\fP, the value of \fIap\fP in the calling function
is unspecified and shall be passed to the \fIva_end\fP() macro
prior to any further reference to \fIap\fP. The parameter \fIargN\fP
is the identifier of the rightmost parameter in the variable
parameter list in the function definition (the one just before the
\&...). If the parameter \fIargN\fP is declared with the
\fBregister\fP storage class, with a function type or array type,
or with a type that is not compatible with the type that results
after application of the default argument promotions, the behavior
is undefined.
.LP
The \fIva_arg\fP() macro shall return the next argument in the list
pointed to by \fIap\fP. Each invocation of \fIva_arg\fP()
modifies \fIap\fP so that the values of successive arguments are returned
in turn. The \fItype\fP parameter shall be a type name
specified such that the type of a pointer to an object that has the
specified type can be obtained simply by postfixing a
\fB'*'\fP to type. If there is no actual next argument, or if \fItype\fP
is not compatible with the type of the actual next
argument (as promoted according to the default argument promotions),
the behavior is undefined, except for the following cases:
.IP " *" 3
One type is a signed integer type, the other type is the corresponding
unsigned integer type, and the value is representable in
both types.
.LP
.IP " *" 3
One type is a pointer to \fBvoid\fP and the other is a pointer to
a character type.
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Both types are pointers.
.LP
.LP
Different types can be mixed, but it is up to the routine to know
what type of argument is expected.
.LP
The \fIva_end\fP() macro is used to clean up; it invalidates \fIap\fP
for use (unless \fIva_start\fP() or \fIva_copy\fP() is
invoked again).
.LP
Each invocation of the \fIva_start\fP() and \fIva_copy\fP() macros
shall be matched by a corresponding invocation of the
\fIva_end\fP() macro in the same function.
.LP
Multiple traversals, each bracketed by \fIva_start\fP() ... \fIva_end\fP(),
are possible.
.SH EXAMPLES
.LP
This example is a possible implementation of \fIexecl\fP():
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fB#include <stdarg.h>
.sp
#define MAXARGS 31
.sp
/*
* execl is called by
* execl(file, arg1, arg2, ..., (char *)(0));
*/
int execl(const char *file, const char *args, ...)
{
va_list ap;
char *array[MAXARGS +1];
int argno = 0;
.sp
va_start(ap, args);
while (args != 0 && argno < MAXARGS)
{
array[argno++] = args;
args = va_arg(ap, const char *);
}
array[argno] = (char *) 0;
va_end(ap);
return execv(file, array);
}
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
It is up to the calling routine to communicate to the called routine
how many arguments there are, since it is not always
possible for the called routine to determine this in any other way.
For example, \fIexecl\fP() is passed a null pointer to signal the
end of the list. The \fIprintf\fP() function can tell how many arguments
are there by the \fIformat\fP argument.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
The System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIexec\fP,
\fIprintf\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<stdbool.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <stdbool.h>
.SH NAME
stdbool.h \- boolean type and values
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <stdbool.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<stdbool.h>\fP header shall define the following macros:
.TP 7
bool
Expands to \fB_Bool\fP.
.TP 7
true
Expands to the integer constant 1.
.TP 7
false
Expands to the integer constant 0.
.TP 7
__bool_true_false_are_defined
.sp
Expands to the integer constant 1.
.sp
.LP
An application may undefine and then possibly redefine the macros
bool, true, and false.
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
The ability to undefine and redefine the macros bool, true, and false
is an obsolescent feature and may be withdrawn in a future
version.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
None.
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

72
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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<stddef.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <stddef.h>
.SH NAME
stddef.h \- standard type definitions
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <stddef.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<stddef.h>\fP header shall define the following macros:
.TP 7
NULL
Null pointer constant.
.TP 7
offsetof(\fItype\fP, \fImember-designator\fP)
.sp
Integer constant expression of type \fBsize_t\fP, the value of which
is the offset in bytes to the structure member
(\fImember-designator\fP), from the beginning of its structure (\fItype\fP).
.sp
.LP
The \fI<stddef.h>\fP header shall define the following types:
.TP 7
\fBptrdiff_t\fP
Signed integer type of the result of subtracting two pointers.
.TP 7
\fBwchar_t\fP
Integer type whose range of values can represent distinct wide-character
codes for all members of the largest character set
specified among the locales supported by the compilation environment:
the null character has the code value 0 and each member of
the portable character set has a code value equal to its value when
used as the lone character in an integer character
constant.
.TP 7
\fBsize_t\fP
Unsigned integer type of the result of the \fIsizeof\fP operator.
.sp
.LP
The implementation shall support one or more programming environments
in which the widths of \fBptrdiff_t\fP, \fBsize_t\fP,
and \fBwchar_t\fP are no greater than the width of type \fBlong\fP.
The names of these programming environments can be obtained
using the \fIconfstr\fP() function or the \fIgetconf\fP utility.
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<wchar.h>\fP , \fI<sys/types.h>\fP , the System
Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIconfstr\fP(), the
Shell and
Utilities volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIgetconf\fP
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

578
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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<stdint.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <stdint.h>
.SH NAME
stdint.h \- integer types
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <stdint.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
Some of the functionality described on this reference page extends
the ISO\ C standard. Applications shall define
the appropriate feature test macro (see the System Interfaces volume
of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, Section 2.2, The Compilation Environment)
to enable the visibility of these symbols in this
header.
.LP
The \fI<stdint.h>\fP header shall declare sets of integer types having
specified widths, and shall define corresponding
sets of macros. It shall also define macros that specify limits of
integer types corresponding to types defined in other standard
headers.
.TP 7
\fBNote:\fP
The "width" of an integer type is the number of bits used to store
its value in a pure binary system; the actual type may use
more bits than that (for example, a 28-bit type could be stored in
32 bits of actual storage). An \fIN\fP-bit signed type has
values in the range -2**\fIN\fP-1 or 1-2**\fIN\fP-1 to
2**\fIN\fP-1-1, while an \fIN\fP-bit unsigned type has values in the
range 0 to
2**\fIN\fP-1.
.sp
.LP
Types are defined in the following categories:
.IP " *" 3
Integer types having certain exact widths
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Integer types having at least certain specified widths
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Fastest integer types having at least certain specified widths
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Integer types wide enough to hold pointers to objects
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Integer types having greatest width
.LP
.LP
(Some of these types may denote the same type.)
.LP
Corresponding macros specify limits of the declared types and construct
suitable constants.
.LP
For each type described herein that the implementation provides, the
\fI<stdint.h>\fP header shall declare that
\fBtypedef\fP name and define the associated macros. Conversely, for
each type described herein that the implementation does not
provide, the \fI<stdint.h>\fP header shall not declare that \fBtypedef\fP
name, nor shall it define the associated macros.
An implementation shall provide those types described as required,
but need not provide any of the others (described as
optional).
.SS Integer Types
.LP
When \fBtypedef\fP names differing only in the absence or presence
of the initial \fIu\fP are defined, they shall denote
corresponding signed and unsigned types as described in the ISO/IEC\ 9899:1999
standard, Section 6.2.5; an implementation
providing one of these corresponding types shall also provide the
other.
.LP
In the following descriptions, the symbol \fIN\fP represents an unsigned
decimal integer with no leading zeros (for example, 8
or 24, but not 04 or 048).
.IP " *" 3
Exact-width integer types
.LP
The \fBtypedef\fP name \fBint\fP \fIN\fP \fB_t\fP designates a signed
integer type with width \fIN\fP, no padding bits, and
a two's-complement representation. Thus, \fBint8_t\fP denotes a signed
integer type with a width of exactly 8 bits.
.LP
The \fBtypedef\fP name \fBuint\fP \fIN\fP \fB_t\fP designates an unsigned
integer type with width \fIN\fP. Thus,
\fBuint24_t\fP denotes an unsigned integer type with a width of exactly
24 bits.
.LP
The
following types are required:
.LP
.sp
\fBint8_t\fP
.br
\fBint16_t\fP
.br
\fBint32_t\fP
.br
\fBuint8_t\fP
.br
\fBuint16_t\fP
.br
\fBuint32_t\fP
.br
.LP
If an implementation provides integer types with width 64 that meet
these requirements, then the following types are required:
\fBint64_t\fP \fBuint64_t\fP
.LP
In
particular, this will be the case if any of the following are true:
.RS
.IP " *" 3
The implementation supports the _POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG programming
environment and the application is being built in the
_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG programming environment (see the Shell and
Utilities volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIc99\fP, Programming
Environments).
.LP
.IP " *" 3
The implementation supports the _POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64 programming environment
and the application is being built in the
_POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64 programming environment.
.LP
.IP " *" 3
The implementation supports the _POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG programming
environment and the application is being built in the
_POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG programming environment.
.LP
.RE
.LP
All other types of this form are optional.
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Minimum-width integer types
.LP
The \fBtypedef\fP name \fBint_least\fP \fIN\fP \fB_t\fP designates
a signed integer type with a width of at least \fIN\fP,
such that no signed integer type with lesser size has at least the
specified width. Thus, \fBint_least32_t\fP denotes a signed
integer type with a width of at least 32 bits.
.LP
The \fBtypedef\fP name \fBuint_least\fP \fIN\fP \fB_t\fP designates
an unsigned integer type with a width of at least
\fIN\fP, such that no unsigned integer type with lesser size has at
least the specified width. Thus, \fBuint_least16_t\fP denotes
an unsigned integer type with a width of at least 16 bits.
.LP
The following types are required: \fBint_least8_t\fP \fBint_least16_t\fP
\fBint_least32_t\fP \fBint_least64_t\fP
\fBuint_least8_t\fP \fBuint_least16_t\fP \fBuint_least32_t\fP \fBuint_least64_t\fP
.LP
All other types of this form are optional.
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Fastest minimum-width integer types
.LP
Each of the following types designates an integer type that is usually
fastest to operate with among all integer types that have
at least the specified width.
.LP
The designated type is not guaranteed to be fastest for all purposes;
if the implementation has no clear grounds for choosing
one type over another, it will simply pick some integer type satisfying
the signedness and width requirements.
.LP
The \fBtypedef\fP name \fBint_fast\fP \fIN\fP \fB_t\fP designates
the fastest signed integer type with a width of at least
\fIN\fP. The \fBtypedef\fP name \fBuint_fast\fP \fIN\fP \fB_t\fP designates
the fastest unsigned integer type with a width of
at least \fIN\fP.
.LP
The following types are required: \fBint_fast8_t\fP \fBint_fast16_t\fP
\fBint_fast32_t\fP \fBint_fast64_t\fP
\fBuint_fast8_t\fP \fBuint_fast16_t\fP \fBuint_fast32_t\fP \fBuint_fast64_t\fP
.LP
All other types of this form are optional.
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Integer types capable of holding object pointers
.LP
The following type designates a signed integer type with the property
that any valid pointer to \fBvoid\fP can be converted to
this type, then converted back to a pointer to \fBvoid\fP, and the
result will compare equal to the original pointer:
\fBintptr_t\fP
.LP
The following type designates an unsigned integer type with the property
that any valid pointer to \fBvoid\fP can be converted
to this type, then converted back to a pointer to \fBvoid\fP, and
the result will compare equal to the original pointer:
\fBuintptr_t\fP
.LP
On XSI-conformant systems, the \fBintptr_t\fP and \fBuintptr_t\fP
types are required; \ otherwise, they are optional.
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Greatest-width integer types
.LP
The following type designates a signed integer type capable of representing
any value of any signed integer type:
\fBintmax_t\fP
.LP
The following type designates an unsigned integer type capable of
representing any value of any unsigned integer type:
\fBuintmax_t\fP
.LP
These types are required.
.LP
.TP 7
\fBNote:\fP
Applications can test for optional types by using the corresponding
limit macro from Limits of
Specified-Width Integer Types .
.sp
.SS Limits of Specified-Width Integer Types
.LP
The following macros specify the minimum and maximum limits of the
types declared in the \fI<stdint.h>\fP header. Each
macro name corresponds to a similar type name in Integer Types .
.LP
Each instance of any defined macro shall be replaced by a constant
expression suitable for use in \fB#if\fP preprocessing
directives, and this expression shall have the same type as would
an expression that is an object of the corresponding type
converted according to the integer promotions. Its implementation-defined
value shall be equal to or greater in magnitude (absolute
value) than the corresponding value given below, with the same sign,
except where stated to be exactly the given value.
.IP " *" 3
Limits of exact-width integer types
.RS
.IP " *" 3
Minimum values of exact-width signed integer types:
.TP 7
{INT\fIN\fP_MIN}
.RS
Exactly -(2 **N-1)
.RE
.sp
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Maximum values of exact-width signed integer types:
.TP 7
{INT\fIN\fP_MAX}
.RS
Exactly 2**N-1 -1
.RE
.sp
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Maximum values of exact-width unsigned integer types:
.TP 7
{UINT\fIN\fP_MAX}
.RS
Exactly 2 **N -1
.RE
.sp
.LP
.RE
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Limits of minimum-width integer types
.RS
.IP " *" 3
Minimum values of minimum-width signed integer types:
.TP 7
{INT_LEAST\fIN\fP_MIN}
.RS
-(2 ** N-1 -1)
.RE
.sp
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Maximum values of minimum-width signed integer types:
.TP 7
{INT_LEAST\fIN\fP_MAX}
.RS
2 ** N-1 -1
.RE
.sp
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Maximum values of minimum-width unsigned integer types:
.TP 7
{UINT_LEAST\fIN\fP_MAX}
.RS
2 ** N -1
.RE
.sp
.LP
.RE
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Limits of fastest minimum-width integer types
.RS
.IP " *" 3
Minimum values of fastest minimum-width signed integer types:
.TP 7
{INT_FAST\fIN\fP_MIN}
.RS
-(2 ** N-1 -1)
.RE
.sp
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Maximum values of fastest minimum-width signed integer types:
.TP 7
{INT_FAST\fIN\fP_MAX}
.RS
2 ** N-1 -1
.RE
.sp
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Maximum values of fastest minimum-width unsigned integer types:
.TP 7
{UINT_FAST\fIN\fP_MAX}
.RS
2 ** N -1
.RE
.sp
.LP
.RE
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Limits of integer types capable of holding object pointers
.RS
.IP " *" 3
Minimum value of pointer-holding signed integer type:
.TP 7
{INTPTR_MIN}
.RS
-(2 ** 15 -1)
.RE
.sp
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Maximum value of pointer-holding signed integer type:
.TP 7
{INTPTR_MAX}
.RS
2 ** 15 -1
.RE
.sp
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Maximum value of pointer-holding unsigned integer type:
.TP 7
{UINTPTR_MAX}
.RS
2 ** 16 -1
.RE
.sp
.LP
.RE
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Limits of greatest-width integer types
.RS
.IP " *" 3
Minimum value of greatest-width signed integer type:
.TP 7
{INTMAX_MIN}
.RS
-(2 ** 63 -1)
.RE
.sp
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Maximum value of greatest-width signed integer type:
.TP 7
{INTMAX_MAX}
.RS
2 ** 63 -1
.RE
.sp
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Maximum value of greatest-width unsigned integer type:
.TP 7
{UINTMAX_MAX}
.RS
2 ** 64 -1
.RE
.sp
.LP
.RE
.LP
.SS Limits of Other Integer Types
.LP
The following macros specify the minimum and maximum limits of integer
types corresponding to types defined in other standard
headers.
.LP
Each instance of these macros shall be replaced by a constant expression
suitable for use in \fB#if\fP preprocessing
directives, and this expression shall have the same type as would
an expression that is an object of the corresponding type
converted according to the integer promotions. Its implementation-defined
value shall be equal to or greater in magnitude (absolute
value) than the corresponding value given below, with the same sign.
.IP " *" 3
Limits of \fBptrdiff_t\fP:
.TP 7
{PTRDIFF_MIN}
.RS
-65535
.RE
.TP 7
{PTRDIFF_MAX}
.RS
+65535
.RE
.sp
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Limits of \fBsig_atomic_t\fP:
.TP 7
{SIG_ATOMIC_MIN}
.RS
See below.
.RE
.TP 7
{SIG_ATOMIC_MAX}
.RS
See below.
.RE
.sp
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Limit of \fBsize_t\fP:
.TP 7
{SIZE_MAX}
.RS
65535
.RE
.sp
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Limits of \fBwchar_t\fP:
.TP 7
{WCHAR_MIN}
.RS
See below.
.RE
.TP 7
{WCHAR_MAX}
.RS
See below.
.RE
.sp
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Limits of \fBwint_t\fP:
.TP 7
{WINT_MIN}
.RS
See below.
.RE
.TP 7
{WINT_MAX}
.RS
See below.
.RE
.sp
.LP
.LP
If \fBsig_atomic_t\fP (see the \fI<signal.h>\fP header) is defined
as a signed
integer type, the value of {SIG_ATOMIC_MIN} shall be no greater than
-127 and the value of {SIG_ATOMIC_MAX} shall be no less than
127; otherwise, \fBsig_atomic_t\fP shall be defined as an unsigned
integer type, and the value of {SIG_ATOMIC_MIN} shall be 0 and
the value of {SIG_ATOMIC_MAX} shall be no less than 255.
.LP
If \fBwchar_t\fP (see the \fI<stddef.h>\fP header) is defined as a
signed
integer type, the value of {WCHAR_MIN} shall be no greater than -127
and the value of {WCHAR_MAX} shall be no less than 127;
otherwise, \fBwchar_t\fP shall be defined as an unsigned integer type,
and the value of {WCHAR_MIN} shall be 0 and the value of
{WCHAR_MAX} shall be no less than 255.
.LP
If \fBwint_t\fP (see the \fI<wchar.h>\fP header) is defined as a signed
integer
type, the value of {WINT_MIN} shall be no greater than -32767 and
the value of {WINT_MAX} shall be no less than 32767; otherwise,
\fBwint_t\fP shall be defined as an unsigned integer type, and the
value of {WINT_MIN} shall be 0 and the value of {WINT_MAX}
shall be no less than 65535.
.SS Macros for Integer Constant Expressions
.LP
The following macros expand to integer constant expressions suitable
for initializing objects that have integer types
corresponding to types defined in the \fI<stdint.h>\fP header. Each
macro name corresponds to a similar type name listed
under \fIMinimum-width integer types\fP and \fIGreatest-width integer
types\fP.
.LP
Each invocation of one of these macros shall expand to an integer
constant expression suitable for use in \fB#if\fP
preprocessing directives. The type of the expression shall have the
same type as would an expression that is an object of the
corresponding type converted according to the integer promotions.
The value of the expression shall be that of the argument.
.LP
The argument in any instance of these macros shall be a decimal, octal,
or hexadecimal constant with a value that does not
exceed the limits for the corresponding type.
