mirror of https://github.com/mkerrisk/man-pages
intro.1, time.1, _syscall.2, accept.2, brk.2, capget.2, faccessat.2, futimesat.2, gethostname.2, intro.2, ioprio_set.2, kill.2, madvise.2, mlock.2, mount.2, msgget.2, perf_event_open.2, poll.2, readv.2, sched_rr_get_interval.2, sched_setscheduler.2, select.2, select_tut.2, shmget.2, stat.2, timer_create.2, ustat.2, vfork.2, wait.2, alloca.3, atexit.3, catopen.3, crypt.3, dbopen.3, fenv.3, fopen.3, getaddrinfo_a.3, gethostbyname.3, getutent.3, intro.3, login.3, mallopt.3, queue.3, regex.3, sigpause.3, sigsetops.3, stdio.3, strftime.3, strptime.3, sysconf.3, ttyslot.3, undocumented.3, cciss.4, console_codes.4, hpsa.4, initrd.4, intro.4, rtc.4, st.4, tty_ioctl.4, wavelan.4, acct.5, charmap.5, dir_colors.5, hosts.5, intro.5, termcap.5, utmp.5, intro.6, armscii-8.7, boot.7, bootparam.7, capabilities.7, cpuset.7, credentials.7, ddp.7, epoll.7, glob.7, intro.7, ip.7, ipv6.7, iso_8859-1.7, iso_8859-10.7, iso_8859-11.7, iso_8859-13.7, iso_8859-14.7, iso_8859-15.7, iso_8859-16.7, iso_8859-2.7, iso_8859-3.7, iso_8859-4.7, iso_8859-5.7, iso_8859-6.7, iso_8859-7.7, iso_8859-8.7, iso_8859-9.7, koi8-r.7, koi8-u.7, man-pages.7, man.7, math_error.7, netlink.7, numa.7, packet.7, path_resolution.7, pipe.7, pthreads.7, raw.7, rtnetlink.7, signal.7, socket.7, spufs.7, svipc.7, tcp.7, time.7, udp.7, udplite.7, unicode.7, unix.7, uri.7, utf-8.7, x25.7, intro.8: Global fix: use consistent capitalization in .SS headings
Capitalization in .SS sections across pages (and sometimes even within a single page) is wildly inconsistent. Make it consistent. Capitalize first word in heading, but otherwise use lower case, except where English usage (e.g., proper nouns) or programming language requirements (e.g., identifier names) dictate otherwise. Signed-off-by: Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
This commit is contained in:
parent
40d0af61c4
commit
c634028ab5
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@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ of the tree.
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Large searches on a multi-GB disk will be time-consuming,
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Large searches on a multi-GB disk will be time-consuming,
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and it may be better to use
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and it may be better to use
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.BR locate (1).
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.BR locate (1).
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.SS "Disks and Filesystems"
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.SS "Disks and filesystems"
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The command
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The command
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.I mount
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.I mount
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will attach the file system found on some disk (or floppy, or CDROM or so)
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will attach the file system found on some disk (or floppy, or CDROM or so)
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@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ Number of signals delivered to the process.
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.TP
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.TP
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.B %x
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.B %x
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(Not in tcsh.) Exit status of the command.
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(Not in tcsh.) Exit status of the command.
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.SS "GNU Options"
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.SS "GNU options"
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.TP
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.TP
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.BI "\-f " FORMAT ", \-\-format=" FORMAT
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.BI "\-f " FORMAT ", \-\-format=" FORMAT
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Specify output format, possibly overriding the format specified
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Specify output format, possibly overriding the format specified
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@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ Do not send the results to \fIstderr\fP, but overwrite the specified file.
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.TP
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.TP
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.B "\-v, \-\-verbose"
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.B "\-v, \-\-verbose"
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Give very verbose output about all the program knows about.
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Give very verbose output about all the program knows about.
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.SS "GNU Standard Options"
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.SS "GNU standard options"
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.TP
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.TP
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.B "\-\-help"
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.B "\-\-help"
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Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully.
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Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully.
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@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ main(void)
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exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
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exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
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}
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}
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.fi
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.fi
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.SS "Sample Output"
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.SS "Sample output"
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.nf
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.nf
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code error = 0
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code error = 0
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uptime = 502034s
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uptime = 502034s
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@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ for the accepted socket.
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On error, \-1 is returned, and
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On error, \-1 is returned, and
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.I errno
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.I errno
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is set appropriately.
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is set appropriately.
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.SS "Error Handling"
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.SS "Error handling"
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Linux
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Linux
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.BR accept ()
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.BR accept ()
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(and
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(and
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@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ Common are \fIint\fP, \fIssize_t\fP, \fIptrdiff_t\fP, \fIintptr_t\fP.
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.\" \fIptrdiff_t\fP (libc4, libc5, ulibc, glibc 2.0, 2.1),
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.\" \fIptrdiff_t\fP (libc4, libc5, ulibc, glibc 2.0, 2.1),
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.\" \fIintptr_t\fP (e.g., XPGv5, AIX, SunOS 5.8, 5.9, FreeBSD 4.7, NetBSD 1.6,
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.\" \fIintptr_t\fP (e.g., XPGv5, AIX, SunOS 5.8, 5.9, FreeBSD 4.7, NetBSD 1.6,
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.\" Tru64 5.1, glibc2.2).
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.\" Tru64 5.1, glibc2.2).
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.SS Linux Notes
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.SS Linux notes
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The return value described above for
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The return value described above for
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.BR brk ()
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.BR brk ()
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is the behavior provided by the glibc wrapper function for the Linux
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is the behavior provided by the glibc wrapper function for the Linux
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@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ calls, one can probe the capabilities of any process by specifying its
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process ID with the
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process ID with the
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.I hdrp->pid
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.I hdrp->pid
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field value.
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field value.
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.SS With VFS Capability Support
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.SS With VFS capability support
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VFS Capability support creates a file-attribute method for adding
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VFS Capability support creates a file-attribute method for adding
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capabilities to privileged executables.
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capabilities to privileged executables.
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This privilege model obsoletes kernel support for one process
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This privilege model obsoletes kernel support for one process
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@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ calls the only permitted values for
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are 0 or
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are 0 or
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.BR getpid (2),
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.BR getpid (2),
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which are equivalent.
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which are equivalent.
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.SS Without VFS Capability Support
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.SS Without VFS capability support
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When the kernel does not support VFS capabilities,
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When the kernel does not support VFS capabilities,
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.BR capset ()
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.BR capset ()
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calls can operate on the capabilities of the thread specified by the
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calls can operate on the capabilities of the thread specified by the
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@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ is subject to the same kinds of races as
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.BR access (2)
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.BR access (2)
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and
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and
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.BR euidaccess (3).
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.BR euidaccess (3).
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.SS Glibc Notes
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.SS Glibc notes
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The
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The
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.B AT_EACCESS
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.B AT_EACCESS
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and
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and
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|
|
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@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ but that specification was replaced by the one for
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A similar system call exists on Solaris.
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A similar system call exists on Solaris.
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.SH NOTES
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.SH NOTES
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.SS Glibc Notes
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.SS Glibc notes
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If
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If
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.I pathname
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.I pathname
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is NULL, then the glibc
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is NULL, then the glibc
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|
|
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@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ On Linux,
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.B HOST_NAME_MAX
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.B HOST_NAME_MAX
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is defined with the value 64, which has been the limit since Linux 1.0
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is defined with the value 64, which has been the limit since Linux 1.0
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(earlier kernels imposed a limit of 8 bytes).
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(earlier kernels imposed a limit of 8 bytes).
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.SS Glibc Notes
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.SS Glibc notes
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The GNU C library does not employ the
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The GNU C library does not employ the
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.BR gethostname ()
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.BR gethostname ()
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system call; instead, it implements
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system call; instead, it implements
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|
|
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@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ and standards to which calls in this section conform.
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See
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See
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.BR standards (7).
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.BR standards (7).
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.SH NOTES
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.SH NOTES
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.SS "Calling Directly"
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.SS "Calling directly"
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In most cases, it is unnecessary to invoke a system call directly,
|
In most cases, it is unnecessary to invoke a system call directly,
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but there are times when the Standard C library does not implement
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but there are times when the Standard C library does not implement
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a nice wrapper function for you.
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a nice wrapper function for you.
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@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ In this case, the programmer must manually invoke the system call using
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Historically, this was also possible using one of the _syscall macros
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Historically, this was also possible using one of the _syscall macros
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described in
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described in
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.BR _syscall (2).
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.BR _syscall (2).
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.SS Authors and Copyright Conditions
|
.SS Authors and copyright conditions
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Look at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) and copyright
|
Look at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) and copyright
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conditions.
|
conditions.
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Note that these can be different from page to page!
|
Note that these can be different from page to page!
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|
|
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@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ These system calls only have an effect when used
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in conjunction with an I/O scheduler that supports I/O priorities.
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in conjunction with an I/O scheduler that supports I/O priorities.
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As at kernel 2.6.17 the only such scheduler is the Completely Fair Queuing
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As at kernel 2.6.17 the only such scheduler is the Completely Fair Queuing
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(CFQ) I/O scheduler.
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(CFQ) I/O scheduler.
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.SS "Selecting an I/O Scheduler"
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.SS "Selecting an I/O scheduler"
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I/O Schedulers are selected on a per-device basis via the special
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I/O Schedulers are selected on a per-device basis via the special
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file
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file
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.IR /sys/block/<device>/queue/scheduler .
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.IR /sys/block/<device>/queue/scheduler .
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@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ Password:
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.RB "#" " echo cfq > /sys/block/hda/queue/scheduler"
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.RB "#" " echo cfq > /sys/block/hda/queue/scheduler"
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.fi
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.fi
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.RE
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.RE
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.SS "The Completely Fair Queuing (CFQ) I/O Scheduler"
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.SS "The Completely Fair Queuing (CFQ) I/O scheduler"
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Since v3 (aka CFQ Time Sliced) CFQ implements
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Since v3 (aka CFQ Time Sliced) CFQ implements
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I/O nice levels similar to those
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I/O nice levels similar to those
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of CPU scheduling.
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of CPU scheduling.
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@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ at least one
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unblocked signal must be delivered to the sending thread before the
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unblocked signal must be delivered to the sending thread before the
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.BR kill ()
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.BR kill ()
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returns.
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returns.
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.SS "Linux Notes"
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.SS "Linux notes"
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Across different kernel versions, Linux has enforced different rules
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Across different kernel versions, Linux has enforced different rules
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for the permissions required for an unprivileged process
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for the permissions required for an unprivileged process
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to send a signal to another process.
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to send a signal to another process.
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@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ and
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.BR MADV_UNMERGEABLE
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.BR MADV_UNMERGEABLE
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are Linux-specific.
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are Linux-specific.
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.SH NOTES
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.SH NOTES
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.SS "Linux Notes"
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.SS Linux notes
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.LP
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.LP
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The current Linux implementation (2.4.0) views this system call
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The current Linux implementation (2.4.0) views this system call
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more as a command than as advice and hence may return an error
|
more as a command than as advice and hence may return an error
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|
|
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@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ for the corresponding range or by
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Pages which are mapped to several locations or by several processes stay
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Pages which are mapped to several locations or by several processes stay
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locked into RAM as long as they are locked at least at one location or by
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locked into RAM as long as they are locked at least at one location or by
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at least one process.
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at least one process.
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.SS "Linux Notes"
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.SS Linux notes
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Under Linux,
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Under Linux,
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.BR mlock ()
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.BR mlock ()
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and
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and
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|
|
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@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ would fail with
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Since Linux 2.4 the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits are
|
Since Linux 2.4 the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits are
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just silently ignored in this case.
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just silently ignored in this case.
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.\" The change is in patch-2.4.0-prerelease.
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.\" The change is in patch-2.4.0-prerelease.
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.SS Per-process Namespaces
|
.SS Per-process namespaces
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Starting with kernel 2.4.19, Linux provides
|
Starting with kernel 2.4.19, Linux provides
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per-process mount namespaces.
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per-process mount namespaces.
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A mount namespace is the set of file system mounts that
|
A mount namespace is the set of file system mounts that
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|
|
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@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ System wide maximum number of message queues: policy
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dependent
|
dependent
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(on Linux, this limit can be read and modified via
|
(on Linux, this limit can be read and modified via
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.IR /proc/sys/kernel/msgmni ).
|
.IR /proc/sys/kernel/msgmni ).
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.SS "Linux Notes"
|
.SS Linux notes
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||||||
Until version 2.3.20 Linux would return
|
Until version 2.3.20 Linux would return
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.B EIDRM
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.B EIDRM
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for a
|
for a
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|
|
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@ -1009,7 +1009,7 @@ This defines the size of the user stack to dump on sample.
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.RE
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.RE
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.SS "Reading Results"
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.SS "Reading results"
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Once a
|
Once a
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.BR perf_event_open ()
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.BR perf_event_open ()
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file descriptor has been opened, the values
|
file descriptor has been opened, the values
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@ -1099,7 +1099,7 @@ was specified in read_format.
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|
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|
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|
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.SS "MMAP Layout"
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.SS "MMAP layout"
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|
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When using
|
When using
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.BR perf_event_open ()
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.BR perf_event_open ()
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@ -1691,7 +1691,7 @@ This indicates the size of the record.
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|
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.RE
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.RE
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|
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.SS "Signal Overflow"
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.SS "Signal overflow"
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||||||
|
|
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Events can be set to deliver a signal when a threshold is crossed.
|
Events can be set to deliver a signal when a threshold is crossed.
|
||||||
The signal handler is set up using the
|
The signal handler is set up using the
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ For a discussion of what may happen if a file descriptor being monitored by
|
||||||
.BR poll ()
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.BR poll ()
|
||||||
is closed in another thread, see
|
is closed in another thread, see
|
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.BR select (2).
|
.BR select (2).
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.SS "Linux Notes"
|
.SS Linux notes
|
||||||
The Linux
|
The Linux
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.BR ppoll ()
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.BR ppoll ()
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system call modifies its
|
system call modifies its
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||||||
|
|
|
@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ and \fIint\fP as the return type.
|
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.BR pwritev ():
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.BR pwritev ():
|
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nonstandard, but present also on the modern BSDs.
|
nonstandard, but present also on the modern BSDs.
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.SH NOTES
|
.SH NOTES
|
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.SS Linux Notes
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.SS Linux notes
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||||||
POSIX.1-2001 allows an implementation to place a limit on
|
POSIX.1-2001 allows an implementation to place a limit on
|
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the number of items that can be passed in
|
the number of items that can be passed in
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.IR iov .
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.IR iov .
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|
|
|
@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ is available define
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.B _POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING
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.B _POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING
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in
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in
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.IR <unistd.h> .
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.IR <unistd.h> .
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.SS Linux Notes
|
.SS Linux notes
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||||||
POSIX does not specify any mechanism for controlling the size of the
|
POSIX does not specify any mechanism for controlling the size of the
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round-robin time quantum.
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round-robin time quantum.
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Older Linux kernels provide a (nonportable) method of doing this.
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Older Linux kernels provide a (nonportable) method of doing this.
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|
|
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@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ identified by \fIpid\fP.
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If \fIpid\fP equals zero, the policy of the
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If \fIpid\fP equals zero, the policy of the
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calling process will be retrieved.
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calling process will be retrieved.
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.\"
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.\"
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.SS Scheduling Policies
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.SS Scheduling policies
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The scheduler is the kernel component that decides which runnable process
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The scheduler is the kernel component that decides which runnable process
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will be executed by the CPU next.
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will be executed by the CPU next.
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Each process has an associated scheduling policy and a \fIstatic\fP
|
Each process has an associated scheduling policy and a \fIstatic\fP
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@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ returned to the wait list for its static priority level.
