From c634028ab5768a042196fd71a38088499b21de12 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Michael Kerrisk Date: Sun, 24 Feb 2013 15:08:38 +0100 Subject: [PATCH] intro.1, time.1, _syscall.2, accept.2, brk.2, capget.2, faccessat.2, futimesat.2, gethostname.2, intro.2, ioprio_set.2, kill.2, madvise.2, mlock.2, mount.2, msgget.2, perf_event_open.2, poll.2, readv.2, sched_rr_get_interval.2, sched_setscheduler.2, select.2, select_tut.2, shmget.2, stat.2, timer_create.2, ustat.2, vfork.2, wait.2, alloca.3, atexit.3, catopen.3, crypt.3, dbopen.3, fenv.3, fopen.3, getaddrinfo_a.3, gethostbyname.3, getutent.3, intro.3, login.3, mallopt.3, queue.3, regex.3, sigpause.3, sigsetops.3, stdio.3, strftime.3, strptime.3, sysconf.3, ttyslot.3, undocumented.3, cciss.4, console_codes.4, hpsa.4, initrd.4, intro.4, rtc.4, st.4, tty_ioctl.4, wavelan.4, acct.5, charmap.5, dir_colors.5, hosts.5, intro.5, termcap.5, utmp.5, intro.6, armscii-8.7, boot.7, bootparam.7, capabilities.7, cpuset.7, credentials.7, ddp.7, epoll.7, glob.7, intro.7, ip.7, ipv6.7, iso_8859-1.7, iso_8859-10.7, iso_8859-11.7, iso_8859-13.7, iso_8859-14.7, iso_8859-15.7, iso_8859-16.7, iso_8859-2.7, iso_8859-3.7, iso_8859-4.7, iso_8859-5.7, iso_8859-6.7, iso_8859-7.7, iso_8859-8.7, iso_8859-9.7, koi8-r.7, koi8-u.7, man-pages.7, man.7, math_error.7, netlink.7, numa.7, packet.7, path_resolution.7, pipe.7, pthreads.7, raw.7, rtnetlink.7, signal.7, socket.7, spufs.7, svipc.7, tcp.7, time.7, udp.7, udplite.7, unicode.7, unix.7, uri.7, utf-8.7, x25.7, intro.8: Global fix: use consistent capitalization in .SS headings Capitalization in .SS sections across pages (and sometimes even within a single page) is wildly inconsistent. Make it consistent. Capitalize first word in heading, but otherwise use lower case, except where English usage (e.g., proper nouns) or programming language requirements (e.g., identifier names) dictate otherwise. Signed-off-by: Michael Kerrisk --- man1/intro.1 | 2 +- man1/time.1 | 4 ++-- man2/_syscall.2 | 2 +- man2/accept.2 | 2 +- man2/brk.2 | 2 +- man2/capget.2 | 4 ++-- man2/faccessat.2 | 2 +- man2/futimesat.2 | 2 +- man2/gethostname.2 | 2 +- man2/intro.2 | 4 ++-- man2/ioprio_set.2 | 4 ++-- man2/kill.2 | 2 +- man2/madvise.2 | 2 +- man2/mlock.2 | 2 +- man2/mount.2 | 2 +- man2/msgget.2 | 2 +- man2/perf_event_open.2 | 6 +++--- man2/poll.2 | 2 +- man2/readv.2 | 2 +- man2/sched_rr_get_interval.2 | 2 +- man2/sched_setscheduler.2 | 8 ++++---- man2/select.2 | 2 +- man2/select_tut.2 | 6 +++--- man2/shmget.2 | 2 +- man2/stat.2 | 2 +- man2/timer_create.2 | 2 +- man2/ustat.2 | 2 +- man2/vfork.2 | 8 ++++---- man2/wait.2 | 2 +- man3/alloca.3 | 2 +- man3/atexit.3 | 2 +- man3/catopen.3 | 2 +- man3/crypt.3 | 2 +- man3/dbopen.3 | 2 +- man3/fenv.3 | 2 +- man3/fopen.3 | 2 +- man3/getaddrinfo_a.3 | 4 ++-- man3/gethostbyname.3 | 4 ++-- man3/getutent.3 | 2 +- man3/intro.3 | 2 +- man3/login.3 | 2 +- man3/mallopt.3 | 2 +- man3/queue.3 | 10 +++++----- man3/regex.3 | 10 +++++----- man3/sigpause.3 | 2 +- man3/sigsetops.3 | 2 +- man3/stdio.3 | 2 +- man3/strftime.3 | 6 +++--- man3/strptime.3 | 2 +- man3/sysconf.3 | 4 ++-- man3/ttyslot.3 | 4 ++-- man3/undocumented.3 | 2 +- man4/cciss.4 | 6 +++--- man4/console_codes.4 | 8 ++++---- man4/hpsa.4 | 10 +++++----- man4/initrd.4 | 4 ++-- man4/intro.4 | 2 +- man4/rtc.4 | 2 +- man4/st.4 | 8 ++++---- man4/tty_ioctl.4 | 6 +++--- man4/wavelan.4 | 8 ++++---- man5/acct.5 | 2 +- man5/charmap.5 | 4 ++-- man5/dir_colors.5 | 6 +++--- man5/hosts.5 | 2 +- man5/intro.5 | 2 +- man5/termcap.5 | 6 +++--- man5/utmp.5 | 2 +- man6/intro.6 | 2 +- man7/armscii-8.7 | 2 +- man7/boot.7 | 18 +++++++++--------- man7/bootparam.7 | 30 +++++++++++++++--------------- man7/capabilities.7 | 12 ++++++------ man7/cpuset.7 | 18 +++++++++--------- man7/credentials.7 | 6 +++--- man7/ddp.7 | 4 ++-- man7/epoll.7 | 8 ++++---- man7/glob.7 | 6 +++--- man7/intro.7 | 2 +- man7/ip.7 | 4 ++-- man7/ipv6.7 | 4 ++-- man7/iso_8859-1.7 | 4 ++-- man7/iso_8859-10.7 | 4 ++-- man7/iso_8859-11.7 | 4 ++-- man7/iso_8859-13.7 | 4 ++-- man7/iso_8859-14.7 | 4 ++-- man7/iso_8859-15.7 | 4 ++-- man7/iso_8859-16.7 | 4 ++-- man7/iso_8859-2.7 | 4 ++-- man7/iso_8859-3.7 | 4 ++-- man7/iso_8859-4.7 | 4 ++-- man7/iso_8859-5.7 | 4 ++-- man7/iso_8859-6.7 | 4 ++-- man7/iso_8859-7.7 | 4 ++-- man7/iso_8859-8.7 | 4 ++-- man7/iso_8859-9.7 | 4 ++-- man7/koi8-r.7 | 2 +- man7/koi8-u.7 | 2 +- man7/man-pages.7 | 4 ++-- man7/man.7 | 16 ++++++++-------- man7/math_error.7 | 6 +++--- man7/netlink.7 | 2 +- man7/numa.7 | 2 +- man7/packet.7 | 6 +++--- man7/path_resolution.7 | 6 +++--- man7/pipe.7 | 6 +++--- man7/pthreads.7 | 8 ++++---- man7/raw.7 | 6 +++--- man7/rtnetlink.7 | 2 +- man7/signal.7 | 18 +++++++++--------- man7/socket.7 | 6 +++--- man7/spufs.7 | 2 +- man7/svipc.7 | 8 ++++---- man7/tcp.7 | 6 +++--- man7/time.7 | 10 +++++----- man7/udp.7 | 6 +++--- man7/udplite.7 | 4 ++-- man7/unicode.7 | 8 ++++---- man7/unix.7 | 8 ++++---- man7/uri.7 | 2 +- man7/utf-8.7 | 2 +- man7/x25.7 | 4 ++-- man8/intro.8 | 2 +- 123 files changed, 284 insertions(+), 284 deletions(-) diff --git a/man1/intro.1 b/man1/intro.1 index b5ab478ea..ef62fa6c3 100644 --- a/man1/intro.1 +++ b/man1/intro.1 @@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ of the tree. Large searches on a multi-GB disk will be time-consuming, and it may be better to use .BR locate (1). -.SS "Disks and Filesystems" +.SS "Disks and filesystems" The command .I mount will attach the file system found on some disk (or floppy, or CDROM or so) diff --git a/man1/time.1 b/man1/time.1 index 000062a81..1b2f22bea 100644 --- a/man1/time.1 +++ b/man1/time.1 @@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ Number of signals delivered to the process. .TP .B %x (Not in tcsh.) Exit status of the command. -.SS "GNU Options" +.SS "GNU options" .TP .BI "\-f " FORMAT ", \-\-format=" FORMAT Specify output format, possibly overriding the format specified @@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ Do not send the results to \fIstderr\fP, but overwrite the specified file. .TP .B "\-v, \-\-verbose" Give very verbose output about all the program knows about. -.SS "GNU Standard Options" +.SS "GNU standard options" .TP .B "\-\-help" Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. diff --git a/man2/_syscall.2 b/man2/_syscall.2 index 1eba33767..77d11c5d5 100644 --- a/man2/_syscall.2 +++ b/man2/_syscall.2 @@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ main(void) exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .fi -.SS "Sample Output" +.SS "Sample output" .nf code error = 0 uptime = 502034s diff --git a/man2/accept.2 b/man2/accept.2 index be90bfee1..774984445 100644 --- a/man2/accept.2 +++ b/man2/accept.2 @@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ for the accepted socket. On error, \-1 is returned, and .I errno is set appropriately. -.SS "Error Handling" +.SS "Error handling" Linux .BR accept () (and diff --git a/man2/brk.2 b/man2/brk.2 index 1c566a105..c87d2c005 100644 --- a/man2/brk.2 +++ b/man2/brk.2 @@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ Common are \fIint\fP, \fIssize_t\fP, \fIptrdiff_t\fP, \fIintptr_t\fP. .\" \fIptrdiff_t\fP (libc4, libc5, ulibc, glibc 2.0, 2.1), .\" \fIintptr_t\fP (e.g., XPGv5, AIX, SunOS 5.8, 5.9, FreeBSD 4.7, NetBSD 1.6, .\" Tru64 5.1, glibc2.2). -.SS Linux Notes +.SS Linux notes The return value described above for .BR brk () is the behavior provided by the glibc wrapper function for the Linux diff --git a/man2/capget.2 b/man2/capget.2 index 408e910cb..3fb25bc84 100644 --- a/man2/capget.2 +++ b/man2/capget.2 @@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ calls, one can probe the capabilities of any process by specifying its process ID with the .I hdrp->pid field value. -.SS With VFS Capability Support +.SS With VFS capability support VFS Capability support creates a file-attribute method for adding capabilities to privileged executables. This privilege model obsoletes kernel support for one process @@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ calls the only permitted values for are 0 or .BR getpid (2), which are equivalent. -.SS Without VFS Capability Support +.SS Without VFS capability support When the kernel does not support VFS capabilities, .BR capset () calls can operate on the capabilities of the thread specified by the diff --git a/man2/faccessat.2 b/man2/faccessat.2 index 547e620f2..b0b949235 100644 --- a/man2/faccessat.2 +++ b/man2/faccessat.2 @@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ is subject to the same kinds of races as .BR access (2) and .BR euidaccess (3). -.SS Glibc Notes +.SS Glibc notes The .B AT_EACCESS and diff --git a/man2/futimesat.2 b/man2/futimesat.2 index b3069aa80..e3a535b76 100644 --- a/man2/futimesat.2 +++ b/man2/futimesat.2 @@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ but that specification was replaced by the one for A similar system call exists on Solaris. .SH NOTES -.SS Glibc Notes +.SS Glibc notes If .I pathname is NULL, then the glibc diff --git a/man2/gethostname.2 b/man2/gethostname.2 index b7f013ba0..be8f43b35 100644 --- a/man2/gethostname.2 +++ b/man2/gethostname.2 @@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ On Linux, .B HOST_NAME_MAX is defined with the value 64, which has been the limit since Linux 1.0 (earlier kernels imposed a limit of 8 bytes). -.SS Glibc Notes +.SS Glibc notes The GNU C library does not employ the .BR gethostname () system call; instead, it implements diff --git a/man2/intro.2 b/man2/intro.2 index 89835b178..34c5d65d9 100644 --- a/man2/intro.2 +++ b/man2/intro.2 @@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ and standards to which calls in this section conform. See .BR standards (7). .SH NOTES -.SS "Calling Directly" +.SS "Calling directly" In most cases, it is unnecessary to invoke a system call directly, but there are times when the Standard C library does not implement a nice wrapper function for you. @@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ In this case, the programmer must manually invoke the system call using Historically, this was also possible using one of the _syscall macros described in .BR _syscall (2). -.SS Authors and Copyright Conditions +.SS Authors and copyright conditions Look at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) and copyright conditions. Note that these can be different from page to page! diff --git a/man2/ioprio_set.2 b/man2/ioprio_set.2 index d834caf2f..6099b2a55 100644 --- a/man2/ioprio_set.2 +++ b/man2/ioprio_set.2 @@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ These system calls only have an effect when used in conjunction with an I/O scheduler that supports I/O priorities. As at kernel 2.6.17 the only such scheduler is the Completely Fair Queuing (CFQ) I/O scheduler. -.SS "Selecting an I/O Scheduler" +.SS "Selecting an I/O scheduler" I/O Schedulers are selected on a per-device basis via the special file .IR /sys/block//queue/scheduler . @@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ Password: .RB "#" " echo