.IP " *" 3
Macros for minimum-width integer constant expressions
.LP
The macro \fIINTN_C\fP( \fIvalue\fP) shall expand to an integer constant
expression corresponding to the type \fBint_least\fP
\fIN\fP \fB_t\fP. The macro \fIUINTN_C\fP( \fIvalue\fP) shall expand
to an integer constant expression corresponding to the
type \fBuint_least\fP \fIN\fP \fB_t\fP. For example, if \fBuint_least64_t\fP
is a name for the type \fBunsigned long long\fP,
then \fIUINT64_C\fP(0x123) might expand to the integer constant 0x123ULL.
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Macros for greatest-width integer constant expressions
.LP
The following macro expands to an integer constant expression having
the value specified by its argument and the type
\fBintmax_t\fP: INTMAX_C(\fIvalue\fP)
.LP
The following macro expands to an integer constant expression having
the value specified by its argument and the type
\fBuintmax_t\fP: UINTMAX_C(\fIvalue\fP)
.LP
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
The \fI<stdint.h>\fP header is a subset of the \fI<inttypes.h>\fP
header
more suitable for use in freestanding environments, which might not
support the formatted I/O functions. In some environments, if
the formatted conversion support is not wanted, using this header
instead of the \fI<inttypes.h>\fP header avoids defining such a large
number of macros.
.LP
As a consequence of adding \fBint8_t\fP, the following are true:
.IP " *" 3
A byte is exactly 8 bits.
.LP
.IP " *" 3
{CHAR_BIT} has the value 8, {SCHAR_MAX} has the value 127, {SCHAR_MIN}
has the value -127 or -128, and {UCHAR_MAX} has the value
255.
.LP
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
\fBtypedef\fP names beginning with \fBint\fP or \fBuint\fP and ending
with _t may be added to the types defined in the
\fI<stdint.h>\fP header. Macro names beginning with INT or UINT and
ending with _MAX, _MIN, or _C may be added to the macros
defined in the \fI<stdint.h>\fP header.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<inttypes.h>\fP , \fI<signal.h>\fP , \fI<stddef.h>\fP , \fI<wchar.h>\fP
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<stdio.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <stdio.h>
.SH NAME
stdio.h \- standard buffered input/output
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <stdio.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
Some of the functionality described on this reference page extends
the ISO\ C standard. Applications shall define
the appropriate feature test macro (see the System Interfaces volume
of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, Section 2.2, The Compilation Environment)
to enable the visibility of these symbols in this
header.
.LP
The \fI<stdio.h>\fP header shall define the following macros as positive
integer constant expressions:
.TP 7
BUFSIZ
Size of \fI<stdio.h>\fP buffers.
.TP 7
_IOFBF
Input/output fully buffered.
.TP 7
_IOLBF
Input/output line buffered.
.TP 7
_IONBF
Input/output unbuffered.
.TP 7
L_ctermid
Maximum size of character array to hold \fIctermid\fP() output.
.TP 7
L_tmpnam
Maximum size of character array to hold \fItmpnam\fP() output.
.TP 7
SEEK_CUR
Seek relative to current position.
.TP 7
SEEK_END
Seek relative to end-of-file.
.TP 7
SEEK_SET
Seek relative to start-of-file.
.sp
.LP
The following macros shall be defined as positive integer constant
expressions which denote implementation limits:
.TP 7
{FILENAME_MAX}
Maximum size in bytes of the longest filename string that the implementation
guarantees can be opened.
.TP 7
{FOPEN_MAX}
Number of streams which the implementation guarantees can be open
simultaneously. The value is at least eight.
.TP 7
{TMP_MAX}
Minimum number of unique filenames generated by \fItmpnam\fP(). Maximum
number of times
an application can call \fItmpnam\fP() reliably. The value of {TMP_MAX}
is at least 25.
\ On XSI-conformant systems, the value of {TMP_MAX} is at least 10000.
.sp
.LP
The following macro name shall be defined as a negative integer constant
expression:
.TP 7
EOF
End-of-file return value.
.sp
.LP
The following macro name shall be defined as a null pointer constant:
.TP 7
NULL
Null pointer.
.sp
.LP
The following macro name shall be defined as a string constant:
.TP 7
P_tmpdir
Default directory prefix for \fItempnam\fP().
.sp
.LP
The following shall be defined as expressions of type "pointer to
\fBFILE\fP" that point to the \fBFILE\fP objects
associated, respectively, with the standard error, input, and output
streams:
.TP 7
\fIstderr\fP
Standard error output stream.
.TP 7
\fIstdin\fP
Standard input stream.
.TP 7
\fIstdout\fP
Standard output stream.
.sp
.LP
The following data types shall be defined through \fBtypedef\fP:
.TP 7
\fBFILE\fP
A structure containing information about a file.
.TP 7
\fBfpos_t\fP
A non-array type containing all information needed to specify uniquely
every position within a file.
.TP 7
\fBva_list\fP
As described in \fI<stdarg.h>\fP .
.TP 7
\fBsize_t\fP
As described in \fI<stddef.h>\fP .
.sp
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBvoid clearerr(FILE *);
char *ctermid(char *);
int fclose(FILE *);
FILE *fdopen(int, const char *);
int feof(FILE *);
int ferror(FILE *);
int fflush(FILE *);
int fgetc(FILE *);
int fgetpos(FILE *restrict, fpos_t *restrict);
char *fgets(char *restrict, int, FILE *restrict);
int fileno(FILE *);
void flockfile(FILE *);
FILE *fopen(const char *restrict, const char *restrict);
int fprintf(FILE *restrict, const char *restrict, ...);
int fputc(int, FILE *);
int fputs(const char *restrict, FILE *restrict);
size_t fread(void *restrict, size_t, size_t, FILE *restrict);
FILE *freopen(const char *restrict, const char *restrict,
FILE *restrict);
int fscanf(FILE *restrict, const char *restrict, ...);
int fseek(FILE *, long, int);
int fseeko(FILE *, off_t, int);
int fsetpos(FILE *, const fpos_t *);
long ftell(FILE *);
off_t ftello(FILE *);
int ftrylockfile(FILE *);
void funlockfile(FILE *);
size_t fwrite(const void *restrict, size_t, size_t, FILE *restrict);
int getc(FILE *);
int getchar(void);
int getc_unlocked(FILE *);
int getchar_unlocked(void);
char *gets(char *);
int pclose(FILE *);
void perror(const char *);
FILE *popen(const char *, const char *);
int printf(const char *restrict, ...);
int putc(int, FILE *);
int putchar(int);
int putc_unlocked(int, FILE *);
int putchar_unlocked(int);
int puts(const char *);
int remove(const char *);
int rename(const char *, const char *);
void rewind(FILE *);
int scanf(const char *restrict, ...);
void setbuf(FILE *restrict, char *restrict);
int setvbuf(FILE *restrict, char *restrict, int, size_t);
int snprintf(char *restrict, size_t, const char *restrict, ...);
int sprintf(char *restrict, const char *restrict, ...);
int sscanf(const char *restrict, const char *restrict, int ...);
char *tempnam(const char *, const char *);
FILE *tmpfile(void);
char *tmpnam(char *);
int ungetc(int, FILE *);
int vfprintf(FILE *restrict, const char *restrict, va_list);
int vfscanf(FILE *restrict, const char *restrict, va_list);
int vprintf(const char *restrict, va_list);
int vscanf(const char *restrict, va_list);
int vsnprintf(char *restrict, size_t, const char *restrict, va_list;
int vsprintf(char *restrict, const char *restrict, va_list);
int vsscanf(const char *restrict, const char *restrict, va_list arg);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
Inclusion of the \fI<stdio.h>\fP header may also make visible all
symbols from \fI<stddef.h>\fP.
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<stdarg.h>\fP , \fI<stddef.h>\fP , \fI<sys/types.h>\fP , the System
Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIclearerr\fP(), \fIctermid\fP(),
\fIfclose\fP(), \fIfdopen\fP(), \fIfgetc\fP(), \fIfgetpos\fP(), \fIferror\fP(),
\fIfeof\fP(), \fIfflush\fP(), \fIfgets\fP(), \fIfileno\fP(), \fIflockfile\fP(),
\fIfopen\fP(), \fIfputc\fP(), \fIfputs\fP(), \fIfread\fP(), \fIfreopen\fP(),
\fIfseek\fP(), \fIfsetpos\fP(), \fIftell\fP(), \fIfwrite\fP(), \fIgetc\fP(),
\fIgetc_unlocked\fP(), \fIgetwchar\fP(), \fIgetchar\fP(), \fIgetopt\fP(),
\fIgets\fP(), \fIpclose\fP(), \fIperror\fP(), \fIpopen\fP(), \fIprintf\fP(),
\fIputc\fP(), \fIputchar\fP(), \fIputs\fP(), \fIputwchar\fP(), \fIremove\fP(),
\fIrename\fP(), \fIrewind\fP(), \fIscanf\fP(), \fIsetbuf\fP(), \fIsetvbuf\fP(),
\fIsscanf\fP(), \fIstdin\fP, \fIsystem\fP(), \fItempnam\fP(), \fItmpfile\fP(),
\fItmpnam\fP(), \fIungetc\fP(), \fIvfscanf\fP(), \fIvscanf\fP(), \fIvprintf\fP(),
\fIvsscanf\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<stdlib.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <stdlib.h>
.SH NAME
stdlib.h \- standard library definitions
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <stdlib.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
Some of the functionality described on this reference page extends
the ISO\ C standard. Applications shall define
the appropriate feature test macro (see the System Interfaces volume
of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, Section 2.2, The Compilation Environment)
to enable the visibility of these symbols in this
header.
.LP
The \fI<stdlib.h>\fP header shall define the following macros:
.TP 7
EXIT_FAILURE
Unsuccessful termination for \fIexit\fP(); evaluates to a non-zero
value.
.TP 7
EXIT_SUCCESS
Successful termination for \fIexit\fP(); evaluates to 0.
.TP 7
NULL
Null pointer.
.TP 7
{RAND_MAX}
Maximum value returned by \fIrand\fP(); at least 32767.
.TP 7
{MB_CUR_MAX}
Integer expression whose value is the maximum number of bytes in a
character specified by the current locale.
.sp
.LP
The following data types shall be defined through \fBtypedef\fP:
.TP 7
\fBdiv_t\fP
Structure type returned by the \fIdiv\fP() function.
.TP 7
\fBldiv_t\fP
Structure type returned by the \fIldiv\fP() function.
.TP 7
\fBlldiv_t\fP
Structure type returned by the \fIlldiv\fP() function.
.TP 7
\fBsize_t\fP
As described in \fI<stddef.h>\fP .
.TP 7
\fBwchar_t\fP
As described in \fI<stddef.h>\fP .
.sp
.LP
In addition, the following symbolic names and macros shall be defined
as in \fI<sys/wait.h>\fP , for use in decoding the return value from
\fIsystem\fP():
.LP
.sp
.sp
WNOHANG
.br
WUNTRACED
.br
WEXITSTATUS
.br
WIFEXITED
.br
WIFSIGNALED
.br
WIFSTOPPED
.br
WSTOPSIG
.br
WTERMSIG
.br
.sp
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBvoid _Exit(int);
long a64l(const char *);
void abort(void);
int abs(int);
int atexit(void (*)(void));
double atof(const char *);
int atoi(const char *);
long atol(const char *);
long long atoll(const char *);
void *bsearch(const void *, const void *, size_t, size_t,
int (*)(const void *, const void *));
void *calloc(size_t, size_t);
div_t div(int, int);
double drand48(void);
char *ecvt(double, int, int *restrict, int *restrict); (\fP\fBLEGACY\fP \fB)
double erand48(unsigned short[3]);
void exit(int);
char *fcvt(double, int, int *restrict, int *restrict); (\fP\fBLEGACY\fP \fB)
void free(void *);
char *gcvt(double, int, char *); (\fP\fBLEGACY\fP \fB)
char *getenv(const char *);
int getsubopt(char **, char *const *, char **);
int grantpt(int);
char *initstate(unsigned, char *, size_t);
long jrand48(unsigned short[3]);
char *l64a(long);
long labs(long);
void lcong48(unsigned short[7]);
ldiv_t ldiv(long, long);
long long llabs(long long);
lldiv_t lldiv(long long, long long);
long lrand48(void);
void *malloc(size_t);
int mblen(const char *, size_t);
size_t mbstowcs(wchar_t *restrict, const char *restrict, size_t);
int mbtowc(wchar_t *restrict, const char *restrict, size_t);
char *mktemp(char *); (\fP\fBLEGACY\fP \fB)
int mkstemp(char *);
long mrand48(void);
long nrand48(unsigned short[3]);
int posix_memalign(void **, size_t, size_t);
int posix_openpt(int);
char *ptsname(int);
int putenv(char *);
void qsort(void *, size_t, size_t, int (*)(const void *,
const void *));
int rand(void);
int rand_r(unsigned *);
long random(void);
void *realloc(void *, size_t);
char *realpath(const char *restrict, char *restrict);
unsigned short seed48(unsigned short[3]);
int setenv(const char *, const char *, int);
void setkey(const char *);
char *setstate(const char *);
void srand(unsigned);
void srand48(long);
void srandom(unsigned);
double strtod(const char *restrict, char **restrict);
float strtof(const char *restrict, char **restrict);
long strtol(const char *restrict, char **restrict, int);
long double strtold(const char *restrict, char **restrict);
long long strtoll(const char *restrict, char **restrict, int);
unsigned long strtoul(const char *restrict, char **restrict, int);
unsigned long long
strtoull(const char *restrict, char **restrict, int);
int system(const char *);
int unlockpt(int);
int unsetenv(const char *);
size_t wcstombs(char *restrict, const wchar_t *restrict, size_t);
int wctomb(char *, wchar_t);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
Inclusion of the \fI<stdlib.h>\fP header may also make visible all
symbols from \fI<stddef.h>\fP, \fI<limits.h>\fP, \fI<math.h>\fP, and
\fI<sys/wait.h>\fP.
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<limits.h>\fP , \fI<math.h>\fP , \fI<stddef.h>\fP , \fI<sys/types.h>\fP
, \fI<sys/wait.h>\fP , the System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001,
\fI_Exit\fP(), \fIa64l\fP(), \fIabort\fP(), \fIabs\fP(), \fIatexit\fP(),
\fIatof\fP(), \fIatoi\fP(), \fIatol\fP(), \fIatoll\fP(), \fIbsearch\fP(),
\fIcalloc\fP(), \fIdiv\fP(), \fIdrand48\fP(), \fIerand48\fP(), \fIexit\fP(),
\fIfree\fP(), \fIgetenv\fP(), \fIgetsubopt\fP(), \fIgrantpt\fP(),
\fIinitstate\fP(), \fIjrand48\fP(), \fIl64a\fP(), \fIlabs\fP(), \fIlcong48\fP(),
\fIldiv\fP(), \fIllabs\fP(), \fIlldiv\fP(), \fIlrand48\fP(), \fImalloc\fP(),
\fImblen\fP(), \fImbstowcs\fP(), \fImbtowc\fP(), \fImkstemp\fP(),
\fImrand48\fP(), \fInrand48\fP(), \fIposix_memalign\fP(), \fIptsname\fP(),
\fIputenv\fP(), \fIqsort\fP(), \fIrand\fP(), \fIrealloc\fP(), \fIrealpath\fP(),
\fIsetstate\fP(), \fIsrand\fP(), \fIsrand48\fP(), \fIsrandom\fP(),
\fIstrtod\fP(), \fIstrtof\fP(), \fIstrtol\fP(), \fIstrtold\fP(), \fIstrtoll\fP(),
\fIstrtoul\fP(), \fIstrtoull\fP(), \fIunlockpt\fP(), \fIwcstombs\fP(),
\fIwctomb\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<string.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <string.h>
.SH NAME
string.h \- string operations
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <string.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
Some of the functionality described on this reference page extends
the ISO\ C standard. Applications shall define
the appropriate feature test macro (see the System Interfaces volume
of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, Section 2.2, The Compilation Environment)
to enable the visibility of these symbols in this
header.
.LP
The \fI<string.h>\fP header shall define the following:
.TP 7
NULL
Null pointer constant.
.TP 7
\fBsize_t\fP
As described in \fI<stddef.h>\fP .
.sp
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fB
void *memccpy(void *restrict, const void *restrict, int, size_t);
void *memchr(const void *, int, size_t);
int memcmp(const void *, const void *, size_t);
void *memcpy(void *restrict, const void *restrict, size_t);
void *memmove(void *, const void *, size_t);
void *memset(void *, int, size_t);
char *strcat(char *restrict, const char *restrict);
char *strchr(const char *, int);
int strcmp(const char *, const char *);
int strcoll(const char *, const char *);
char *strcpy(char *restrict, const char *restrict);
size_t strcspn(const char *, const char *);
char *strdup(const char *);
char *strerror(int);
int *strerror_r(int, char *, size_t);
size_t strlen(const char *);
char *strncat(char *restrict, const char *restrict, size_t);
int strncmp(const char *, const char *, size_t);
char *strncpy(char *restrict, const char *restrict, size_t);
char *strpbrk(const char *, const char *);
char *strrchr(const char *, int);
size_t strspn(const char *, const char *);
char *strstr(const char *, const char *);
char *strtok(char *restrict, const char *restrict);
char *strtok_r(char *, const char *, char **);
size_t strxfrm(char *restrict, const char *restrict, size_t);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
Inclusion of the \fI<string.h>\fP header may also make visible all
symbols from \fI<stddef.h>\fP.
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<stddef.h>\fP , \fI<sys/types.h>\fP , the System
Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fImemccpy\fP(), \fImemchr\fP(),
\fImemcmp\fP(), \fImemcpy\fP(), \fImemmove\fP(), \fImemset\fP(), \fIstrcat\fP(),
\fIstrchr\fP(), \fIstrcmp\fP(), \fIstrcoll\fP(), \fIstrcpy\fP(), \fIstrcspn\fP(),
\fIstrdup\fP(), \fIstrerror\fP(), \fIstrlen\fP(), \fIstrncat\fP(),
\fIstrncmp\fP(), \fIstrncpy\fP(), \fIstrpbrk\fP(), \fIstrrchr\fP(),
\fIstrspn\fP(), \fIstrstr\fP(), \fIstrtok\fP(), \fIstrxfrm\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

55
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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<strings.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <strings.h>
.SH NAME
strings.h \- string operations
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <strings.h> \fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint bcmp(const void *, const void *, size_t); (\fP\fBLEGACY\fP \fB)
void bcopy(const void *, void *, size_t); (\fP\fBLEGACY\fP \fB)
void bzero(void *, size_t); (\fP\fBLEGACY\fP \fB)
int ffs(int);
char *index(const char *, int); (\fP\fBLEGACY\fP \fB)
char *rindex(const char *, int); (\fP\fBLEGACY\fP \fB)
int strcasecmp(const char *, const char *);
int strncasecmp(const char *, const char *, size_t);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fBsize_t\fP type shall be defined through \fBtypedef\fP as described
in \fI<stddef.h>\fP .