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The scheduling policy only determines the
|
The scheduling policy only determines the
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ordering within the list of runnable processes with equal static
|
ordering within the list of runnable processes with equal static
|
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priority.
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priority.
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.SS SCHED_FIFO: First In-First Out scheduling
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.SS SCHED_FIFO: First in-first out scheduling
|
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\fBSCHED_FIFO\fP can only be used with static priorities higher than
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\fBSCHED_FIFO\fP can only be used with static priorities higher than
|
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0, which means that when a \fBSCHED_FIFO\fP processes becomes runnable,
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0, which means that when a \fBSCHED_FIFO\fP processes becomes runnable,
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||||||
it will always immediately preempt any currently running
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it will always immediately preempt any currently running
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||||||
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@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ A \fBSCHED_FIFO\fP
|
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process runs until either it is blocked by an I/O request, it is
|
process runs until either it is blocked by an I/O request, it is
|
||||||
preempted by a higher priority process, or it calls
|
preempted by a higher priority process, or it calls
|
||||||
.BR sched_yield (2).
|
.BR sched_yield (2).
|
||||||
.SS SCHED_RR: Round Robin scheduling
|
.SS SCHED_RR: Round-robin scheduling
|
||||||
\fBSCHED_RR\fP is a simple enhancement of \fBSCHED_FIFO\fP.
|
\fBSCHED_RR\fP is a simple enhancement of \fBSCHED_FIFO\fP.
|
||||||
Everything
|
Everything
|
||||||
described above for \fBSCHED_FIFO\fP also applies to \fBSCHED_RR\fP,
|
described above for \fBSCHED_FIFO\fP also applies to \fBSCHED_RR\fP,
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|
@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ end of the list for its priority.
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A \fBSCHED_RR\fP process that has
|
A \fBSCHED_RR\fP process that has
|
||||||
been preempted by a higher priority process and subsequently resumes
|
been preempted by a higher priority process and subsequently resumes
|
||||||
execution as a running process will complete the unexpired portion of
|
execution as a running process will complete the unexpired portion of
|
||||||
its round robin time quantum.
|
its round-robin time quantum.
|
||||||
The length of the time quantum can be
|
The length of the time quantum can be
|
||||||
retrieved using
|
retrieved using
|
||||||
.BR sched_rr_get_interval (2).
|
.BR sched_rr_get_interval (2).
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ closing the file descriptor in another thread has no effect on
|
||||||
.BR select ().
|
.BR select ().
|
||||||
In summary, any application that relies on a particular behavior
|
In summary, any application that relies on a particular behavior
|
||||||
in this scenario must be considered buggy.
|
in this scenario must be considered buggy.
|
||||||
.SS "Linux Notes"
|
.SS Linux notes
|
||||||
The
|
The
|
||||||
.BR pselect ()
|
.BR pselect ()
|
||||||
interface described in this page is implemented by glibc.
|
interface described in this page is implemented by glibc.
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ In this case,
|
||||||
.BR pselect ()
|
.BR pselect ()
|
||||||
will then behave just like
|
will then behave just like
|
||||||
.BR select ().
|
.BR select ().
|
||||||
.SS Combining Signal and Data Events
|
.SS Combining signal and data events
|
||||||
.BR pselect ()
|
.BR pselect ()
|
||||||
is useful if you are waiting for a signal as well as
|
is useful if you are waiting for a signal as well as
|
||||||
for file descriptor(s) to become ready for I/O.
|
for file descriptor(s) to become ready for I/O.
|
||||||
|
@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ find that one of your calls may block waiting for data from/to a file
|
||||||
descriptor, while another file descriptor is unused though ready for I/O.
|
descriptor, while another file descriptor is unused though ready for I/O.
|
||||||
.BR select ()
|
.BR select ()
|
||||||
efficiently copes with this situation.
|
efficiently copes with this situation.
|
||||||
.SS Select Law
|
.SS Select law
|
||||||
Many people who try to use
|
Many people who try to use
|
||||||
.BR select ()
|
.BR select ()
|
||||||
come across behavior that is
|
come across behavior that is
|
||||||
|
@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ then the sets must be reinitialized before each call.
|
||||||
.\" Having no file descriptors set is a useful
|
.\" Having no file descriptors set is a useful
|
||||||
.\" way to sleep the process with subsecond precision by using the timeout.
|
.\" way to sleep the process with subsecond precision by using the timeout.
|
||||||
.\" (See further on.)
|
.\" (See further on.)
|
||||||
.SS Usleep Emulation
|
.SS Usleep emulation
|
||||||
On systems that do not have a
|
On systems that do not have a
|
||||||
.BR usleep (3)
|
.BR usleep (3)
|
||||||
function, you can call
|
function, you can call
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ on Linux, this limit can be read and modified via
|
||||||
The implementation has no specific limits for the per-process maximum
|
The implementation has no specific limits for the per-process maximum
|
||||||
number of shared memory segments
|
number of shared memory segments
|
||||||
.RB ( SHMSEG ).
|
.RB ( SHMSEG ).
|
||||||
.SS Linux Notes
|
.SS Linux notes
|
||||||
Until version 2.3.30 Linux would return
|
Until version 2.3.30 Linux would return
|
||||||
.B EIDRM
|
.B EIDRM
|
||||||
for a
|
for a
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ prescribes the synonyms
|
||||||
.BR S_IRUSR ,
|
.BR S_IRUSR ,
|
||||||
.BR S_IWUSR ,
|
.BR S_IWUSR ,
|
||||||
.BR S_IXUSR .
|
.BR S_IXUSR .
|
||||||
.SS "Other Systems"
|
.SS "Other systems"
|
||||||
Values that have been (or are) in use on various systems:
|
Values that have been (or are) in use on various systems:
|
||||||
.ad l
|
.ad l
|
||||||
.TS
|
.TS
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ Caught signal 34
|
||||||
overrun count = 10004886
|
overrun count = 10004886
|
||||||
.fi
|
.fi
|
||||||
.in
|
.in
|
||||||
.SS Program Source
|
.SS Program source
|
||||||
\&
|
\&
|
||||||
.nf
|
.nf
|
||||||
#include <stdlib.h>
|
#include <stdlib.h>
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ is deprecated and has only been provided for compatibility.
|
||||||
All new programs should use
|
All new programs should use
|
||||||
.BR statfs (2)
|
.BR statfs (2)
|
||||||
instead.
|
instead.
|
||||||
.SS "HP-UX Notes"
|
.SS "HP-UX notes"
|
||||||
The HP-UX version of the
|
The HP-UX version of the
|
||||||
.I ustat
|
.I ustat
|
||||||
structure has an additional field,
|
structure has an additional field,
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ _XOPEN_SOURCE\ &&\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED
|
||||||
.RE
|
.RE
|
||||||
.ad b
|
.ad b
|
||||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||||
.SS "Standard Description"
|
.SS "Standard description"
|
||||||
(From POSIX.1)
|
(From POSIX.1)
|
||||||
The
|
The
|
||||||
.BR vfork ()
|
.BR vfork ()
|
||||||
|
@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ was called, or calls any other function before successfully calling
|
||||||
or one of the
|
or one of the
|
||||||
.BR exec (3)
|
.BR exec (3)
|
||||||
family of functions.
|
family of functions.
|
||||||
.SS "Linux Description"
|
.SS "Linux description"
|
||||||
.BR vfork (),
|
.BR vfork (),
|
||||||
just like
|
just like
|
||||||
.BR fork (2),
|
.BR fork (2),
|
||||||
|
@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ arrive after the child releases the parent's memory
|
||||||
(i.e., after the child terminates
|
(i.e., after the child terminates
|
||||||
or calls
|
or calls
|
||||||
.BR execve (2)).
|
.BR execve (2)).
|
||||||
.SS "Historic Description"
|
.SS "Historic description"
|
||||||
Under Linux,
|
Under Linux,
|
||||||
.BR fork (2)
|
.BR fork (2)
|
||||||
is implemented using copy-on-write pages, so the only penalty incurred by
|
is implemented using copy-on-write pages, so the only penalty incurred by
|
||||||
|
@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ is designed to be implementable on systems that lack an MMU.)
|
||||||
.\" http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4259629/what-is-the-difference-between-fork-and-vfork
|
.\" http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4259629/what-is-the-difference-between-fork-and-vfork
|
||||||
.\" http://developers.sun.com/solaris/articles/subprocess/subprocess.html
|
.\" http://developers.sun.com/solaris/articles/subprocess/subprocess.html
|
||||||
.\" http://mailman.uclinux.org/pipermail/uclinux-dev/2009-April/000684.html
|
.\" http://mailman.uclinux.org/pipermail/uclinux-dev/2009-April/000684.html
|
||||||
.SS Linux Notes
|
.SS Linux notes
|
||||||
Fork handlers established using
|
Fork handlers established using
|
||||||
.BR pthread_atfork (3)
|
.BR pthread_atfork (3)
|
||||||
are not called when a multithreaded program employing
|
are not called when a multithreaded program employing
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ is being ignored, the call behaves just as though
|
||||||
.B SIGCHLD
|
.B SIGCHLD
|
||||||
were not being ignored, that is, the call blocks until the next child
|
were not being ignored, that is, the call blocks until the next child
|
||||||
terminates and then returns the process ID and status of that child.
|
terminates and then returns the process ID and status of that child.
|
||||||
.SS Linux Notes
|
.SS Linux notes
|
||||||
In the Linux kernel, a kernel-scheduled thread is not a distinct
|
In the Linux kernel, a kernel-scheduled thread is not a distinct
|
||||||
construct from a process.
|
construct from a process.
|
||||||
Instead, a thread is simply a process
|
Instead, a thread is simply a process
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ Do not attempt to
|
||||||
.BR free (3)
|
.BR free (3)
|
||||||
space allocated by
|
space allocated by
|
||||||
.BR alloca ()!
|
.BR alloca ()!
|
||||||
.SS Notes on the GNU Version
|
.SS Notes on the GNU version
|
||||||
Normally,
|
Normally,
|
||||||
.BR gcc (1)
|
.BR gcc (1)
|
||||||
translates calls to
|
translates calls to
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ POSIX.1-2001 says that the result is undefined if
|
||||||
is used to terminate execution of one of the functions registered
|
is used to terminate execution of one of the functions registered
|
||||||
.BR atexit ().
|
.BR atexit ().
|
||||||
.\" In glibc, things seem to be handled okay
|
.\" In glibc, things seem to be handled okay
|
||||||
.SS "Linux Notes"
|
.SS Linux notes
|
||||||
Since glibc 2.2.3,
|
Since glibc 2.2.3,
|
||||||
.BR atexit ()
|
.BR atexit ()
|
||||||
(and
|
(and
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ is 1.
|
||||||
below.)
|
below.)
|
||||||
The default path varies, but usually looks at a number of places below
|
The default path varies, but usually looks at a number of places below
|
||||||
.IR /usr/share/locale .
|
.IR /usr/share/locale .
|
||||||
.SS Linux Notes
|
.SS Linux notes
|
||||||
These functions are available for Linux since libc 4.4.4c.
|
These functions are available for Linux since libc 4.4.4c.
|
||||||
In the case of linux libc4 and libc5, the catalog descriptor
|
In the case of linux libc4 and libc5, the catalog descriptor
|
||||||
.I nl_catd
|
.I nl_catd
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001.
|
||||||
.BR crypt_r ()
|
.BR crypt_r ()
|
||||||
is a GNU extension.
|
is a GNU extension.
|
||||||
.SH NOTES
|
.SH NOTES
|
||||||
.SS Glibc Notes
|
.SS Glibc notes
|
||||||
The glibc2 version of this function supports additional
|
The glibc2 version of this function supports additional
|
||||||
encryption algorithms.
|
encryption algorithms.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ manual page for more information.)
|
||||||
routines return \-1 on error (setting
|
routines return \-1 on error (setting
|
||||||
.IR errno )
|
.IR errno )
|
||||||
and 0 on success.
|
and 0 on success.
|
||||||
.SS "Key/Data Pairs"
|
.SS "Key/data pairs"
|
||||||
Access to all file types is based on key/data pairs.
|
Access to all file types is based on key/data pairs.
|
||||||
Both keys and data are represented by the following data structure:
|
Both keys and data are represented by the following data structure:
|
||||||
.in +4n
|
.in +4n
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ These functions first appeared in glibc in version 2.1.
|
||||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||||
IEC 60559 (IEC 559:1989), ANSI/IEEE 854, C99, POSIX.1-2001.
|
IEC 60559 (IEC 559:1989), ANSI/IEEE 854, C99, POSIX.1-2001.
|
||||||
.SH NOTES
|
.SH NOTES
|
||||||
.SS Glibc Notes
|
.SS Glibc notes
|
||||||
If possible, the GNU C Library defines a macro
|
If possible, the GNU C Library defines a macro
|
||||||
.B FE_NOMASK_ENV
|
.B FE_NOMASK_ENV
|
||||||
which represents an environment where every exception raised causes a
|
which represents an environment where every exception raised causes a
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ The
|
||||||
.BR fdopen ()
|
.BR fdopen ()
|
||||||
function conforms to POSIX.1-1990.
|
function conforms to POSIX.1-1990.
|
||||||
.SH NOTES
|
.SH NOTES
|
||||||
.SS Glibc Notes
|
.SS Glibc notes
|
||||||
The GNU C library allows the following extensions for the string specified in
|
The GNU C library allows the following extensions for the string specified in
|
||||||
.IR mode :
|
.IR mode :
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ interface.
|
||||||
Two examples are provided: a simple example that resolves
|
Two examples are provided: a simple example that resolves
|
||||||
several requests in parallel synchronously, and a complex example
|
several requests in parallel synchronously, and a complex example
|
||||||
showing some of the asynchronous capabilities.
|
showing some of the asynchronous capabilities.
|
||||||
.SS Synchronous Example
|
.SS Synchronous example
|
||||||
The program below simply resolves several hostnames in parallel,
|
The program below simply resolves several hostnames in parallel,
|
||||||
giving a speed-up compared to resolving the hostnames sequentially using
|
giving a speed-up compared to resolving the hostnames sequentially using
|
||||||
.BR getaddrinfo (3).
|
.BR getaddrinfo (3).
|
||||||
|
@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
|
||||||
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
|
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
|
||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
.fi
|
.fi
|
||||||
.SS Asynchronous Example
|
.SS Asynchronous example
|
||||||
This example shows a simple interactive
|
This example shows a simple interactive
|
||||||
.BR getaddrinfo_a ()
|
.BR getaddrinfo_a ()
|
||||||
front-end.
|
front-end.
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ The BSD prototype for
|
||||||
uses
|
uses
|
||||||
.I const char *
|
.I const char *
|
||||||
for the first argument.
|
for the first argument.
|
||||||
.SS "System V/POSIX Extension"
|
.SS "System V/POSIX extension"
|
||||||
POSIX requires the
|
POSIX requires the
|
||||||
.BR gethostent ()
|
.BR gethostent ()
|
||||||
call, that should return the next entry in the host data base.
|
call, that should return the next entry in the host data base.
|
||||||
|
@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ The glibc version will ignore ipv6 entries.
|
||||||
This function is not reentrant,
|
This function is not reentrant,
|
||||||
and glibc adds a reentrant version
|
and glibc adds a reentrant version
|
||||||
.BR gethostent_r ().
|
.BR gethostent_r ().
|
||||||
.SS "GNU Extensions"
|
.SS "GNU extensions"
|
||||||
Glibc2 also has a
|
Glibc2 also has a
|
||||||
.BR gethostbyname2 ()
|
.BR gethostbyname2 ()
|
||||||
that works like
|
that works like
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ their counterparts without the "x" (e.g.,
|
||||||
is an alias for
|
is an alias for
|
||||||
.BR getutent ()).
|
.BR getutent ()).
|
||||||
.SH NOTES
|
.SH NOTES
|
||||||
.SS Glibc Notes
|
.SS Glibc notes
|
||||||
The above functions are not thread-safe.
|
The above functions are not thread-safe.
|
||||||
Glibc adds reentrant versions
|
Glibc adds reentrant versions
|
||||||
.sp
|
.sp
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ and standards to which calls in this section conform.
|
||||||
See
|
See
|
||||||
.BR standards (7).
|
.BR standards (7).
|
||||||
.SH NOTES
|
.SH NOTES
|
||||||
.SS Authors and Copyright Conditions
|
.SS Authors and copyright conditions
|
||||||
Look at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) and copyright
|
Look at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) and copyright
|
||||||
conditions.
|
conditions.
|
||||||
Note that these can be different from page to page!
|
Note that these can be different from page to page!