cfq > /sys/block/hda/queue/scheduler" .fi .RE -.SS "The Completely Fair Queuing (CFQ) I/O Scheduler" +.SS "The Completely Fair Queuing (CFQ) I/O scheduler" Since v3 (aka CFQ Time Sliced) CFQ implements I/O nice levels similar to those of CPU scheduling. diff --git a/man2/kill.2 b/man2/kill.2 index d10403652..7d24a8ac0 100644 --- a/man2/kill.2 +++ b/man2/kill.2 @@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ at least one unblocked signal must be delivered to the sending thread before the .BR kill () returns. -.SS "Linux Notes" +.SS "Linux notes" Across different kernel versions, Linux has enforced different rules for the permissions required for an unprivileged process to send a signal to another process. diff --git a/man2/madvise.2 b/man2/madvise.2 index 255c3089c..c6c5ef298 100644 --- a/man2/madvise.2 +++ b/man2/madvise.2 @@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ and .BR MADV_UNMERGEABLE are Linux-specific. .SH NOTES -.SS "Linux Notes" +.SS Linux notes .LP The current Linux implementation (2.4.0) views this system call more as a command than as advice and hence may return an error diff --git a/man2/mlock.2 b/man2/mlock.2 index 5db1b22b0..debe6daf7 100644 --- a/man2/mlock.2 +++ b/man2/mlock.2 @@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ for the corresponding range or by Pages which are mapped to several locations or by several processes stay locked into RAM as long as they are locked at least at one location or by at least one process. -.SS "Linux Notes" +.SS Linux notes Under Linux, .BR mlock () and diff --git a/man2/mount.2 b/man2/mount.2 index 692252b68..0838ff75e 100644 --- a/man2/mount.2 +++ b/man2/mount.2 @@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ would fail with Since Linux 2.4 the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits are just silently ignored in this case. .\" The change is in patch-2.4.0-prerelease. -.SS Per-process Namespaces +.SS Per-process namespaces Starting with kernel 2.4.19, Linux provides per-process mount namespaces. A mount namespace is the set of file system mounts that diff --git a/man2/msgget.2 b/man2/msgget.2 index fba66a354..158525552 100644 --- a/man2/msgget.2 +++ b/man2/msgget.2 @@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ System wide maximum number of message queues: policy dependent (on Linux, this limit can be read and modified via .IR /proc/sys/kernel/msgmni ). -.SS "Linux Notes" +.SS Linux notes Until version 2.3.20 Linux would return .B EIDRM for a diff --git a/man2/perf_event_open.2 b/man2/perf_event_open.2 index dd12d34d4..3c992d1ed 100644 --- a/man2/perf_event_open.2 +++ b/man2/perf_event_open.2 @@ -1009,7 +1009,7 @@ This defines the size of the user stack to dump on sample. .RE -.SS "Reading Results" +.SS "Reading results" Once a .BR perf_event_open () file descriptor has been opened, the values @@ -1099,7 +1099,7 @@ was specified in read_format. -.SS "MMAP Layout" +.SS "MMAP layout" When using .BR perf_event_open () @@ -1691,7 +1691,7 @@ This indicates the size of the record. .RE -.SS "Signal Overflow" +.SS "Signal overflow" Events can be set to deliver a signal when a threshold is crossed. The signal handler is set up using the diff --git a/man2/poll.2 b/man2/poll.2 index efaed5b5d..58d77060b 100644 --- a/man2/poll.2 +++ b/man2/poll.2 @@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ For a discussion of what may happen if a file descriptor being monitored by .BR poll () is closed in another thread, see .BR select (2). -.SS "Linux Notes" +.SS Linux notes The Linux .BR ppoll () system call modifies its diff --git a/man2/readv.2 b/man2/readv.2 index 709c73c3e..65784e8d6 100644 --- a/man2/readv.2 +++ b/man2/readv.2 @@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ and \fIint\fP as the return type. .BR pwritev (): nonstandard, but present also on the modern BSDs. .SH NOTES -.SS Linux Notes +.SS Linux notes POSIX.1-2001 allows an implementation to place a limit on the number of items that can be passed in .IR iov . diff --git a/man2/sched_rr_get_interval.2 b/man2/sched_rr_get_interval.2 index 944d13da7..a73a00723 100644 --- a/man2/sched_rr_get_interval.2 +++ b/man2/sched_rr_get_interval.2 @@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ is available define .B _POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING in .IR . -.SS Linux Notes +.SS Linux notes POSIX does not specify any mechanism for controlling the size of the round-robin time quantum. Older Linux kernels provide a (nonportable) method of doing this. diff --git a/man2/sched_setscheduler.2 b/man2/sched_setscheduler.2 index 557486ae5..b459ceef9 100644 --- a/man2/sched_setscheduler.2 +++ b/man2/sched_setscheduler.2 @@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ identified by \fIpid\fP. If \fIpid\fP equals zero, the policy of the calling process will be retrieved. .\" -.SS Scheduling Policies +.SS Scheduling policies The scheduler is the kernel component that decides which runnable process will be executed by the CPU next. Each process has an associated scheduling policy and a \fIstatic\fP @@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ returned to the wait list for its static priority level. The scheduling policy only determines the ordering within the list of runnable processes with equal static priority. -.SS SCHED_FIFO: First In-First Out scheduling +.SS SCHED_FIFO: First in-first out scheduling \fBSCHED_FIFO\fP can only be used with static priorities higher than 0, which means that when a \fBSCHED_FIFO\fP processes becomes runnable, it will always immediately preempt any currently running @@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ A \fBSCHED_FIFO\fP process runs until either it is blocked by an I/O request, it is preempted by a higher priority process, or it calls .BR sched_yield (2). -.SS SCHED_RR: Round Robin scheduling +.SS SCHED_RR: Round-robin scheduling \fBSCHED_RR\fP is a simple enhancement of \fBSCHED_FIFO\fP. Everything described above for \fBSCHED_FIFO\fP also applies to \fBSCHED_RR\fP, @@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ end of the list for its priority. A \fBSCHED_RR\fP process that has been preempted by a higher priority process and subsequently resumes execution as a running process will complete the unexpired portion of -its round robin time quantum. +its round-robin time quantum. The length of the time quantum can be retrieved using .BR sched_rr_get_interval (2). diff --git a/man2/select.2 b/man2/select.2 index 9c3be4850..1db2ef906 100644 --- a/man2/select.2 +++ b/man2/select.2 @@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ closing the file descriptor in another thread has no effect on .BR select (). In summary, any application that relies on a particular behavior in this scenario must be considered buggy. -.SS "Linux Notes" +.SS Linux notes The .BR pselect () interface described in this page is implemented by glibc. diff --git a/man2/select_tut.2 b/man2/select_tut.2 index 3ea0232fc..b1858f2cb 100644 --- a/man2/select_tut.2 +++ b/man2/select_tut.2 @@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ In this case, .BR pselect () will then behave just like .BR select (). -.SS Combining Signal and Data Events +.SS Combining signal and data events .BR pselect () is useful if you are waiting for a signal as well as for file descriptor(s) to become ready for I/O. @@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ find that one of your calls may block waiting for data from/to a file descriptor, while another file descriptor is unused though ready for I/O. .BR select () efficiently copes with this situation. -.SS Select Law +.SS Select law Many people who try to use .BR select () come across behavior that is @@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ then the sets must be reinitialized before each call. .\" Having no file descriptors set is a useful .\" way to sleep the process with subsecond precision by using the timeout. .\" (See further on.) -.SS Usleep Emulation +.SS Usleep emulation On systems that do not have a .BR usleep (3) function, you can call diff --git a/man2/shmget.2 b/man2/shmget.2 index 431392a3c..bb1eaaa44 100644 --- a/man2/shmget.2 +++ b/man2/shmget.2 @@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ on Linux, this limit can be read and modified via The implementation has no specific limits for the per-process maximum number of shared memory segments .RB ( SHMSEG ). -.SS Linux Notes +.SS Linux notes Until version 2.3.30 Linux would return .B EIDRM for a diff --git a/man2/stat.2 b/man2/stat.2 index e207724a5..f315c01c4 100644 --- a/man2/stat.2 +++ b/man2/stat.2 @@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ prescribes the synonyms .BR S_IRUSR , .BR S_IWUSR , .BR S_IXUSR . -.SS "Other Systems" +.SS "Other systems" Values that have been (or are) in use on various systems: .ad l .TS diff --git a/man2/timer_create.2 b/man2/timer_create.2 index 0d6360253..3a67620c3 100644 --- a/man2/timer_create.2 +++ b/man2/timer_create.2 @@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ Caught signal 34 overrun count = 10004886 .fi .in -.SS Program Source +.SS Program source \& .nf #include diff --git a/man2/ustat.2 b/man2/ustat.2 index 352882652..9e763828b 100644 --- a/man2/ustat.2 +++ b/man2/ustat.2 @@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ is deprecated and has only been provided for compatibility. All new programs should use .BR statfs (2) instead. -.SS "HP-UX Notes" +.SS "HP-UX notes" The HP-UX version of the .I ustat structure has an additional field, diff --git a/man2/vfork.2 b/man2/vfork.2 index 39fba89cf..c07f6b594 100644 --- a/man2/vfork.2 +++ b/man2/vfork.2 @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ _XOPEN_SOURCE\ &&\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED .RE .ad b .SH DESCRIPTION -.SS "Standard Description" +.SS "Standard description" (From POSIX.1) The .BR vfork () @@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ was called, or calls any other function before successfully calling or one of the .BR exec (3) family of functions. -.SS "Linux Description" +.SS "Linux description" .BR vfork (), just like .BR fork (2), @@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ arrive after the child releases the parent's memory (i.e., after the child terminates or calls .BR execve (2)). -.SS "Historic Description" +.SS "Historic description" Under Linux, .BR fork (2) is implemented using copy-on-write pages, so the only penalty incurred by @@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ is designed to be implementable on systems that lack an MMU.) .\" http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4259629/what-is-the-difference-between-fork-and-vfork .\" http://developers.sun.com/solaris/articles/subprocess/subprocess.html .