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<stddef.h>\fP , the System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001,
\fIffs\fP(), \fIstrcasecmp\fP(), \fIstrncasecmp\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<stropts.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <stropts.h>
.SH NAME
stropts.h \- STREAMS interface (\fBSTREAMS\fP)
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <stropts.h> \fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<stropts.h>\fP header shall define the \fBbandinfo\fP structure
that includes at least the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBunsigned char bi_pri \fP Priority band. \fB
int bi_flag \fP Flushing type. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fI<stropts.h>\fP header shall define the \fBstrpeek\fP structure
that includes at least the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBstruct strbuf ctlbuf \fP The control portion of the message. \fB
struct strbuf databuf \fP The data portion of the message. \fB
t_uscalar_t flags \fP RS_HIPRI or 0. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fI<stropts.h>\fP header shall define the \fBstrbuf\fP structure
that includes at least the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint maxlen \fP Maximum buffer length. \fB
int len \fP Length of data. \fB
char *buf \fP Pointer to buffer. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fI<stropts.h>\fP header shall define the \fBstrfdinsert\fP structure
that includes at least the following
members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBstruct strbuf ctlbuf \fP The control portion of the message. \fB
struct strbuf databuf \fP The data portion of the message. \fB
t_uscalar_t flags \fP RS_HIPRI or 0. \fB
int fildes \fP File descriptor of the other STREAM. \fB
int offset \fP Relative location of the stored value. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fI<stropts.h>\fP header shall define the \fBstrioctl\fP structure
that includes at least the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint ic_cmd \fP \fIioctl\fP() command. \fB
int ic_timout \fP Timeout for response. \fB
int ic_len \fP Length of data. \fB
char *ic_dp \fP Pointer to buffer. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fI<stropts.h>\fP header shall define the \fBstrrecvfd\fP structure
that includes at least the following
members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint fda \fP Received file descriptor. \fB
uid_t uid \fP UID of sender. \fB
gid_t gid \fP GID of sender. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fBuid_t\fP and \fBgid_t\fP types shall be defined through \fBtypedef\fP
as described in \fI<sys/types.h>\fP .
.LP
The \fI<stropts.h>\fP header shall define the \fBt_scalar_t\fP and
\fBt_uscalar_t\fP types, respectively, as signed and
unsigned opaque types of equal length of at least 32 bits.
.LP
The \fI<stropts.h>\fP header shall define the \fBstr_list\fP structure
that includes at least the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint sl_nmods \fP Number of STREAMS module names. \fB
struct str_mlist *sl_modlist \fP STREAMS module names. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fI<stropts.h>\fP header shall define the \fBstr_mlist\fP structure
that includes at least the following member:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBchar l_name[FMNAMESZ+1] \fP A STREAMS module name. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
At least the following macros shall be defined for use as the \fIrequest\fP
argument to \fIioctl\fP():
.TP 7
I_PUSH
Push a STREAMS module.
.TP 7
I_POP
Pop a STREAMS module.
.TP 7
I_LOOK
Get the top module name.
.TP 7
I_FLUSH
Flush a STREAM.
.TP 7
I_FLUSHBAND
Flush one band of a STREAM.
.TP 7
I_SETSIG
Ask for notification signals.
.TP 7
I_GETSIG
Retrieve current notification signals.
.TP 7
I_FIND
Look for a STREAMS module.
.TP 7
I_PEEK
Peek at the top message on a STREAM.
.TP 7
I_SRDOPT
Set the read mode.
.TP 7
I_GRDOPT
Get the read mode.
.TP 7
I_NREAD
Size the top message.
.TP 7
I_FDINSERT
Send implementation-defined information about another STREAM.
.TP 7
I_STR
Send a STREAMS \fIioctl\fP().
.TP 7
I_SWROPT
Set the write mode.
.TP 7
I_GWROPT
Get the write mode.
.TP 7
I_SENDFD
Pass a file descriptor through a STREAMS pipe.
.TP 7
I_RECVFD
Get a file descriptor sent via I_SENDFD.
.TP 7
I_LIST
Get all the module names on a STREAM.
.TP 7
I_ATMARK
Is the top message "marked''?
.TP 7
I_CKBAND
See if any messages exist in a band.
.TP 7
I_GETBAND
Get the band of the top message on a STREAM.
.TP 7
I_CANPUT
Is a band writable?
.TP 7
I_SETCLTIME
Set close time delay.
.TP 7
I_GETCLTIME
Get close time delay.
.TP 7
I_LINK
Connect two STREAMs.
.TP 7
I_UNLINK
Disconnect two STREAMs.
.TP 7
I_PLINK
Persistently connect two STREAMs.
.TP 7
I_PUNLINK
Dismantle a persistent STREAMS link.
.sp
.LP
At least the following macros shall be defined for use with I_LOOK:
.TP 7
FMNAMESZ
The minimum size in bytes of the buffer referred to by the \fIarg\fP
argument.
.sp
.LP
At least the following macros shall be defined for use with I_FLUSH:
.TP 7
FLUSHR
Flush read queues.
.TP 7
FLUSHW
Flush write queues.
.TP 7
FLUSHRW
Flush read and write queues.
.sp
.LP
At least the following macros shall be defined for use with I_SETSIG:
.TP 7
S_RDNORM
A normal (priority band set to 0) message has arrived at the head
of a STREAM head read queue.
.TP 7
S_RDBAND
A message with a non-zero priority band has arrived at the head of
a STREAM head read queue.
.TP 7
S_INPUT
A message, other than a high-priority message, has arrived at the
head of a STREAM head read queue.
.TP 7
S_HIPRI
A high-priority message is present on a STREAM head read queue.
.TP 7
S_OUTPUT
The write queue for normal data (priority band 0) just below the STREAM
head is no longer full. This notifies the process that
there is room on the queue for sending (or writing) normal data downstream.
.TP 7
S_WRNORM
Equivalent to S_OUTPUT.
.TP 7
S_WRBAND
The write queue for a non-zero priority band just below the STREAM
head is no longer full.
.TP 7
S_MSG
A STREAMS signal message that contains the SIGPOLL signal reaches
the front of the STREAM head read queue.
.TP 7
S_ERROR
Notification of an error condition reaches the STREAM head.
.TP 7
S_HANGUP
Notification of a hangup reaches the STREAM head.
.TP 7
S_BANDURG
When used in conjunction with S_RDBAND, SIGURG is generated instead
of SIGPOLL when a priority message reaches the front of the
STREAM head read queue.
.sp
.LP
At least the following macros shall be defined for use with I_PEEK:
.TP 7
RS_HIPRI
Only look for high-priority messages.
.sp
.LP
At least the following macros shall be defined for use with I_SRDOPT:
.TP 7
RNORM
Byte-STREAM mode, the default.
.TP 7
RMSGD
Message-discard mode.
.TP 7
RMSGN
Message-non-discard mode.
.TP 7
RPROTNORM
Fail \fIread\fP() with [EBADMSG] if a message containing a control
part is at the front
of the STREAM head read queue.
.TP 7
RPROTDAT
Deliver the control part of a message as data when a process issues
a \fIread\fP().
.TP 7
RPROTDIS
Discard the control part of a message, delivering any data part, when
a process issues a \fIread\fP().
.sp
.LP
At least the following macros shall be defined for use with I_SWOPT:
.TP 7
SNDZERO
Send a zero-length message downstream when a \fIwrite\fP() of 0 bytes
occurs.
.sp
.LP
At least the following macros shall be defined for use with I_ATMARK:
.TP 7
ANYMARK
Check if the message is marked.
.TP 7
LASTMARK
Check if the message is the last one marked on the queue.
.sp
.LP
At least the following macros shall be defined for use with I_UNLINK:
.TP 7
MUXID_ALL
Unlink all STREAMs linked to the STREAM associated with \fIfildes\fP.
.sp
.LP
The following macros shall be defined for \fIgetmsg\fP(), \fIgetpmsg\fP(),
\fIputmsg\fP(), and \fIputpmsg\fP():
.TP 7
MSG_ANY
Receive any message.
.TP 7
MSG_BAND
Receive message from specified band.
.TP 7
MSG_HIPRI
Send/receive high-priority message.
.TP 7
MORECTL
More control information is left in message.
.TP 7
MOREDATA
More data is left in message.
.sp
.LP
The \fI<stropts.h>\fP header may make visible all of the symbols from
\fI<unistd.h>\fP.
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint isastream(int);
int getmsg(int, struct strbuf *restrict, struct strbuf *restrict,
int *restrict);
int getpmsg(int, struct strbuf *restrict, struct strbuf *restrict,
int *restrict, int *restrict);
int ioctl(int, int, ... );
int putmsg(int, const struct strbuf *, const struct strbuf *, int);
int putpmsg(int, const struct strbuf *, const struct strbuf *, int,
int);
int fattach(int, const char *);
int fdetach(const char *);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<sys/types.h>\fP , \fI<unistd.h>\fP , the System
Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIclose\fP(), \fIfcntl\fP(),
\fIgetmsg\fP(), \fIioctl\fP(), \fIopen\fP(), \fIpipe\fP(), \fIread\fP(),
\fIpoll\fP(), \fIputmsg\fP(), \fIsignal\fP(), \fIwrite\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<sys/ipc.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <sys/ipc.h>
.SH NAME
sys/ipc.h \- XSI interprocess communication access structure
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <sys/ipc.h> \fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<sys/ipc.h>\fP header is used by three mechanisms for XSI interprocess
communication (IPC): messages, semaphores,
and shared memory. All use a common structure type, \fBipc_perm\fP,
to pass information used in determining permission to perform
an IPC operation.
.LP
The \fBipc_perm\fP structure shall contain the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBuid_t uid \fP Owner's user ID. \fB
gid_t gid \fP Owner's group ID. \fB
uid_t cuid \fP Creator's user ID. \fB
gid_t cgid \fP Creator's group ID. \fB
mode_t mode \fP Read/write permission. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fBuid_t\fP, \fBgid_t\fP, \fBmode_t\fP, and \fBkey_t\fP types
shall be defined as described in \fI<sys/types.h>\fP .
.LP
Definitions shall be provided for the following constants:
.LP
Mode bits:
.TP 7
IPC_CREAT
Create entry if key does not exist.
.TP 7
IPC_EXCL
Fail if key exists.
.TP 7
IPC_NOWAIT
Error if request must wait.
.sp
.LP
Keys:
.TP 7
IPC_PRIVATE
Private key.
.sp
.LP
Control commands:
.TP 7
IPC_RMID
Remove identifier.
.TP 7
IPC_SET
Set options.
.TP 7
IPC_STAT
Get options.
.sp
.LP
The following shall be declared as a function and may also be defined
as a macro. A function prototype shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBkey_t ftok(const char *, int);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<sys/types.h>\fP , the System Interfaces volume of
IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIftok\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<sys/mman.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <sys/mman.h>
.SH NAME
sys/mman.h \- memory management declarations
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <sys/mman.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<sys/mman.h>\fP header shall be supported if the implementation
supports at least one of the following
options:
.IP " *" 3
The Memory Mapped Files option
.LP
.IP " *" 3
The Shared Memory Objects option
.LP
.IP " *" 3
The Process Memory Locking option
.LP
.IP " *" 3
The Memory Protection option
.LP
.IP " *" 3
The Typed Memory Objects option
.LP
.IP " *" 3
The Synchronized Input and Output option
.LP
.IP " *" 3
The Advisory Information option
.LP
.IP " *" 3
The Typed Memory Objects option
.LP
.LP
If one or more of the Advisory Information, Memory Mapped Files, or
Shared Memory Objects options are supported, the following
protection options shall be defined:
.TP 7
PROT_READ
Page can be read.
.TP 7
PROT_WRITE
Page can be written.
.TP 7
PROT_EXEC
Page can be executed.
.TP 7
PROT_NONE
Page cannot be accessed.
.sp
.LP
The following \fIflag\fP options shall be defined:
.TP 7
MAP_SHARED
Share changes.
.TP 7
MAP_PRIVATE
Changes are private.
.TP 7
MAP_FIXED
Interpret \fIaddr\fP exactly.
.sp
.LP
The following flags shall be defined for \fImsync\fP():
.TP 7
MS_ASYNC
Perform asynchronous writes.
.TP 7
MS_SYNC
Perform synchronous writes.
.TP 7
MS_INVALIDATE
Invalidate mappings.
.sp
.LP
The following symbolic constants shall be defined for the \fImlockall\fP()
function:
.TP 7
MCL_CURRENT
Lock currently mapped pages.
.TP 7
MCL_FUTURE
Lock pages that become mapped.
.sp
.LP
The symbolic constant MAP_FAILED shall be defined to indicate a failure
from the \fImmap\fP() function.
.LP
If the Advisory Information and either the Memory Mapped Files or
Shared Memory Objects options are supported, values for
\fIadvice\fP used by \fIposix_madvise\fP() shall be defined as follows:
.TP 7
POSIX_MADV_NORMAL
.sp
The application has no advice to give on its behavior with respect
to the specified range. It is the default characteristic if no
advice is given for a range of memory.
.TP 7
POSIX_MADV_SEQUENTIAL
.sp
The application expects to access the specified range sequentially
from lower addresses to higher addresses.
.TP 7
POSIX_MADV_RANDOM
.sp
The application expects to access the specified range in a random
order.
.TP 7
POSIX_MADV_WILLNEED
.sp
The application expects to access the specified range in the near
future.
.TP 7
POSIX_MADV_DONTNEED
.sp
The application expects that it will not access the specified range
in the near future.
.sp
.LP
The following flags shall be defined for \fIposix_typed_mem_open\fP():
.TP 7
POSIX_TYPED_MEM_ALLOCATE
.sp
Allocate on \fImmap\fP().
.TP 7
POSIX_TYPED_MEM_ALLOCATE_CONTIG
.sp
Allocate contiguously on \fImmap\fP().
.TP 7
POSIX_TYPED_MEM_MAP_ALLOCATABLE
.sp
Map on \fImmap\fP(), without affecting allocatability.
.sp
.LP
The \fBmode_t\fP, \fBoff_t\fP, and \fBsize_t\fP types shall be defined
as described in \fI<sys/types.h>\fP .
.LP
The \fI<sys/mman.h>\fP header shall define the structure \fBposix_typed_mem_info\fP,
which includes at least the
following member:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBsize_t posix_tmi_length \fP Maximum length which may be allocated \fB
\fP from a typed memory object. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fB
int mlock(const void *, size_t);
int mlockall(int);
void *mmap(void *, size_t, int, int, int, off_t);
int mprotect(void *, size_t, int);
int msync(void *, size_t, int);
int munlock(const void *, size_t);
int munlockall(void);
int munmap(void *, size_t);
int posix_madvise(void *, size_t, int);
int posix_mem_offset(const void *restrict, size_t, off_t *restrict,
size_t *restrict, int *restrict);
int posix_typed_mem_get_info(int, struct posix_typed_mem_info *);
int posix_typed_mem_open(const char *, int, int);
int shm_open(const char *, int, mode_t);
int shm_unlink(const char *);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<sys/types.h>\fP , the System Interfaces volume of
IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fImlock\fP(), \fImlockall\fP(), \fImmap\fP(),
\fImprotect\fP(), \fImsync\fP(), \fImunlock\fP(), \fImunlockall\fP(),
\fImunmap\fP(), \fIposix_mem_offset\fP(),
\fIposix_typed_mem_get_info\fP(), \fIposix_typed_mem_open\fP(), \fIshm_open\fP(),
\fIshm_unlink\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<sys/msg.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <sys/msg.h>
.SH NAME
sys/msg.h \- XSI message queue structures
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <sys/msg.h> \fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<sys/msg.h>\fP header shall define the following data types
through \fBtypedef\fP:
.TP 7
\fBmsgqnum_t\fP
Used for the number of messages in the message queue.
.TP 7
\fBmsglen_t\fP
Used for the number of bytes allowed in a message queue.
.sp
.LP
These types shall be unsigned integer types that are able to store
values at least as large as a type \fBunsigned short\fP.
.LP
The \fI<sys/msg.h>\fP header shall define the following constant as
a message operation flag:
.TP 7
MSG_NOERROR
No error if big message.
.sp
.LP
The \fBmsqid_ds\fP structure shall contain the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBstruct ipc_perm msg_perm \fP Operation permission structure. \fB
msgqnum_t msg_qnum \fP Number of messages currently on queue. \fB
msglen_t msg_qbytes\fP Maximum number of bytes allowed on queue. \fB
pid_t msg_lspid \fP Process ID of last \fImsgsnd\fP
(). \fB
pid_t msg_lrpid \fP Process ID of last \fImsgrcv\fP
(). \fB
time_t msg_stime \fP Time of last \fImsgsnd\fP
(). \fB
time_t msg_rtime \fP Time of last \fImsgrcv\fP
(). \fB
time_t msg_ctime \fP Time of last change. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fBpid_t\fP, \fBtime_t\fP, \fBkey_t\fP, \fBsize_t\fP, and \fBssize_t\fP
types shall be defined as described in \fI<sys/types.h>\fP .
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint msgctl(int, int, struct msqid_ds *);
int msgget(key_t, int);
ssize_t msgrcv(int, void *, size_t, long, int);
int msgsnd(int, const void *, size_t, int);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
In addition, all of the symbols from \fI<sys/ipc.h>\fP shall be defined
when
this header is included.
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<sys/ipc.h>\fP , \fI<sys/types.h>\fP , \fImsgctl\fP(), \fImsgget\fP(),
\fImsgrcv\fP(), \fImsgsnd\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

158
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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<sys/resource.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <sys/resource.h>
.SH NAME
sys/resource.h \- definitions for XSI resource operations
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <sys/resource.h> \fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<sys/resource.h>\fP header shall define the following symbolic
constants as possible values of the \fIwhich\fP
argument of \fIgetpriority\fP() and \fIsetpriority\fP():
.TP 7
PRIO_PROCESS
Identifies the \fIwho\fP argument as a process ID.
.TP 7
PRIO_PGRP
Identifies the \fIwho\fP argument as a process group ID.
.TP 7
PRIO_USER
Identifies the \fIwho\fP argument as a user ID.
.sp
.LP
The following type shall be defined through \fBtypedef\fP:
.TP 7
\fBrlim_t\fP
Unsigned integer type used for limit values.
.sp
.LP
The following symbolic constants shall be defined:
.TP 7
RLIM_INFINITY
A value of \fBrlim_t\fP indicating no limit.
.TP 7
RLIM_SAVED_MAX
A value of type \fBrlim_t\fP indicating an unrepresentable saved hard
limit.
.TP 7
RLIM_SAVED_CUR
A value of type \fBrlim_t\fP indicating an unrepresentable saved soft
limit.
.sp
.LP
On implementations where all resource limits are representable in
an object of type \fBrlim_t\fP, RLIM_SAVED_MAX and
RLIM_SAVED_CUR need not be distinct from RLIM_INFINITY.
.LP
The following symbolic constants shall be defined as possible values
of the \fIwho\fP parameter of \fIgetrusage\fP():
.TP 7
RUSAGE_SELF
Returns information about the current process.
.TP 7
RUSAGE_CHILDREN
Returns information about children of the current process.