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ and writes it to both the utmp and the wtmp file.
|
||||||
The function
|
The function
|
||||||
.BR logout ()
|
.BR logout ()
|
||||||
clears the entry in the utmp file again.
|
clears the entry in the utmp file again.
|
||||||
.SS "GNU Details"
|
.SS "GNU details"
|
||||||
More precisely,
|
More precisely,
|
||||||
.BR login ()
|
.BR login ()
|
||||||
takes the argument
|
takes the argument
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ and wasting unused memory at the top of the heap
|
||||||
.\" These macros aren't enabled in production releases until 2.15?
|
.\" These macros aren't enabled in production releases until 2.15?
|
||||||
.\" (see glibc malloc/Makefile)
|
.\" (see glibc malloc/Makefile)
|
||||||
.\"
|
.\"
|
||||||
.SS Environment Variables
|
.SS Environment variables
|
||||||
A number of environment variables can be defined
|
A number of environment variables can be defined
|
||||||
to modify some of the same parameters as are controlled by
|
to modify some of the same parameters as are controlled by
|
||||||
.BR mallopt ().
|
.BR mallopt ().
|
||||||
|
|
10
man3/queue.3
10
man3/queue.3
|
@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ The macro
|
||||||
removes the element
|
removes the element
|
||||||
.I elm
|
.I elm
|
||||||
from the list.
|
from the list.
|
||||||
.SS List Example
|
.SS List example
|
||||||
.nf
|
.nf
|
||||||
LIST_HEAD(listhead, entry) head;
|
LIST_HEAD(listhead, entry) head;
|
||||||
struct listhead *headp; /* List head. */
|
struct listhead *headp; /* List head. */
|
||||||
|
@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ for (np = head.lh_first; np != NULL; np = np\->entries.le_next)
|
||||||
while (head.lh_first != NULL) /* Delete. */
|
while (head.lh_first != NULL) /* Delete. */
|
||||||
LIST_REMOVE(head.lh_first, entries);
|
LIST_REMOVE(head.lh_first, entries);
|
||||||
.fi
|
.fi
|
||||||
.SS Tail Queues
|
.SS Tail queues
|
||||||
A tail queue is headed by a structure defined by the
|
A tail queue is headed by a structure defined by the
|
||||||
.B TAILQ_HEAD
|
.B TAILQ_HEAD
|
||||||
macro.
|
macro.
|
||||||
|
@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ The macro
|
||||||
removes the element
|
removes the element
|
||||||
.I elm
|
.I elm
|
||||||
from the tail queue.
|
from the tail queue.
|
||||||
.SS Tail Queue Example
|
.SS Tail queue example
|
||||||
.nf
|
.nf
|
||||||
TAILQ_HEAD(tailhead, entry) head;
|
TAILQ_HEAD(tailhead, entry) head;
|
||||||
struct tailhead *headp; /* Tail queue head. */
|
struct tailhead *headp; /* Tail queue head. */
|
||||||
|
@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ for (np = head.tqh_first; np != NULL; np = np\->entries.tqe_next)
|
||||||
while (head.tqh_first != NULL)
|
while (head.tqh_first != NULL)
|
||||||
TAILQ_REMOVE(&head, head.tqh_first, entries);
|
TAILQ_REMOVE(&head, head.tqh_first, entries);
|
||||||
.fi
|
.fi
|
||||||
.SS Circular Queues
|
.SS Circular queues
|
||||||
A circular queue is headed by a structure defined by the
|
A circular queue is headed by a structure defined by the
|
||||||
.B CIRCLEQ_HEAD
|
.B CIRCLEQ_HEAD
|
||||||
macro.
|
macro.
|
||||||
|
@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ The macro
|
||||||
removes the element
|
removes the element
|
||||||
.I elm
|
.I elm
|
||||||
from the circular queue.
|
from the circular queue.
|
||||||
.SS Circular Queue Example
|
.SS Circular queue example
|
||||||
.nf
|
.nf
|
||||||
CIRCLEQ_HEAD(circleq, entry) head;
|
CIRCLEQ_HEAD(circleq, entry) head;
|
||||||
struct circleq *headp; /* Circular queue head. */
|
struct circleq *headp; /* Circular queue head. */
|
||||||
|
|
10
man3/regex.3
10
man3/regex.3
|
@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ regcomp, regexec, regerror, regfree \- POSIX regex functions
|
||||||
.BI "void regfree(regex_t *" preg );
|
.BI "void regfree(regex_t *" preg );
|
||||||
.fi
|
.fi
|
||||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||||
.SS "POSIX Regex Compiling"
|
.SS "POSIX regex compiling"
|
||||||
.BR regcomp ()
|
.BR regcomp ()
|
||||||
is used to compile a regular expression into a form that is suitable
|
is used to compile a regular expression into a form that is suitable
|
||||||
for subsequent
|
for subsequent
|
||||||
|
@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ whether
|
||||||
.I eflags
|
.I eflags
|
||||||
contains
|
contains
|
||||||
.BR REG_NOTEOL .
|
.BR REG_NOTEOL .
|
||||||
.SS "POSIX Regex Matching"
|
.SS "POSIX regex matching"
|
||||||
.BR regexec ()
|
.BR regexec ()
|
||||||
is used to match a null-terminated string
|
is used to match a null-terminated string
|
||||||
against the precompiled pattern buffer,
|
against the precompiled pattern buffer,
|
||||||
|
@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ The match-end-of-line operator always fails to match (but see the
|
||||||
compilation flag
|
compilation flag
|
||||||
.B REG_NEWLINE
|
.B REG_NEWLINE
|
||||||
above)
|
above)
|
||||||
.SS "Byte Offsets"
|
.SS "Byte offsets"
|
||||||
Unless
|
Unless
|
||||||
.B REG_NOSUB
|
.B REG_NOSUB
|
||||||
was set for the compilation of the pattern buffer, it is possible to
|
was set for the compilation of the pattern buffer, it is possible to
|
||||||
|
@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ The relative
|
||||||
.I rm_eo
|
.I rm_eo
|
||||||
element indicates the end offset of the match,
|
element indicates the end offset of the match,
|
||||||
which is the offset of the first character after the matching text.
|
which is the offset of the first character after the matching text.
|
||||||
.SS "Posix Error Reporting"
|
.SS "POSIX error reporting"
|
||||||
.BR regerror ()
|
.BR regerror ()
|
||||||
is used to turn the error codes that can be returned by both
|
is used to turn the error codes that can be returned by both
|
||||||
.BR regcomp ()
|
.BR regcomp ()
|
||||||
|
@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ are nonzero,
|
||||||
is filled in with the first
|
is filled in with the first
|
||||||
.I "errbuf_size \- 1"
|
.I "errbuf_size \- 1"
|
||||||
characters of the error message and a terminating null byte (\(aq\\0\(aq).
|
characters of the error message and a terminating null byte (\(aq\\0\(aq).
|
||||||
.SS "POSIX Pattern Buffer Freeing"
|
.SS "POSIX pattern buffer freeing"
|
||||||
Supplying
|
Supplying
|
||||||
.BR regfree ()
|
.BR regfree ()
|
||||||
with a precompiled pattern buffer,
|
with a precompiled pattern buffer,
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ function, that takes a
|
||||||
.I "sigset_t *"
|
.I "sigset_t *"
|
||||||
argument (instead of an
|
argument (instead of an
|
||||||
.IR int ).
|
.IR int ).
|
||||||
.SS Linux Notes
|
.SS Linux notes
|
||||||
On Linux, this routine is a system call only on the Sparc (sparc64)
|
On Linux, this routine is a system call only on the Sparc (sparc64)
|
||||||
architecture.
|
architecture.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ is not a valid signal.
|
||||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||||
POSIX.1-2001.
|
POSIX.1-2001.
|
||||||
.SH NOTES
|
.SH NOTES
|
||||||
.SS Glibc Notes
|
.SS Glibc notes
|
||||||
If the
|
If the
|
||||||
.B _GNU_SOURCE
|
.B _GNU_SOURCE
|
||||||
feature test macro is defined, then \fI<signal.h>\fP
|
feature test macro is defined, then \fI<signal.h>\fP
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ Function versions of the macro functions
|
||||||
and
|
and
|
||||||
.B putchar
|
.B putchar
|
||||||
exist and will be used if the macros definitions are explicitly removed.
|
exist and will be used if the macros definitions are explicitly removed.
|
||||||
.SS "List of Functions"
|
.SS "List of functions"
|
||||||
.TS
|
.TS
|
||||||
;
|
;
|
||||||
lb lb
|
lb lb
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ to allow for the theoretical possibility of a minute that
|
||||||
included a double leap second
|
included a double leap second
|
||||||
(there never has been such a minute).
|
(there never has been such a minute).
|
||||||
.SH NOTES
|
.SH NOTES
|
||||||
.SS ISO 8601 Week Dates
|
.SS ISO 8601 week dates
|
||||||
.BR %G ,
|
.BR %G ,
|
||||||
.BR %g ,
|
.BR %g ,
|
||||||
and
|
and
|
||||||
|
@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ meaning that just three days of that calendar week fall in 2010.
|
||||||
Thus, the ISO\ 8601 week-based system considers these days to be part of
|
Thus, the ISO\ 8601 week-based system considers these days to be part of
|
||||||
week 53 (\fB%V\fP) of the year 2009 (\fB%G\fP) ;
|
week 53 (\fB%V\fP) of the year 2009 (\fB%G\fP) ;
|
||||||
week 01 of ISO\ 8601 year 2010 starts on Monday, 4 January 2010.
|
week 01 of ISO\ 8601 year 2010 starts on Monday, 4 January 2010.
|
||||||
.SS Glibc Notes
|
.SS Glibc notes
|
||||||
Glibc provides some extensions for conversion specifications.
|
Glibc provides some extensions for conversion specifications.
|
||||||
(These extensions are not specified in POSIX.1-2001, but a few other
|
(These extensions are not specified in POSIX.1-2001, but a few other
|
||||||
systems provide similar features.)
|
systems provide similar features.)
|
||||||
|
@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ so that the above workaround is no longer required.
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
.in +2n
|
.in +2n
|
||||||
"%a,\ %d\ %b\ %y\ %T\ %z"
|
"%a,\ %d\ %b\ %y\ %T\ %z"
|
||||||
.SS Example Program
|
.SS Example program
|
||||||
The program below can be used to experiment with
|
The program below can be used to experiment with
|
||||||
.BR strftime ().
|
.BR strftime ().
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ It is taken to be a year in
|
||||||
1969-2068 since glibc 2.1.
|
1969-2068 since glibc 2.1.
|
||||||
.\" In libc4 and libc5 the code for %I is broken (fixed in glibc;
|
.\" In libc4 and libc5 the code for %I is broken (fixed in glibc;
|
||||||
.\" %OI was fixed in glibc 2.2.4).
|
.\" %OI was fixed in glibc 2.2.4).
|
||||||
.SS Glibc Notes
|
.SS Glibc notes
|
||||||
For reasons of symmetry, glibc tries to support for
|
For reasons of symmetry, glibc tries to support for
|
||||||
.BR strptime ()
|
.BR strptime ()
|
||||||
the same format characters as for
|
the same format characters as for
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ The
|
||||||
.BR sysconf ()
|
.BR sysconf ()
|
||||||
argument will be
|
argument will be
|
||||||
.BR _SC_FOO .
|
.BR _SC_FOO .
|
||||||
.SS "POSIX.1 Variables"
|
.SS "POSIX.1 variables"
|
||||||
We give the name of the variable, the name of the
|
We give the name of the variable, the name of the
|
||||||
.BR sysconf ()
|
.BR sysconf ()
|
||||||
argument used to inquire about its value,
|
argument used to inquire about its value,
|
||||||
|
@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ format
|
||||||
the value
|
the value
|
||||||
.B 199009L
|
.B 199009L
|
||||||
indicates the Sept. 1990 revision.
|
indicates the Sept. 1990 revision.
|
||||||
.SS "POSIX.2 Variables"
|
.SS "POSIX.2 variables"
|
||||||
Next, the POSIX.2 values, giving limits for utilities.
|
Next, the POSIX.2 values, giving limits for utilities.
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.BR BC_BASE_MAX " - " _SC_BC_BASE_MAX
|
.BR BC_BASE_MAX " - " _SC_BC_BASE_MAX
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ returns the index of the current user's entry in some file.
|
||||||
.LP
|
.LP
|
||||||
Now "What file?" you ask.
|
Now "What file?" you ask.
|
||||||
Well, let's first look at some history.
|
Well, let's first look at some history.
|
||||||
.SS "Ancient History"
|
.SS "Ancient history"
|
||||||
There used to be a file
|
There used to be a file
|
||||||
.I /etc/ttys
|
.I /etc/ttys
|
||||||
in UNIX V6, that was read by the
|
in UNIX V6, that was read by the
|
||||||
|
@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ Later systems have more elaborate syntax.
|
||||||
System V-like systems have
|
System V-like systems have
|
||||||
.I /etc/inittab
|
.I /etc/inittab
|
||||||
instead.
|
instead.
|
||||||
.SS "Ancient History (2)"
|
.SS "Ancient history (2)"
|
||||||
On the other hand, there is the file
|
On the other hand, there is the file
|
||||||
.I /etc/utmp
|
.I /etc/utmp
|
||||||
listing the people currently logged in.
|
listing the people currently logged in.