\" http://mailman.uclinux.org/pipermail/uclinux-dev/2009-April/000684.html -.SS Linux Notes +.SS Linux notes Fork handlers established using .BR pthread_atfork (3) are not called when a multithreaded program employing diff --git a/man2/wait.2 b/man2/wait.2 index 5154e5960..f6085e106 100644 --- a/man2/wait.2 +++ b/man2/wait.2 @@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ is being ignored, the call behaves just as though .B SIGCHLD were not being ignored, that is, the call blocks until the next child terminates and then returns the process ID and status of that child. -.SS Linux Notes +.SS Linux notes In the Linux kernel, a kernel-scheduled thread is not a distinct construct from a process. Instead, a thread is simply a process diff --git a/man3/alloca.3 b/man3/alloca.3 index 2d105555e..637d4a248 100644 --- a/man3/alloca.3 +++ b/man3/alloca.3 @@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ Do not attempt to .BR free (3) space allocated by .BR alloca ()! -.SS Notes on the GNU Version +.SS Notes on the GNU version Normally, .BR gcc (1) translates calls to diff --git a/man3/atexit.3 b/man3/atexit.3 index a6d145129..d5246961c 100644 --- a/man3/atexit.3 +++ b/man3/atexit.3 @@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ POSIX.1-2001 says that the result is undefined if is used to terminate execution of one of the functions registered .BR atexit (). .\" In glibc, things seem to be handled okay -.SS "Linux Notes" +.SS Linux notes Since glibc 2.2.3, .BR atexit () (and diff --git a/man3/catopen.3 b/man3/catopen.3 index db8952e0b..9e5047200 100644 --- a/man3/catopen.3 +++ b/man3/catopen.3 @@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ is 1. below.) The default path varies, but usually looks at a number of places below .IR /usr/share/locale . -.SS Linux Notes +.SS Linux notes These functions are available for Linux since libc 4.4.4c. In the case of linux libc4 and libc5, the catalog descriptor .I nl_catd diff --git a/man3/crypt.3 b/man3/crypt.3 index f78181d2e..e33612f74 100644 --- a/man3/crypt.3 +++ b/man3/crypt.3 @@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. .BR crypt_r () is a GNU extension. .SH NOTES -.SS Glibc Notes +.SS Glibc notes The glibc2 version of this function supports additional encryption algorithms. diff --git a/man3/dbopen.3 b/man3/dbopen.3 index 637def358..ec540325c 100644 --- a/man3/dbopen.3 +++ b/man3/dbopen.3 @@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ manual page for more information.) routines return \-1 on error (setting .IR errno ) and 0 on success. -.SS "Key/Data Pairs" +.SS "Key/data pairs" Access to all file types is based on key/data pairs. Both keys and data are represented by the following data structure: .in +4n diff --git a/man3/fenv.3 b/man3/fenv.3 index 04792be52..4a312ec36 100644 --- a/man3/fenv.3 +++ b/man3/fenv.3 @@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ These functions first appeared in glibc in version 2.1. .SH "CONFORMING TO" IEC 60559 (IEC 559:1989), ANSI/IEEE 854, C99, POSIX.1-2001. .SH NOTES -.SS Glibc Notes +.SS Glibc notes If possible, the GNU C Library defines a macro .B FE_NOMASK_ENV which represents an environment where every exception raised causes a diff --git a/man3/fopen.3 b/man3/fopen.3 index 2d8d73014..318a062f6 100644 --- a/man3/fopen.3 +++ b/man3/fopen.3 @@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ The .BR fdopen () function conforms to POSIX.1-1990. .SH NOTES -.SS Glibc Notes +.SS Glibc notes The GNU C library allows the following extensions for the string specified in .IR mode : .TP diff --git a/man3/getaddrinfo_a.3 b/man3/getaddrinfo_a.3 index 0a5382d9d..73505f804 100644 --- a/man3/getaddrinfo_a.3 +++ b/man3/getaddrinfo_a.3 @@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ interface. Two examples are provided: a simple example that resolves several requests in parallel synchronously, and a complex example showing some of the asynchronous capabilities. -.SS Synchronous Example +.SS Synchronous example The program below simply resolves several hostnames in parallel, giving a speed-up compared to resolving the hostnames sequentially using .BR getaddrinfo (3). @@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[]) exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } .fi -.SS Asynchronous Example +.SS Asynchronous example This example shows a simple interactive .BR getaddrinfo_a () front-end. diff --git a/man3/gethostbyname.3 b/man3/gethostbyname.3 index 5d1791d42..ab27e66a1 100644 --- a/man3/gethostbyname.3 +++ b/man3/gethostbyname.3 @@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ The BSD prototype for uses .I const char * for the first argument. -.SS "System V/POSIX Extension" +.SS "System V/POSIX extension" POSIX requires the .BR gethostent () call, that should return the next entry in the host data base. @@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ The glibc version will ignore ipv6 entries. This function is not reentrant, and glibc adds a reentrant version .BR gethostent_r (). -.SS "GNU Extensions" +.SS "GNU extensions" Glibc2 also has a .BR gethostbyname2 () that works like diff --git a/man3/getutent.3 b/man3/getutent.3 index e006095a7..3fb359d78 100644 --- a/man3/getutent.3 +++ b/man3/getutent.3 @@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ their counterparts without the "x" (e.g., is an alias for .BR getutent ()). .SH NOTES -.SS Glibc Notes +.SS Glibc notes The above functions are not thread-safe. Glibc adds reentrant versions .sp diff --git a/man3/intro.3 b/man3/intro.3 index f9f237900..6abce37d5 100644 --- a/man3/intro.3 +++ b/man3/intro.3 @@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ and standards to which calls in this section conform. See .BR standards (7). .SH NOTES -.SS Authors and Copyright Conditions +.SS Authors and copyright conditions Look at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) and copyright conditions. Note that these can be different from page to page! diff --git a/man3/login.3 b/man3/login.3 index e76fc5f24..a7310da91 100644 --- a/man3/login.3 +++ b/man3/login.3 @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ and writes it to both the utmp and the wtmp file. The function .BR logout () clears the entry in the utmp file again. -.SS "GNU Details" +.SS "GNU details" More precisely, .BR login () takes the argument diff --git a/man3/mallopt.3 b/man3/mallopt.3 index e842a4f2f..2699fb54d 100644 --- a/man3/mallopt.3 +++ b/man3/mallopt.3 @@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ and wasting unused memory at the top of the heap .\" These macros aren't enabled in production releases until 2.15? .\" (see glibc malloc/Makefile) .\" -.SS Environment Variables +.SS Environment variables A number of environment variables can be defined to modify some of the same parameters as are controlled by .BR mallopt (). diff --git a/man3/queue.3 b/man3/queue.3 index 0fffed93b..a918a3f13 100644 --- a/man3/queue.3 +++ b/man3/queue.3 @@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ The macro removes the element .I elm from the list. -.SS List Example +.SS List example .nf LIST_HEAD(listhead, entry) head; struct listhead *headp; /* List head. */ @@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ for (np = head.lh_first; np != NULL; np = np\->entries.le_next) while (head.lh_first != NULL) /* Delete. */ LIST_REMOVE(head.lh_first, entries); .fi -.SS Tail Queues +.SS Tail queues A tail queue is headed by a structure defined by the .B TAILQ_HEAD macro. @@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ The macro removes the element .I elm from the tail queue. -.SS Tail Queue Example +.SS Tail queue example .nf TAILQ_HEAD(tailhead, entry) head; struct tailhead *headp; /* Tail queue head. */ @@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ for (np = head.tqh_first; np != NULL; np = np\->entries.tqe_next) while (head.tqh_first != NULL) TAILQ_REMOVE(&head, head.tqh_first, entries); .fi -.SS Circular Queues +.SS Circular queues A circular queue is headed by a structure defined by the .B CIRCLEQ_HEAD macro. @@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ The macro removes the element .I elm from the circular queue. -.SS Circular Queue Example +.SS Circular queue example .nf CIRCLEQ_HEAD(circleq, entry) head; struct circleq *headp; /* Circular queue head. */ diff --git a/man3/regex.3 b/man3/regex.3 index 9c1b7e79c..c93dc145e 100644 --- a/man3/regex.3 +++ b/man3/regex.3 @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ regcomp, regexec, regerror, regfree \- POSIX regex functions .BI "void regfree(regex_t *" preg ); .fi .SH DESCRIPTION -.SS "POSIX Regex Compiling" +.SS "POSIX regex compiling" .BR regcomp () is used to compile a regular expression into a form that is suitable for subsequent @@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ whether .I eflags contains .BR REG_NOTEOL . -.SS "POSIX Regex Matching" +.SS "POSIX regex matching" .BR regexec () is used to match a null-terminated string against the precompiled pattern buffer, @@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ The match-end-of-line operator always fails to match (but see the compilation flag .B REG_NEWLINE above) -.SS "Byte Offsets" +.SS "Byte offsets" Unless .B REG_NOSUB was set for the compilation of the pattern buffer, it is possible to @@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ The relative .I rm_eo element indicates the end offset of the match, which is the offset of the first character after the matching text. -.SS "Posix Error Reporting" +.SS "POSIX error reporting" .BR regerror () is used to turn the error codes that can be returned by both .BR regcomp () @@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ are nonzero, is filled in with the first .I "errbuf_size \- 1" characters of the error message and a terminating null byte (\(aq\\0\(aq). -.SS "POSIX Pattern Buffer Freeing" +.SS "POSIX pattern buffer freeing" Supplying .BR regfree () with a precompiled pattern buffer, diff --git a/man3/sigpause.3 b/man3/sigpause.3 index 1ff4e49d7..aa31d2a19 100644 --- a/man3/sigpause.3 +++ b/man3/sigpause.3 @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ function, that takes a .I "sigset_t *" argument (instead of an .IR int ). -.SS Linux Notes +.SS Linux notes On Linux, this routine is a system call only on the Sparc (sparc64) architecture. diff --git a/man3/sigsetops.3 b/man3/sigsetops.3 index 41b25f631..1bfe217da 100644 --- a/man3/sigsetops.3 +++ b/man3/sigsetops.3 @@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ is not a valid signal. .SH "CONFORMING TO" POSIX.1-2001. .SH NOTES -.SS Glibc Notes +.SS Glibc notes If the .B _GNU_SOURCE feature test macro is defined, then \fI\fP diff --git a/man3/stdio.3 b/man3/stdio.3 index 9a478dfb0..2381a29c5 100644 --- a/man3/stdio.3 +++ b/man3/stdio.3 @@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ Function versions of the macro functions and .B putchar exist and will be used if the macros definitions are explicitly removed. -.SS "List of Functions" +.SS "List of functions" .TS ; lb lb diff --git a/man3/strftime.3 b/man3/strftime.3 index 952291bfc..69c887a9a 100644 --- a/man3/strftime.3 +++ b/man3/strftime.3 @@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ to allow for the theoretical possibility of a minute that included a double leap second (there never has been such a minute). .SH NOTES -.SS ISO 8601 Week Dates +.SS ISO 8601 week dates .BR %G , .BR %g , and @@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ meaning that just three days of that calendar week fall in 2010. Thus, the ISO\ 8601 week-based system considers these days to be part of week 53 (\fB%V\fP) of the year 2009 (\fB%G\fP) ; week 01 of ISO\ 8601 year 2010 starts on Monday, 4 January 2010. -.SS Glibc Notes +.SS Glibc notes Glibc provides some extensions for conversion specifications. (These extensions are not specified in POSIX.1-2001, but a few other systems provide similar features.) @@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ so that the above workaround is no longer required. .PP .in +2n "%a,\ %d\ %b\ %y\ %T\ %z" -.SS Example Program +.SS Example program The program below can be used to experiment with .BR strftime (). .PP diff --git a/man3/strptime.3 b/man3/strptime.3 index 817a99362..3c92a28a6 100644 --- a/man3/strptime.3 +++ b/man3/strptime.3 @@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ It is taken to be a year in 1969-2068 since glibc 2.1. .