.sp
.LP
The \fI<sys/resource.h>\fP header shall define the \fBrlimit\fP structure
that includes at least the following
members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBrlim_t rlim_cur \fP The current (soft) limit. \fB
rlim_t rlim_max \fP The hard limit. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fI<sys/resource.h>\fP header shall define the \fBrusage\fP structure
that includes at least the following
members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBstruct timeval ru_utime \fP User time used. \fB
struct timeval ru_stime \fP System time used. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fBtimeval\fP structure shall be defined as described in \fI<sys/time.h>\fP
\&.
.LP
The following symbolic constants shall be defined as possible values
for the \fIresource\fP argument of \fIgetrlimit\fP() and \fIsetrlimit\fP():
.TP 7
RLIMIT_CORE
Limit on size of \fBcore\fP file.
.TP 7
RLIMIT_CPU
Limit on CPU time per process.
.TP 7
RLIMIT_DATA
Limit on data segment size.
.TP 7
RLIMIT_FSIZE
Limit on file size.
.TP 7
RLIMIT_NOFILE
Limit on number of open files.
.TP 7
RLIMIT_STACK
Limit on stack size.
.TP 7
RLIMIT_AS
Limit on address space size.
.sp
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint getpriority(int, id_t);
int getrlimit(int, struct rlimit *);
int getrusage(int, struct rusage *);
int setpriority(int, id_t, int);
int setrlimit(int, const struct rlimit *);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fBid_t\fP type shall be defined through \fBtypedef\fP as described
in \fI<sys/types.h>\fP .
.LP
Inclusion of the \fI<sys/resource.h>\fP header may also make visible
all symbols from \fI<sys/time.h>\fP.
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<sys/time.h>\fP , \fI<sys/types.h>\fP , the System Interfaces volume
of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIgetpriority\fP(), \fIgetrusage\fP(),
\fIgetrlimit\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<sys/select.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <sys/select.h>
.SH NAME
sys/select.h \- select types
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <sys/select.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<sys/select.h>\fP header shall define the \fBtimeval\fP structure
that includes at least the following
members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBtime_t tv_sec \fP Seconds. \fB
suseconds_t tv_usec \fP Microseconds. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fBtime_t\fP and \fBsuseconds_t\fP types shall be defined as described
in \fI<sys/types.h>\fP .
.LP
The \fBsigset_t\fP type shall be defined as described in \fI<signal.h>\fP
\&.
.LP
The \fBtimespec\fP structure shall be defined as described in \fI<time.h>\fP
\&.
.LP
The \fI<sys/select.h>\fP header shall define the \fBfd_set\fP type
as a structure.
.LP
Each of the following may be declared as a function, or defined as
a macro, or both:
.TP 7
\fBvoid\fP \fIFD_CLR\fP(\fBint\fP \fIfd\fP, \fBfd_set *\fP\fIfdset\fP)
.sp
Clears the bit for the file descriptor \fIfd\fP in the file descriptor
set \fIfdset\fP.
.TP 7
\fBint\fP \fIFD_ISSET\fP(\fBint\fP \fIfd\fP, \fBfd_set *\fP\fIfdset\fP)
.sp
Returns a non-zero value if the bit for the file descriptor \fIfd\fP
is set in the file descriptor set by \fIfdset\fP, and 0
otherwise.
.TP 7
\fBvoid\fP \fIFD_SET\fP(\fBint\fP \fIfd\fP, \fBfd_set *\fP\fIfdset\fP)
.sp
Sets the bit for the file descriptor \fIfd\fP in the file descriptor
set \fIfdset\fP.
.TP 7
\fBvoid\fP \fIFD_ZERO\fP(\fBfd_set *\fP\fIfdset\fP)
.sp
Initializes the file descriptor set \fIfdset\fP to have zero bits
for all file descriptors.
.sp
.LP
If implemented as macros, these may evaluate their arguments more
than once, so applications should ensure that the arguments
they supply are never expressions with side effects.
.LP
The following shall be defined as a macro:
.TP 7
FD_SETSIZE
.sp
Maximum number of file descriptors in an \fBfd_set\fP structure.
.sp
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint pselect(int, fd_set *restrict, fd_set *restrict, fd_set *restrict,
const struct timespec *restrict, const sigset_t *restrict);
int select(int, fd_set *restrict, fd_set *restrict, fd_set *restrict,
struct timeval *restrict);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
Inclusion of the \fI<sys/select.h>\fP header may make visible all
symbols from the headers \fI<signal.h>\fP, \fI<sys/time.h>\fP,
and \fI<time.h>\fP.
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<signal.h>\fP , \fI<sys/time.h>\fP ,
\fI<sys/types.h>\fP , \fI<time.h>\fP , the
System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIpselect\fP(),
\fIselect\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<sys/sem.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <sys/sem.h>
.SH NAME
sys/sem.h \- XSI semaphore facility
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <sys/sem.h> \fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<sys/sem.h>\fP header shall define the following constants
and structures.
.LP
Semaphore operation flags:
.TP 7
SEM_UNDO
Set up adjust on exit entry.
.sp
.LP
Command definitions for the \fIsemctl\fP() function shall be provided
as follows:
.TP 7
GETNCNT
Get \fIsemncnt\fP.
.TP 7
GETPID
Get \fIsempid\fP.
.TP 7
GETVAL
Get \fIsemval\fP.
.TP 7
GETALL
Get all cases of \fIsemval\fP.
.TP 7
GETZCNT
Get \fIsemzcnt\fP.
.TP 7
SETVAL
Set \fIsemval\fP.
.TP 7
SETALL
Set all cases of \fIsemval\fP.
.sp
.LP
The \fBsemid_ds\fP structure shall contain the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBstruct ipc_perm sem_perm \fP Operation permission structure. \fB
unsigned short sem_nsems\fP Number of semaphores in set. \fB
time_t sem_otime\fP Last \fIsemop\fP
() time. \fB
time_t sem_ctime\fP Last time changed by \fIsemctl\fP
(). \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fBpid_t\fP, \fBtime_t\fP, \fBkey_t\fP, and \fBsize_t\fP types
shall be defined as described in \fI<sys/types.h>\fP .
.LP
A semaphore shall be represented by an anonymous structure containing
the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBunsigned short semval \fP Semaphore value. \fB
pid_t sempid \fP Process ID of last operation. \fB
unsigned short semncnt \fP Number of processes waiting for \fIsemval\fP \fB
\fP to become greater than current value. \fB
unsigned short semzcnt \fP Number of processes waiting for \fIsemval\fP \fB
\fP to become 0. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fBsembuf\fP structure shall contain the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBunsigned short sem_num \fP Semaphore number. \fB
short sem_op \fP Semaphore operation. \fB
short sem_flg \fP Operation flags. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint semctl(int, int, int, ...);
int semget(key_t, int, int);
int semop(int, struct sembuf *, size_t);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
In addition, all of the symbols from \fI<sys/ipc.h>\fP shall be defined
when
this header is included.
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<sys/ipc.h>\fP , \fI<sys/types.h>\fP , \fIsemctl\fP(), \fIsemget\fP(),
\fIsemop\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

99
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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<sys/shm.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <sys/shm.h>
.SH NAME
sys/shm.h \- XSI shared memory facility
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <sys/shm.h> \fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<sys/shm.h>\fP header shall define the following symbolic constants:
.TP 7
SHM_RDONLY
Attach read-only (else read-write).
.TP 7
SHM_RND
Round attach address to SHMLBA.
.sp
.LP
The \fI<sys/shm.h>\fP header shall define the following symbolic value:
.TP 7
SHMLBA
Segment low boundary address multiple.
.sp
.LP
The following data types shall be defined through \fBtypedef\fP:
.TP 7
\fBshmatt_t\fP
Unsigned integer used for the number of current attaches that must
be able to store values at least as large as a type
\fBunsigned short\fP.
.sp
.LP
The \fBshmid_ds\fP structure shall contain the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBstruct ipc_perm shm_perm \fP Operation permission structure. \fB
size_t shm_segsz \fP Size of segment in bytes. \fB
pid_t shm_lpid \fP Process ID of last shared memory operation. \fB
pid_t shm_cpid \fP Process ID of creator. \fB
shmatt_t shm_nattch\fP Number of current attaches. \fB
time_t shm_atime \fP Time of last \fIshmat\fP
(). \fB
time_t shm_dtime \fP Time of last \fIshmdt\fP
(). \fB
time_t shm_ctime \fP Time of last change by \fIshmctl\fP
(). \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fBpid_t\fP, \fBtime_t\fP, \fBkey_t\fP, and \fBsize_t\fP types
shall be defined as described in \fI<sys/types.h>\fP .
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBvoid *shmat(int, const void *, int);
int shmctl(int, int, struct shmid_ds *);
int shmdt(const void *);
int shmget(key_t, size_t, int);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
In addition, all of the symbols from \fI<sys/ipc.h>\fP shall be defined
when
this header is included.
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<sys/ipc.h>\fP , \fI<sys/types.h>\fP , the System Interfaces volume
of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIshmat\fP(), \fIshmctl\fP(), \fIshmdt\fP(),
\fIshmget\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

446
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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<sys/socket.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <sys/socket.h>
.SH NAME
sys/socket.h \- main sockets header
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <sys/socket.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<sys/socket.h>\fP header shall define the type \fBsocklen_t\fP,
which is an integer type of width of at least 32
bits; see APPLICATION USAGE.
.LP
The \fI<sys/socket.h>\fP header shall define the unsigned integer
type \fBsa_family_t\fP.
.LP
The \fI<sys/socket.h>\fP header shall define the \fBsockaddr\fP structure
that includes at least the following
members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBsa_family_t sa_family \fP Address family. \fB
char sa_data[] \fP Socket address (variable-length data). \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fBsockaddr\fP structure is used to define a socket address which
is used in the \fIbind\fP(), \fIconnect\fP(), \fIgetpeername\fP(),
\fIgetsockname\fP(),
\fIrecvfrom\fP(), and \fIsendto\fP()
functions.
.LP
The \fI<sys/socket.h>\fP header shall define the \fBsockaddr_storage\fP
structure. This structure shall be:
.IP " *" 3
Large enough to accommodate all supported protocol-specific address
structures
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Aligned at an appropriate boundary so that pointers to it can be cast
as pointers to protocol-specific address structures and
used to access the fields of those structures without alignment problems
.LP
.LP
The \fBsockaddr_storage\fP structure shall contain at least the following
members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBsa_family_t ss_family
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
When a \fBsockaddr_storage\fP structure is cast as a \fBsockaddr\fP
structure, the \fIss_family\fP field of the
\fBsockaddr_storage\fP structure shall map onto the \fIsa_family\fP
field of the \fBsockaddr\fP structure. When a
\fBsockaddr_storage\fP structure is cast as a protocol-specific address
structure, the \fIss_family\fP field shall map onto a
field of that structure that is of type \fBsa_family_t\fP and that
identifies the protocol's address family.
.LP
The \fI<sys/socket.h>\fP header shall define the \fBmsghdr\fP structure
that includes at least the following
members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBvoid *msg_name \fP Optional address. \fB
socklen_t msg_namelen \fP Size of address. \fB
struct iovec *msg_iov \fP Scatter/gather array. \fB
int msg_iovlen \fP Members in \fImsg_iov\fP. \fB
void *msg_control \fP Ancillary data; see below. \fB
socklen_t msg_controllen \fP Ancillary data buffer \fIlen\fP. \fB
int msg_flags \fP Flags on received message. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fBmsghdr\fP structure is used to minimize the number of directly
supplied parameters to the \fIrecvmsg\fP() and \fIsendmsg\fP() functions.
This
structure is used as a \fIvalue\fP- \fIresult\fP parameter in the
\fIrecvmsg\fP()
function and \fIvalue\fP only for the \fIsendmsg\fP() function.
.LP
The \fBiovec\fP structure shall be defined as described in \fI<sys/uio.h>\fP
\&.
.LP
The \fI<sys/socket.h>\fP header shall define the \fBcmsghdr\fP structure
that includes at least the following
members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBsocklen_t cmsg_len \fP Data byte count, including the \fBcmsghdr\fP. \fB
int cmsg_level \fP Originating protocol. \fB
int cmsg_type \fP Protocol-specific type. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fBcmsghdr\fP structure is used for storage of ancillary data
object information.
.LP
Ancillary data consists of a sequence of pairs, each consisting of
a \fBcmsghdr\fP structure followed by a data array. The data
array contains the ancillary data message, and the \fBcmsghdr\fP structure
contains descriptive information that allows an
application to correctly parse the data.
.LP
The values for \fIcmsg_level\fP shall be legal values for the \fIlevel\fP
argument to the \fIgetsockopt\fP() and \fIsetsockopt\fP()
functions. The system documentation shall specify the \fIcmsg_type\fP
definitions for the supported protocols.
.LP
Ancillary data is also possible at the socket level. The \fI<sys/socket.h>\fP
header defines the following macro for use
as the \fIcmsg_type\fP value when \fIcmsg_level\fP is SOL_SOCKET:
.TP 7
SCM_RIGHTS
Indicates that the data array contains the access rights to be sent
or received.
.sp
.LP
The \fI<sys/socket.h>\fP header defines the following macros to gain
access to the data arrays in the ancillary data
associated with a message header:
.TP 7
CMSG_DATA(\fIcmsg\fP)
.sp
If the argument is a pointer to a \fBcmsghdr\fP structure, this macro
shall return an unsigned character pointer to the data array
associated with the \fBcmsghdr\fP structure.
.TP 7
CMSG_NXTHDR(\fImhdr,cmsg\fP)
.sp
If the first argument is a pointer to a \fBmsghdr\fP structure and
the second argument is a pointer to a \fBcmsghdr\fP structure
in the ancillary data pointed to by the \fImsg_control\fP field of
that \fBmsghdr\fP structure, this macro shall return a pointer
to the next \fBcmsghdr\fP structure, or a null pointer if this structure
is the last \fBcmsghdr\fP in the ancillary data.
.TP 7
CMSG_FIRSTHDR(\fImhdr\fP)
.sp
If the argument is a pointer to a \fBmsghdr\fP structure, this macro
shall return a pointer to the first \fBcmsghdr\fP structure
in the ancillary data associated with this \fBmsghdr\fP structure,
or a null pointer if there is no ancillary data associated with
the \fBmsghdr\fP structure.
.sp
.LP
The \fI<sys/socket.h>\fP header shall define the \fBlinger\fP structure
that includes at least the following
members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint l_onoff \fP Indicates whether linger option is enabled. \fB
int l_linger \fP Linger time, in seconds. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fI<sys/socket.h>\fP header shall define the following macros,
with distinct integer values:
.TP 7
SOCK_DGRAM
Datagram socket.
.TP 7
SOCK_RAW
Raw Protocol Interface.
.TP 7
SOCK_SEQPACKET
Sequenced-packet socket.
.TP 7
SOCK_STREAM
Byte-stream socket.
.sp
.LP
The \fI<sys/socket.h>\fP header shall define the following macro for
use as the \fIlevel\fP argument of \fIsetsockopt\fP() and \fIgetsockopt\fP().
.TP 7
SOL_SOCKET
Options to be accessed at socket level, not protocol level.
.sp
.LP
The \fI<sys/socket.h>\fP header shall define the following macros,
with distinct integer values, for use as the
\fIoption_name\fP argument in \fIgetsockopt\fP() or \fIsetsockopt\fP()
calls:
.TP 7
SO_ACCEPTCONN
Socket is accepting connections.
.TP 7
SO_BROADCAST
Transmission of broadcast messages is supported.
.TP 7
SO_DEBUG
Debugging information is being recorded.
.TP 7
SO_DONTROUTE
Bypass normal routing.
.TP 7
SO_ERROR
Socket error status.
.TP 7
SO_KEEPALIVE
Connections are kept alive with periodic messages.
.TP 7
SO_LINGER
Socket lingers on close.
.TP 7
SO_OOBINLINE
Out-of-band data is transmitted in line.
.TP 7
SO_RCVBUF
Receive buffer size.
.TP 7
SO_RCVLOWAT
Receive ``low water mark''.
.TP 7
SO_RCVTIMEO
Receive timeout.
.TP 7
SO_REUSEADDR
Reuse of local addresses is supported.
.TP 7
SO_SNDBUF
Send buffer size.
.TP 7
SO_SNDLOWAT
Send ``low water mark''.
.TP 7
SO_SNDTIMEO
Send timeout.
.TP 7
SO_TYPE
Socket type.
.sp
.LP
The \fI<sys/socket.h>\fP header shall define the following macro as
the maximum \fIbacklog\fP queue length which may be
specified by the \fIbacklog\fP field of the \fIlisten\fP() function:
.TP 7
SOMAXCONN
The maximum \fIbacklog\fP queue length.
.sp
.LP
The \fI<sys/socket.h>\fP header shall define the following macros,
with distinct integer values, for use as the valid
values for the \fImsg_flags\fP field in the \fBmsghdr\fP structure,
or the \fIflags\fP parameter in \fIrecvfrom\fP(), \fIrecvmsg\fP(),
\fIsendmsg\fP(), or \fIsendto\fP() calls:
.TP 7
MSG_CTRUNC
Control data truncated.
.TP 7
MSG_DONTROUTE
Send without using routing tables.
.TP 7
MSG_EOR
Terminates a record (if supported by the protocol).
.TP 7
MSG_OOB
Out-of-band data.
.TP 7
MSG_PEEK
Leave received data in queue.
.TP 7
MSG_TRUNC
Normal data truncated.
.TP 7
MSG_WAITALL
Attempt to fill the read buffer.
.sp
.LP
The \fI<sys/socket.h>\fP header shall define the following macros,
with distinct integer values:
.TP 7
AF_INET
Internet domain sockets for use with IPv4 addresses.
.TP 7
AF_INET6
Internet domain sockets for use with IPv6 addresses.
.TP 7
AF_UNIX
UNIX domain sockets.
.TP 7
AF_UNSPEC
Unspecified.
.sp
.LP
The \fI<sys/socket.h>\fP header shall define the following macros,
with distinct integer values:
.TP 7
SHUT_RD
Disables further receive operations.
.TP 7
SHUT_RDWR
Disables further send and receive operations.
.TP 7
SHUT_WR
Disables further send operations.
.sp
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint accept(int, struct sockaddr *restrict, socklen_t *restrict);
int bind(int, const struct sockaddr *, socklen_t);
int connect(int, const struct sockaddr *, socklen_t);
int getpeername(int, struct sockaddr *restrict, socklen_t *restrict);
int getsockname(int, struct sockaddr *restrict, socklen_t *restrict);
int getsockopt(int, int, int, void *restrict, socklen_t *restrict);
int listen(int, int);
ssize_t recv(int, void *, size_t, int);
ssize_t recvfrom(int, void *restrict, size_t, int,
struct sockaddr *restrict, socklen_t *restrict);
ssize_t recvmsg(int, struct msghdr *, int);
ssize_t send(int, const void *, size_t, int);
ssize_t sendmsg(int, const struct msghdr *, int);
ssize_t sendto(int, const void *, size_t, int, const struct sockaddr *,
socklen_t);
int setsockopt(int, int, int, const void *, socklen_t);
int shutdown(int, int);
int socket(int, int, int);
int sockatmark(int);
int socketpair(int, int, int, int[2]);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
Inclusion of \fI<sys/socket.h>\fP may also make visible all symbols
from \fI<sys/uio.h>\fP.