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ please look in the source code, write a man page (using a style
|
||||||
similar to that of the other Linux section 3 man pages), and send it to
|
similar to that of the other Linux section 3 man pages), and send it to
|
||||||
.B mtk.manpages@gmail.com
|
.B mtk.manpages@gmail.com
|
||||||
for inclusion in the next man page release.
|
for inclusion in the next man page release.
|
||||||
.SS "The List"
|
.SS "The list"
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.BR authdes_create (3),
|
.BR authdes_create (3),
|
||||||
.BR authdes_getucred (3),
|
.BR authdes_getucred (3),
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ driver is restricted by this option to the following controllers:
|
||||||
Smart Array E200i
|
Smart Array E200i
|
||||||
Smart Array E500
|
Smart Array E500
|
||||||
.fi
|
.fi
|
||||||
.SS Supported Hardware
|
.SS Supported hardware
|
||||||
The
|
The
|
||||||
.B cciss
|
.B cciss
|
||||||
driver supports the following Smart Array boards:
|
driver supports the following Smart Array boards:
|
||||||
|
@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ driver supports the following Smart Array boards:
|
||||||
Smart Array P712m
|
Smart Array P712m
|
||||||
Smart Array P711m
|
Smart Array P711m
|
||||||
.fi
|
.fi
|
||||||
.SS Configuration Details
|
.SS Configuration details
|
||||||
To configure HP Smart Array controllers,
|
To configure HP Smart Array controllers,
|
||||||
use the HP Array Configuration Utility
|
use the HP Array Configuration Utility
|
||||||
(either
|
(either
|
||||||
|
@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ or
|
||||||
or the Offline ROM-based Configuration Utility (ORCA)
|
or the Offline ROM-based Configuration Utility (ORCA)
|
||||||
run from the Smart Array's option ROM at boot time.
|
run from the Smart Array's option ROM at boot time.
|
||||||
.SH FILES
|
.SH FILES
|
||||||
.SS Device Nodes
|
.SS Device nodes
|
||||||
The device naming scheme is as follows:
|
The device naming scheme is as follows:
|
||||||
.nf
|
.nf
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ always want to use a terminfo-aware screen library or utility such as
|
||||||
.BR tput (1),
|
.BR tput (1),
|
||||||
or
|
or
|
||||||
.BR reset (1).
|
.BR reset (1).
|
||||||
.SS "Linux Console Controls"
|
.SS "Linux console controls"
|
||||||
This section describes all the control characters and escape sequences
|
This section describes all the control characters and escape sequences
|
||||||
that invoke special functions (i.e., anything other than writing a
|
that invoke special functions (i.e., anything other than writing a
|
||||||
glyph at the current cursor location) on the Linux console.
|
glyph at the current cursor location) on the Linux console.
|
||||||
|
@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ ESC [ 12 ; \fIn\fP ] Bring specified console to the front.
|
||||||
ESC [ 13 ] Unblank the screen.
|
ESC [ 13 ] Unblank the screen.
|
||||||
ESC [ 14 ; \fIn\fP ] Set the VESA powerdown interval in minutes.
|
ESC [ 14 ; \fIn\fP ] Set the VESA powerdown interval in minutes.
|
||||||
.TE
|
.TE
|
||||||
.SS "Character Sets"
|
.SS "Character sets"
|
||||||
The kernel knows about 4 translations of bytes into console-screen
|
The kernel knows about 4 translations of bytes into console-screen
|
||||||
symbols.
|
symbols.
|
||||||
The four tables are: a) Latin1 \-> PC,
|
The four tables are: a) Latin1 \-> PC,
|
||||||
|
@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ s = map[c] is sent to the video memory.
|
||||||
The bitmap that corresponds to
|
The bitmap that corresponds to
|
||||||
s is found in the character ROM, and can be changed using
|
s is found in the character ROM, and can be changed using
|
||||||
.BR setfont (8).
|
.BR setfont (8).
|
||||||
.SS "Mouse Tracking"
|
.SS "Mouse tracking"
|
||||||
The mouse tracking facility is intended to return
|
The mouse tracking facility is intended to return
|
||||||
.BR xterm (1)-compatible
|
.BR xterm (1)-compatible
|
||||||
mouse status reports.
|
mouse status reports.
|
||||||
|
@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ pressed and are added together: 4=Shift, 8=Meta, 16=Control.
|
||||||
Again \fIx\fP and
|
Again \fIx\fP and
|
||||||
\fIy\fP are the x and y coordinates of the mouse event.
|
\fIy\fP are the x and y coordinates of the mouse event.
|
||||||
The upper left corner is (1,1).
|
The upper left corner is (1,1).
|
||||||
.SS "Comparisons With Other Terminals"
|
.SS "Comparisons with other terminals"
|
||||||
Many different terminal types are described, like the Linux console,
|
Many different terminal types are described, like the Linux console,
|
||||||
as being "VT100-compatible".
|
as being "VT100-compatible".
|
||||||
Here we discuss differences between the
|
Here we discuss differences between the
|
||||||
|
|
10
man4/hpsa.4
10
man4/hpsa.4
|
@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ not supported with
|
||||||
and
|
and
|
||||||
.BR cciss (4)
|
.BR cciss (4)
|
||||||
should still be used for these.
|
should still be used for these.
|
||||||
.SS Supported Hardware
|
.SS Supported hardware
|
||||||
The
|
The
|
||||||
.B hpsa
|
.B hpsa
|
||||||
driver supports the following Smart Array boards:
|
driver supports the following Smart Array boards:
|
||||||
|
@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ driver supports the following Smart Array boards:
|
||||||
StorageWorks P1210m
|
StorageWorks P1210m
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.fi
|
.fi
|
||||||
.SS Configuration Details
|
.SS Configuration details
|
||||||
To configure HP Smart Array controllers,
|
To configure HP Smart Array controllers,
|
||||||
use the HP Array Configuration Utility (either
|
use the HP Array Configuration Utility (either
|
||||||
.BR hpacuxe (8)
|
.BR hpacuxe (8)
|
||||||
|
@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ or
|
||||||
or the Offline ROM-based Configuration Utility (ORCA)
|
or the Offline ROM-based Configuration Utility (ORCA)
|
||||||
run from the Smart Array's option ROM at boot time.
|
run from the Smart Array's option ROM at boot time.
|
||||||
.SH FILES
|
.SH FILES
|
||||||
.SS Device Nodes
|
.SS Device nodes
|
||||||
Logical drives are accessed via the SCSI disk driver
|
Logical drives are accessed via the SCSI disk driver
|
||||||
.RB ( sd (4)),
|
.RB ( sd (4)),
|
||||||
tape drives via the SCSI tape driver
|
tape drives via the SCSI tape driver
|
||||||
|
@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ with device nodes named
|
||||||
and
|
and
|
||||||
.IR /dev/sg* ,
|
.IR /dev/sg* ,
|
||||||
respectively.
|
respectively.
|
||||||
.SS HPSA-Specific Host Attribute Files in /sys
|
.SS HPSA-specific host attribute files in /sys
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.I /sys/class/scsi_host/host*/rescan
|
.I /sys/class/scsi_host/host*/rescan
|
||||||
This is a write-only attribute.
|
This is a write-only attribute.
|
||||||
|
@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ For example:
|
||||||
# \fBcat firmware_revision\fP
|
# \fBcat firmware_revision\fP
|
||||||
7.14
|
7.14
|
||||||
.fi
|
.fi
|
||||||
.SS HPSA-Specific Disk Attribute Files in /sys
|
.SS HPSA-specific disk attribute files in /sys
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.I /sys/class/scsi_disk/c:b:t:l/device/unique_id
|
.I /sys/class/scsi_disk/c:b:t:l/device/unique_id
|
||||||
This attribute contains a 32 hex-digit unique ID for each logical drive.
|
This attribute contains a 32 hex-digit unique ID for each logical drive.
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ different device.
|
||||||
.\"
|
.\"
|
||||||
.\"
|
.\"
|
||||||
.\"
|
.\"
|
||||||
.SS "Boot-up Operation"
|
.SS "Boot-up operation"
|
||||||
When booting up with
|
When booting up with
|
||||||
.BR initrd ,
|
.BR initrd ,
|
||||||
the system boots as follows:
|
the system boots as follows:
|
||||||
|
@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ device having a suitable root file-system.
|
||||||
.\"
|
.\"
|
||||||
.\"
|
.\"
|
||||||
.\"
|
.\"
|
||||||
.SS "Changing the Normal Root File System"
|
.SS "Changing the normal root file system"
|
||||||
By default,
|
By default,
|
||||||
the kernel's settings
|
the kernel's settings
|
||||||
(e.g., set in the kernel file with
|
(e.g., set in the kernel file with
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Section 4 of the manual describes special files (devices).
|
||||||
.SH FILES
|
.SH FILES
|
||||||
/dev/* \(em device files
|
/dev/* \(em device files
|
||||||
.SH NOTES
|
.SH NOTES
|
||||||
.SS Authors and Copyright Conditions
|
.SS Authors and copyright conditions
|
||||||
Look at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) and copyright
|
Look at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) and copyright
|
||||||
conditions.
|
conditions.
|
||||||
Note that these can be different from page to page!
|
Note that these can be different from page to page!
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ Today such an RTC is usually integrated into the mainboard's chipset
|
||||||
Non-PC systems, such as embedded systems built around system-on-chip
|
Non-PC systems, such as embedded systems built around system-on-chip
|
||||||
processors, use other implementations.
|
processors, use other implementations.
|
||||||
They usually won't offer the same functionality as the RTC from a PC/AT.
|
They usually won't offer the same functionality as the RTC from a PC/AT.
|
||||||
.SS RTC vs System Clock
|
.SS RTC vs system clock
|
||||||
RTCs should not be confused with the system clock, which is
|
RTCs should not be confused with the system clock, which is
|
||||||
a software clock maintained by the kernel and used to implement
|
a software clock maintained by the kernel and used to implement
|
||||||
.BR gettimeofday (2)
|
.BR gettimeofday (2)
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ on the system.
|
||||||
Starting from kernel 2.6.2, the driver exports in the sysfs directory
|
Starting from kernel 2.6.2, the driver exports in the sysfs directory
|
||||||
.I /sys/class/scsi_tape
|
.I /sys/class/scsi_tape
|
||||||
the attached devices and some parameters assigned to the devices.
|
the attached devices and some parameters assigned to the devices.
|
||||||
.SS "Data Transfer"
|
.SS "Data transfer"
|
||||||
The driver supports operation in both fixed-block mode and
|
The driver supports operation in both fixed-block mode and
|
||||||
variable-block mode (if supported by the drive).
|
variable-block mode (if supported by the drive).
|
||||||
In fixed-block mode the drive
|
In fixed-block mode the drive
|
||||||
|
@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ driver are passed to the
|
||||||
driver.
|
driver.
|
||||||
The definitions below are from
|
The definitions below are from
|
||||||
.IR /usr/include/linux/mtio.h :
|
.IR /usr/include/linux/mtio.h :
|
||||||
.SS "MTIOCTOP \(em Perform a tape operation"
|
.SS "MTIOCTOP \(em perform a tape operation"
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
This request takes an argument of type
|
This request takes an argument of type
|
||||||
.IR "(struct mtop *)" .
|
.IR "(struct mtop *)" .
|
||||||
|
@ -678,7 +678,7 @@ If the bit pattern is zero, one or more bits under the mask indicate
|
||||||
the cleaning request.
|
the cleaning request.
|
||||||
If the pattern is nonzero, the pattern must match
|
If the pattern is nonzero, the pattern must match
|
||||||
the masked sense data byte.
|
the masked sense data byte.
|
||||||
.SS "MTIOCGET \(em Get status"
|
.SS "MTIOCGET \(em get status"
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
This request takes an argument of type
|
This request takes an argument of type
|
||||||
.IR "(struct mtget *)" .
|
.IR "(struct mtget *)" .
|
||||||
|
@ -800,7 +800,7 @@ This value is set to \-1 when the block number is unknown (e.g., after
|
||||||
.BR MTBSS ,
|
.BR MTBSS ,
|
||||||
or
|
or
|
||||||
.BR MTSEEK ).
|
.BR MTSEEK ).
|
||||||
.SS "MTIOCPOS \(em Get tape position"
|
.SS "MTIOCPOS \(em get tape position"
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
This request takes an argument of type
|
This request takes an argument of type
|
||||||
.I "(struct mtpos *)"
|
.I "(struct mtpos *)"
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ makes for nonportable programs.
|
||||||
Use the POSIX interface described in
|
Use the POSIX interface described in
|
||||||
.BR termios (3)
|
.BR termios (3)
|
||||||
whenever possible.
|
whenever possible.
|
||||||
.SS "Get and Set Terminal Attributes"
|
.SS "Get and set terminal attributes"
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.BI "TCGETS struct termios *" argp
|
.BI "TCGETS struct termios *" argp
|
||||||
Equivalent to
|
Equivalent to
|
||||||
|
@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ structure of the terminal.
|
||||||
Only root (more precisely: a process with the
|
Only root (more precisely: a process with the
|
||||||
.BR CAP_SYS_ADMIN
|
.BR CAP_SYS_ADMIN
|
||||||
capability) can do this.
|
capability) can do this.
|
||||||
.SS "Get and Set Window Size"
|
.SS "Get and set window size"
|
||||||
Window sizes are kept in the kernel, but not used by the kernel
|
Window sizes are kept in the kernel, but not used by the kernel
|
||||||
(except in the case of virtual consoles, where the kernel will
|
(except in the case of virtual consoles, where the kernel will
|
||||||
update the window size when the size of the virtual console changes,
|
update the window size when the size of the virtual console changes,
|
||||||
|
@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ When the window size changes, a
|
||||||
.B SIGWINCH
|
.B SIGWINCH
|
||||||
signal is sent to the
|
signal is sent to the
|
||||||
foreground process group.
|
foreground process group.
|
||||||
.SS "Sending a Break"
|
.SS "Sending a break"
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.BI "TCSBRK int " arg
|
.BI "TCSBRK int " arg
|
||||||
Equivalent to
|
Equivalent to
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ saved in permanent storage for future use).
|
||||||
Set the list of name to be used for each wavelan cards device (name
|
Set the list of name to be used for each wavelan cards device (name
|
||||||
used by
|
used by
|
||||||
.BR ifconfig (8)).
|
.BR ifconfig (8)).
|
||||||
.SS "Wireless Extensions"
|
.SS "Wireless extensions"
|
||||||
Use
|
Use
|
||||||
.BR iwconfig (8)
|
.BR iwconfig (8)
|
||||||
to manipulate wireless extensions.
|
to manipulate wireless extensions.
|
||||||
|
@ -95,11 +95,11 @@ The
|
||||||
and
|
and
|
||||||
.I misc discarded packet
|
.I misc discarded packet
|
||||||
counters are not implemented.
|
counters are not implemented.
|
||||||
.SS "Private Ioctl"
|
.SS "Private ioctl"
|
||||||
You may use
|
You may use
|
||||||
.BR iwpriv (8)
|
.BR iwpriv (8)
|
||||||
to manipulate private ioctls.
|
to manipulate private ioctls.
|
||||||
.SS Quality and Level threshold
|
.SS Quality and level threshold
|
||||||
Enable you the define the quality and level threshold used by the
|
Enable you the define the quality and level threshold used by the
|
||||||
modem (packet below that level are discarded).
|
modem (packet below that level are discarded).
|
||||||
.SS Histogram
|
.SS Histogram
|
||||||
|
@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ to count the number of packets received in each of those defined
|
||||||
intervals.
|
intervals.
|
||||||
This distribution might be used to calculate the mean value
|
This distribution might be used to calculate the mean value
|
||||||
and standard deviation of the signal level.
|
and standard deviation of the signal level.
|
||||||
.SS "Specific Notes"
|
.SS "Specific notes"
|
||||||
This driver will fail to detect some
|
This driver will fail to detect some
|
||||||
.B non-NCR/ATT&T/Lucent
|
.B non-NCR/ATT&T/Lucent
|
||||||
Wavelan cards.
|
Wavelan cards.
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ and
|
||||||
fields measure time in "clock ticks"; divide these values by
|
fields measure time in "clock ticks"; divide these values by
|
||||||
.I sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)
|
.I sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)
|
||||||
to convert them to seconds.
|
to convert them to seconds.
|
||||||
.SS Version 3 Accounting File Format
|
.SS Version 3 accounting file format
|
||||||
Since kernel 2.6.8,
|
Since kernel 2.6.8,
|
||||||
an optional alternative version of the accounting file can be produced
|
an optional alternative version of the accounting file can be produced
|
||||||
if the
|
if the
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ multibyte-characters, which are currently not implemented.