\" In libc4 and libc5 the code for %I is broken (fixed in glibc; .\" %OI was fixed in glibc 2.2.4). -.SS Glibc Notes +.SS Glibc notes For reasons of symmetry, glibc tries to support for .BR strptime () the same format characters as for diff --git a/man3/sysconf.3 b/man3/sysconf.3 index a853e3328..302793ea5 100644 --- a/man3/sysconf.3 +++ b/man3/sysconf.3 @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ The .BR sysconf () argument will be .BR _SC_FOO . -.SS "POSIX.1 Variables" +.SS "POSIX.1 variables" We give the name of the variable, the name of the .BR sysconf () argument used to inquire about its value, @@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ format the value .B 199009L indicates the Sept. 1990 revision. -.SS "POSIX.2 Variables" +.SS "POSIX.2 variables" Next, the POSIX.2 values, giving limits for utilities. .TP .BR BC_BASE_MAX " - " _SC_BC_BASE_MAX diff --git a/man3/ttyslot.3 b/man3/ttyslot.3 index 516366d47..834f49cc6 100644 --- a/man3/ttyslot.3 +++ b/man3/ttyslot.3 @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ returns the index of the current user's entry in some file. .LP Now "What file?" you ask. Well, let's first look at some history. -.SS "Ancient History" +.SS "Ancient history" There used to be a file .I /etc/ttys in UNIX V6, that was read by the @@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ Later systems have more elaborate syntax. System V-like systems have .I /etc/inittab instead. -.SS "Ancient History (2)" +.SS "Ancient history (2)" On the other hand, there is the file .I /etc/utmp listing the people currently logged in. diff --git a/man3/undocumented.3 b/man3/undocumented.3 index afa3b872a..d81c3e5d3 100644 --- a/man3/undocumented.3 +++ b/man3/undocumented.3 @@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ please look in the source code, write a man page (using a style similar to that of the other Linux section 3 man pages), and send it to .B mtk.manpages@gmail.com for inclusion in the next man page release. -.SS "The List" +.SS "The list" .BR authdes_create (3), .BR authdes_getucred (3), diff --git a/man4/cciss.4 b/man4/cciss.4 index d2ba70165..62a5e9707 100644 --- a/man4/cciss.4 +++ b/man4/cciss.4 @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ driver is restricted by this option to the following controllers: Smart Array E200i Smart Array E500 .fi -.SS Supported Hardware +.SS Supported hardware The .B cciss driver supports the following Smart Array boards: @@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ driver supports the following Smart Array boards: Smart Array P712m Smart Array P711m .fi -.SS Configuration Details +.SS Configuration details To configure HP Smart Array controllers, use the HP Array Configuration Utility (either @@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ or or the Offline ROM-based Configuration Utility (ORCA) run from the Smart Array's option ROM at boot time. .SH FILES -.SS Device Nodes +.SS Device nodes The device naming scheme is as follows: .nf diff --git a/man4/console_codes.4 b/man4/console_codes.4 index 3de7fcb30..4b7a0c73b 100644 --- a/man4/console_codes.4 +++ b/man4/console_codes.4 @@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ always want to use a terminfo-aware screen library or utility such as .BR tput (1), or .BR reset (1). -.SS "Linux Console Controls" +.SS "Linux console controls" This section describes all the control characters and escape sequences that invoke special functions (i.e., anything other than writing a glyph at the current cursor location) on the Linux console. @@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ ESC [ 12 ; \fIn\fP ] Bring specified console to the front. ESC [ 13 ] Unblank the screen. ESC [ 14 ; \fIn\fP ] Set the VESA powerdown interval in minutes. .TE -.SS "Character Sets" +.SS "Character sets" The kernel knows about 4 translations of bytes into console-screen symbols. The four tables are: a) Latin1 \-> PC, @@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ s = map[c] is sent to the video memory. The bitmap that corresponds to s is found in the character ROM, and can be changed using .BR setfont (8). -.SS "Mouse Tracking" +.SS "Mouse tracking" The mouse tracking facility is intended to return .BR xterm (1)-compatible mouse status reports. @@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ pressed and are added together: 4=Shift, 8=Meta, 16=Control. Again \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP are the x and y coordinates of the mouse event. The upper left corner is (1,1). -.SS "Comparisons With Other Terminals" +.SS "Comparisons with other terminals" Many different terminal types are described, like the Linux console, as being "VT100-compatible". Here we discuss differences between the diff --git a/man4/hpsa.4 b/man4/hpsa.4 index 458ccefb3..fba74090b 100644 --- a/man4/hpsa.4 +++ b/man4/hpsa.4 @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ not supported with and .BR cciss (4) should still be used for these. -.SS Supported Hardware +.SS Supported hardware The .B hpsa driver supports the following Smart Array boards: @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ driver supports the following Smart Array boards: StorageWorks P1210m .fi -.SS Configuration Details +.SS Configuration details To configure HP Smart Array controllers, use the HP Array Configuration Utility (either .BR hpacuxe (8) @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ or or the Offline ROM-based Configuration Utility (ORCA) run from the Smart Array's option ROM at boot time. .SH FILES -.SS Device Nodes +.SS Device nodes Logical drives are accessed via the SCSI disk driver .RB ( sd (4)), tape drives via the SCSI tape driver @@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ with device nodes named and .IR /dev/sg* , respectively. -.SS HPSA-Specific Host Attribute Files in /sys +.SS HPSA-specific host attribute files in /sys .TP .I /sys/class/scsi_host/host*/rescan This is a write-only attribute. @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ For example: # \fBcat firmware_revision\fP 7.14 .fi -.SS HPSA-Specific Disk Attribute Files in /sys +.SS HPSA-specific disk attribute files in /sys .TP .I /sys/class/scsi_disk/c:b:t:l/device/unique_id This attribute contains a 32 hex-digit unique ID for each logical drive. diff --git a/man4/initrd.4 b/man4/initrd.4 index 5b442beac..bc179d318 100644 --- a/man4/initrd.4 +++ b/man4/initrd.4 @@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ different device. .\" .\" .\" -.SS "Boot-up Operation" +.SS "Boot-up operation" When booting up with .BR initrd , the system boots as follows: @@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ device having a suitable root file-system. .\" .\" .\" -.SS "Changing the Normal Root File System" +.SS "Changing the normal root file system" By default, the kernel's settings (e.g., set in the kernel file with diff --git a/man4/intro.4 b/man4/intro.4 index 3dec18ddc..641d576eb 100644 --- a/man4/intro.4 +++ b/man4/intro.4 @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Section 4 of the manual describes special files (devices). .SH FILES /dev/* \(em device files .SH NOTES -.SS Authors and Copyright Conditions +.SS Authors and copyright conditions Look at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) and copyright conditions. Note that these can be different from page to page! diff --git a/man4/rtc.4 b/man4/rtc.4 index 922d77b13..4a2502c3b 100644 --- a/man4/rtc.4 +++ b/man4/rtc.4 @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ Today such an RTC is usually integrated into the mainboard's chipset Non-PC systems, such as embedded systems built around system-on-chip processors, use other implementations. They usually won't offer the same functionality as the RTC from a PC/AT. -.SS RTC vs System Clock +.SS RTC vs system clock RTCs should not be confused with the system clock, which is a software clock maintained by the kernel and used to implement .BR gettimeofday (2) diff --git a/man4/st.4 b/man4/st.4 index 7037f124d..29185a25a 100644 --- a/man4/st.4 +++ b/man4/st.4 @@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ on the system. Starting from kernel 2.6.2, the driver exports in the sysfs directory .I /sys/class/scsi_tape the attached devices and some parameters assigned to the devices. -.SS "Data Transfer" +.SS "Data transfer" The driver supports operation in both fixed-block mode and variable-block mode (if supported by the drive). In fixed-block mode the drive @@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ driver are passed to the driver. The definitions below are from .IR /usr/include/linux/mtio.h : -.SS "MTIOCTOP \(em Perform a tape operation" +.SS "MTIOCTOP \(em perform a tape operation" .PP This request takes an argument of type .IR "(struct mtop *)" . @@ -678,7 +678,7 @@ If the bit pattern is zero, one or more bits under the mask indicate the cleaning request. If the pattern is nonzero, the pattern must match the masked sense data byte. -.SS "MTIOCGET \(em Get status" +.SS "MTIOCGET \(em get status" .PP This request takes an argument of type .IR "(struct mtget *)" . @@ -800,7 +800,7 @@ This value is set to \-1 when the block number is unknown (e.g., after .BR MTBSS , or .BR MTSEEK ). -.SS "MTIOCPOS \(em Get tape position" +.SS "MTIOCPOS \(em get tape position" .PP This request takes an argument of type .I "(struct mtpos *)" diff --git a/man4/tty_ioctl.4 b/man4/tty_ioctl.4 index baf8e80ff..1f2d61535 100644 --- a/man4/tty_ioctl.4 +++ b/man4/tty_ioctl.4 @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ makes for nonportable programs. Use the POSIX interface described in .BR termios (3) whenever possible. -.SS "Get and Set Terminal Attributes" +.SS "Get and set terminal attributes" .TP .BI "TCGETS struct termios *" argp Equivalent