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
To forestall portability problems, it is recommended that applications
not use values larger than 2**31
-1 for the \fBsocklen_t\fP type.
.LP
The \fBsockaddr_storage\fP structure solves the problem of declaring
storage for automatic variables which is both large enough
and aligned enough for storing the socket address data structure of
any family. For example, code with a file descriptor and
without the context of the address family can pass a pointer to a
variable of this type, where a pointer to a socket address
structure is expected in calls such as \fIgetpeername\fP(), and determine
the
address family by accessing the received content after the call.
.LP
The example below illustrates a data structure which aligns on a 64-bit
boundary. An implementation-defined field
\fI_ss_align\fP following \fI_ss_pad1\fP is used to force a 64-bit
alignment which covers proper alignment good enough for needs
of at least \fBsockaddr_in6\fP (IPv6) and \fBsockaddr_in\fP (IPv4)
address data structures. The size of padding field
\fI_ss_pad1\fP depends on the chosen alignment boundary. The size
of padding field \fI_ss_pad2\fP depends on the value of overall
size chosen for the total size of the structure. This size and alignment
are represented in the above example by
implementation-defined (not required) constants _SS_MAXSIZE (chosen
value 128) and _SS_ALIGNMENT (with chosen value 8). Constants
_SS_PAD1SIZE (derived value 6) and _SS_PAD2SIZE (derived value 112)
are also for illustration and not required. The
implementation-defined definitions and structure field names above
start with an underscore to denote implementation private name
space. Portable code is not expected to access or reference those
fields or constants.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fB/*
* Desired design of maximum size and alignment.
*/
#define _SS_MAXSIZE 128
/* Implementation-defined maximum size. */
#define _SS_ALIGNSIZE (sizeof(int64_t))
/* Implementation-defined desired alignment. */
.sp
/*
* Definitions used for sockaddr_storage structure paddings design.
*/
#define _SS_PAD1SIZE (_SS_ALIGNSIZE - sizeof(sa_family_t))
#define _SS_PAD2SIZE (_SS_MAXSIZE - (sizeof(sa_family_t)+ \\
_SS_PAD1SIZE + _SS_ALIGNSIZE))
struct sockaddr_storage {
sa_family_t ss_family; /* Address family. */
/*
* Following fields are implementation-defined.
*/
char _ss_pad1[_SS_PAD1SIZE];
/* 6-byte pad; this is to make implementation-defined
pad up to alignment field that follows explicit in
the data structure. */
int64_t _ss_align; /* Field to force desired structure
storage alignment. */
char _ss_pad2[_SS_PAD2SIZE];
/* 112-byte pad to achieve desired size,
_SS_MAXSIZE value minus size of ss_family
__ss_pad1, __ss_align fields is 112. */
};
\fP
.fi
.RE
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<sys/uio.h>\fP , the System Interfaces volume of
IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIaccept\fP(), \fIbind\fP(), \fIconnect\fP(),
\fIgetpeername\fP(), \fIgetsockname\fP(),
\fIgetsockopt\fP(), \fIlisten\fP(), \fIrecv\fP(), \fIrecvfrom\fP(),
\fIrecvmsg\fP(), \fIsend\fP(), \fIsendmsg\fP(), \fIsendto\fP(), \fIsetsockopt\fP(),
\fIshutdown\fP(), \fIsocket\fP(), \fIsocketpair\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<sys/stat.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <sys/stat.h>
.SH NAME
sys/stat.h \- data returned by the stat() function
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <sys/stat.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<sys/stat.h>\fP header shall define the structure of the data
returned by the functions \fIfstat\fP(), \fIlstat\fP(), and \fIstat\fP().
.LP
The \fBstat\fP structure shall contain at least the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBdev_t st_dev \fP Device ID of device containing file. \fB
ino_t st_ino \fP File serial number. \fB
mode_t st_mode \fP Mode of file (see below). \fB
nlink_t st_nlink \fP Number of hard links to the file. \fB
uid_t st_uid \fP User ID of file. \fB
gid_t st_gid \fP Group ID of file. \fB
dev_t st_rdev \fP Device ID (if file is character or block special). \fB
off_t st_size \fP For regular files, the file size in bytes. \fB
\fP For symbolic links, the length in bytes of the \fB
\fP pathname contained in the symbolic link. \fB
\fP For a shared memory object, the length in bytes. \fB
\fP For a typed memory object, the length in bytes. \fB
\fP For other file types, the use of this field is \fB
\fP unspecified. \fB
time_t st_atime \fP Time of last access. \fB
time_t st_mtime \fP Time of last data modification. \fB
time_t st_ctime \fP Time of last status change. \fB
blksize_t st_blksize\fP A file system-specific preferred I/O block size for \fB
\fP this object. In some file system types, this may \fB
\fP vary from file to file. \fB
blkcnt_t st_blocks \fP Number of blocks allocated for this object. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fIst_ino\fP and \fIst_dev\fP fields taken together uniquely identify
the file within the system. The \fBblkcnt_t\fP,
\fBblksize_t\fP, \fBdev_t\fP, \fBino_t\fP, \fBmode_t\fP, \fBnlink_t\fP,
\fBuid_t\fP, \fBgid_t\fP, \fBoff_t\fP, and
\fBtime_t\fP types shall be defined as described in \fI<sys/types.h>\fP
\&. Times
shall be given in seconds since the Epoch.
.LP
Unless otherwise specified, the structure members \fIst_mode\fP, \fIst_ino\fP,
\fIst_dev\fP, \fIst_uid\fP, \fIst_gid\fP,
\fIst_atime\fP, \fIst_ctime\fP, and \fIst_mtime\fP shall have meaningful
values for all file types defined in
IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001.
.LP
For symbolic links, the \fIst_mode\fP member shall contain meaningful
information, which can be used with the file type macros
described below, that take a \fImode\fP argument. The \fIst_size\fP
member shall contain the length, in bytes, of the pathname
contained in the symbolic link. File mode bits and the contents of
the remaining members of the \fBstat\fP structure are
unspecified. The value returned in the \fIst_size\fP field shall be
the length of the contents of the symbolic link, and shall not
count a trailing null if one is present.
.LP
The following symbolic names for the values of type \fBmode_t\fP shall
also be defined.
.LP
File type:
.TP 7
S_IFMT
Type of file.
.TP 7
S_IFBLK
.RS
Block special.
.RE
.TP 7
S_IFCHR
.RS
Character special.
.RE
.TP 7
S_IFIFO
.RS
FIFO special.
.RE
.TP 7
S_IFREG
.RS
Regular.
.RE
.TP 7
S_IFDIR
.RS
Directory.
.RE
.TP 7
S_IFLNK
.RS
Symbolic link.
.RE
.TP 7
S_IFSOCK
.RS
Socket.
.RE
.sp
.sp
.LP
File mode bits:
.TP 7
S_IRWXU
Read, write, execute/search by owner.
.TP 7
S_IRUSR
.RS
Read permission, owner.
.RE
.TP 7
S_IWUSR
.RS
Write permission, owner.
.RE
.TP 7
S_IXUSR
.RS
Execute/search permission, owner.
.RE
.sp
.TP 7
S_IRWXG
Read, write, execute/search by group.
.TP 7
S_IRGRP
.RS
Read permission, group.
.RE
.TP 7
S_IWGRP
.RS
Write permission, group.
.RE
.TP 7
S_IXGRP
.RS
Execute/search permission, group.
.RE
.sp
.TP 7
S_IRWXO
Read, write, execute/search by others.
.TP 7
S_IROTH
.RS
Read permission, others.
.RE
.TP 7
S_IWOTH
.RS
Write permission, others.
.RE
.TP 7
S_IXOTH
.RS
Execute/search permission, others.
.RE
.sp
.TP 7
S_ISUID
Set-user-ID on execution.
.TP 7
S_ISGID
Set-group-ID on execution.
.TP 7
S_ISVTX
On directories, restricted deletion flag.
.sp
.LP
The bits defined by S_IRUSR, S_IWUSR, S_IXUSR, S_IRGRP, S_IWGRP, S_IXGRP,
S_IROTH, S_IWOTH, S_IXOTH, S_ISUID, S_ISGID, \ and
S_ISVTX \ shall be unique.
.LP
S_IRWXU is the bitwise-inclusive OR of S_IRUSR, S_IWUSR, and S_IXUSR.
.LP
S_IRWXG is the bitwise-inclusive OR of S_IRGRP, S_IWGRP, and S_IXGRP.
.LP
S_IRWXO is the bitwise-inclusive OR of S_IROTH, S_IWOTH, and S_IXOTH.
.LP
Implementations may OR other implementation-defined bits into S_IRWXU,
S_IRWXG, and S_IRWXO, but they shall not overlap any of
the other bits defined in this volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001. The
\fIfile permission bits\fP are defined to be those
corresponding to the bitwise-inclusive OR of S_IRWXU, S_IRWXG, and
S_IRWXO.
.LP
The following macros shall be provided to test whether a file is of
the specified type. The value \fIm\fP supplied to the
macros is the value of \fIst_mode\fP from a \fBstat\fP structure.
The macro shall evaluate to a non-zero value if the test is
true; 0 if the test is false.
.TP 7
S_ISBLK(\fIm\fP)
Test for a block special file.
.TP 7
S_ISCHR(\fIm\fP)
Test for a character special file.
.TP 7
S_ISDIR(\fIm\fP)
Test for a directory.
.TP 7
S_ISFIFO(\fIm\fP)
Test for a pipe or FIFO special file.
.TP 7
S_ISREG(\fIm\fP)
Test for a regular file.
.TP 7
S_ISLNK(\fIm\fP)
Test for a symbolic link.
.TP 7
S_ISSOCK(\fIm\fP)
Test for a socket.
.sp
.LP
The implementation may implement message queues, semaphores, or shared
memory objects as distinct file types. The following
macros shall be provided to test whether a file is of the specified
type. The value of the \fIbuf\fP argument supplied to the
macros is a pointer to a \fBstat\fP structure. The macro shall evaluate
to a non-zero value if the specified object is implemented
as a distinct file type and the specified file type is contained in
the \fBstat\fP structure referenced by \fIbuf\fP. Otherwise,
the macro shall evaluate to zero.
.TP 7
S_TYPEISMQ(\fIbuf\fP)
Test for a message queue.
.TP 7
S_TYPEISSEM(\fIbuf\fP)
Test for a semaphore.
.TP 7
S_TYPEISSHM(\fIbuf\fP)
Test for a shared memory object.
.sp
.LP
The implementation may implement typed memory objects as distinct
file types, and the following macro shall test whether a
file is of the specified type. The value of the \fIbuf\fP argument
supplied to the macros is a pointer to a \fBstat\fP structure.
The macro shall evaluate to a non-zero value if the specified object
is implemented as a distinct file type and the specified file
type is contained in the \fBstat\fP structure referenced by \fIbuf\fP.
Otherwise, the macro shall evaluate to zero.
.TP 7
S_TYPEISTMO(\fIbuf\fP)
Test macro for a typed memory object.
.sp
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint chmod(const char *, mode_t);
int fchmod(int, mode_t);
int fstat(int, struct stat *);
int lstat(const char *restrict, struct stat *restrict);
int mkdir(const char *, mode_t);
int mkfifo(const char *, mode_t);
int mknod(const char *, mode_t, dev_t);
int stat(const char *restrict, struct stat *restrict);
mode_t umask(mode_t);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
Use of the macros is recommended for determining the type of a file.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
A conforming C-language application must include \fI<sys/stat.h>\fP
for functions that have arguments or return values of
type \fBmode_t\fP, so that symbolic values for that type can be used.
An alternative would be to require that these constants are
also defined by including \fI<sys/types.h>\fP.
.LP
The S_ISUID and S_ISGID bits may be cleared on any write, not just
on \fIopen\fP(), as
some historical implementations do.
.LP
System calls that update the time entry fields in the \fBstat\fP structure
must be documented by the implementors.
POSIX-conforming systems should not update the time entry fields for
functions listed in the System Interfaces volume of
IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001 unless the standard requires that they do,
except in the case of documented extensions to the
standard.
.LP
Note that \fIst_dev\fP must be unique within a Local Area Network
(LAN) in a ``system'' made up of multiple computers' file
systems connected by a LAN.
.LP
Networked implementations of a POSIX-conforming system must guarantee
that all files visible within the file tree (including
parts of the tree that may be remotely mounted from other machines
on the network) on each individual processor are uniquely
identified by the combination of the \fIst_ino\fP and \fIst_dev\fP
fields.
.LP
The unit for the \fIst_blocks\fP member of the \fBstat\fP structure
is not defined within IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001. In
some implementations it is 512 bytes. It may differ on a file system
basis. There is no correlation between values of the
\fIst_blocks\fP and \fIst_blksize\fP, and the \fIf_bsize\fP (from
\fI<sys/statvfs.h>\fP) structure members.
.LP
Traditionally, some implementations defined the multiplier for \fIst_blocks\fP
in
\fI<sys/param.h>\fP as the symbol DEV_BSIZE.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
No new S_IFMT symbolic names for the file type values of \fBmode_t\fP
will be defined by IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001; if new
file types are required, they will only be testable through \fIS_ISxx\fP()
or \fIS_TYPEISxxx\fP() macros instead.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<sys/statvfs.h>\fP , \fI<sys/types.h>\fP , the System Interfaces
volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIchmod\fP(), \fIfchmod\fP(), \fIfstat\fP(),
\fIlstat\fP(), \fImkdir\fP(), \fImkfifo\fP(), \fImknod\fP(), \fIstat\fP(),
\fIumask\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<sys/statvfs.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <sys/statvfs.h>
.SH NAME
sys/statvfs.h \- VFS File System information structure
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <sys/statvfs.h> \fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<sys/statvfs.h>\fP header shall define the \fBstatvfs\fP structure
that includes at least the following
members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBunsigned long f_bsize \fP File system block size. \fB
unsigned long f_frsize \fP Fundamental file system block size. \fB
fsblkcnt_t f_blocks \fP Total number of blocks on file system in units of \fIf_frsize.\fP \fB
fsblkcnt_t f_bfree \fP Total number of free blocks. \fB
fsblkcnt_t f_bavail \fP Number of free blocks available to \fB
\fP non-privileged process. \fB
fsfilcnt_t f_files \fP Total number of file serial numbers. \fB
fsfilcnt_t f_ffree \fP Total number of free file serial numbers. \fB
fsfilcnt_t f_favail \fP Number of file serial numbers available to \fB
\fP non-privileged process. \fB
unsigned long f_fsid \fP File system ID. \fB
unsigned long f_flag \fP Bit mask of \fIf_flag\fP values. \fB
unsigned long f_namemax \fP Maximum filename length. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fBfsblkcnt_t\fP and \fBfsfilcnt_t\fP types shall be defined as
described in \fI<sys/types.h>\fP .
.LP
The following flags for the \fIf_flag\fP member shall be defined:
.TP 7
ST_RDONLY
Read-only file system.
.TP 7
ST_NOSUID
Does not support the semantics of the ST_ISUID and ST_ISGID file mode
bits.
.sp
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint statvfs(const char *restrict, struct statvfs *restrict);
int fstatvfs(int, struct statvfs *);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<sys/types.h>\fP , the System Interfaces volume of
IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIfstatvfs\fP(), \fIstatvfs\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<sys/time.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <sys/time.h>
.SH NAME
sys/time.h \- time types
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <sys/time.h> \fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<sys/time.h>\fP header shall define the \fBtimeval\fP structure
that includes at least the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBtime_t tv_sec \fP Seconds. \fB
suseconds_t tv_usec \fP Microseconds. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fI<sys/time.h>\fP header shall define the \fBitimerval\fP structure
that includes at least the following
members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBstruct timeval it_interval\fP Timer interval. \fB
struct timeval it_value \fP Current value. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fBtime_t\fP and \fBsuseconds_t\fP types shall be defined as described
in \fI<sys/types.h>\fP .
.LP
The \fBfd_set\fP type shall be defined as described in \fI<sys/select.h>\fP
\&.
.LP
The \fI<sys/time.h>\fP header shall define the following values for
the \fIwhich\fP argument of \fIgetitimer\fP() and \fIsetitimer\fP():
.TP 7
ITIMER_REAL
Decrements in real time.
.TP 7
ITIMER_VIRTUAL
Decrements in process virtual time.
.TP 7
ITIMER_PROF
Decrements both in process virtual time and when the system is running
on behalf of the process.
.sp
.LP
The following shall be defined as described in \fI<sys/select.h>\fP
: \fIFD_CLR\fP() \fIFD_ISSET\fP() \fIFD_SET\fP() \fIFD_ZERO\fP() FD_SETSIZE
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint getitimer(int, struct itimerval *);
int gettimeofday(struct timeval *restrict, void *restrict);
int select(int, fd_set *restrict, fd_set *restrict, fd_set *restrict,
struct timeval *restrict);
int setitimer(int, const struct itimerval *restrict,
struct itimerval *restrict);
int utimes(const char *, const struct timeval [2]); (\fP\fBLEGACY\fP \fB)
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
Inclusion of the \fI<sys/time.h>\fP header may make visible all symbols
from the \fI<sys/select.h>\fP header.
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<sys/select.h>\fP , \fI<sys/types.h>\fP , the System Interfaces
volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIgetitimer\fP(), \fIgettimeofday\fP(),
\fIselect\fP(), \fIsetitimer\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<sys/timeb.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <sys/timeb.h>
.SH NAME
sys/timeb.h \- additional definitions for date and time
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <sys/timeb.h> \fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<sys/timeb.h>\fP header shall define the \fBtimeb\fP structure
that includes at least the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBtime_t time \fP The seconds portion of the current time. \fB
unsigned short millitm \fP The milliseconds portion of the current time. \fB
short timezone\fP The local timezone in minutes west of Greenwich. \fB
short dstflag \fP TRUE if Daylight Savings Time is in effect. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fBtime_t\fP type shall be defined as described in \fI<sys/types.h>\fP
\&.
.LP
The following shall be declared as a function and may also be defined
as a macro. A function prototype shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint ftime(struct timeb *); (\fP\fBLEGACY\fP \fB)
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<sys/types.h>\fP , \fI<time.h>\fP
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<sys/times.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <sys/times.h>
.SH NAME
sys/times.h \- file access and modification times structure
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <sys/times.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<sys/times.h>\fP header shall define the structure \fBtms\fP,
which is returned by \fItimes\fP() and includes at least the following
members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBclock_t tms_utime \fP User CPU time. \fB
clock_t tms_stime \fP System CPU time. \fB
clock_t tms_cutime\fP User CPU time of terminated child processes. \fB
clock_t tms_cstime\fP System CPU time of terminated child processes. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fBclock_t\fP type shall be defined as described in \fI<sys/types.h>\fP
\&.