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
The last line in a charmap-definition file must contain
|
The last line in a charmap-definition file must contain
|
||||||
.B END CHARMAP.
|
.B END CHARMAP.
|
||||||
.SS "Symbolic Names"
|
.SS "Symbolic names"
|
||||||
A
|
A
|
||||||
.B symbolic name
|
.B symbolic name
|
||||||
for a character contains only characters of the
|
for a character contains only characters of the
|
||||||
|
@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ are interpreted as itself; for example, the sequence
|
||||||
represents the symbolic name
|
represents the symbolic name
|
||||||
.B "\\\\>"
|
.B "\\\\>"
|
||||||
enclosed in angle brackets.
|
enclosed in angle brackets.
|
||||||
.SS "Character Encoding"
|
.SS "Character encoding"
|
||||||
The
|
The
|
||||||
encoding may be in each of the following three forms:
|
encoding may be in each of the following three forms:
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ for
|
||||||
.B emacs
|
.B emacs
|
||||||
backup files.
|
backup files.
|
||||||
This form should be considered obsolete.
|
This form should be considered obsolete.
|
||||||
.SS "ISO 6429 (ANSI) Color Sequences"
|
.SS "ISO 6429 (ANSI) color sequences"
|
||||||
Most color-capable ASCII terminals today use ISO 6429 (ANSI) color sequences,
|
Most color-capable ASCII terminals today use ISO 6429 (ANSI) color sequences,
|
||||||
and many common terminals without color capability, including
|
and many common terminals without color capability, including
|
||||||
.B xterm
|
.B xterm
|
||||||
|
@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ and
|
||||||
.B FILE
|
.B FILE
|
||||||
codes to the numerical codes for your normal foreground and background
|
codes to the numerical codes for your normal foreground and background
|
||||||
colors.
|
colors.
|
||||||
.SS "Other Terminal Types (Advanced Configuration)"
|
.SS "Other terminal types (advanced configuration)"
|
||||||
If you have a color-capable (or otherwise highlighting) terminal (or
|
If you have a color-capable (or otherwise highlighting) terminal (or
|
||||||
printer!) which uses a different set of codes, you can still generate
|
printer!) which uses a different set of codes, you can still generate
|
||||||
a suitable setup.
|
a suitable setup.
|
||||||
|
@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ definition will have no effect.
|
||||||
A different
|
A different
|
||||||
.B ENDCODE
|
.B ENDCODE
|
||||||
can, however, be specified, which would have the same effect.
|
can, however, be specified, which would have the same effect.
|
||||||
.SS "Escape Sequences"
|
.SS "Escape sequences"
|
||||||
To specify control- or blank characters in the color sequences or
|
To specify control- or blank characters in the color sequences or
|
||||||
filename extensions, either C-style \e-escaped notation or
|
filename extensions, either C-style \e-escaped notation or
|
||||||
.BR stty \-style
|
.BR stty \-style
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ advantage.
|
||||||
.SH NOTES
|
.SH NOTES
|
||||||
Modifications to this file normally take effect immediately,
|
Modifications to this file normally take effect immediately,
|
||||||
except in cases where the file is cached by applications.
|
except in cases where the file is cached by applications.
|
||||||
.SS "Historical Notes"
|
.SS "Historical notes"
|
||||||
RFC\ 952 gave the original format for the host table, though it has
|
RFC\ 952 gave the original format for the host table, though it has
|
||||||
since changed.
|
since changed.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ intro \- introduction to file formats
|
||||||
Section 5 of the manual describes various file formats and protocols,
|
Section 5 of the manual describes various file formats and protocols,
|
||||||
and the corresponding C structures, if any.
|
and the corresponding C structures, if any.
|
||||||
.SH NOTES
|
.SH NOTES
|
||||||
.SS Authors and Copyright Conditions
|
.SS Authors and copyright conditions
|
||||||
Look at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) and copyright
|
Look at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) and copyright
|
||||||
conditions.
|
conditions.
|
||||||
Note that these can be different from page to page!
|
Note that these can be different from page to page!
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ Boolean: :bs:\e
|
||||||
Numeric: :co#80:\e
|
Numeric: :co#80:\e
|
||||||
String: :sr=\eE[H:\e
|
String: :sr=\eE[H:\e
|
||||||
.fi
|
.fi
|
||||||
.SS "Boolean Capabilities"
|
.SS "Boolean capabilities"
|
||||||
.nf
|
.nf
|
||||||
5i Printer will not echo on screen
|
5i Printer will not echo on screen
|
||||||
am Automatic margins which means automatic line wrap
|
am Automatic margins which means automatic line wrap
|
||||||
|
@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ xo Terminal uses xon/xoff protocol
|
||||||
xs Text typed over standout text will be displayed in standout
|
xs Text typed over standout text will be displayed in standout
|
||||||
xt Teleray glitch, destructive tabs and odd standout mode
|
xt Teleray glitch, destructive tabs and odd standout mode
|
||||||
.fi
|
.fi
|
||||||
.SS "Numeric Capabilities"
|
.SS "Numeric capabilities"
|
||||||
.nf
|
.nf
|
||||||
co Number of columns
|
co Number of columns
|
||||||
dB Delay in milliseconds for backspace on hardcopy terminals
|
dB Delay in milliseconds for backspace on hardcopy terminals
|
||||||
|
@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ ug Underline glitch
|
||||||
vt virtual terminal number
|
vt virtual terminal number
|
||||||
ws Width of status line if different from screen width
|
ws Width of status line if different from screen width
|
||||||
.fi
|
.fi
|
||||||
.SS "String Capabilities"
|
.SS "String capabilities"
|
||||||
.nf
|
.nf
|
||||||
!1 shifted save key
|
!1 shifted save key
|
||||||
!2 shifted suspend key
|
!2 shifted suspend key
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ Linux defines the
|
||||||
structure to be the same as the
|
structure to be the same as the
|
||||||
.I utmp
|
.I utmp
|
||||||
structure.
|
structure.
|
||||||
.SS Comparison with Historical Systems
|
.SS Comparison with historical systems
|
||||||
Linux utmp entries conform neither to v7/BSD nor to System V; they are a
|
Linux utmp entries conform neither to v7/BSD nor to System V; they are a
|
||||||
mix of the two.
|
mix of the two.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ intro \- introduction to games
|
||||||
Section 6 of the manual describes all the games and funny little programs
|
Section 6 of the manual describes all the games and funny little programs
|
||||||
available on the system.
|
available on the system.
|
||||||
.SH NOTES
|
.SH NOTES
|
||||||
.SS Authors and Copyright Conditions
|
.SS Authors and copyright conditions
|
||||||
Look at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) and copyright
|
Look at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) and copyright
|
||||||
conditions.
|
conditions.
|
||||||
Note that these can be different from page to page!
|
Note that these can be different from page to page!
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ hexadecimal
|
||||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||||
The Armenian Standard Code for Information Interchange,
|
The Armenian Standard Code for Information Interchange,
|
||||||
8-bit coded character set.
|
8-bit coded character set.
|
||||||
.SS "ArmSCII-8 Characters"
|
.SS "ArmSCII-8 characters"
|
||||||
The following table displays the characters in ArmSCII-8, which
|
The following table displays the characters in ArmSCII-8, which
|
||||||
are printable and unlisted in the
|
are printable and unlisted in the
|
||||||
.BR ascii (7)
|
.BR ascii (7)
|
||||||
|
|
18
man7/boot.7
18
man7/boot.7
|
@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ should know what is the boot device, or which devices
|
||||||
to probe as possible boot devices.
|
to probe as possible boot devices.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Then the hardware boot stage accesses the boot device,
|
Then the hardware boot stage accesses the boot device,
|
||||||
loads the OS Loader, which is located on a fixed position
|
loads the OS loader, which is located on a fixed position
|
||||||
on the boot device, and transfers control to it.
|
on the boot device, and transfers control to it.
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
Note:
|
Note:
|
||||||
|
@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ We do not cover here booting from network.
|
||||||
Those who want
|
Those who want
|
||||||
to investigate this subject may want to research:
|
to investigate this subject may want to research:
|
||||||
DHCP, TFTP, PXE, Etherboot.
|
DHCP, TFTP, PXE, Etherboot.
|
||||||
.SS "OS Loader"
|
.SS "OS loader"
|
||||||
In PC, the OS Loader is located in the first sector
|
In PC, the OS loader is located in the first sector
|
||||||
of the boot device \- this is the \fBMBR\fR
|
of the boot device \- this is the \fBMBR\fR
|
||||||
(Master Boot Record).
|
(Master Boot Record).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ Even on non-PC systems
|
||||||
there are some limitations to the size and complexity
|
there are some limitations to the size and complexity
|
||||||
of this loader, but the size limitation of the PC MBR
|
of this loader, but the size limitation of the PC MBR
|
||||||
(512 bytes including the partition table) makes it
|
(512 bytes including the partition table) makes it
|
||||||
almost impossible to squeeze a full OS Loader into it.
|
almost impossible to squeeze a full OS loader into it.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Therefore, most operating systems make the primary loader
|
Therefore, most operating systems make the primary loader
|
||||||
call a secondary OS loader which may be located on
|
call a secondary OS loader which may be located on
|
||||||
|
@ -76,14 +76,14 @@ as a two part loader where they provide special MBR
|
||||||
containing the bootstrap code to load the second part
|
containing the bootstrap code to load the second part
|
||||||
of the loader from the root partition.
|
of the loader from the root partition.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The main job of the OS Loader is to locate the kernel
|
The main job of the OS loader is to locate the kernel
|
||||||
on the disk, load it and run it.
|
on the disk, load it and run it.
|
||||||
Most OS loaders allow
|
Most OS loaders allow
|
||||||
interactive use, to enable specification of alternative
|
interactive use, to enable specification of alternative
|
||||||
kernel (maybe a backup in case the last compiled one
|
kernel (maybe a backup in case the last compiled one
|
||||||
isn't functioning) and to pass optional parameters
|
isn't functioning) and to pass optional parameters
|
||||||
to the kernel.
|
to the kernel.
|
||||||
.SS "Kernel Startup"
|
.SS "Kernel startup"
|
||||||
When the kernel is loaded, it initializes the devices (via
|
When the kernel is loaded, it initializes the devices (via
|
||||||
their drivers), starts the swapper (it is a "kernel process",
|
their drivers), starts the swapper (it is a "kernel process",
|
||||||
called kswapd in modern Linux kernels), and mounts the root
|
called kswapd in modern Linux kernels), and mounts the root
|
||||||
|
@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ and query the current run-level via
|
||||||
However, since it is not convenient to manage individual services
|
However, since it is not convenient to manage individual services
|
||||||
by editing this file, inittab only bootstraps a set of scripts
|
by editing this file, inittab only bootstraps a set of scripts
|
||||||
that actually start/stop the individual services.
|
that actually start/stop the individual services.
|
||||||
.SS "Boot Scripts"
|
.SS "Boot scripts"
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
Note:
|
Note:
|
||||||
The following description applies to System V release 4-based systems, which
|
The following description applies to System V release 4-based systems, which
|
||||||
|
@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ accept other "convenience" parameters (e.g: "restart", to stop and then
|
||||||
start, "status" do display the service status).
|
start, "status" do display the service status).
|
||||||
Running the script
|
Running the script
|
||||||
without parameters displays the possible arguments.
|
without parameters displays the possible arguments.
|
||||||
.SS "Sequencing Directories"
|
.SS "Sequencing directories"
|
||||||
To make specific scripts start/stop at specific run-levels and in
|
To make specific scripts start/stop at specific run-levels and in
|
||||||
specific order, there are \fIsequencing directories\fR.
|
specific order, there are \fIsequencing directories\fR.
|
||||||
These
|
These
|
||||||
|
@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ To manage the boot order and run-levels, we have to manage these links.
|
||||||
However, on many versions of Linux, there are tools to help with this task
|
However, on many versions of Linux, there are tools to help with this task
|
||||||
(e.g:
|
(e.g:
|
||||||
.BR chkconfig (8)).
|
.BR chkconfig (8)).
|
||||||
.SS "Boot Configuration"
|
.SS "Boot configuration"
|
||||||
Usually the daemons started may optionally receive command-line options
|
Usually the daemons started may optionally receive command-line options
|
||||||
and parameters.
|
and parameters.
|
||||||
To allow system administrators to change these
|
To allow system administrators to change these
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ into a SB compatible mode.
|
||||||
Booting DOS with the supplied driver, and
|
Booting DOS with the supplied driver, and
|
||||||
then loading Linux from the DOS prompt with loadlin avoids the reset
|
then loading Linux from the DOS prompt with loadlin avoids the reset
|
||||||
of the card that happens if one rebooted instead.
|
of the card that happens if one rebooted instead.
|
||||||
.SS "The Argument List"
|
.SS "The argument list"
|
||||||
The kernel command line is parsed into a list of strings
|
The kernel command line is parsed into a list of strings
|
||||||
(boot arguments) separated by spaces.
|
(boot arguments) separated by spaces.
|
||||||
Most of the boot args take the form of:
|
Most of the boot args take the form of:
|
||||||
|
@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ to boot the computer in single user mode, and not launch all the usual
|
||||||
daemons.
|
daemons.
|
||||||
Check the manual page for the version of init installed on
|
Check the manual page for the version of init installed on
|
||||||
your system to see what arguments it accepts.
|
your system to see what arguments it accepts.
|
||||||
.SS "General Non-device Specific Boot Arguments"
|
.SS "General non-device specific boot arguments"
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.B "'init=...'"
|
.B "'init=...'"
|
||||||
This sets the initial command to be executed by the kernel.
|
This sets the initial command to be executed by the kernel.
|
||||||
|
@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ instead jump through the BIOS.
|
||||||
A command-line option of 'nosmp' or 'maxcpus=0' will disable SMP
|
A command-line option of 'nosmp' or 'maxcpus=0' will disable SMP
|
||||||
activation entirely; an option 'maxcpus=N' limits the maximum number
|
activation entirely; an option 'maxcpus=N' limits the maximum number
|
||||||
of CPUs activated in SMP mode to N.
|
of CPUs activated in SMP mode to N.
|
||||||
.SS "Boot Arguments for Use by Kernel Developers"
|
.SS "Boot arguments for use by kernel developers"
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.B "'debug'"
|
.B "'debug'"
|
||||||
Kernel messages are handed off to the kernel log daemon klogd so that they
|
Kernel messages are handed off to the kernel log daemon klogd so that they
|
||||||
|
@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ Set the six parameters max_buff_age, buff_advance, buff_decline,
|
||||||
buff_initial_age, bufferout_weight, buffermem_grace that control
|
buff_initial_age, bufferout_weight, buffermem_grace that control
|
||||||
kernel buffer memory management.
|
kernel buffer memory management.
|
||||||
For kernel tuners only.
|
For kernel tuners only.
|
||||||
.SS "Boot Arguments for Ramdisk Use"
|
.SS "Boot arguments for ramdisk use"
|
||||||
(Only if the kernel was compiled with
|
(Only if the kernel was compiled with
|
||||||
.BR CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM .)
|
.BR CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM .)
|
||||||
In general it is a bad idea to use a ramdisk under Linux\(emthe
|
In general it is a bad idea to use a ramdisk under Linux\(emthe
|
||||||
|
@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ leave the initrd data under
|
||||||
(This device can be used only once: the data is freed as soon as
|
(This device can be used only once: the data is freed as soon as
|
||||||
the last process that used it has closed
|
the last process that used it has closed
|
||||||
.IR /dev/initrd .)
|
.IR /dev/initrd .)
|
||||||
.SS "Boot Arguments for SCSI Devices"
|
.SS "Boot arguments for SCSI devices"
|
||||||
General notation for this section:
|
General notation for this section:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.I iobase
|
.I iobase
|
||||||
|
@ -760,7 +760,7 @@ nosync:bitmask, nodma:x, period:ns, disconnect:x, debug:x,
|
||||||
clock:x, next.
|
clock:x, next.
|
||||||
For details, see
|
For details, see
|
||||||
.IR /usr/src/linux/drivers/scsi/wd33c93.c .
|
.IR /usr/src/linux/drivers/scsi/wd33c93.c .
|
||||||
.SS "Hard Disks"
|
.SS "Hard disks"
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.B "IDE Disk/CD-ROM Driver Parameters"
|
.B "IDE Disk/CD-ROM Driver Parameters"
|
||||||
The IDE driver accepts a number of parameters, which range from disk
|
The IDE driver accepts a number of parameters, which range from disk
|
||||||
|
@ -876,7 +876,7 @@ xd=2,5,0x320,3
|
||||||
.B "Syquest's EZ* removable disks"
|
.B "Syquest's EZ* removable disks"
|
||||||
.IP
|
.IP
|
||||||
.BI ez= iobase[,irq[,rep[,nybble]]]
|
.BI ez= iobase[,irq[,rep[,nybble]]]
|
||||||
.SS "IBM MCA Bus Devices"
|
.SS "IBM MCA bus devices"
|
||||||
See also
|
See also
|
||||||
.IR /usr/src/linux/Documentation/mca.txt .
|
.IR /usr/src/linux/Documentation/mca.txt .