to @@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ structure of the terminal. Only root (more precisely: a process with the .BR CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability) can do this. -.SS "Get and Set Window Size" +.SS "Get and set window size" Window sizes are kept in the kernel, but not used by the kernel (except in the case of virtual consoles, where the kernel will update the window size when the size of the virtual console changes, @@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ When the window size changes, a .B SIGWINCH signal is sent to the foreground process group. -.SS "Sending a Break" +.SS "Sending a break" .TP .BI "TCSBRK int " arg Equivalent to diff --git a/man4/wavelan.4 b/man4/wavelan.4 index 965c8cfde..519d4b569 100644 --- a/man4/wavelan.4 +++ b/man4/wavelan.4 @@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ saved in permanent storage for future use). Set the list of name to be used for each wavelan cards device (name used by .BR ifconfig (8)). -.SS "Wireless Extensions" +.SS "Wireless extensions" Use .BR iwconfig (8) to manipulate wireless extensions. @@ -95,11 +95,11 @@ The and .I misc discarded packet counters are not implemented. -.SS "Private Ioctl" +.SS "Private ioctl" You may use .BR iwpriv (8) to manipulate private ioctls. -.SS Quality and Level threshold +.SS Quality and level threshold Enable you the define the quality and level threshold used by the modem (packet below that level are discarded). .SS Histogram @@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ to count the number of packets received in each of those defined intervals. This distribution might be used to calculate the mean value and standard deviation of the signal level. -.SS "Specific Notes" +.SS "Specific notes" This driver will fail to detect some .B non-NCR/ATT&T/Lucent Wavelan cards. diff --git a/man5/acct.5 b/man5/acct.5 index 17793afb7..4da36054b 100644 --- a/man5/acct.5 +++ b/man5/acct.5 @@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ and fields measure time in "clock ticks"; divide these values by .I sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK) to convert them to seconds. -.SS Version 3 Accounting File Format +.SS Version 3 accounting file format Since kernel 2.6.8, an optional alternative version of the accounting file can be produced if the diff --git a/man5/charmap.5 b/man5/charmap.5 index 349fe686e..b749839a0 100644 --- a/man5/charmap.5 +++ b/man5/charmap.5 @@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ multibyte-characters, which are currently not implemented. .PP The last line in a charmap-definition file must contain .B END CHARMAP. -.SS "Symbolic Names" +.SS "Symbolic names" A .B symbolic name for a character contains only characters of the @@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ are interpreted as itself; for example, the sequence represents the symbolic name .B "\\\\>" enclosed in angle brackets. -.SS "Character Encoding" +.SS "Character encoding" The encoding may be in each of the following three forms: .TP diff --git a/man5/dir_colors.5 b/man5/dir_colors.5 index 93e9b935b..12302ab08 100644 --- a/man5/dir_colors.5 +++ b/man5/dir_colors.5 @@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ for .B emacs backup files. This form should be considered obsolete. -.SS "ISO 6429 (ANSI) Color Sequences" +.SS "ISO 6429 (ANSI) color sequences" Most color-capable ASCII terminals today use ISO 6429 (ANSI) color sequences, and many common terminals without color capability, including .B xterm @@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ and .B FILE codes to the numerical codes for your normal foreground and background colors. -.SS "Other Terminal Types (Advanced Configuration)" +.SS "Other terminal types (advanced configuration)" If you have a color-capable (or otherwise highlighting) terminal (or printer!) which uses a different set of codes, you can still generate a suitable setup. @@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ definition will have no effect. A different .B ENDCODE can, however, be specified, which would have the same effect. -.SS "Escape Sequences" +.SS "Escape sequences" To specify control- or blank characters in the color sequences or filename extensions, either C-style \e-escaped notation or .BR stty \-style diff --git a/man5/hosts.5 b/man5/hosts.5 index 1e3ea0c59..b53a7be02 100644 --- a/man5/hosts.5 +++ b/man5/hosts.5 @@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ advantage. .SH NOTES Modifications to this file normally take effect immediately, except in cases where the file is cached by applications. -.SS "Historical Notes" +.SS "Historical notes" RFC\ 952 gave the original format for the host table, though it has since changed. diff --git a/man5/intro.5 b/man5/intro.5 index 8ca8710f5..fe0cd73e4 100644 --- a/man5/intro.5 +++ b/man5/intro.5 @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ intro \- introduction to file formats Section 5 of the manual describes various file formats and protocols, and the corresponding C structures, if any. .SH NOTES -.SS Authors and Copyright Conditions +.SS Authors and copyright conditions Look at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) and copyright conditions. Note that these can be different from page to page! diff --git a/man5/termcap.5 b/man5/termcap.5 index f8f33f50b..822014ab9 100644 --- a/man5/termcap.5 +++ b/man5/termcap.5 @@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ Boolean: :bs:\e Numeric: :co#80:\e String: :sr=\eE[H:\e .fi -.SS "Boolean Capabilities" +.SS "Boolean capabilities" .nf 5i Printer will not echo on screen am Automatic margins which means automatic line wrap @@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ xo Terminal uses xon/xoff protocol xs Text typed over standout text will be displayed in standout xt Teleray glitch, destructive tabs and odd standout mode .fi -.SS "Numeric Capabilities" +.SS "Numeric capabilities" .nf co Number of columns dB Delay in milliseconds for backspace on hardcopy terminals @@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ ug Underline glitch vt virtual terminal number ws Width of status line if different from screen width .fi -.SS "String Capabilities" +.SS "String capabilities" .nf !1 shifted save key !2 shifted suspend key diff --git a/man5/utmp.5 b/man5/utmp.5 index 24e78f675..94a764764 100644 --- a/man5/utmp.5 +++ b/man5/utmp.5 @@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ Linux defines the structure to be the same as the .I utmp structure. -.SS Comparison with Historical Systems +.SS Comparison with historical systems Linux utmp entries conform neither to v7/BSD nor to System V; they are a mix of the two. diff --git a/man6/intro.6 b/man6/intro.6 index 0478207cc..c282a551a 100644 --- a/man6/intro.6 +++ b/man6/intro.6 @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ intro \- introduction to games Section 6 of the manual describes all the games and funny little programs available on the system. .SH NOTES -.SS Authors and Copyright Conditions +.SS Authors and copyright conditions Look at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) and copyright conditions. Note that these can be different from page to page! diff --git a/man7/armscii-8.7 b/man7/armscii-8.7 index f17b5a6a8..a3218b1ec 100644 --- a/man7/armscii-8.7 +++ b/man7/armscii-8.7 @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ hexadecimal .SH DESCRIPTION The Armenian Standard Code for Information Interchange, 8-bit coded character set. -.SS "ArmSCII-8 Characters" +.SS "ArmSCII-8 characters" The following table displays the characters in ArmSCII-8, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/boot.7 b/man7/boot.7 index 4d4b18af5..3ce41c935 100644 --- a/man7/boot.7 +++ b/man7/boot.7 @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ should know what is the boot device, or which devices to probe as possible boot devices. Then the hardware boot stage accesses the boot device, -loads the OS Loader, which is located on a fixed position +loads the OS loader, which is located on a fixed position on the boot device, and transfers control to it. .TP Note: @@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ We do not cover here booting from network. Those who want to investigate this subject may want to research: DHCP, TFTP, PXE, Etherboot. -.SS "OS Loader" -In PC, the OS Loader is located in the first sector +.SS "OS loader" +In PC, the OS loader is located in the first sector of the boot device \- this is the \fBMBR\fR (Master Boot Record). @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ Even on non-PC systems there are some limitations to the size and complexity of this loader, but the size limitation of the PC MBR (512 bytes including the partition table) makes it -almost impossible to squeeze a full OS Loader into it. +almost impossible to squeeze a full OS loader into it. Therefore, most operating systems make the primary loader call a secondary OS loader which may be located on @@ -76,14 +76,14 @@ as a two part loader where they provide special MBR containing the bootstrap code to load the second part of the loader from the root partition. -The main job of the OS Loader is to locate the kernel +The main job of the OS loader is to locate the kernel on the disk, load it and run it. Most OS loaders allow interactive use, to enable specification of alternative kernel (maybe a backup in case the last compiled one isn't functioning) and to pass optional parameters to the kernel. -.SS "Kernel Startup" +.SS "Kernel startup" When the kernel is loaded, it initializes the devices (via their drivers), starts the swapper (it is a "kernel process", called kswapd in modern Linux kernels), and mounts the root @@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ and query the current run-level via However, since it is not convenient to manage individual services by editing this file, inittab only bootstraps a set of scripts that actually start/stop the individual services. -.SS "Boot Scripts" +.SS "Boot scripts" .TP Note: The following description applies to System V release 4-based systems, which @@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ accept other "convenience" parameters (e.g: "restart", to stop and then start, "status" do display the service status). Running the script without parameters displays the possible arguments. -.SS "Sequencing Directories" +.SS "Sequencing directories" To make specific scripts start/stop at specific run-levels and in specific order, there are \fIsequencing directories\fR. These @@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ To manage the boot order and run-levels, we have to manage these links. However, on many versions of Linux, there are tools to help with this task (e.g: .BR chkconfig (8)). -.SS "Boot Configuration" +.SS "Boot configuration" Usually the daemons started may optionally receive command-line options and parameters. To allow system administrators to change these diff --git a/man7/bootparam.7 