.LP
The following shall be declared as a function and may also be defined
as a macro. A function prototype shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBclock_t times(struct tms *);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<sys/types.h>\fP , the System Interfaces volume of
IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fItimes\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<sys/types.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <sys/types.h>
.SH NAME
sys/types.h \- data types
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <sys/types.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<sys/types.h>\fP header shall include definitions for at least
the following types:
.TP 7
\fBblkcnt_t\fP
Used for file block counts.
.TP 7
\fBblksize_t\fP
Used for block sizes.
.TP 7
\fBclock_t\fP
Used for system times in clock ticks or CLOCKS_PER_SEC; see \fI<time.h>\fP
\&.
.TP 7
\fBclockid_t\fP
Used for clock ID type in the clock and timer functions.
.TP 7
\fBdev_t\fP
Used for device IDs.
.TP 7
\fBfsblkcnt_t\fP
Used for file system block counts.
.TP 7
\fBfsfilcnt_t\fP
Used for file system file counts.
.TP 7
\fBgid_t\fP
Used for group IDs.
.TP 7
\fBid_t\fP
Used as a general identifier; can be used to contain at least a \fBpid_t\fP,
\fBuid_t\fP, or \fBgid_t\fP.
.TP 7
\fBino_t\fP
Used for file serial numbers.
.TP 7
\fBkey_t\fP
Used for XSI interprocess communication.
.TP 7
\fBmode_t\fP
Used for some file attributes.
.TP 7
\fBnlink_t\fP
Used for link counts.
.TP 7
\fBoff_t\fP
Used for file sizes.
.TP 7
\fBpid_t\fP
Used for process IDs and process group IDs.
.TP 7
\fBpthread_attr_t\fP
Used to identify a thread attribute object.
.TP 7
\fBpthread_barrier_t\fP
Used to identify a barrier.
.TP 7
\fBpthread_barrierattr_t\fP
Used to define a barrier attributes object.
.TP 7
\fBpthread_cond_t\fP
Used for condition variables.
.TP 7
\fBpthread_condattr_t\fP
Used to identify a condition attribute object.
.TP 7
\fBpthread_key_t\fP
Used for thread-specific data keys.
.TP 7
\fBpthread_mutex_t\fP
Used for mutexes.
.TP 7
\fBpthread_mutexattr_t\fP
Used to identify a mutex attribute object.
.TP 7
\fBpthread_once_t\fP
Used for dynamic package initialization.
.TP 7
\fBpthread_rwlock_t\fP
Used for read-write locks.
.TP 7
\fBpthread_rwlockattr_t\fP
Used for read-write lock attributes.
.TP 7
\fBpthread_spinlock_t\fP
Used to identify a spin lock.
.TP 7
\fBpthread_t\fP
Used to identify a thread.
.TP 7
\fBsize_t\fP
Used for sizes of objects.
.TP 7
\fBssize_t\fP
Used for a count of bytes or an error indication.
.TP 7
\fBsuseconds_t\fP
Used for time in microseconds.
.TP 7
\fBtime_t\fP
Used for time in seconds.
.TP 7
\fBtimer_t\fP
Used for timer ID returned by \fItimer_create\fP().
.TP 7
\fBtrace_attr_t\fP
Used to identify a trace stream attributes object.
.TP 7
\fBtrace_event_id_t\fP
Used to identify a trace event type.
.TP 7
\fBtrace_event_set_t\fP
Used to identify a trace event type set.
.TP 7
\fBtrace_id_t\fP
Used to identify a trace stream.
.TP 7
\fBuid_t\fP
Used for user IDs.
.TP 7
\fBuseconds_t\fP
Used for time in microseconds.
.sp
.LP
All of the types shall be defined as arithmetic types of an appropriate
length, with the following exceptions:
.LP
.sp
.sp
\fBkey_t\fP
.br
.sp
.sp
\fBpthread_attr_t\fP
.br
.sp
.sp
\fBpthread_barrier_t\fP
.br
\fBpthread_barrierattr_t\fP
.br
.sp
.sp
\fBpthread_cond_t\fP
.br
\fBpthread_condattr_t\fP
.br
\fBpthread_key_t\fP
.br
\fBpthread_mutex_t\fP
.br
\fBpthread_mutexattr_t\fP
.br
\fBpthread_once_t\fP
.br
\fBpthread_rwlock_t\fP
.br
\fBpthread_rwlockattr_t\fP
.br
.sp
.sp
\fBpthread_spinlock_t\fP
.br
.sp
.sp
\fBtrace_attr_t\fP
.br
\fBtrace_event_id_t\fP
.br
.sp
.sp
\fBtrace_event_set_t\fP
.br
.sp
.sp
\fBtrace_id_t\fP
.br
.sp
.LP
Additionally:
.IP " *" 3
\fBmode_t\fP shall be an integer type.
.LP
.IP " *" 3
\fBnlink_t\fP, \fBuid_t\fP, \fBgid_t\fP, and \fBid_t\fP shall be integer
types.
.LP
.IP " *" 3
\fBblkcnt_t\fP and \fBoff_t\fP shall be signed integer types.
.LP
.IP " *" 3
\fBfsblkcnt_t\fP, \fBfsfilcnt_t\fP, \ and
\fBino_t\fP shall be defined as unsigned integer types.
.LP
.IP " *" 3
\fBsize_t\fP shall be an unsigned integer type.
.LP
.IP " *" 3
\fBblksize_t\fP, \fBpid_t\fP, and \fBssize_t\fP shall be signed integer
types.
.LP
.IP " *" 3
\fBtime_t\fP and \fBclock_t\fP shall be integer or real-floating types.
.LP
.LP
The type \fBssize_t\fP shall be capable of storing values at least
in the range [-1,\ {SSIZE_MAX}]. \ The type
\fBuseconds_t\fP shall be an unsigned integer type capable of storing
values at least in the range [0,\ 1000000]. The type
\fBsuseconds_t\fP shall be a signed integer type capable of storing
values at least in the range [-1,\ 1000000].
.LP
The implementation shall support one or more programming environments
in which the widths of \fBblksize_t\fP, \fBpid_t\fP,
\fBsize_t\fP, \fBssize_t\fP, \fBsuseconds_t\fP, and \fBuseconds_t\fP
are no greater than the width of type \fBlong\fP. The
names of these programming environments can be obtained using the
\fIconfstr\fP()
function or the \fIgetconf\fP utility.
.LP
There are no defined comparison or assignment operators for the following
types:
.LP
.sp
.sp
\fBpthread_attr_t\fP
.br
.sp
.sp
\fBpthread_barrier_t\fP
.br
\fBpthread_barrierattr_t\fP
.br
.sp
.sp
\fBpthread_cond_t\fP
.br
\fBpthread_condattr_t\fP
.br
\fBpthread_mutex_t\fP
.br
\fBpthread_mutexattr_t\fP
.br
\fBpthread_rwlock_t\fP
.br
\fBpthread_rwlockattr_t\fP
.br
.sp
.sp
\fBpthread_spinlock_t\fP
.br
.sp
.sp
\fBtrace_attr_t\fP
.br
.sp
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<time.h>\fP , the System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001,
\fIconfstr\fP(), the Shell and Utilities volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001,
\fIgetconf\fP
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<sys/uio.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <sys/uio.h>
.SH NAME
sys/uio.h \- definitions for vector I/O operations
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <sys/uio.h> \fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<sys/uio.h>\fP header shall define the \fBiovec\fP structure
that includes at least the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBvoid *iov_base \fP Base address of a memory region for input or output. \fB
size_t iov_len \fP The size of the memory pointed to by \fIiov_base.\fP \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fI<sys/uio.h>\fP header uses the \fBiovec\fP structure for scatter/gather
I/O.
.LP
The \fBssize_t\fP and \fBsize_t\fP types shall be defined as described
in \fI<sys/types.h>\fP.
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBssize_t readv(int, const struct iovec *, int);
ssize_t writev(int, const struct iovec *, int);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
The implementation can put a limit on the number of scatter/gather
elements which can be processed in one call. The symbol
{IOV_MAX} defined in \fI<limits.h>\fP should always be used to learn
about the
limits instead of assuming a fixed value.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
Traditionally, the maximum number of scatter/gather elements the system
can process in one call were described by the symbolic
value {UIO_MAXIOV}. In IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001 this value is replaced
by the constant {IOV_MAX} which can be found in \fI<limits.h>\fP.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<limits.h>\fP , \fI<sys/types.h>\fP , the System Interfaces volume
of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIread\fP(), \fIwrite\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<sys/un.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <sys/un.h>
.SH NAME
sys/un.h \- definitions for UNIX domain sockets
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <sys/un.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<sys/un.h>\fP header shall define the \fBsockaddr_un\fP structure
that includes at least the following
members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBsa_family_t sun_family \fP Address family. \fB
char sun_path[] \fP Socket pathname. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fBsockaddr_un\fP structure is used to store addresses for UNIX
domain sockets. Values of this type shall be cast by
applications to \fBstruct sockaddr\fP for use with socket functions.
.LP
The \fBsa_family_t\fP type shall be defined as described in \fI<sys/socket.h>\fP
\&.
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
The size of \fIsun_path\fP has intentionally been left undefined.
This is because different implementations use different
sizes. For example, 4.3 BSD uses a size of 108, and 4.4 BSD uses a
size of 104. Since most implementations originate from BSD
versions, the size is typically in the range 92 to 108.
.LP
Applications should not assume a particular length for \fIsun_path\fP
or assume that it can hold {_POSIX_PATH_MAX} characters
(255).
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<sys/socket.h>\fP , the System Interfaces volume of
IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIbind\fP(), \fIsocket\fP(), \fIsocketpair\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

64
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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<sys/utsname.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <sys/utsname.h>
.SH NAME
sys/utsname.h \- system name structure
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <sys/utsname.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<sys/utsname.h>\fP header shall define the structure \fButsname\fP
which shall include at least the following
members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBchar sysname[] \fP Name of this implementation of the operating system. \fB
char nodename[]\fP Name of this node within an implementation-defined \fB
\fP communications network. \fB
char release[] \fP Current release level of this implementation. \fB
char version[] \fP Current version level of this release. \fB
char machine[] \fP Name of the hardware type on which the system is running. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The character arrays are of unspecified size, but the data stored
in them shall be terminated by a null byte.
.LP
The following shall be declared as a function and may also be defined
as a macro:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint uname(struct utsname *);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
The System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIuname\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<sys/wait.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <sys/wait.h>
.SH NAME
sys/wait.h \- declarations for waiting
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <sys/wait.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<sys/wait.h>\fP header shall define the following symbolic
constants for use with \fIwaitpid\fP():
.TP 7
WNOHANG
Do not hang if no status is available; return immediately.
.TP 7
WUNTRACED
Report status of stopped child process.
.sp
.LP
The \fI<sys/wait.h>\fP header shall define the following macros for
analysis of process status values:
.TP 7
WEXITSTATUS
Return exit status.
.TP 7
WIFCONTINUED
True if child has been continued.
.TP 7
WIFEXITED
True if child exited normally.
.TP 7
WIFSIGNALED
True if child exited due to uncaught signal.
.TP 7
WIFSTOPPED
True if child is currently stopped.
.TP 7
WSTOPSIG
Return signal number that caused process to stop.
.TP 7
WTERMSIG
Return signal number that caused process to terminate.
.sp
.LP
The following symbolic constants shall be defined as possible values
for the \fIoptions\fP argument to \fIwaitid\fP():
.TP 7
WEXITED
Wait for processes that have exited.
.TP 7
WSTOPPED
Status is returned for any child that has stopped upon receipt of
a signal.
.TP 7
WCONTINUED
Status is returned for any child that was stopped and has been continued.
.TP 7
WNOHANG
Return immediately if there are no children to wait for.
.TP 7
WNOWAIT
Keep the process whose status is returned in \fIinfop\fP in a waitable
state.
.sp
.LP
The type \fBidtype_t\fP shall be defined as an enumeration type whose
possible values shall include at least the following:
P_ALL P_PID P_PGID
.LP
The \fBid_t\fP and \fBpid_t\fP types shall be defined as described
in \fI<sys/types.h>\fP .
.LP
The \fBsiginfo_t\fP type shall be defined as described in \fI<signal.h>\fP
\&.
.LP
The \fBrusage\fP structure shall be defined as described in \fI<sys/resource.h>\fP
\&.
.LP
Inclusion of the \fI<sys/wait.h>\fP header may also make visible all
symbols from \fI<signal.h>\fP and \fI<sys/resource.h>\fP.
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBpid_t wait(int *);
int waitid(idtype_t, id_t, siginfo_t *, int);
pid_t waitpid(pid_t, int *, int);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<signal.h>\fP , \fI<sys/resource.h>\fP , \fI<sys/types.h>\fP ,
the System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIwait\fP(),
\fIwaitid\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

159
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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<syslog.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <syslog.h>
.SH NAME
syslog.h \- definitions for system error logging
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <syslog.h> \fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<syslog.h>\fP header shall define the following symbolic constants,
zero or more of which may be OR'ed together to
form the \fIlogopt\fP option of \fIopenlog\fP():
.TP 7
LOG_PID
Log the process ID with each message.
.TP 7
LOG_CONS
Log to the system console on error.
.TP 7
LOG_NDELAY
Connect to syslog daemon immediately.
.TP 7
LOG_ODELAY
Delay open until \fIsyslog\fP() is called.
.TP 7
LOG_NOWAIT
Do not wait for child processes.
.sp
.LP
The following symbolic constants shall be defined as possible values
of the \fIfacility\fP argument to \fIopenlog\fP():
.TP 7
LOG_KERN
Reserved for message generated by the system.
.TP 7
LOG_USER
Message generated by a process.
.TP 7
LOG_MAIL
Reserved for message generated by mail system.
.TP 7
LOG_NEWS
Reserved for message generated by news system.
.TP 7
LOG_UUCP
Reserved for message generated by UUCP system.
.TP 7
LOG_DAEMON
Reserved for message generated by system daemon.
.TP 7
LOG_AUTH
Reserved for message generated by authorization daemon.
.TP 7
LOG_CRON
Reserved for message generated by clock daemon.
.TP 7
LOG_LPR
Reserved for message generated by printer system.
.TP 7
LOG_LOCAL0
Reserved for local use.
.TP 7
LOG_LOCAL1
Reserved for local use.
.TP 7
LOG_LOCAL2
Reserved for local use.
.TP 7
LOG_LOCAL3
Reserved for local use.
.TP 7
LOG_LOCAL4
Reserved for local use.
.TP 7
LOG_LOCAL5
Reserved for local use.
.TP 7
LOG_LOCAL6
Reserved for local use.
.TP 7
LOG_LOCAL7
Reserved for local use.
.sp
.LP
The following shall be declared as macros for constructing the \fImaskpri\fP
argument to \fIsetlogmask\fP(). The following macros expand to an
expression of type \fBint\fP when the
argument \fIpri\fP is an expression of type \fBint\fP:
.TP 7
LOG_MASK(\fIpri\fP)
A mask for priority \fIpri\fP.
.sp
.LP
The following constants shall be defined as possible values for the
\fIpriority\fP argument of \fIsyslog\fP():
.TP 7
LOG_EMERG
A panic condition was reported to all processes.
.TP 7
LOG_ALERT
A condition that should be corrected immediately.
.TP 7
LOG_CRIT
A critical condition.
.TP 7
LOG_ERR
An error message.
.TP 7
LOG_WARNING
A warning message.
.TP 7
LOG_NOTICE
A condition requiring special handling.
.TP 7
LOG_INFO
A general information message.
.TP 7
LOG_DEBUG
A message useful for debugging programs.
.sp
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBvoid closelog(void);
void openlog(const char *, int, int);
int setlogmask(int);
void syslog(int, const char *, ...);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
The System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIcloselog\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<tar.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <tar.h>
.SH NAME
tar.h \- extended tar definitions
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <tar.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<tar.h>\fP header shall define header block definitions as
follows.
.LP
General definitions:
.TS C
center; l2 l2 l.
\fBName\fP \fBDescription\fP \fBValue\fP
TMAGIC "ustar" ustar plus null byte.
TMAGLEN 6 Length of the above.
TVERSION "00" 00 without a null byte.
TVERSLEN 2 Length of the above.
.TE
.LP
\fITypeflag\fP field definitions:
.TS C
center; l l l.
\fBName\fP \fBDescription\fP \fBValue\fP
REGTYPE '0' Regular file.
AREGTYPE '\\0' Regular file.
LNKTYPE '1' Link.
SYMTYPE '2' Symbolic link.
CHRTYPE '3' Character special.
BLKTYPE '4' Block special.
DIRTYPE '5' Directory.
FIFOTYPE '6' FIFO special.
CONTTYPE '7' Reserved.
.TE
.LP
\fIMode\fP field bit definitions (octal):
.TS C
center; l1 l1 l.
\fBName\fP \fBDescription\fP \fBValue\fP
TSUID 04000 Set UID on execution.
TSGID 02000 Set GID on execution.
TSVTX 01000 On directories, restricted deletion flag.\ \ \
TUREAD 00400 Read by owner.
TUWRITE 00200 Write by owner special.
TUEXEC 00100 Execute/search by owner.
TGREAD 00040 Read by group.
TGWRITE 00020 Write by group.
TGEXEC 00010 Execute/search by group.
TOREAD 00004 Read by other.
TOWRITE 00002 Write by other.
TOEXEC 00001 Execute/search by other.
.TE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
The Shell and Utilities volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIpax\fP
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

47
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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<netinet/tcp.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <netinet/tcp.h>
.SH NAME
netinet/tcp.h \- definitions for the Internet Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP)
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <netinet/tcp.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<netinet/tcp.h>\fP header shall define the following macro
for use as a socket option at the IPPROTO_TCP
level:
.TP 7
TCP_NODELAY
Avoid coalescing of small segments.
.sp
.LP
The macro shall be defined in the header. The implementation need
not allow the value of the option to be set via \fIsetsockopt\fP()
or retrieved via \fIgetsockopt\fP().
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<sys/socket.h>\fP , the System Interfaces volume of
IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIgetsockopt\fP(), \fIsetsockopt\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<termios.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <termios.h>
.SH NAME
termios.h \- define values for termios
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <termios.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<termios.h>\fP header contains the definitions used by the
terminal I/O interfaces (see \fIGeneral Terminal Interface\fP for
the structures and names defined).
.SS The termios Structure
.LP
The following data types shall be defined through \fBtypedef\fP:
.TP 7
\fBcc_t\fP
Used for terminal special characters.
.TP 7
\fBspeed_t\fP
Used for terminal baud rates.
.TP 7
\fBtcflag_t\fP
Used for terminal modes.
.sp
.LP
The above types shall be all unsigned integer types.