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
|
@ -1010,7 +1010,7 @@ where type is one of the following (case sensitive) strings:
|
||||||
\&'SoundBlaster', 'LaserMate', or 'SPEA'.
|
\&'SoundBlaster', 'LaserMate', or 'SPEA'.
|
||||||
The I/O base is that of the
|
The I/O base is that of the
|
||||||
CD-ROM interface, and not that of the sound portion of the card.
|
CD-ROM interface, and not that of the sound portion of the card.
|
||||||
.SS "Ethernet Devices"
|
.SS "Ethernet devices"
|
||||||
Different drivers make use of different parameters, but they all at
|
Different drivers make use of different parameters, but they all at
|
||||||
least share having an IRQ, an I/O port base value, and a name.
|
least share having an IRQ, an I/O port base value, and a name.
|
||||||
In its most generic form, it looks something like this:
|
In its most generic form, it looks something like this:
|
||||||
|
@ -1038,7 +1038,7 @@ cards and on the card/driver-specific implementation
|
||||||
of the param_n values where used.
|
of the param_n values where used.
|
||||||
Interested readers should refer to
|
Interested readers should refer to
|
||||||
the section in that document on their particular card.
|
the section in that document on their particular card.
|
||||||
.SS "The Floppy Disk Driver"
|
.SS "The floppy disk driver"
|
||||||
There are many floppy driver options, and they are all listed in
|
There are many floppy driver options, and they are all listed in
|
||||||
.I Documentation/floppy.txt
|
.I Documentation/floppy.txt
|
||||||
(or
|
(or
|
||||||
|
@ -1116,7 +1116,7 @@ This is needed on IBM L40SX laptops in certain video modes.
|
||||||
be an interaction between video and floppy.
|
be an interaction between video and floppy.
|
||||||
The unexpected interrupts
|
The unexpected interrupts
|
||||||
only affect performance, and can safely be ignored.)
|
only affect performance, and can safely be ignored.)
|
||||||
.SS "The Sound Driver"
|
.SS "The sound driver"
|
||||||
The sound driver can also accept boot args to override the compiled in
|
The sound driver can also accept boot args to override the compiled in
|
||||||
values.
|
values.
|
||||||
This is not recommended, as it is rather complex.
|
This is not recommended, as it is rather complex.
|
||||||
|
@ -1145,7 +1145,7 @@ As you can see it gets pretty messy, and you are better off to compile
|
||||||
in your own personal values as recommended.
|
in your own personal values as recommended.
|
||||||
Using a boot arg of
|
Using a boot arg of
|
||||||
\&'sound=0' will disable the sound driver entirely.
|
\&'sound=0' will disable the sound driver entirely.
|
||||||
.SS "ISDN Drivers"
|
.SS "ISDN drivers"
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.B "The ICN ISDN driver"
|
.B "The ICN ISDN driver"
|
||||||
Syntax:
|
Syntax:
|
||||||
|
@ -1173,7 +1173,7 @@ teles=iobase,irq,membase,protocol,teles_id
|
||||||
where iobase is the i/o port address of the card, membase is the
|
where iobase is the i/o port address of the card, membase is the
|
||||||
shared memory base address of the card, irq is the interrupt channel
|
shared memory base address of the card, irq is the interrupt channel
|
||||||
the card uses, and teles_id is the unique ASCII string identifier.
|
the card uses, and teles_id is the unique ASCII string identifier.
|
||||||
.SS "Serial Port Drivers"
|
.SS "Serial port drivers"
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.B "The RISCom/8 Multiport Serial Driver ('riscom8=')"
|
.B "The RISCom/8 Multiport Serial Driver ('riscom8=')"
|
||||||
Syntax:
|
Syntax:
|
||||||
|
@ -1235,7 +1235,7 @@ the dummy 0 is required because of a bug in the setup code.
|
||||||
The mode parameter is a string with syntax hw:modem,
|
The mode parameter is a string with syntax hw:modem,
|
||||||
where hw is one of sbc, wss, wssfdx and modem is one of
|
where hw is one of sbc, wss, wssfdx and modem is one of
|
||||||
afsk1200, fsk9600.
|
afsk1200, fsk9600.
|
||||||
.SS "The Line Printer Driver"
|
.SS "The line printer driver"
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.B "'lp='"
|
.B "'lp='"
|
||||||
Syntax:
|
Syntax:
|
||||||
|
@ -1265,7 +1265,7 @@ lp=0.
|
||||||
Syntax:
|
Syntax:
|
||||||
.IP
|
.IP
|
||||||
wdt=io,irq
|
wdt=io,irq
|
||||||
.SS "Mouse Drivers"
|
.SS "Mouse drivers"
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.B "'bmouse=irq'"
|
.B "'bmouse=irq'"
|
||||||
The busmouse driver only accepts one parameter, that being the
|
The busmouse driver only accepts one parameter, that being the
|
||||||
|
@ -1283,7 +1283,7 @@ x-threshold and y-threshold.
|
||||||
Otherwise, the first argument
|
Otherwise, the first argument
|
||||||
is the x-threshold, and the second the y-threshold.
|
is the x-threshold, and the second the y-threshold.
|
||||||
These values must lie between 1 and 20 (inclusive); the default is 2.
|
These values must lie between 1 and 20 (inclusive); the default is 2.
|
||||||
.SS "Video Hardware"
|
.SS "Video hardware"
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.B "'no-scroll'"
|
.B "'no-scroll'"
|
||||||
This option tells the console driver not to use hardware scroll
|
This option tells the console driver not to use hardware scroll
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ associated with superuser into distinct units, known as
|
||||||
which can be independently enabled and disabled.
|
which can be independently enabled and disabled.
|
||||||
Capabilities are a per-thread attribute.
|
Capabilities are a per-thread attribute.
|
||||||
.\"
|
.\"
|
||||||
.SS Capabilities List
|
.SS Capabilities list
|
||||||
The following list shows the capabilities implemented on Linux,
|
The following list shows the capabilities implemented on Linux,
|
||||||
and the operations or behaviors that each capability permits:
|
and the operations or behaviors that each capability permits:
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
|
@ -572,7 +572,7 @@ and
|
||||||
.B CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM
|
.B CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM
|
||||||
timers).
|
timers).
|
||||||
.\"
|
.\"
|
||||||
.SS Past and Current Implementation
|
.SS Past and current implementation
|
||||||
A full implementation of capabilities requires that:
|
A full implementation of capabilities requires that:
|
||||||
.IP 1. 3
|
.IP 1. 3
|
||||||
For all privileged operations,
|
For all privileged operations,
|
||||||
|
@ -588,7 +588,7 @@ so that a process gains those capabilities when the file is executed.
|
||||||
Before kernel 2.6.24, only the first two of these requirements are met;
|
Before kernel 2.6.24, only the first two of these requirements are met;
|
||||||
since kernel 2.6.24, all three requirements are met.
|
since kernel 2.6.24, all three requirements are met.
|
||||||
.\"
|
.\"
|
||||||
.SS Thread Capability Sets
|
.SS Thread capability sets
|
||||||
Each thread has three capability sets containing zero or more
|
Each thread has three capability sets containing zero or more
|
||||||
of the above capabilities:
|
of the above capabilities:
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
|
@ -627,7 +627,7 @@ Using
|
||||||
.BR capset (2),
|
.BR capset (2),
|
||||||
a thread may manipulate its own capability sets (see below).
|
a thread may manipulate its own capability sets (see below).
|
||||||
.\"
|
.\"
|
||||||
.SS File Capabilities
|
.SS File capabilities
|
||||||
Since kernel 2.6.24, the kernel supports
|
Since kernel 2.6.24, the kernel supports
|
||||||
associating capability sets with an executable file using
|
associating capability sets with an executable file using
|
||||||
.BR setcap (8).
|
.BR setcap (8).
|
||||||
|
@ -680,7 +680,7 @@ then the effective flag must also be specified as enabled
|
||||||
for all other capabilities for which the corresponding permitted or
|
for all other capabilities for which the corresponding permitted or
|
||||||
inheritable flags is enabled.
|
inheritable flags is enabled.
|
||||||
.\"
|
.\"
|
||||||
.SS Transformation of Capabilities During execve()
|
.SS Transformation of capabilities during execve()
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
During an
|
During an
|
||||||
.BR execve (2),
|
.BR execve (2),
|
||||||
|
@ -855,7 +855,7 @@ However it does prevent the capability from being added
|
||||||
back into the thread's inherited set in the future.
|
back into the thread's inherited set in the future.
|
||||||
.\"
|
.\"
|
||||||
.\"
|
.\"
|
||||||
.SS Effect of User ID Changes on Capabilities
|
.SS Effect of user ID changes on capabilities
|
||||||
To preserve the traditional semantics for transitions between
|
To preserve the traditional semantics for transitions between
|
||||||
0 and nonzero user IDs,
|
0 and nonzero user IDs,
|
||||||
the kernel makes the following changes to a thread's capability
|
the kernel makes the following changes to a thread's capability
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ and
|
||||||
a process is allowed to use, cpusets provide the following
|
a process is allowed to use, cpusets provide the following
|
||||||
extended capabilities.
|
extended capabilities.
|
||||||
.\" ================== Exclusive Cpusets ==================
|
.\" ================== Exclusive Cpusets ==================
|
||||||
.SS Exclusive Cpusets
|
.SS Exclusive cpusets
|
||||||
If a cpuset is marked
|
If a cpuset is marked
|
||||||
.I cpu_exclusive
|
.I cpu_exclusive
|
||||||
or
|
or
|
||||||
|
@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ interrupt handlers, is allowed to be taken outside even a
|
||||||
.I hardwall
|
.I hardwall
|
||||||
cpuset.
|
cpuset.
|
||||||
.\" ================== Notify On Release ==================
|
.\" ================== Notify On Release ==================
|
||||||
.SS Notify On Release
|
.SS Notify on release
|
||||||
If the
|
If the
|
||||||
.I notify_on_release
|
.I notify_on_release
|
||||||
flag is enabled (1) in a cpuset,
|
flag is enabled (1) in a cpuset,
|
||||||
|
@ -505,7 +505,7 @@ be changed by writing an ASCII
|
||||||
number 0 or 1 (with optional trailing newline)
|
number 0 or 1 (with optional trailing newline)
|
||||||
into the file, to clear or set the flag, respectively.
|
into the file, to clear or set the flag, respectively.
|
||||||
.\" ================== Memory Pressure ==================
|
.\" ================== Memory Pressure ==================
|
||||||
.SS Memory Pressure
|
.SS Memory pressure
|
||||||
The
|
The
|
||||||
.I memory_pressure
|
.I memory_pressure
|
||||||
of a cpuset provides a simple per-cpuset running average of
|
of a cpuset provides a simple per-cpuset running average of
|
||||||
|
@ -577,7 +577,7 @@ file provides an integer number representing the recent (half-life of
|
||||||
process in the cpuset, in units of reclaims attempted per second,
|
process in the cpuset, in units of reclaims attempted per second,
|
||||||
times 1000.
|
times 1000.
|
||||||
.\" ================== Memory Spread ==================
|
.\" ================== Memory Spread ==================
|
||||||
.SS Memory Spread
|
.SS Memory spread
|
||||||
There are two Boolean flag files per cpuset that control where the
|
There are two Boolean flag files per cpuset that control where the
|
||||||
kernel allocates pages for the file-system buffers and related
|
kernel allocates pages for the file-system buffers and related
|
||||||
in-kernel data structures.
|
in-kernel data structures.
|
||||||
|
@ -660,7 +660,7 @@ can become very uneven,
|
||||||
especially for jobs that might have just a single
|
especially for jobs that might have just a single
|
||||||
thread initializing or reading in the data set.
|
thread initializing or reading in the data set.
|
||||||
.\" ================== Memory Migration ==================
|
.\" ================== Memory Migration ==================
|
||||||
.SS Memory Migration
|
.SS Memory migration
|
||||||
Normally, under the default setting (disabled) of
|
Normally, under the default setting (disabled) of
|
||||||
.IR cpuset.memory_migrate ,
|
.IR cpuset.memory_migrate ,
|
||||||
once a page is allocated (given a physical page
|
once a page is allocated (given a physical page
|
||||||
|
@ -689,7 +689,7 @@ if the page was on the second valid node of the prior cpuset,
|
||||||
then the page will be placed on the second valid node of the new cpuset,
|
then the page will be placed on the second valid node of the new cpuset,
|
||||||
if possible.
|
if possible.
|
||||||
.\" ================== Scheduler Load Balancing ==================
|
.\" ================== Scheduler Load Balancing ==================
|
||||||
.SS Scheduler Load Balancing
|
.SS Scheduler load balancing
|
||||||
The kernel scheduler automatically load balances processes.
|
The kernel scheduler automatically load balances processes.
|
||||||
If one CPU is underutilized,
|
If one CPU is underutilized,
|
||||||
the kernel will look for processes on other more
|
the kernel will look for processes on other more
|
||||||
|
@ -776,7 +776,7 @@ that disables
|
||||||
.I sched_load_balance
|
.I sched_load_balance
|
||||||
as those processes aren't going anywhere else anyway.
|
as those processes aren't going anywhere else anyway.
|
||||||
.\" ================== Scheduler Relax Domain Level ==================
|
.\" ================== Scheduler Relax Domain Level ==================
|
||||||
.SS Scheduler Relax Domain Level
|
.SS Scheduler relax domain level
|
||||||
The kernel scheduler performs immediate load balancing whenever
|
The kernel scheduler performs immediate load balancing whenever
|
||||||
a CPU becomes free or another task becomes runnable.
|
a CPU becomes free or another task becomes runnable.
|
||||||
This load
|
This load
|
||||||
|
@ -863,7 +863,7 @@ other value, and the value \fBzero (0)\fR is the next lowest value.
|
||||||
The following formats are used to represent sets of
|
The following formats are used to represent sets of
|
||||||
CPUs and memory nodes.
|
CPUs and memory nodes.
|
||||||
.\" ================== Mask Format ==================
|
.\" ================== Mask Format ==================
|
||||||
.SS Mask Format
|
.SS Mask format
|
||||||
The \fBMask Format\fR is used to represent CPU and memory-node bitmasks
|
The \fBMask Format\fR is used to represent CPU and memory-node bitmasks
|
||||||
in the
|
in the
|
||||||
.I /proc/<pid>/status
|
.I /proc/<pid>/status
|
||||||
|
@ -904,7 +904,7 @@ The first "1" is for bit 64, the
|
||||||
second for bit 32, the third for bit 16, the fourth for bit 8, the
|
second for bit 32, the third for bit 16, the fourth for bit 8, the
|
||||||
fifth for bit 4, and the "7" is for bits 2, 1, and 0.
|
fifth for bit 4, and the "7" is for bits 2, 1, and 0.
|
||||||
.\" ================== List Format ==================
|
.\" ================== List Format ==================
|
||||||
.SS List Format
|
.SS List format
|
||||||
The \fBList Format\fR for
|
The \fBList Format\fR for
|
||||||
.I cpus
|
.I cpus
|
||||||
and
|
and
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ and
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A process's PID is preserved across an
|
A process's PID is preserved across an
|
||||||
.BR execve (2).
|
.BR execve (2).
|
||||||
.SS Parent Process ID (PPID)
|
.SS Parent process ID (PPID)
|
||||||
A process's parent process ID identifies the process that created
|
A process's parent process ID identifies the process that created
|
||||||
this process using
|
this process using
|
||||||
.BR fork (2).
|
.BR fork (2).
|
||||||
|
@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ A PPID is represented using the type
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A process's PPID is preserved across an
|
A process's PPID is preserved across an
|
||||||
.BR execve (2).
|
.BR execve (2).
|
||||||
.SS Process Group ID and Session ID
|
.SS Process group ID and session ID
|
||||||
Each process has a session ID and a process group ID,
|
Each process has a session ID and a process group ID,
|
||||||
both represented using the type
|
both represented using the type
|
||||||
.IR pid_t .
|
.IR pid_t .
|
||||||
|
@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ which creates a new session whose session ID is the same
|
||||||
as the PID of the process that called
|
as the PID of the process that called
|
||||||
.BR setsid (2).
|
.BR setsid (2).
|
||||||
The creator of the session is called the \fIsession leader\fP.
|
The creator of the session is called the \fIsession leader\fP.
|
||||||
.SS User and Group Identifiers
|
.SS User and group identifiers
|
||||||
Each process has various associated user and groups IDs.
|
Each process has various associated user and groups IDs.
|
||||||
These IDs are integers, respectively represented using the types
|
These IDs are integers, respectively represented using the types
|
||||||
.I uid_t
|
.I uid_t
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ Raw sockets may be only opened by a process with effective user ID 0
|
||||||
or when the process has the
|
or when the process has the
|
||||||
.B CAP_NET_RAW
|
.B CAP_NET_RAW
|
||||||
capability.
|
capability.
|
||||||
.SS "Address Format"
|
.SS "Address format"
|
||||||
An Appletalk socket address is defined as a combination of a network number,
|
An Appletalk socket address is defined as a combination of a network number,
|
||||||
a node number, and a port number.
|
a node number, and a port number.