b/man7/bootparam.7 index 1ca4ea80e..f7b8002e7 100644 --- a/man7/bootparam.7 +++ b/man7/bootparam.7 @@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ into a SB compatible mode. Booting DOS with the supplied driver, and then loading Linux from the DOS prompt with loadlin avoids the reset of the card that happens if one rebooted instead. -.SS "The Argument List" +.SS "The argument list" The kernel command line is parsed into a list of strings (boot arguments) separated by spaces. Most of the boot args take the form of: @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ to boot the computer in single user mode, and not launch all the usual daemons. Check the manual page for the version of init installed on your system to see what arguments it accepts. -.SS "General Non-device Specific Boot Arguments" +.SS "General non-device specific boot arguments" .TP .B "'init=...'" This sets the initial command to be executed by the kernel. @@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ instead jump through the BIOS. A command-line option of 'nosmp' or 'maxcpus=0' will disable SMP activation entirely; an option 'maxcpus=N' limits the maximum number of CPUs activated in SMP mode to N. -.SS "Boot Arguments for Use by Kernel Developers" +.SS "Boot arguments for use by kernel developers" .TP .B "'debug'" Kernel messages are handed off to the kernel log daemon klogd so that they @@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ Set the six parameters max_buff_age, buff_advance, buff_decline, buff_initial_age, bufferout_weight, buffermem_grace that control kernel buffer memory management. For kernel tuners only. -.SS "Boot Arguments for Ramdisk Use" +.SS "Boot arguments for ramdisk use" (Only if the kernel was compiled with .BR CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM .) In general it is a bad idea to use a ramdisk under Linux\(emthe @@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ leave the initrd data under (This device can be used only once: the data is freed as soon as the last process that used it has closed .IR /dev/initrd .) -.SS "Boot Arguments for SCSI Devices" +.SS "Boot arguments for SCSI devices" General notation for this section: .I iobase @@ -760,7 +760,7 @@ nosync:bitmask, nodma:x, period:ns, disconnect:x, debug:x, clock:x, next. For details, see .IR /usr/src/linux/drivers/scsi/wd33c93.c . -.SS "Hard Disks" +.SS "Hard disks" .TP .B "IDE Disk/CD-ROM Driver Parameters" The IDE driver accepts a number of parameters, which range from disk @@ -876,7 +876,7 @@ xd=2,5,0x320,3 .B "Syquest's EZ* removable disks" .IP .BI ez= iobase[,irq[,rep[,nybble]]] -.SS "IBM MCA Bus Devices" +.SS "IBM MCA bus devices" See also .IR /usr/src/linux/Documentation/mca.txt . .TP @@ -1010,7 +1010,7 @@ where type is one of the following (case sensitive) strings: \&'SoundBlaster', 'LaserMate', or 'SPEA'. The I/O base is that of the CD-ROM interface, and not that of the sound portion of the card. -.SS "Ethernet Devices" +.SS "Ethernet devices" Different drivers make use of different parameters, but they all at least share having an IRQ, an I/O port base value, and a name. In its most generic form, it looks something like this: @@ -1038,7 +1038,7 @@ cards and on the card/driver-specific implementation of the param_n values where used. Interested readers should refer to the section in that document on their particular card. -.SS "The Floppy Disk Driver" +.SS "The floppy disk driver" There are many floppy driver options, and they are all listed in .I Documentation/floppy.txt (or @@ -1116,7 +1116,7 @@ This is needed on IBM L40SX laptops in certain video modes. be an interaction between video and floppy. The unexpected interrupts only affect performance, and can safely be ignored.) -.SS "The Sound Driver" +.SS "The sound driver" The sound driver can also accept boot args to override the compiled in values. This is not recommended, as it is rather complex. @@ -1145,7 +1145,7 @@ As you can see it gets pretty messy, and you are better off to compile in your own personal values as recommended. Using a boot arg of \&'sound=0' will disable the sound driver entirely. -.SS "ISDN Drivers" +.SS "ISDN drivers" .TP .B "The ICN ISDN driver" Syntax: @@ -1173,7 +1173,7 @@ teles=iobase,irq,membase,protocol,teles_id where iobase is the i/o port address of the card, membase is the shared memory base address of the card, irq is the interrupt channel the card uses, and teles_id is the unique ASCII string identifier. -.SS "Serial Port Drivers" +.SS "Serial port drivers" .TP .B "The RISCom/8 Multiport Serial Driver ('riscom8=')" Syntax: @@ -1235,7 +1235,7 @@ the dummy 0 is required because of a bug in the setup code. The mode parameter is a string with syntax hw:modem, where hw is one of sbc, wss, wssfdx and modem is one of afsk1200, fsk9600. -.SS "The Line Printer Driver" +.SS "The line printer driver" .TP .B "'lp='" Syntax: @@ -1265,7 +1265,7 @@ lp=0. Syntax: .IP wdt=io,irq -.SS "Mouse Drivers" +.SS "Mouse drivers" .TP .B "'bmouse=irq'" The busmouse driver only accepts one parameter, that being the @@ -1283,7 +1283,7 @@ x-threshold and y-threshold. Otherwise, the first argument is the x-threshold, and the second the y-threshold. These values must lie between 1 and 20 (inclusive); the default is 2. -.SS "Video Hardware" +.SS "Video hardware" .TP .B "'no-scroll'" This option tells the console driver not to use hardware scroll diff --git a/man7/capabilities.7 b/man7/capabilities.7 index b8f2a7565..c9a2d91c9 100644 --- a/man7/capabilities.7 +++ b/man7/capabilities.7 @@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ associated with superuser into distinct units, known as which can be independently enabled and disabled. Capabilities are a per-thread attribute. .\" -.SS Capabilities List +.SS Capabilities list The following list shows the capabilities implemented on Linux, and the operations or behaviors that each capability permits: .TP @@ -572,7 +572,7 @@ and .B CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM timers). .\" -.SS Past and Current Implementation +.SS Past and current implementation A full implementation of capabilities requires that: .IP 1. 3 For all privileged operations, @@ -588,7 +588,7 @@ so that a process gains those capabilities when the file is executed. Before kernel 2.6.24, only the first two of these requirements are met; since kernel 2.6.24, all three requirements are met. .\" -.SS Thread Capability Sets +.SS Thread capability sets Each thread has three capability sets containing zero or more of the above capabilities: .TP @@ -627,7 +627,7 @@ Using .BR capset (2), a thread may manipulate its own capability sets (see below). .\" -.SS File Capabilities +.SS File capabilities Since kernel 2.6.24, the kernel supports associating capability sets with an executable file using .BR setcap (8). @@ -680,7 +680,7 @@ then the effective flag must also be specified as enabled for all other capabilities for which the corresponding permitted or inheritable flags is enabled. .\" -.SS Transformation of Capabilities During execve() +.SS Transformation of capabilities during execve() .PP During an .BR execve (2), @@ -855,7 +855,7 @@ However it does prevent the capability from being added back into the thread's inherited set in the future. .\" .\" -.SS Effect of User ID Changes on Capabilities +.SS Effect of user ID changes on capabilities To preserve the traditional semantics for transitions between 0 and nonzero user IDs, the kernel makes the following changes to a thread's capability diff --git a/man7/cpuset.7 b/man7/cpuset.7 index 04e3a0a69..b6cf7d84d 100644 --- a/man7/cpuset.7 +++ b/man7/cpuset.7 @@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ and a process is allowed to use, cpusets provide the following extended capabilities. .\" ================== Exclusive Cpusets ================== -.SS Exclusive Cpusets +.SS Exclusive cpusets If a cpuset is marked .I cpu_exclusive or @@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ interrupt handlers, is allowed to be taken outside even a .I hardwall cpuset. .\" ================== Notify On Release ================== -.SS Notify On Release +.SS Notify on release If the .I notify_on_release flag is enabled (1) in a cpuset, @@ -505,7 +505,7 @@ be changed by writing an ASCII number 0 or 1 (with optional trailing newline) into the file, to clear or set the flag, respectively. .\" ================== Memory Pressure ================== -.SS Memory Pressure +.SS Memory pressure The .I memory_pressure of a cpuset provides a simple per-cpuset running average of @@ -577,7 +577,7 @@ file provides an integer number representing the recent (half-life of process in the cpuset, in units of reclaims attempted per second, times 1000. .\" ================== Memory Spread ================== -.SS Memory Spread +.SS Memory spread There are two Boolean flag files per cpuset that control where the kernel allocates pages for the file-system buffers and related in-kernel data structures. @@ -660,7 +660,7 @@ can become very uneven, especially for jobs that might have just a single thread initializing or reading in the data set. .\" ================== Memory Migration ================== -.SS Memory Migration +.SS Memory migration Normally, under the default setting (disabled) of .IR cpuset.memory_migrate , once a page is allocated (given a physical page @@ -689,7 +689,7 @@ if the page was on the second valid node of the prior cpuset, then the page will be placed on the second valid node of the new cpuset, if possible. .\" ================== Scheduler Load Balancing ================== -.SS Scheduler Load Balancing +.SS Scheduler load balancing The kernel scheduler automatically load balances processes. If one CPU is underutilized, the kernel will look for processes on other more @@ -776,7 +776,7 @@ that disables .I sched_load_balance as those processes aren't going anywhere else anyway. .\" ================== Scheduler Relax Domain Level ================== -.SS Scheduler Relax Domain Level +.SS Scheduler relax domain level The kernel scheduler performs immediate load balancing whenever a CPU becomes free or another task becomes runnable. This load @@ -863,7 +863,7 @@ other value, and the value \fBzero (0)\fR is the next lowest value. The following formats are used to represent sets of CPUs and memory nodes. .\" ================== Mask Format ================== -.SS Mask Format +.SS Mask format The \fBMask Format\fR is used to represent CPU and memory-node bitmasks in the .I /proc//status @@ -904,7 +904,7 @@ The first "1" is for bit 64, the second for bit 32, the third for bit 16, the fourth for bit 8, the fifth for bit 4, and the "7" is for bits 2, 1, and 0. .