.LP
The implementation shall support one or more programming environments
in which the widths of \fBcc_t\fP, \fBspeed_t\fP, and
\fBtcflag_t\fP are no greater than the width of type \fBlong\fP. The
names of these programming environments can be obtained
using the \fIconfstr\fP() function or the \fIgetconf\fP utility.
.LP
The \fBtermios\fP structure shall be defined, and shall include at
least the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBtcflag_t c_iflag \fP Input modes. \fB
tcflag_t c_oflag \fP Output modes. \fB
tcflag_t c_cflag \fP Control modes. \fB
tcflag_t c_lflag \fP Local modes. \fB
cc_t c_cc[NCCS] \fP Control characters. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
A definition shall be provided for:
.TP 7
NCCS
Size of the array \fIc_cc\fP for control characters.
.sp
.LP
The following subscript names for the array \fIc_cc\fP shall be defined:
.TS C
center;c s l.
\fBSubscript Usage\fP \
.T&
l l l.
\fBCanonical Mode\fP \fBNon-Canonical Mode\fP \fBDescription\fP
VEOF \ EOF character.
VEOL \ EOL character.
VERASE \ ERASE character.
VINTR VINTR INTR character.
VKILL \ KILL character.
\ VMIN MIN value.
VQUIT VQUIT QUIT character.
VSTART VSTART START character.
VSTOP VSTOP STOP character.
VSUSP VSUSP SUSP character.
\ VTIME TIME value.
.TE
.LP
The subscript values shall be unique, except that the VMIN and VTIME
subscripts may have the same values as the VEOF and VEOL
subscripts, respectively.
.LP
The following flags shall be provided.
.SS Input Modes
.LP
The \fIc_iflag\fP field describes the basic terminal input control:
.TP 7
BRKINT
Signal interrupt on break.
.TP 7
ICRNL
Map CR to NL on input.
.TP 7
IGNBRK
Ignore break condition.
.TP 7
IGNCR
Ignore CR.
.TP 7
IGNPAR
Ignore characters with parity errors.
.TP 7
INLCR
Map NL to CR on input.
.TP 7
INPCK
Enable input parity check.
.TP 7
ISTRIP
Strip character.
.TP 7
IXANY
Enable any character to restart output.
.TP 7
IXOFF
Enable start/stop input control.
.TP 7
IXON
Enable start/stop output control.
.TP 7
PARMRK
Mark parity errors.
.sp
.SS Output Modes
.LP
The \fIc_oflag\fP field specifies the system treatment of output:
.TP 7
OPOST
Post-process output.
.TP 7
ONLCR
Map NL to CR-NL on output.
.TP 7
OCRNL
Map CR to NL on output.
.TP 7
ONOCR
No CR output at column 0.
.TP 7
ONLRET
NL performs CR function.
.TP 7
OFILL
Use fill characters for delay.
.TP 7
NLDLY
Select newline delays:
.TP 7
NL0
.RS
Newline type 0.
.RE
.TP 7
NL1
.RS
Newline type 1.
.RE
.sp
.TP 7
CRDLY
Select carriage-return delays:
.TP 7
CR0
.RS
Carriage-return delay type 0.
.RE
.TP 7
CR1
.RS
Carriage-return delay type 1.
.RE
.TP 7
CR2
.RS
Carriage-return delay type 2.
.RE
.TP 7
CR3
.RS
Carriage-return delay type 3.
.RE
.sp
.TP 7
TABDLY
Select horizontal-tab delays:
.TP 7
TAB0
.RS
Horizontal-tab delay type 0.
.RE
.TP 7
TAB1
.RS
Horizontal-tab delay type 1.
.RE
.TP 7
TAB2
.RS
Horizontal-tab delay type 2.
.RE
.TP 7
TAB3
.RS
Expand tabs to spaces.
.RE
.sp
.TP 7
BSDLY
Select backspace delays:
.TP 7
BS0
.RS
Backspace-delay type 0.
.RE
.TP 7
BS1
.RS
Backspace-delay type 1.
.RE
.sp
.TP 7
VTDLY
Select vertical-tab delays:
.TP 7
VT0
.RS
Vertical-tab delay type 0.
.RE
.TP 7
VT1
.RS
Vertical-tab delay type 1.
.RE
.sp
.TP 7
FFDLY
Select form-feed delays:
.TP 7
FF0
.RS
Form-feed delay type 0.
.RE
.TP 7
FF1
.RS
Form-feed delay type 1.
.RE
.sp
.sp
.SS Baud Rate Selection
.LP
The input and output baud rates are stored in the \fBtermios\fP structure.
These are the valid values for objects of type
\fBspeed_t\fP. The following values shall be defined, but not all
baud rates need be supported by the underlying hardware.
.TP 7
B0
Hang up
.TP 7
B50
50 baud
.TP 7
B75
75 baud
.TP 7
B110
110 baud
.TP 7
B134
134.5 baud
.TP 7
B150
150 baud
.TP 7
B200
200 baud
.TP 7
B300
300 baud
.TP 7
B600
600 baud
.TP 7
B1200
1200 baud
.TP 7
B1800
1800 baud
.TP 7
B2400
2400 baud
.TP 7
B4800
4800 baud
.TP 7
B9600
9600 baud
.TP 7
B19200
19200 baud
.TP 7
B38400
38400 baud
.sp
.SS Control Modes
.LP
The \fIc_cflag\fP field describes the hardware control of the terminal;
not all values specified are required to be supported
by the underlying hardware:
.TP 7
CSIZE
Character size:
.TP 7
CS5
.RS
5 bits
.RE
.TP 7
CS6
.RS
6 bits
.RE
.TP 7
CS7
.RS
7 bits
.RE
.TP 7
CS8
.RS
8 bits
.RE
.sp
.TP 7
CSTOPB
Send two stop bits, else one.
.TP 7
CREAD
Enable receiver.
.TP 7
PARENB
Parity enable.
.TP 7
PARODD
Odd parity, else even.
.TP 7
HUPCL
Hang up on last close.
.TP 7
CLOCAL
Ignore modem status lines.
.sp
.LP
The implementation shall support the functionality associated with
the symbols CS7, CS8, CSTOPB, PARODD, and PARENB.
.SS Local Modes
.LP
The \fIc_lflag\fP field of the argument structure is used to control
various terminal functions:
.TP 7
ECHO
Enable echo.
.TP 7
ECHOE
Echo erase character as error-correcting backspace.
.TP 7
ECHOK
Echo KILL.
.TP 7
ECHONL
Echo NL.
.TP 7
ICANON
Canonical input (erase and kill processing).
.TP 7
IEXTEN
Enable extended input character processing.
.TP 7
ISIG
Enable signals.
.TP 7
NOFLSH
Disable flush after interrupt or quit.
.TP 7
TOSTOP
Send SIGTTOU for background output.
.sp
.SS Attribute Selection
.LP
The following symbolic constants for use with \fItcsetattr\fP() are
defined:
.TP 7
TCSANOW
Change attributes immediately.
.TP 7
TCSADRAIN
Change attributes when output has drained.
.TP 7
TCSAFLUSH
Change attributes when output has drained; also flush pending input.
.sp
.SS Line Control
.LP
The following symbolic constants for use with \fItcflush\fP() shall
be defined:
.TP 7
TCIFLUSH
Flush pending input.
.TP 7
TCIOFLUSH
Flush both pending input and untransmitted output.
.TP 7
TCOFLUSH
Flush untransmitted output.
.sp
.LP
The following symbolic constants for use with \fItcflow\fP() shall
be defined:
.TP 7
TCIOFF
Transmit a STOP character, intended to suspend input data.
.TP 7
TCION
Transmit a START character, intended to restart input data.
.TP 7
TCOOFF
Suspend output.
.TP 7
TCOON
Restart output.
.sp
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBspeed_t cfgetispeed(const struct termios *);
speed_t cfgetospeed(const struct termios *);
int cfsetispeed(struct termios *, speed_t);
int cfsetospeed(struct termios *, speed_t);
int tcdrain(int);
int tcflow(int, int);
int tcflush(int, int);
int tcgetattr(int, struct termios *);
pid_t tcgetsid(int);
int tcsendbreak(int, int);
int tcsetattr(int, int, const struct termios *);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
The following names are reserved for XSI-conformant systems to use
as an extension to the above; therefore strictly conforming
applications shall not use them:
.TS C
center; l l l.
CBAUD EXTB VDSUSP
DEFECHO FLUSHO VLNEXT
ECHOCTL LOBLK VREPRINT
ECHOKE PENDIN VSTATUS
ECHOPRT SWTCH VWERASE
EXTA VDISCARD \
.TE
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
The System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIcfgetispeed\fP(),
\fIcfgetospeed\fP(), \fIcfsetispeed\fP(), \fIcfsetospeed\fP(), \fIconfstr\fP(),
\fItcdrain\fP(), \fItcflow\fP(), \fItcflush\fP(), \fItcgetattr\fP(),
\fItcgetsid\fP(), \fItcsendbreak\fP(), \fItcsetattr\fP(), the Shell
and Utilities volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIgetconf\fP, \fIGeneral
Terminal Interface\fP
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

345
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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<tgmath.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <tgmath.h>
.SH NAME
tgmath.h \- type-generic macros
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <tgmath.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<tgmath.h>\fP header shall include the headers \fI<math.h>\fP
and \fI<complex.h>\fP and shall define several type-generic macros.
.LP
Of the functions contained within the \fI<math.h>\fP and \fI<complex.h>\fP
headers without an \fIf\fP ( \fBfloat\fP) or \fIl\fP ( \fBlong
double\fP) suffix, several have one or more parameters whose corresponding
real type is \fBdouble\fP. For each such function,
except \fImodf\fP(), there shall be a corresponding type-generic macro.
The parameters whose
corresponding real type is \fBdouble\fP in the function synopsis are
generic parameters. Use of the macro invokes a function whose
corresponding real type and type domain are determined by the arguments
for the generic parameters.
.LP
Use of the macro invokes a function whose generic parameters have
the corresponding real type determined as follows:
.IP " *" 3
First, if any argument for generic parameters has type \fBlong double\fP,
the type determined is \fBlong double\fP.
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Otherwise, if any argument for generic parameters has type \fBdouble\fP
or is of integer type, the type determined is
\fBdouble\fP.
.LP
.IP " *" 3
Otherwise, the type determined is \fBfloat\fP.
.LP
.LP
For each unsuffixed function in the \fI<math.h>\fP header for which
there is a
function in the \fI<complex.h>\fP header with the same name except
for a \fIc\fP
prefix, the corresponding type-generic macro (for both functions)
has the same name as the function in the \fI<math.h>\fP header. The
corresponding type-generic macro for \fIfabs\fP() and \fIcabs\fP()
is \fIfabs\fP().
.TS C
center; l l l.
\fB<math.h>\fP \fB<complex.h>\fP \fBType-Generic\fP
\fBFunction\fP \fBFunction\fP \fBMacro\fP
\fIacos\fP() \fIcacos\fP() \fIacos\fP()
\fIasin\fP() \fIcasin\fP() \fIasin\fP()
\fIatan\fP() \fIcatan\fP() \fIatan\fP()
\fIacosh\fP() \fIcacosh\fP() \fIacosh\fP()
\fIasinh\fP() \fIcasinh\fP() \fIasinh\fP()
\fIatanh\fP() \fIcatanh\fP() \fIatanh\fP()
\fIcos\fP() \fIccos\fP() \fIcos\fP()
\fIsin\fP() \fIcsin\fP() \fIsin\fP()
\fItan\fP() \fIctan\fP() \fItan\fP()
\fIcosh\fP() \fIccosh\fP() \fIcosh\fP()
\fIsinh\fP() \fIcsinh\fP() \fIsinh\fP()
\fItanh\fP() \fIctanh\fP() \fItanh\fP()
\fIexp\fP() \fIcexp\fP() \fIexp\fP()
\fIlog\fP() \fIclog\fP() \fIlog\fP()
\fIpow\fP() \fIcpow\fP() \fIpow\fP()
\fIsqrt\fP() \fIcsqrt\fP() \fIsqrt\fP()
\fIfabs\fP() \fIcabs\fP() \fIfabs\fP()
.TE
.LP
If at least one argument for a generic parameter is complex, then
use of the macro invokes a complex function; otherwise, use of
the macro invokes a real function.
.LP
For each unsuffixed function in the \fI<math.h>\fP header without
a
\fIc\fP-prefixed counterpart in the \fI<complex.h>\fP header, the
corresponding
type-generic macro has the same name as the function. These type-generic
macros are:
.TS C
center; lw(19) lw(19) lw(19) lw(19).
T{
.br
\fIatan2\fP()
.br
\fIcbrt\fP()
.br
\fIceil\fP()
.br
\fIcopysign\fP()
.br
\fIerf\fP()
.br
\fIerfc\fP()
.br
\fIexp2\fP()
.br
\fIexpm1\fP()
.br
\fIfdim\fP()
.br
\fIfloor\fP()
.br
\
T} T{
.br
\fIfma\fP()
.br
\fIfmax\fP()
.br
\fIfmin\fP()
.br
\fIfmod\fP()
.br
\fIfrexp\fP()
.br
\fIhypot\fP()
.br
\fIilogb\fP()
.br
\fIldexp\fP()
.br
\fIlgamma\fP()
.br
\fIllrint\fP()
.br
\
T} T{
.br
\fIllround\fP()
.br
\fIlog10\fP()
.br
\fIlog1p\fP()
.br
\fIlog2\fP()
.br
\fIlogb\fP()
.br
\fIlrint\fP()
.br
\fIlround\fP()
.br
\fInearbyint\fP()
.br
\fInextafter\fP()
.br
\fInexttoward\fP()
.br
\
T} T{
.br
\fIremainder\fP()
.br
\fIremquo\fP()
.br
\fIrint\fP()
.br
\fIround\fP()
.br
\fIscalbn\fP()
.br
\fIscalbln\fP()
.br
\fItgamma\fP()
.br
\fItrunc\fP()
.br
\
T}
.TE
.LP
If all arguments for generic parameters are real, then use of the
macro invokes a real function; otherwise, use of the macro
results in undefined behavior.
.LP
For each unsuffixed function in the \fI<complex.h>\fP header that
is not a
\fIc\fP-prefixed counterpart to a function in the \fI<math.h>\fP header,
the
corresponding type-generic macro has the same name as the function.
These type-generic macros are:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fIcarg\fP()
\fIcimag\fP()
\fIconj\fP()
\fIcproj\fP()
\fIcreal\fP()
.fi
.RE
.LP
Use of the macro with any real or complex argument invokes a complex
function.
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
With the declarations:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fB#include <tgmath.h>
int n;
float f;
double d;
long double ld;
float complex fc;
double complex dc;
long double complex ldc;
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
functions invoked by use of type-generic macros are shown in the following
table:
.TS C
center; l2 l.
\fBMacro\fP \fBUse Invokes\fP
\fIexp\fP(\fIn\fP) \fIexp\fP(\fIn\fP), the function
\fIacosh\fP(\fIf\fP) \fIacoshf\fP(\fIf\fP)
\fIsin\fP(\fId\fP) \fIsin\fP(\fId\fP), the function
\fIatan\fP(\fIld\fP) \fIatanl\fP(\fIld\fP)
\fIlog\fP(\fIfc\fP) \fIclogf\fP(\fIfc\fP)
\fIsqrt\fP(\fIdc\fP) \fIcsqrt\fP(\fIdc\fP)
\fIpow\fP(\fIldc,f\fP) \fIcpowl\fP(\fIldc, f\fP)
\fIremainder\fP(\fIn,n\fP) \fIremainder\fP(\fIn, n\fP), the function
\fInextafter\fP(\fId,f\fP) \fInextafter\fP(\fId, f\fP), the function
\fInexttoward\fP(\fIf,ld\fP) \fInexttowardf\fP(\fIf, ld\fP)
\fIcopysign\fP(\fIn,ld\fP) \fIcopysignl\fP(\fIn, ld\fP)
\fIceil\fP(\fIfc\fP) Undefined behavior
\fIrint\fP(\fIdc\fP) Undefined behavior
\fIfmax\fP(\fIldc,ld\fP) Undefined behavior
\fIcarg\fP(\fIn\fP) \fIcarg\fP(\fIn\fP), the function
\fIcproj\fP(\fIf\fP) \fIcprojf\fP(\fIf\fP)
\fIcreal\fP(\fId\fP) \fIcreal\fP(\fId\fP), the function
\fIcimag\fP(\fIld\fP) \fIcimagl\fP(\fIld\fP)
\fIcabs\fP(\fIfc\fP) \fIcabsf\fP(\fIfc\fP)
\fIcarg\fP(\fIdc\fP) \fIcarg\fP(\fIdc\fP), the function
\fIcproj\fP(\fIldc\fP) \fIcprojl\fP(\fIldc\fP)
.TE
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
Type-generic macros allow calling a function whose type is determined
by the argument type, as is the case for C operators such
as \fB'+'\fP and \fB'*'\fP . For example, with a type-generic \fIcos\fP()
macro, the
expression \fIcos\fP(( \fBfloat\fP) \fIx\fP) will have type \fBfloat\fP.
This feature enables writing more portably efficient
code and alleviates need for awkward casting and suffixing in the
process of porting or adjusting precision. Generic math functions
are a widely appreciated feature of Fortran.
.LP
The only arguments that affect the type resolution are the arguments
corresponding to the parameters that have type
\fBdouble\fP in the synopsis. Hence the type of a type-generic call
to \fInexttoward\fP(), whose second parameter is \fBlong double\fP
in the synopsis, is determined
solely by the type of the first argument.
.LP
The term "type-generic" was chosen over the proposed alternatives
of intrinsic and overloading. The term is more specific than
intrinsic, which already is widely used with a more general meaning,
and reflects a closer match to Fortran's generic functions
than to C++ overloading.
.LP
The macros are placed in their own header in order not to silently
break old programs that include the \fI<math.h>\fP header; for example,
with:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBprintf ("%e", sin(x))
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fImodf\fP( \fBdouble\fP, \fBdouble *\fP) is excluded because no way
was seen to make it safe without complicating the type
resolution.
.LP
The implementation might, as an extension, endow appropriate ones
of the macros that IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001 specifies
only for real arguments with the ability to invoke the complex functions.
.LP
IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001 does not prescribe any particular implementation
mechanism for generic macros. It could be
implemented simply with built-in macros. The generic macro for \fIsqrt\fP(),
for example,
could be implemented with:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fB#undef sqrt
#define sqrt(x) __BUILTIN_GENERIC_sqrt(x)
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
Generic macros are designed for a useful level of consistency with
C++ overloaded math functions.
.LP
The great majority of existing C programs are expected to be unaffected
when the \fI<tgmath.h>\fP header is included
instead of the \fI<math.h>\fP or \fI<complex.h>\fP headers. Generic
macros are similar to the ISO/IEC\ 9899:1999
standard library masking macros, though the semantic types of return
values differ.