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
|
@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ wildcard and also implies \(lqthis node.\(rq The value of
|
||||||
is a link
|
is a link
|
||||||
local broadcast address.
|
local broadcast address.
|
||||||
.\" FIXME this doesn't make sense [johnl]
|
.\" FIXME this doesn't make sense [johnl]
|
||||||
.SS "Socket Options"
|
.SS "Socket options"
|
||||||
No protocol-specific socket options are supported.
|
No protocol-specific socket options are supported.
|
||||||
.SS /proc interfaces
|
.SS /proc interfaces
|
||||||
IP supports a set of
|
IP supports a set of
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ set.
|
||||||
.BR epoll_wait (2)
|
.BR epoll_wait (2)
|
||||||
waits for I/O events,
|
waits for I/O events,
|
||||||
blocking the calling thread if no events are currently available.
|
blocking the calling thread if no events are currently available.
|
||||||
.SS Level-Triggered and Edge-Triggered
|
.SS Level-triggered and edge-triggered
|
||||||
The
|
The
|
||||||
.B epoll
|
.B epoll
|
||||||
event distribution interface is able to behave both as edge-triggered
|
event distribution interface is able to behave both as edge-triggered
|
||||||
|
@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ the default value for
|
||||||
.I max_user_watches
|
.I max_user_watches
|
||||||
is 1/25 (4%) of the available low memory,
|
is 1/25 (4%) of the available low memory,
|
||||||
divided by the registration cost in bytes.
|
divided by the registration cost in bytes.
|
||||||
.SS Example for Suggested Usage
|
.SS Example for suggested usage
|
||||||
While the usage of
|
While the usage of
|
||||||
.B epoll
|
.B epoll
|
||||||
when employed as a level-triggered interface does have the same
|
when employed as a level-triggered interface does have the same
|
||||||
|
@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ calling
|
||||||
.BR epoll_ctl (2)
|
.BR epoll_ctl (2)
|
||||||
with
|
with
|
||||||
.BR EPOLL_CTL_MOD .
|
.BR EPOLL_CTL_MOD .
|
||||||
.SS Questions and Answers
|
.SS Questions and answers
|
||||||
.TP 4
|
.TP 4
|
||||||
.B Q0
|
.B Q0
|
||||||
What is the key used to distinguish the file descriptors registered in an
|
What is the key used to distinguish the file descriptors registered in an
|
||||||
|
@ -484,7 +484,7 @@ The same is true when writing using
|
||||||
.BR write (2).
|
.BR write (2).
|
||||||
(Avoid this latter technique if you cannot guarantee that
|
(Avoid this latter technique if you cannot guarantee that
|
||||||
the monitored file descriptor always refers to a stream-oriented file.)
|
the monitored file descriptor always refers to a stream-oriented file.)
|
||||||
.SS Possible Pitfalls and Ways to Avoid Them
|
.SS Possible pitfalls and ways to avoid them
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.B o Starvation (edge-triggered)
|
.B o Starvation (edge-triggered)
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ These days there is also a library routine
|
||||||
that will perform this function for a user program.
|
that will perform this function for a user program.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The rules are as follows (POSIX.2, 3.13).
|
The rules are as follows (POSIX.2, 3.13).
|
||||||
.SS "Wildcard Matching"
|
.SS "Wildcard matching"
|
||||||
A string is a wildcard pattern if it contains one of the
|
A string is a wildcard pattern if it contains one of the
|
||||||
characters \(aq?\(aq, \(aq*\(aq or \(aq[\(aq.
|
characters \(aq?\(aq, \(aq*\(aq or \(aq[\(aq.
|
||||||
Globbing is the operation
|
Globbing is the operation
|
||||||
|
@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ If a filename starts with a \(aq.\(aq,
|
||||||
this character must be matched explicitly.
|
this character must be matched explicitly.
|
||||||
(Thus, \fIrm\ *\fP will not remove .profile, and \fItar\ c\ *\fP will not
|
(Thus, \fIrm\ *\fP will not remove .profile, and \fItar\ c\ *\fP will not
|
||||||
archive all your files; \fItar\ c\ .\fP is better.)
|
archive all your files; \fItar\ c\ .\fP is better.)
|
||||||
.SS "Empty Lists"
|
.SS "Empty lists"
|
||||||
The nice and simple rule given above: "expand a wildcard pattern
|
The nice and simple rule given above: "expand a wildcard pattern
|
||||||
into the list of matching pathnames" was the original UNIX
|
into the list of matching pathnames" was the original UNIX
|
||||||
definition.
|
definition.
|
||||||
|
@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ more copies of the preceding thing.
|
||||||
Now that regular expressions have bracket expressions where
|
Now that regular expressions have bracket expressions where
|
||||||
the negation is indicated by a \(aq^\(aq, POSIX has declared the
|
the negation is indicated by a \(aq^\(aq, POSIX has declared the
|
||||||
effect of a wildcard pattern "\fI[^...]\fP" to be undefined.
|
effect of a wildcard pattern "\fI[^...]\fP" to be undefined.
|
||||||
.SS Character classes and Internationalization
|
.SS Character classes and internationalization
|
||||||
Of course ranges were originally meant to be ASCII ranges,
|
Of course ranges were originally meant to be ASCII ranges,
|
||||||
so that "\fI[\ \-%]\fP" stands for "\fI[\ !"#$%]\fP" and "\fI[a\-z]\fP" stands
|
so that "\fI[\ \-%]\fP" stands for "\fI[\ !"#$%]\fP" and "\fI[a\-z]\fP" stands
|
||||||
for "any lowercase letter".
|
for "any lowercase letter".
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ describes conventions and protocols,
|
||||||
character set standards, the standard file system layout,
|
character set standards, the standard file system layout,
|
||||||
and miscellaneous other things.
|
and miscellaneous other things.
|
||||||
.SH NOTES
|
.SH NOTES
|
||||||
.SS Authors and Copyright Conditions
|
.SS Authors and copyright conditions
|
||||||
Look at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) and copyright
|
Look at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) and copyright
|
||||||
conditions.
|
conditions.
|
||||||
Note that these can be different from page to page!
|
Note that these can be different from page to page!
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ some time after closing, unless the
|
||||||
.B SO_REUSEADDR
|
.B SO_REUSEADDR
|
||||||
flag has been set.
|
flag has been set.
|
||||||
Care should be taken when using this flag as it makes TCP less reliable.
|
Care should be taken when using this flag as it makes TCP less reliable.
|
||||||
.SS Address Format
|
.SS Address format
|
||||||
An IP socket address is defined as a combination of an IP interface
|
An IP socket address is defined as a combination of an IP interface
|
||||||
address and a 16-bit port number.
|
address and a 16-bit port number.
|
||||||
The basic IP protocol does not supply port numbers, they
|
The basic IP protocol does not supply port numbers, they
|
||||||
|
@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ means any address for binding;
|
||||||
means any host and has the same effect on bind as
|
means any host and has the same effect on bind as
|
||||||
.B INADDR_ANY
|
.B INADDR_ANY
|
||||||
for historical reasons.
|
for historical reasons.
|
||||||
.SS Socket Options
|
.SS Socket options
|
||||||
IP supports some protocol-specific socket options that can be set with
|
IP supports some protocol-specific socket options that can be set with
|
||||||
.BR setsockopt (2)
|
.BR setsockopt (2)
|
||||||
and read with
|
and read with
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ IPv4 and IPv6 share the local port space.
|
||||||
When you get an IPv4 connection
|
When you get an IPv4 connection
|
||||||
or packet to a IPv6 socket, its source address will be mapped
|
or packet to a IPv6 socket, its source address will be mapped
|
||||||
to v6 and it will be mapped to v6.
|
to v6 and it will be mapped to v6.
|
||||||
.SS "Address Format"
|
.SS "Address format"
|
||||||
.in +4n
|
.in +4n
|
||||||
.nf
|
.nf
|
||||||
struct sockaddr_in6 {
|
struct sockaddr_in6 {
|
||||||
|
@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ Special addresses are ::1 for loopback and ::FFFF:<IPv4 address>
|
||||||
for IPv4-mapped-on-IPv6.
|
for IPv4-mapped-on-IPv6.
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
The port space of IPv6 is shared with IPv4.
|
The port space of IPv6 is shared with IPv4.
|
||||||
.SS "Socket Options"
|
.SS "Socket options"
|
||||||
IPv6 supports some protocol-specific socket options that can be set with
|
IPv6 supports some protocol-specific socket options that can be set with
|
||||||
.BR setsockopt (2)
|
.BR setsockopt (2)
|
||||||
and read with
|
and read with
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ Spanish, and Swedish.
|
||||||
.P
|
.P
|
||||||
Note that the ISO 8859-1 characters are also the first 256 characters
|
Note that the ISO 8859-1 characters are also the first 256 characters
|
||||||
of ISO 10646 (Unicode).
|
of ISO 10646 (Unicode).
|
||||||
.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets"
|
.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets"
|
||||||
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
|
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
|
||||||
.TS
|
.TS
|
||||||
l l.
|
l l.
|
||||||
|
@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8)
|
||||||
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
|
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
|
||||||
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
|
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
|
||||||
.TE
|
.TE
|
||||||
.SS "ISO 8859-1 Characters"
|
.SS "ISO 8859-1 characters"
|
||||||
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1),
|
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1),
|
||||||
which are printable and unlisted in the
|
which are printable and unlisted in the
|
||||||
.BR ascii (7)
|
.BR ascii (7)
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ characters used in Nordic languages.
|
||||||
.\" (Though in my system with glibc-2.8-20080929
|
.\" (Though in my system with glibc-2.8-20080929
|
||||||
.\" I found only lg_UG using this charset, and certainly UG
|
.\" I found only lg_UG using this charset, and certainly UG
|
||||||
.\" is not a "Nordic" country!).
|
.\" is not a "Nordic" country!).
|
||||||
.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets"
|
.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets"
|
||||||
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
|
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
|
||||||
.TS
|
.TS
|
||||||
l l.
|
l l.
|
||||||
|
@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8)
|
||||||
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
|
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
|
||||||
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
|
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
|
||||||
.TE
|
.TE
|
||||||
.SS "ISO 8859-10 Characters"
|
.SS "ISO 8859-10 characters"
|
||||||
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-10, which
|
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-10, which
|
||||||
are printable and unlisted in the
|
are printable and unlisted in the
|
||||||
.BR ascii (7)
|
.BR ascii (7)
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ and hexadecimal
|
||||||
The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII
|
The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII
|
||||||
character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV).
|
character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV).
|
||||||
ISO 8859-11 encodes the characters used in the Thai language.
|
ISO 8859-11 encodes the characters used in the Thai language.
|
||||||
.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets"
|
.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets"
|
||||||
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
|
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
|
||||||
.TS
|
.TS
|
||||||
l l.
|
l l.
|
||||||
|
@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8)
|
||||||
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
|
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
|
||||||
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
|
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
|
||||||
.TE
|
.TE
|
||||||
.SS "ISO 8859-11 Characters"
|
.SS "ISO 8859-11 characters"
|
||||||
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-11, which
|
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-11, which
|
||||||
are printable and unlisted in the
|
are printable and unlisted in the
|
||||||
.BR ascii (7)
|
.BR ascii (7)
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV).
|
||||||
ISO 8859-13 encodes the characters used in Baltic Rim languages.
|
ISO 8859-13 encodes the characters used in Baltic Rim languages.
|
||||||
.\" In my system with glibc-2.8-20080929 is used for
|
.\" In my system with glibc-2.8-20080929 is used for
|
||||||
.\" Lithuanian, Latvian and the Maori language in New Zealand.
|
.\" Lithuanian, Latvian and the Maori language in New Zealand.
|
||||||
.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets"
|
.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets"
|
||||||
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
|
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
|
||||||
.TS
|
.TS
|
||||||
l l.
|
l l.
|
||||||
|
@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8)
|
||||||
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
|
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
|
||||||
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
|
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
|
||||||
.TE
|
.TE
|
||||||
.SS "ISO 8859-13 Characters"
|
.SS "ISO 8859-13 characters"
|
||||||
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-13, which
|
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-13, which
|
||||||
are printable and unlisted in the
|
are printable and unlisted in the
|
||||||
.BR ascii (7)
|
.BR ascii (7)
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ and hexadecimal
|
||||||
The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII
|
The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII
|
||||||
character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV).
|
character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV).
|
||||||
ISO 8859-14 encodes the characters used in Celtic languages.
|
ISO 8859-14 encodes the characters used in Celtic languages.
|
||||||
.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets"
|
.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets"
|
||||||
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
|
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
|
||||||
.TS
|
.TS
|
||||||
l l.
|
l l.
|
||||||
|
@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8)
|
||||||
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
|
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
|
||||||
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
|
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
|
||||||
.TE
|
.TE
|
||||||
.SS "ISO 8859-14 Characters"
|
.SS "ISO 8859-14 characters"
|
||||||
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-14, which
|
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-14, which
|
||||||
are printable and unlisted in the
|
are printable and unlisted in the
|
||||||
.BR ascii (7)
|
.BR ascii (7)
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ Catalan, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Faroese, Finnish, French,
|
||||||
Frisian, Galician, German, Greenlandic, Icelandic, Irish Gaelic,
|
Frisian, Galician, German, Greenlandic, Icelandic, Irish Gaelic,
|
||||||
Italian, Latin, Luxemburgish, Norwegian, Portuguese, Rhaeto-Romanic,
|
Italian, Latin, Luxemburgish, Norwegian, Portuguese, Rhaeto-Romanic,
|
||||||
Scottish Gaelic, Spanish, and Swedish.
|
Scottish Gaelic, Spanish, and Swedish.