\" ================== List Format ================== -.SS List Format +.SS List format The \fBList Format\fR for .I cpus and diff --git a/man7/credentials.7 b/man7/credentials.7 index ee8785f6a..de99ca8bb 100644 --- a/man7/credentials.7 +++ b/man7/credentials.7 @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ and A process's PID is preserved across an .BR execve (2). -.SS Parent Process ID (PPID) +.SS Parent process ID (PPID) A process's parent process ID identifies the process that created this process using .BR fork (2). @@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ A PPID is represented using the type A process's PPID is preserved across an .BR execve (2). -.SS Process Group ID and Session ID +.SS Process group ID and session ID Each process has a session ID and a process group ID, both represented using the type .IR pid_t . @@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ which creates a new session whose session ID is the same as the PID of the process that called .BR setsid (2). The creator of the session is called the \fIsession leader\fP. -.SS User and Group Identifiers +.SS User and group identifiers Each process has various associated user and groups IDs. These IDs are integers, respectively represented using the types .I uid_t diff --git a/man7/ddp.7 b/man7/ddp.7 index ad0d394e1..167f8627b 100644 --- a/man7/ddp.7 +++ b/man7/ddp.7 @@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ Raw sockets may be only opened by a process with effective user ID 0 or when the process has the .B CAP_NET_RAW capability. -.SS "Address Format" +.SS "Address format" An Appletalk socket address is defined as a combination of a network number, a node number, and a port number. .PP @@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ wildcard and also implies \(lqthis node.\(rq The value of is a link local broadcast address. .\" FIXME this doesn't make sense [johnl] -.SS "Socket Options" +.SS "Socket options" No protocol-specific socket options are supported. .SS /proc interfaces IP supports a set of diff --git a/man7/epoll.7 b/man7/epoll.7 index 19032f284..74bf65bd1 100644 --- a/man7/epoll.7 +++ b/man7/epoll.7 @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ set. .BR epoll_wait (2) waits for I/O events, blocking the calling thread if no events are currently available. -.SS Level-Triggered and Edge-Triggered +.SS Level-triggered and edge-triggered The .B epoll event distribution interface is able to behave both as edge-triggered @@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ the default value for .I max_user_watches is 1/25 (4%) of the available low memory, divided by the registration cost in bytes. -.SS Example for Suggested Usage +.SS Example for suggested usage While the usage of .B epoll when employed as a level-triggered interface does have the same @@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ calling .BR epoll_ctl (2) with .BR EPOLL_CTL_MOD . -.SS Questions and Answers +.SS Questions and answers .TP 4 .B Q0 What is the key used to distinguish the file descriptors registered in an @@ -484,7 +484,7 @@ The same is true when writing using .BR write (2). (Avoid this latter technique if you cannot guarantee that the monitored file descriptor always refers to a stream-oriented file.) -.SS Possible Pitfalls and Ways to Avoid Them +.SS Possible pitfalls and ways to avoid them .TP .B o Starvation (edge-triggered) .PP diff --git a/man7/glob.7 b/man7/glob.7 index eb2903b41..2687c502f 100644 --- a/man7/glob.7 +++ b/man7/glob.7 @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ These days there is also a library routine that will perform this function for a user program. The rules are as follows (POSIX.2, 3.13). -.SS "Wildcard Matching" +.SS "Wildcard matching" A string is a wildcard pattern if it contains one of the characters \(aq?\(aq, \(aq*\(aq or \(aq[\(aq. Globbing is the operation @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ If a filename starts with a \(aq.\(aq, this character must be matched explicitly. (Thus, \fIrm\ *\fP will not remove .profile, and \fItar\ c\ *\fP will not archive all your files; \fItar\ c\ .\fP is better.) -.SS "Empty Lists" +.SS "Empty lists" The nice and simple rule given above: "expand a wildcard pattern into the list of matching pathnames" was the original UNIX definition. @@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ more copies of the preceding thing. Now that regular expressions have bracket expressions where the negation is indicated by a \(aq^\(aq, POSIX has declared the effect of a wildcard pattern "\fI[^...]\fP" to be undefined. -.SS Character classes and Internationalization +.SS Character classes and internationalization Of course ranges were originally meant to be ASCII ranges, so that "\fI[\ \-%]\fP" stands for "\fI[\ !"#$%]\fP" and "\fI[a\-z]\fP" stands for "any lowercase letter". diff --git a/man7/intro.7 b/man7/intro.7 index bb159997d..925ef2a7e 100644 --- a/man7/intro.7 +++ b/man7/intro.7 @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ describes conventions and protocols, character set standards, the standard file system layout, and miscellaneous other things. .SH NOTES -.SS Authors and Copyright Conditions +.SS Authors and copyright conditions Look at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) and copyright conditions. Note that these can be different from page to page! diff --git a/man7/ip.7 b/man7/ip.7 index f1472f41b..360f945be 100644 --- a/man7/ip.7 +++ b/man7/ip.7 @@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ some time after closing, unless the .B SO_REUSEADDR flag has been set. Care should be taken when using this flag as it makes TCP less reliable. -.SS Address Format +.SS Address format An IP socket address is defined as a combination of an IP interface address and a 16-bit port number. The basic IP protocol does not supply port numbers, they @@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ means any address for binding; means any host and has the same effect on bind as .B INADDR_ANY for historical reasons. -.SS Socket Options +.SS Socket options IP supports some protocol-specific socket options that can be set with .BR setsockopt (2) and read with diff --git a/man7/ipv6.7 b/man7/ipv6.7 index f7cf122c4..e588276d1 100644 --- a/man7/ipv6.7 +++ b/man7/ipv6.7 @@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ IPv4 and IPv6 share the local port space. When you get an IPv4 connection or packet to a IPv6 socket, its source address will be mapped to v6 and it will be mapped to v6. -.SS "Address Format" +.SS "Address format" .in +4n .nf struct sockaddr_in6 { @@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ Special addresses are ::1 for loopback and ::FFFF: for IPv4-mapped-on-IPv6. .PP The port space of IPv6 is shared with IPv4. -.SS "Socket Options" +.SS "Socket options" IPv6 supports some protocol-specific socket options that can be set with .BR setsockopt (2) and read with diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-1.7 b/man7/iso_8859-1.7 index 3cd27f081..8c5cdc90d 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-1.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-1.7 @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ Spanish, and Swedish. .P Note that the ISO 8859-1 characters are also the first 256 characters of ISO 10646 (Unicode). -.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets" +.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-1 Characters" +.SS "ISO 8859-1 characters" The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1), which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-10.7 b/man7/iso_8859-10.7 index 31f5b15cd..092497293 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-10.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-10.7 @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ characters used in Nordic languages. .\" (Though in my system with glibc-2.8-20080929 .\" I found only lg_UG using this charset, and certainly UG .\" is not a "Nordic" country!). -.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets" +.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-10 Characters" +.SS "ISO 8859-10 characters" The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-10, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-11.7 b/man7/iso_8859-11.7 index 101b6cf8b..53ce57d66 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-11.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-11.7 @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ and hexadecimal The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-11 encodes the characters used in the Thai language. -.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets" +.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-11 Characters" +.SS "ISO 8859-11 characters" The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-11, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-13.7 b/man7/iso_8859-13.7 index f04063aaa..e01f6b233 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-13.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-13.7 @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-13 encodes the characters used in Baltic Rim languages. .\" In my system with glibc-2.8-20080929 is used for .\" Lithuanian, Latvian and the Maori language in New Zealand. -.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets" +.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-13 Characters" +.SS "ISO 8859-13 characters" The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-13, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-14.7 b/man7/iso_8859-14.7 index 7f7a1087e..74c6739b7 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-14.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-14.7 @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ and hexadecimal The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-14 encodes the characters used in Celtic languages. -.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets" +.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-14 Characters" +.SS "ISO 8859-14 characters" The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-14, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-15.7 b/man7/iso_8859-15.7 index 1b9fbb9ac..a5d89e41e 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-15.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-15.7 @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ Catalan, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Faroese, Finnish, French, Frisian, Galician, German, Greenlandic, Icelandic, Irish Gaelic, Italian, Latin, Luxemburgish, Norwegian, Portuguese, Rhaeto-Romanic, Scottish Gaelic, Spanish, and Swedish. -.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets" +.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-15 Characters" +.SS "ISO 8859-15 characters" The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-15 (Latin-9), which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-16.7 b/man7/iso_8859-16.7 index 968bbaaed..d9fb0df19 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-16.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-16.7 @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Romanian, Slovenian and Serbian. .P Also note that the following Cyrillic-based languages have one-to-one transliterations to Latin 10: Macedonian and Serbian. -.