.LP
The ability to overload on integer as well as floating types would
have been useful for some functions; for example, \fIcopysign\fP().
Overloading with different numbers of arguments would have allowed
reusing
names; for example, \fIremainder\fP() for \fIremquo\fP(). However,
these facilities would have complicated the specification; and their
natural consistent use, such as for a floating \fIabs\fP() or a two-argument
\fIatan\fP(), would have introduced further inconsistencies with the
ISO/IEC\ 9899:1999 standard
for insufficient benefit.
.LP
The ISO\ C standard in no way limits the implementation's options
for efficiency, including inlining library functions.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<math.h>\fP , \fI<complex.h>\fP , the System Interfaces
volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIcabs\fP(), \fIfabs\fP(), \fImodf\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<time.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <time.h>
.SH NAME
time.h \- time types
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <time.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
Some of the functionality described on this reference page extends
the ISO\ C standard. Applications shall define
the appropriate feature test macro (see the System Interfaces volume
of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, Section 2.2, The Compilation Environment)
to enable the visibility of these symbols in this
header.
.LP
The \fI<time.h>\fP header shall declare the structure \fBtm\fP, which
shall include at least the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint tm_sec \fP Seconds [0,60]. \fB
int tm_min \fP Minutes [0,59]. \fB
int tm_hour \fP Hour [0,23]. \fB
int tm_mday \fP Day of month [1,31]. \fB
int tm_mon \fP Month of year [0,11]. \fB
int tm_year \fP Years since 1900. \fB
int tm_wday \fP Day of week [0,6] (Sunday =0). \fB
int tm_yday \fP Day of year [0,365]. \fB
int tm_isdst\fP Daylight Savings flag. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The value of \fItm_isdst\fP shall be positive if Daylight Savings
Time is in effect, 0 if Daylight Savings Time is not in
effect, and negative if the information is not available.
.LP
The \fI<time.h>\fP header shall define the following symbolic names:
.TP 7
NULL
Null pointer constant.
.TP 7
CLOCKS_PER_SEC
A number used to convert the value returned by the \fIclock\fP() function
into
seconds.
.TP 7
CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID
.sp
The identifier of the CPU-time clock associated with the process making
a \fIclock\fP() or
\fItimer*\fP() function call.
.TP 7
CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID
.sp
The identifier of the CPU-time clock associated with the thread making
a \fIclock\fP() or \fItimer*\fP() function call.
.sp
.LP
The \fI<time.h>\fP header shall declare the structure \fBtimespec\fP,
which has at least the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBtime_t tv_sec \fP Seconds. \fB
long tv_nsec \fP Nanoseconds. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fI<time.h>\fP header shall also declare the \fBitimerspec\fP
structure, which has at least the following
members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBstruct timespec it_interval \fP Timer period. \fB
struct timespec it_value \fP Timer expiration. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The following manifest constants shall be defined:
.TP 7
CLOCK_REALTIME
The identifier of the system-wide realtime clock.
.TP 7
TIMER_ABSTIME
Flag indicating time is absolute. For functions taking timer objects,
this refers to the clock associated with the timer.
.TP 7
CLOCK_MONOTONIC
.sp
The identifier for the system-wide monotonic clock, which is defined
as a clock whose value cannot be set via \fIclock_settime\fP() and
which cannot have backward clock jumps. The maximum possible clock
jump shall be implementation-defined.
.sp
.LP
The \fBclock_t\fP, \fBsize_t\fP, \fBtime_t\fP, \fBclockid_t\fP,
and \fBtimer_t\fP types shall be defined as described in \fI<sys/types.h>\fP
\&.
.LP
Although the value of CLOCKS_PER_SEC is required to be 1 million on
all XSI-conformant systems, it may be variable on other
systems, and it should not be assumed that CLOCKS_PER_SEC is a compile-time
constant.
.LP
The \fI<time.h>\fP header shall provide a declaration for \fIgetdate_err\fP.
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBchar *asctime(const struct tm *);
char *asctime_r(const struct tm *restrict, char *restrict);
clock_t clock(void);
int clock_getcpuclockid(pid_t, clockid_t *);
int clock_getres(clockid_t, struct timespec *);
int clock_gettime(clockid_t, struct timespec *);
int clock_nanosleep(clockid_t, int, const struct timespec *,
struct timespec *);
int clock_settime(clockid_t, const struct timespec *);
char *ctime(const time_t *);
char *ctime_r(const time_t *, char *);
double difftime(time_t, time_t);
struct tm *getdate(const char *);
struct tm *gmtime(const time_t *);
struct tm *gmtime_r(const time_t *restrict, struct tm *restrict);
struct tm *localtime(const time_t *);
struct tm *localtime_r(const time_t *restrict, struct tm *restrict);
time_t mktime(struct tm *);
int nanosleep(const struct timespec *, struct timespec *);
size_t strftime(char *restrict, size_t, const char *restrict,
const struct tm *restrict);
char *strptime(const char *restrict, const char *restrict,
struct tm *restrict);
time_t time(time_t *);
int timer_create(clockid_t, struct sigevent *restrict,
timer_t *restrict);
int timer_delete(timer_t);
int timer_gettime(timer_t, struct itimerspec *);
int timer_getoverrun(timer_t);
int timer_settime(timer_t, int, const struct itimerspec *restrict,
struct itimerspec *restrict);
void tzset(void);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.sp
.LP
The following shall be declared as variables:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fB
extern int daylight;
extern long timezone;
extern char *tzname[];
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
Inclusion of the \fI<time.h>\fP header may make visible all symbols
from the \fI<signal.h>\fP header.
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
The range [0,60] for \fItm_sec\fP allows for the occasional leap second.
.LP
\fItm_year\fP is a signed value; therefore, years before 1900 may
be represented.
.LP
To obtain the number of clock ticks per second returned by the \fItimes\fP()
function,
applications should call \fIsysconf\fP(_SC_CLK_TCK).
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
The range [0,60] seconds allows for positive or negative leap seconds.
The formal definition of UTC does not permit double leap
seconds, so all mention of double leap seconds has been removed, and
the range shortened from the former [0,61] seconds seen in
previous versions of POSIX.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<signal.h>\fP , \fI<sys/types.h>\fP , the System
Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIasctime\fP(), \fIclock\fP(),
\fIclock_getcpuclockid\fP(), \fIclock_getres\fP(), \fIclock_nanosleep\fP(),
\fIctime\fP(), \fIdifftime\fP(), \fIgetdate\fP(), \fIgmtime\fP(),
\fIlocaltime\fP(), \fImktime\fP(), \fInanosleep\fP(), \fIstrftime\fP(),
\fIstrptime\fP(), \fIsysconf\fP(), \fItime\fP(), \fItimer_create\fP(),
\fItimer_delete\fP(), \fItimer_getoverrun\fP(), \fItzname\fP, \fItzset\fP(),
\fIutime\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<trace.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <trace.h>
.SH NAME
trace.h \- tracing
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <trace.h> \fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<trace.h>\fP header shall define the \fBposix_trace_event_info\fP
structure that includes at least the following
members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBtrace_event_id_t posix_event_id
pid_t posix_pid
void *posix_prog_address
int posix_truncation_status
struct timespec posix_timestamp
pthread_t posix_thread_id
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fI<trace.h>\fP header shall define the \fBposix_trace_status_info\fP
structure that includes at least the following
members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint posix_stream_status
int posix_stream_full_status
int posix_stream_overrun_status
int posix_stream_flush_status
int posix_stream_flush_error
int posix_log_overrun_status
int posix_log_full_status
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The \fI<trace.h>\fP header shall define the following symbols:
.LP
.sp
POSIX_TRACE_ALL_EVENTS
.br
.sp
POSIX_TRACE_APPEND
.br
.sp
.sp
POSIX_TRACE_CLOSE_FOR_CHILD
.br
.sp
.sp
POSIX_TRACE_FILTER
.br
.sp
.sp
POSIX_TRACE_FLUSH
.br
POSIX_TRACE_FLUSH_START
.br
POSIX_TRACE_FLUSH_STOP
.br
POSIX_TRACE_FLUSHING
.br
.sp
POSIX_TRACE_FULL
.br
POSIX_TRACE_LOOP
.br
POSIX_TRACE_NO_OVERRUN
.br
.sp
POSIX_TRACE_NOT_FLUSHING
.br
.sp
POSIX_TRACE_NOT_FULL
.br
.sp
POSIX_TRACE_INHERITED
.br
.sp
POSIX_TRACE_NOT_TRUNCATED
.br
POSIX_TRACE_OVERFLOW
.br
POSIX_TRACE_OVERRUN
.br
POSIX_TRACE_RESUME
.br
POSIX_TRACE_RUNNING
.br
POSIX_TRACE_START
.br
POSIX_TRACE_STOP
.br
POSIX_TRACE_SUSPENDED
.br
POSIX_TRACE_SYSTEM_EVENTS
.br
POSIX_TRACE_TRUNCATED_READ
.br
POSIX_TRACE_TRUNCATED_RECORD
.br
POSIX_TRACE_UNNAMED_USER_EVENT
.br
POSIX_TRACE_UNTIL_FULL
.br
POSIX_TRACE_WOPID_EVENTS
.br
.LP
The following types shall be defined as described in \fI<sys/types.h>\fP
:
.LP
.sp
\fBtrace_attr_t\fP
.br
\fBtrace_id_t\fP
.br
\fBtrace_event_id_t\fP
.br
.sp
\fBtrace_event_set_t\fP
.br
.sp
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint posix_trace_attr_destroy(trace_attr_t *);
int posix_trace_attr_getclockres(const trace_attr_t *,
struct timespec *);
int posix_trace_attr_getcreatetime(const trace_attr_t *,
struct timespec *);
int posix_trace_attr_getgenversion(const trace_attr_t *, char *);
int posix_trace_attr_getinherited(const trace_attr_t *restrict,
int *restrict);
int posix_trace_attr_getlogfullpolicy(const trace_attr_t *restrict,
int *restrict);
int posix_trace_attr_getlogsize(const trace_attr_t *restrict,
size_t *restrict);
int posix_trace_attr_getmaxdatasize(const trace_attr_t *restrict,
size_t *restrict);
int posix_trace_attr_getmaxsystemeventsize(const trace_attr_t *restrict,
size_t *restrict);
int posix_trace_attr_getmaxusereventsize(const trace_attr_t *restrict,
size_t, size_t *restrict);
int posix_trace_attr_getname(const trace_attr_t *, char *);
int posix_trace_attr_getstreamfullpolicy(const trace_attr_t *restrict,
int *restrict);
int posix_trace_attr_getstreamsize(const trace_attr_t *restrict,
size_t *restrict);
int posix_trace_attr_init(trace_attr_t *);
int posix_trace_attr_setinherited(trace_attr_t *, int);
int posix_trace_attr_setlogfullpolicy(trace_attr_t *, int);
int posix_trace_attr_setlogsize(trace_attr_t *, size_t);
int posix_trace_attr_setmaxdatasize(trace_attr_t *, size_t);
int posix_trace_attr_setname(trace_attr_t *, const char *);
int posix_trace_attr_setstreamsize(trace_attr_t *, size_t);
int posix_trace_attr_setstreamfullpolicy(trace_attr_t *, int);
int posix_trace_clear(trace_id_t);
int posix_trace_close(trace_id_t);
int posix_trace_create(pid_t, const trace_attr_t *restrict,
trace_id_t *restrict);
int posix_trace_create_withlog(pid_t, const trace_attr_t *restrict,
int, trace_id_t *restrict);
void posix_trace_event(trace_event_id_t, const void *restrict, size_t);
int posix_trace_eventid_equal(trace_id_t, trace_event_id_t,
trace_event_id_t);
int posix_trace_eventid_get_name(trace_id_t, trace_event_id_t, char *);
int posix_trace_eventid_open(const char *restrict,
trace_event_id_t *restrict);
int posix_trace_eventset_add(trace_event_id_t, trace_event_set_t *);
int posix_trace_eventset_del(trace_event_id_t, trace_event_set_t *);
int posix_trace_eventset_empty(trace_event_set_t *);
int posix_trace_eventset_fill(trace_event_set_t *, int);
int posix_trace_eventset_ismember(trace_event_id_t,
const trace_event_set_t *restrict, int *restrict);
int posix_trace_eventtypelist_getnext_id(trace_id_t,
trace_event_id_t *restrict, int *restrict);
int posix_trace_eventtypelist_rewind(trace_id_t);
int posix_trace_flush(trace_id_t);
int posix_trace_get_attr(trace_id_t, trace_attr_t *);
int posix_trace_get_filter(trace_id_t, trace_event_set_t *);
int posix_trace_get_status(trace_id_t,
struct posix_trace_status_info *);
int posix_trace_getnext_event(trace_id_t,
struct posix_trace_event_info *restrict , void *restrict,
size_t, size_t *restrict, int *restrict);
int posix_trace_open(int, trace_id_t *);
int posix_trace_rewind(trace_id_t);
int posix_trace_set_filter(trace_id_t, const trace_event_set_t *, int);
int posix_trace_shutdown(trace_id_t);
int posix_trace_start(trace_id_t);
int posix_trace_stop(trace_id_t);
int posix_trace_timedgetnext_event(trace_id_t,
struct posix_trace_event_info *restrict, void *restrict,
size_t, size_t *restrict, int *restrict,
const struct timespec *restrict);
int posix_trace_trid_eventid_open(trace_id_t, const char *restrict,
trace_event_id_t *restrict);
int posix_trace_trygetnext_event(trace_id_t,
struct posix_trace_event_info *restrict, void *restrict, size_t,
size_t *restrict, int *restrict);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<sys/types.h>\fP , the System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001,
Section 2.11, Tracing, \fIposix_trace_attr_destroy\fP(), \fIposix_trace_attr_getclockres\fP(),
\fIposix_trace_attr_getcreatetime\fP(), \fIposix_trace_attr_getgenversion\fP(),
\fIposix_trace_attr_getinherited\fP(), \fIposix_trace_attr_getlogfullpolicy\fP(),
\fIposix_trace_attr_getlogsize\fP(), \fIposix_trace_attr_getmaxdatasize\fP(),
\fIposix_trace_attr_getmaxsystemeventsize\fP(), \fIposix_trace_attr_getmaxusereventsize\fP(),
\fIposix_trace_attr_getname\fP(), \fIposix_trace_attr_getstreamfullpolicy\fP(),
\fIposix_trace_attr_getstreamsize\fP(), \fIposix_trace_attr_init\fP(),
\fIposix_trace_attr_setinherited\fP(), \fIposix_trace_attr_setlogfullpolicy\fP(),
\fIposix_trace_attr_setlogsize\fP(), \fIposix_trace_attr_setmaxdatasize\fP(),
\fIposix_trace_attr_setname\fP(), \fIposix_trace_attr_setstreamsize\fP(),
\fIposix_trace_attr_setstreamfullpolicy\fP(), \fIposix_trace_clear\fP(),
\fIposix_trace_close\fP(), \fIposix_trace_create\fP(), \fIposix_trace_create_withlog\fP(),
\fIposix_trace_event\fP(), \fIposix_trace_eventid_equal\fP(), \fIposix_trace_eventid_get_name\fP(),
\fIposix_trace_eventid_open\fP(), \fIposix_trace_eventtypelist_getnext_id\fP(),
\fIposix_trace_eventtypelist_rewind\fP(), \fIposix_trace_eventset_add\fP(),
\fIposix_trace_eventset_del\fP(), \fIposix_trace_eventset_empty\fP(),
\fIposix_trace_eventset_fill\fP(), \fIposix_trace_eventset_ismember\fP(),
\fIposix_trace_flush\fP(), \fIposix_trace_get_attr\fP(), \fIposix_trace_get_filter\fP(),
\fIposix_trace_get_status\fP(), \fIposix_trace_getnext_event\fP(),
\fIposix_trace_open\fP(), \fIposix_trace_rewind\fP(), \fIposix_trace_set_filter\fP(),
\fIposix_trace_shutdown\fP(), \fIposix_trace_start\fP(), \fIposix_trace_stop\fP(),
\fIposix_trace_timedgetnext_event\fP(), \fIposix_trace_trid_eventid_open\fP(),
\fIposix_trace_trygetnext_event\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<ucontext.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <ucontext.h>
.SH NAME
ucontext.h \- user context
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <ucontext.h> \fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<ucontext.h>\fP header shall define the \fBmcontext_t\fP type
through \fBtypedef\fP.
.LP
The \fI<ucontext.h>\fP header shall define the \fBucontext_t\fP type
as a structure that shall include at least the
following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBucontext_t *uc_link \fP Pointer to the context that is resumed \fB
\fP when this context returns. \fB
sigset_t uc_sigmask \fP The set of signals that are blocked when this \fB
\fP context is active. \fB
stack_t uc_stack \fP The stack used by this context. \fB
mcontext_t uc_mcontext\fP A machine-specific representation of the saved \fB
\fP context. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The types \fBsigset_t\fP and \fBstack_t\fP shall be defined as in
\fI<signal.h>\fP .
.LP
The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined
as macros, Function prototypes shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint getcontext(ucontext_t *);
int setcontext(const ucontext_t *);
void makecontext(ucontext_t *, void (*)(void), int, ...);
int swapcontext(ucontext_t *restrict, const ucontext_t *restrict);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<signal.h>\fP , the System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001,
\fIgetcontext\fP(), \fImakecontext\fP(), \fIsigaction\fP(), \fIsigprocmask\fP(),
\fIsigaltstack\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

1
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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<ulimit.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <ulimit.h>
.SH NAME
ulimit.h \- ulimit commands
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <ulimit.h> \fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<ulimit.h>\fP header shall define the symbolic constants used
by the \fIulimit\fP() function.
.LP
Symbolic constants:
.TP 7
UL_GETFSIZE
Get maximum file size.
.TP 7
UL_SETFSIZE
Set maximum file size.
.sp
.LP
The following shall be declared as a function and may also be defined
as a macro. A function prototype shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBlong ulimit(int, ...);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
The System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIulimit\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

1
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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
.TH "<utime.h>" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\" <utime.h>
.SH NAME
utime.h \- access and modification times structure
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
\fB#include <utime.h>\fP
.SH DESCRIPTION
.LP
The \fI<utime.h>\fP header shall declare the structure \fButimbuf\fP,
which shall include the following members:
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBtime_t actime \fP Access time. \fB
time_t modtime \fP Modification time. \fB
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
The times shall be measured in seconds since the Epoch.
.LP
The type \fBtime_t\fP shall be defined as described in \fI<sys/types.h>\fP
\&.
.LP
The following shall be declared as a function and may also be defined
as a macro. A function prototype shall be provided.
.sp
.RS
.nf
\fBint utime(const char *, const struct utimbuf *);
\fP
.fi
.RE
.LP
\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
.SH APPLICATION USAGE
.LP
None.
.SH RATIONALE
.LP
None.
.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
.LP
None.
.SH SEE ALSO
.LP
\fI<sys/types.h>\fP , the System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001,
\fIutime\fP()
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

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