mirror of https://github.com/mkerrisk/man-pages
255 lines
8.2 KiB
Groff
255 lines
8.2 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1991 Regents of the University of California.
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.\" All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)stdio.3 6.5 (Berkeley) 5/6/91
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.\"
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.\" Converted for Linux, Mon Nov 29 16:07:22 1993, faith@cs.unc.edu
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.\" Modified, 2001-12-26, aeb
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.\"
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.TH STDIO 3 2001-12-26 "" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
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.SH NAME
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stdio \- standard input/output library functions
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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.B #include <stdio.h>
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.sp
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.BI "FILE *" stdin ;
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.br
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.BI "FILE *" stdout ;
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.br
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.BI "FILE *" stderr ;
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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The standard I/O library provides a simple and efficient buffered stream
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I/O interface.
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Input and output is mapped into logical data streams and the
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physical I/O characteristics are concealed.
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The functions and macros are
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listed below; more information is available from the individual man pages.
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.PP
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A stream is associated with an external file (which may be a physical
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device) by
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.I opening
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a file, which may involve creating a new file.
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Creating an existing file
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causes its former contents to be discarded.
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If a file can support positioning requests (such as a disk file,
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as opposed to a terminal) then a
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.I file position indicator
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associated with the stream is positioned at the start of the file (byte
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zero), unless the file is opened with append mode.
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If append mode is used,
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it is unspecified whether the position indicator will be placed at the
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start or the end of the file.
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The position indicator is maintained by
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subsequent reads, writes and positioning requests.
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All input occurs as if the characters were read by successive calls to the
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.BR fgetc (3)
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function; all output takes place as if all characters were written by
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successive calls to the
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.BR fputc (3)
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function.
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.PP
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A file is disassociated from a stream by
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.I closing
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the file.
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Output streams are flushed (any unwritten buffer contents are
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transferred to the host environment) before the stream is disassociated from
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the file.
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The value of a pointer to a
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.I FILE
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object is indeterminate after a file is closed (garbage).
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.PP
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A file may be subsequently reopened, by the same or another program
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execution, and its contents reclaimed or modified (if it can be
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repositioned at the start).
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If the main function returns to its original
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caller, or the
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.BR exit (3)
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function is called, all open files are closed (hence all output streams are
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flushed) before program termination.
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Other methods of program termination,
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such as
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.BR abort (3)
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do not bother about closing files properly.
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.PP
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At program startup, three text streams are predefined and need not be
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opened explicitly:
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.I standard input
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(for reading conventional input),
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.I standard output
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(for writing conventional input), and
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.I standard error
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(for writing diagnostic output).
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These streams are abbreviated
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.IR stdin , stdout
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and
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.IR stderr .
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When opened, the standard error stream is not fully buffered; the standard
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input and output streams are fully buffered if and only if the streams do
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not refer to an interactive device.
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.PP
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Output streams that refer to terminal devices are always line buffered by
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default; pending output to such streams is written automatically whenever
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an input stream that refers to a terminal device is read.
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In cases where a
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large amount of computation is done after printing part of a line on an
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output terminal, it is necessary to
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.BR fflush (3)
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the standard output before going off and computing so that the output will
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appear.
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.PP
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The
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.I stdio
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library is a part of the library
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.B libc
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and routines are automatically loaded as needed by the compilers
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.BR cc (1)
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and
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.BR pc (1).
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The
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SYNOPSIS
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sections of the following manual pages indicate which include files are to
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be used, what the compiler declaration for the function looks like and
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which external variables are of interest.
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.PP
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The following are defined as macros; these names may not be reused without
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first removing their current definitions with
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.BR #undef :
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.BR BUFSIZ ,
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.BR EOF ,
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.BR FILENAME_MAX ,
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.BR FOPEN_MAX ,
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.BR L_cuserid ,
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.BR L_ctermid ,
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.BR L_tmpnam ,
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.BR NULL ,
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.BR SEEK_END ,
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.BR SEEK_SET ,
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.BR SEEK_CUR ,
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.BR TMP_MAX ,
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.BR clearerr ,
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.BR feof ,
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.BR ferror ,
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.BR fileno ,
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.\" Not on Linux: .BR fropen ,
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.\" Not on Linux: .BR fwopen ,
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.BR getc ,
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.BR getchar ,
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.BR putc ,
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.BR putchar ,
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.BR stderr ,
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.BR stdin ,
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.BR stdout .
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Function versions of the macro functions
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.BR feof ,
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.BR ferror ,
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.BR clearerr ,
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.BR fileno ,
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.BR getc ,
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.BR getchar ,
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.BR putc ,
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and
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.B putchar
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exist and will be used if the macros definitions are explicitly removed.
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.SS "List of functions"
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.TS
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;
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lb lb
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lb l.
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Function Description
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_
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clearerr check and reset stream status
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fclose close a stream
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fdopen stream open functions
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feof check and reset stream status
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ferror check and reset stream status
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fflush flush a stream
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fgetc get next character or word from input stream
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fgetpos reposition a stream
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fgets get a line from a stream
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fileno return the integer descriptor of the argument stream
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fopen stream open functions
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fprintf formatted output conversion
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fpurge flush a stream
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fputc output a character or word to a stream
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fputs output a line to a stream
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fread binary stream input/output
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freopen stream open functions
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fscanf input format conversion
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fseek reposition a stream
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fsetpos reposition a stream
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ftell reposition a stream
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fwrite binary stream input/output
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getc get next character or word from input stream
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getchar get next character or word from input stream
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gets get a line from a stream
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getw get next character or word from input stream
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mktemp make temporary filename (unique)
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perror system error messages
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printf formatted output conversion
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putc output a character or word to a stream
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putchar output a character or word to a stream
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puts output a line to a stream
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putw output a character or word to a stream
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remove remove directory entry
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rewind reposition a stream
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scanf input format conversion
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setbuf stream buffering operations
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setbuffer stream buffering operations
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setlinebuf stream buffering operations
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setvbuf stream buffering operations
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sprintf formatted output conversion
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sscanf input format conversion
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strerror system error messages
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sys_errlist system error messages
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sys_nerr system error messages
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tempnam temporary file routines
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tmpfile temporary file routines
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tmpnam temporary file routines
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ungetc un-get character from input stream
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vfprintf formatted output conversion
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vfscanf input format conversion
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vprintf formatted output conversion
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vscanf input format conversion
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vsprintf formatted output conversion
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vsscanf input format conversion
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.TE
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.SH "CONFORMING TO"
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The
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.I stdio
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library conforms to C89.
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.SH "SEE ALSO"
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.BR close (2),
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.BR open (2),
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.BR read (2),
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.BR write (2),
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.BR stdout (3),
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.BR unlocked_stdio (3)
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