|
||||||
.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets"
|
.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets"
|
||||||
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
|
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
|
||||||
.TS
|
.TS
|
||||||
l l.
|
l l.
|
||||||
|
@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8)
|
||||||
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
|
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
|
||||||
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
|
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
|
||||||
.TE
|
.TE
|
||||||
.SS "ISO 8859-15 Characters"
|
.SS "ISO 8859-15 characters"
|
||||||
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-15 (Latin-9),
|
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-15 (Latin-9),
|
||||||
which are printable and unlisted in the
|
which are printable and unlisted in the
|
||||||
.BR ascii (7)
|
.BR ascii (7)
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Romanian, Slovenian and Serbian.
|
||||||
.P
|
.P
|
||||||
Also note that the following Cyrillic-based languages have one-to-one
|
Also note that the following Cyrillic-based languages have one-to-one
|
||||||
transliterations to Latin 10: Macedonian and Serbian.
|
transliterations to Latin 10: Macedonian and Serbian.
|
||||||
.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets"
|
.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets"
|
||||||
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
|
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
|
||||||
.TS
|
.TS
|
||||||
l l.
|
l l.
|
||||||
|
@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8)
|
||||||
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
|
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
|
||||||
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
|
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
|
||||||
.TE
|
.TE
|
||||||
.SS "ISO 8859-16 Characters"
|
.SS "ISO 8859-16 characters"
|
||||||
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-16 (Latin-10),
|
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-16 (Latin-10),
|
||||||
which are printable and unlisted in the
|
which are printable and unlisted in the
|
||||||
.BR ascii (7)
|
.BR ascii (7)
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ Slovak, Slovenian and Sorbian.
|
||||||
.P
|
.P
|
||||||
Also note that the following Cyrillic-based languages have one-to-one
|
Also note that the following Cyrillic-based languages have one-to-one
|
||||||
transliterations to Latin 2: Macedonian and Serbian.
|
transliterations to Latin 2: Macedonian and Serbian.
|
||||||
.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets"
|
.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets"
|
||||||
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
|
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
|
||||||
.TS
|
.TS
|
||||||
l l.
|
l l.
|
||||||
|
@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8)
|
||||||
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
|
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
|
||||||
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
|
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
|
||||||
.TE
|
.TE
|
||||||
.SS "ISO 8859-2 Characters"
|
.SS "ISO 8859-2 characters"
|
||||||
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-2 (Latin-2),
|
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-2 (Latin-2),
|
||||||
which are printable and unlisted in the
|
which are printable and unlisted in the
|
||||||
.BR ascii (7)
|
.BR ascii (7)
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV).
|
||||||
ISO 8859-3 encodes the characters used in Southeast European languages.
|
ISO 8859-3 encodes the characters used in Southeast European languages.
|
||||||
.\" (Though in my system with glibc-2.8-20080929
|
.\" (Though in my system with glibc-2.8-20080929
|
||||||
.\" I found only mt_MT (Malta) using this charset).
|
.\" I found only mt_MT (Malta) using this charset).
|
||||||
.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets"
|
.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets"
|
||||||
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
|
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
|
||||||
.TS
|
.TS
|
||||||
l l.
|
l l.
|
||||||
|
@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8)
|
||||||
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
|
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
|
||||||
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
|
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
|
||||||
.TE
|
.TE
|
||||||
.SS "ISO 8859-3 Characters"
|
.SS "ISO 8859-3 characters"
|
||||||
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-3, which
|
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-3, which
|
||||||
are printable and unlisted in the
|
are printable and unlisted in the
|
||||||
.BR ascii (7)
|
.BR ascii (7)
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII
|
||||||
character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV).
|
character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV).
|
||||||
ISO 8859-4 encodes the characters used in
|
ISO 8859-4 encodes the characters used in
|
||||||
Scandinavian and Baltic languages (Latin-4).
|
Scandinavian and Baltic languages (Latin-4).
|
||||||
.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets"
|
.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets"
|
||||||
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
|
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
|
||||||
.TS
|
.TS
|
||||||
l l.
|
l l.
|
||||||
|
@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8)
|
||||||
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
|
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
|
||||||
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
|
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
|
||||||
.TE
|
.TE
|
||||||
.SS "ISO 8859-4 Characters"
|
.SS "ISO 8859-4 characters"
|
||||||
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-4, which
|
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-4, which
|
||||||
are printable and unlisted in the
|
are printable and unlisted in the
|
||||||
.BR ascii (7)
|
.BR ascii (7)
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ and hexadecimal
|
||||||
The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII
|
The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII
|
||||||
character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV).
|
character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV).
|
||||||
ISO 8859-5 encodes the Cyrillic alphabet as used in Russian and Macedonian.
|
ISO 8859-5 encodes the Cyrillic alphabet as used in Russian and Macedonian.
|
||||||
.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets"
|
.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets"
|
||||||
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
|
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
|
||||||
.TS
|
.TS
|
||||||
l l.
|
l l.
|
||||||
|
@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8)
|
||||||
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
|
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
|
||||||
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
|
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
|
||||||
.TE
|
.TE
|
||||||
.SS "ISO 8859-5 Characters"
|
.SS "ISO 8859-5 characters"
|
||||||
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-5, which
|
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-5, which
|
||||||
are printable and unlisted in the
|
are printable and unlisted in the
|
||||||
.BR ascii (7)
|
.BR ascii (7)
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ and hexadecimal
|
||||||
The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII
|
The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII
|
||||||
character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV).
|
character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV).
|
||||||
ISO 8859-6 encodes the characters used in the Arabic language.
|
ISO 8859-6 encodes the characters used in the Arabic language.
|
||||||
.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets"
|
.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets"
|
||||||
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
|
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
|
||||||
.TS
|
.TS
|
||||||
l l.
|
l l.
|
||||||
|
@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8)
|
||||||
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
|
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
|
||||||
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
|
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
|
||||||
.TE
|
.TE
|
||||||
.SS "ISO 8859-6 Characters"
|
.SS "ISO 8859-6 characters"
|
||||||
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-6, which
|
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-6, which
|
||||||
are printable and unlisted in the
|
are printable and unlisted in the
|
||||||
.BR ascii (7)
|
.BR ascii (7)
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII
|
||||||
character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV).
|
character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV).
|
||||||
ISO 8859-7 encodes the
|
ISO 8859-7 encodes the
|
||||||
characters used in modern monotonic Greek.
|
characters used in modern monotonic Greek.
|
||||||
.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets"
|
.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets"
|
||||||
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
|
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
|
||||||
.TS
|
.TS
|
||||||
l l.
|
l l.
|
||||||
|
@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8)
|
||||||
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
|
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
|
||||||
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
|
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
|
||||||
.TE
|
.TE
|
||||||
.SS "ISO 8859-7 Characters"
|
.SS "ISO 8859-7 characters"
|
||||||
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-7, which
|
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-7, which
|
||||||
are printable and unlisted in the
|
are printable and unlisted in the
|
||||||
.BR ascii (7)
|
.BR ascii (7)
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ ISO 8859-8, or "ISO Hebrew" encodes the
|
||||||
characters used in Modern Hebrew (or Ivrit).
|
characters used in Modern Hebrew (or Ivrit).
|
||||||
Neither short vowels nor diacritical marks are included,
|
Neither short vowels nor diacritical marks are included,
|
||||||
and Yiddish is not provided for.
|
and Yiddish is not provided for.
|
||||||
.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets"
|
.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets"
|
||||||
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
|
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
|
||||||
.TS
|
.TS
|
||||||
l l.
|
l l.
|
||||||
|
@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8)
|
||||||
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
|
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
|
||||||
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
|
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
|
||||||
.TE
|
.TE
|
||||||
.SS "ISO 8859-8 Characters"
|
.SS "ISO 8859-8 characters"
|
||||||
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-8, which
|
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-8, which
|
||||||
are printable and unlisted in the
|
are printable and unlisted in the
|
||||||
.BR ascii (7)
|
.BR ascii (7)
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII
|
||||||
character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV).
|
character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV).
|
||||||
ISO 8859-9, also known as
|
ISO 8859-9, also known as
|
||||||
the "Latin Alphabet No. 5", encodes the characters used in Turkish.
|
the "Latin Alphabet No. 5", encodes the characters used in Turkish.
|
||||||
.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets"
|
.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets"
|
||||||
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
|
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
|
||||||
.TS
|
.TS
|
||||||
l l.
|
l l.
|
||||||
|
@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8)
|
||||||
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
|
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
|
||||||
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
|
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
|
||||||
.TE
|
.TE
|
||||||
.SS "ISO 8859-9 Characters"
|
.SS "ISO 8859-9 characters"
|
||||||
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-9 (Latin-5),
|
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-9 (Latin-5),
|
||||||
which are printable and unlisted in the
|
which are printable and unlisted in the
|
||||||
.BR ascii (7)
|
.BR ascii (7)
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ area.
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
A more complete set of Cyrillic characters is also defined by the
|
A more complete set of Cyrillic characters is also defined by the
|
||||||
ISO-8859-5 character set.
|
ISO-8859-5 character set.
|
||||||
.SS "KOI8-R Characters"
|
.SS "KOI8-R characters"
|
||||||
The following table displays the characters in KOI8-R, which
|
The following table displays the characters in KOI8-R, which
|
||||||
are printable and unlisted in the
|
are printable and unlisted in the
|
||||||
.BR ascii (7)
|
.BR ascii (7)
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ KOI8-U is compatible with KOI8-R (RFC 1489)
|
||||||
for all Russian letters, and extends KOI8-R with four
|
for all Russian letters, and extends KOI8-R with four
|
||||||
Ukrainian letters (in both upper and lower case)
|
Ukrainian letters (in both upper and lower case)
|
||||||
in locations that are compliant with ISO-IR-111.
|
in locations that are compliant with ISO-IR-111.
|
||||||
.SS "KOI8-U Characters"
|
.SS "KOI8-U characters"
|
||||||
The following table displays the characters in KOI8-U, which
|
The following table displays the characters in KOI8-U, which
|
||||||
are printable and unlisted in the
|
are printable and unlisted in the
|
||||||
.BR ascii (7)
|
.BR ascii (7)
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ as well as many of the pages that appear
|
||||||
in Sections 3, 4, 5, and 7 of the man pages on a Linux system.
|
in Sections 3, 4, 5, and 7 of the man pages on a Linux system.
|
||||||
The conventions described on this page may also be useful
|
The conventions described on this page may also be useful
|
||||||
for authors writing man pages for other projects.
|
for authors writing man pages for other projects.
|
||||||
.SS Sections of the Manual Pages
|
.SS Sections of the manual pages
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
The manual Sections are traditionally defined as follows:
|
The manual Sections are traditionally defined as follows:
|
||||||
.TP 10
|
.TP 10
|
||||||
|
@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ Starting with release 2.59,
|
||||||
.I man-pages
|
.I man-pages
|
||||||
follows American spelling conventions;
|
follows American spelling conventions;
|
||||||
please write all new pages and patches according to these conventions.
|
please write all new pages and patches according to these conventions.
|
||||||
.SS Example Programs and Shell Sessions
|
.SS Example programs and shell sessions
|
||||||
Manual pages can include example programs demonstrating how to
|
Manual pages can include example programs demonstrating how to
|
||||||
use a system call or library function.
|
use a system call or library function.
|
||||||
However, note the following:
|
However, note the following:
|
||||||
|
|
16
man7/man.7
16
man7/man.7
|
@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ command can be used to specify a word in bold followed by a mark of
|
||||||
punctuation in Roman.
|
punctuation in Roman.
|
||||||
If no arguments are given, the command is applied to the following line
|
If no arguments are given, the command is applied to the following line
|
||||||
of text.
|
of text.
|
||||||
.SS "Other Macros and Strings"
|
.SS "Other macros and strings"
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
Below are other relevant macros and predefined strings.
|
Below are other relevant macros and predefined strings.
|
||||||
Unless noted otherwise, all macros
|
Unless noted otherwise, all macros
|
||||||
|
@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ By default a given indent is measured in ens;
|
||||||
try to use ens or ems as units for
|
try to use ens or ems as units for
|
||||||
indents, since these will automatically adjust to font size changes.
|
indents, since these will automatically adjust to font size changes.
|
||||||
The other key macro definitions are:
|
The other key macro definitions are:
|
||||||
.SS "Normal Paragraphs"
|
.SS "Normal paragraphs"
|
||||||
.TP 9m
|
.TP 9m
|
||||||
.B \&.LP
|
.B \&.LP
|
||||||
Same as
|
Same as
|
||||||
|
@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ Same as
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.B \&.PP
|
.B \&.PP
|
||||||
Begin a new paragraph and reset prevailing indent.
|
Begin a new paragraph and reset prevailing indent.
|
||||||
.SS "Relative Margin Indent"
|
.SS "Relative margin indent"
|
||||||
.TP 9m
|
.TP 9m
|
||||||
.BI \&.RS " i"
|
.BI \&.RS " i"
|
||||||
Start relative margin indent: moves the left margin
|
Start relative margin indent: moves the left margin
|
||||||
|
@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ indented until the corresponding
|
||||||
.B \&.RE
|
.B \&.RE
|
||||||
End relative margin indent and
|
End relative margin indent and
|
||||||
restores the previous value of the prevailing indent.
|
restores the previous value of the prevailing indent.
|
||||||
.SS "Indented Paragraph Macros"
|
.SS "Indented paragraph macros"
|
||||||
.TP 9m
|
.TP 9m
|
||||||
.BI \&.HP " i"
|
.BI \&.HP " i"
|
||||||
Begin paragraph with a hanging indent
|
Begin paragraph with a hanging indent
|
||||||
|
@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ The tag is given on the next line, but
|
||||||
its results are like those of the
|
its results are like those of the
|
||||||
.B \&.IP
|
.B \&.IP
|
||||||
command.
|
command.
|
||||||
.SS "Hypertext Link Macros"
|
.SS "Hypertext link macros"
|
||||||
(Feature supported with
|
(Feature supported with
|
||||||
.B groff
|
.B groff
|
||||||
only.)
|
only.)
|
||||||
|
@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ A number of other link macros are available.
|
||||||
See
|
See
|
||||||
.BR groff_www (7)
|
.BR groff_www (7)
|
||||||
for more details.
|
for more details.
|
||||||
.SS "Miscellaneous Macros"
|
.SS "Miscellaneous macros"
|
||||||
.TP 9m
|
.TP 9m
|
||||||
.B \&.DT
|
.B \&.DT
|
||||||
Reset tabs to default tab values (every 0.5 inches);
|
Reset tabs to default tab values (every 0.5 inches);
|
||||||
|
@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ Subheading
|
||||||
(like
|
(like
|
||||||
.BR \&.SH ,
|
.BR \&.SH ,
|
||||||
but used for a subsection inside a section).
|
but used for a subsection inside a section).
|
||||||
.SS "Predefined Strings"
|
.SS "Predefined strings"
|
||||||
The
|
The
|
||||||
.B man
|
.B man
|
||||||
package has the following predefined strings:
|
package has the following predefined strings:
|
||||||
|
@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ Trademark Symbol: \*(Tm
|
||||||
Left angled double quote: \*(lq
|
Left angled double quote: \*(lq
|
||||||
.IP \e*(rq
|
.IP \e*(rq
|
||||||
Right angled double quote: \*(rq
|
Right angled double quote: \*(rq
|
||||||
.SS "Safe Subset"
|
.SS "Safe subset"
|
||||||
Although technically
|
Although technically
|
||||||
.B man
|
.B man
|
||||||
is a troff macro package, in reality a large number of other tools
|
is a troff macro package, in reality a large number of other tools
|
||||||
|
|
Some files were not shown because too many files have changed in this diff Show More
Loading…
Reference in New Issue