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets" +.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-16 Characters" +.SS "ISO 8859-16 characters" The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-16 (Latin-10), which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-2.7 b/man7/iso_8859-2.7 index b5b3d1fdf..4ec4cf065 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-2.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-2.7 @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ Slovak, Slovenian and Sorbian. .P Also note that the following Cyrillic-based languages have one-to-one transliterations to Latin 2: Macedonian and Serbian. -.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets" +.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-2 Characters" +.SS "ISO 8859-2 characters" The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-2 (Latin-2), which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-3.7 b/man7/iso_8859-3.7 index b6f681ad4..564a3c5d6 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-3.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-3.7 @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-3 encodes the characters used in Southeast European languages. .\" (Though in my system with glibc-2.8-20080929 .\" I found only mt_MT (Malta) using this charset). -.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets" +.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-3 Characters" +.SS "ISO 8859-3 characters" The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-3, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-4.7 b/man7/iso_8859-4.7 index 48702d20c..842330399 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-4.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-4.7 @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-4 encodes the characters used in Scandinavian and Baltic languages (Latin-4). -.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets" +.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-4 Characters" +.SS "ISO 8859-4 characters" The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-4, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-5.7 b/man7/iso_8859-5.7 index 469a2a3a4..cbc5ad388 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-5.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-5.7 @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ and hexadecimal The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-5 encodes the Cyrillic alphabet as used in Russian and Macedonian. -.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets" +.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-5 Characters" +.SS "ISO 8859-5 characters" The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-5, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-6.7 b/man7/iso_8859-6.7 index 417d5cedb..4006bd5f5 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-6.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-6.7 @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ and hexadecimal The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-6 encodes the characters used in the Arabic language. -.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets" +.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-6 Characters" +.SS "ISO 8859-6 characters" The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-6, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-7.7 b/man7/iso_8859-7.7 index 4dfc268a9..bf5fcc278 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-7.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-7.7 @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-7 encodes the characters used in modern monotonic Greek. -.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets" +.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-7 Characters" +.SS "ISO 8859-7 characters" The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-7, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-8.7 b/man7/iso_8859-8.7 index da27b0712..45677fcf7 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-8.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-8.7 @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ ISO 8859-8, or "ISO Hebrew" encodes the characters used in Modern Hebrew (or Ivrit). Neither short vowels nor diacritical marks are included, and Yiddish is not provided for. -.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets" +.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-8 Characters" +.SS "ISO 8859-8 characters" The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-8, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/iso_8859-9.7 b/man7/iso_8859-9.7 index 63482fbf2..c093d79e0 100644 --- a/man7/iso_8859-9.7 +++ b/man7/iso_8859-9.7 @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV). ISO 8859-9, also known as the "Latin Alphabet No. 5", encodes the characters used in Turkish. -.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets" +.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets" The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes: .TS l l. @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8) ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9) ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10) .TE -.SS "ISO 8859-9 Characters" +.SS "ISO 8859-9 characters" The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-9 (Latin-5), which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/koi8-r.7 b/man7/koi8-r.7 index 8944ff12a..76b6ef388 100644 --- a/man7/koi8-r.7 +++ b/man7/koi8-r.7 @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ area. .PP A more complete set of Cyrillic characters is also defined by the ISO-8859-5 character set. -.SS "KOI8-R Characters" +.SS "KOI8-R characters" The following table displays the characters in KOI8-R, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/koi8-u.7 b/man7/koi8-u.7 index 80ed3f2ac..9aa21a2ae 100644 --- a/man7/koi8-u.7 +++ b/man7/koi8-u.7 @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ KOI8-U is compatible with KOI8-R (RFC 1489) for all Russian letters, and extends KOI8-R with four Ukrainian letters (in both upper and lower case) in locations that are compliant with ISO-IR-111. -.SS "KOI8-U Characters" +.SS "KOI8-U characters" The following table displays the characters in KOI8-U, which are printable and unlisted in the .BR ascii (7) diff --git a/man7/man-pages.7 b/man7/man-pages.7 index 04e05b87f..e279014ec 100644 --- a/man7/man-pages.7 +++ b/man7/man-pages.7 @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ as well as many of the pages that appear in Sections 3, 4, 5, and 7 of the man pages on a Linux system. The conventions described on this page may also be useful for authors writing man pages for other projects. -.SS Sections of the Manual Pages +.SS Sections of the manual pages .PP The manual Sections are traditionally defined as follows: .TP 10 @@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ Starting with release 2.59, .I man-pages follows American spelling conventions; please write all new pages and patches according to these conventions. -.SS Example Programs and Shell Sessions +.SS Example programs and shell sessions Manual pages can include example programs demonstrating how to use a system call or library function. However, note the following: diff --git a/man7/man.7 b/man7/man.7 index f4d642ba7..08f87a18b 100644 --- a/man7/man.7 +++ b/man7/man.7 @@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ command can be used to specify a word in bold followed by a mark of punctuation in Roman. If no arguments are given, the command is applied to the following line of text. -.SS "Other Macros and Strings" +.SS "Other macros and strings" .PP Below are other relevant macros and predefined strings. Unless noted otherwise, all macros @@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ By default a given indent is measured in ens; try to use ens or ems as units for indents, since these will automatically adjust to font size changes. The other key macro definitions are: -.SS "Normal Paragraphs" +.SS "Normal paragraphs" .TP 9m .B \&.LP Same as @@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ Same as .TP .B \&.PP Begin a new paragraph and reset prevailing indent. -.SS "Relative Margin Indent" +.SS "Relative margin indent" .TP 9m .BI \&.RS " i" Start relative margin indent: moves the left margin @@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ indented until the corresponding .B \&.RE End relative margin indent and restores the previous value of the prevailing indent. -.SS "Indented Paragraph Macros" +.SS "Indented paragraph macros" .TP 9m .BI \&.HP " i" Begin paragraph with a hanging indent @@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ The tag is given on the next line, but its results are like those of the .B \&.IP command. -.SS "Hypertext Link Macros" +.SS "Hypertext link macros" (Feature supported with .B groff only.) @@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ A number of other link macros are available. See .BR groff_www (7) for more details. -.SS "Miscellaneous Macros" +.SS "Miscellaneous macros" .TP 9m .B \&.DT Reset tabs to default tab values (every 0.5 inches); @@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ Subheading (like .BR \&.SH , but used for a subsection inside a section). -.SS "Predefined Strings" +.SS "Predefined strings" The .B man package has the following predefined strings: @@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ Trademark Symbol: \*(Tm Left angled double quote: \*(lq .IP \e*(rq Right angled double quote: \*(rq -.SS "Safe Subset" +.SS "Safe subset" Although technically .B man is a troff macro package, in reality a large number of other tools diff --git a/man7/math_error.7 b/man7/math_error.7 index e0369d313..7577d1a85 100644 --- a/man7/math_error.7 +++ b/man7/math_error.7 @@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ then an error occurred in the mathematical function. The error conditions that can occur for mathematical functions are described below. -.SS Domain Error +.SS Domain error A .I domain error occurs when a mathematical function is supplied with an argument whose @@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ is set to and an "invalid" .RB ( FE_INVALID ) floating-point exception is raised. -.SS Pole Error +.SS Pole error A .I pole error occurs when the mathematical result of a function is an exact infinity @@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ is set to and a "divide-by-zero" .RB ( FE_DIVBYZERO ) floating-point exception is raised. -.SS Range Error +.SS Range error A .I range error occurs when the magnitude of the function result means that it diff --git a/man7/netlink.7 b/man7/netlink.7 index a5def9a33..a70434a0e 100644 --- a/man7/netlink.7 +++ b/man7/netlink.7 @@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ It is up to the application to detect when this happens (via the error returned by .BR recvmsg (2)) and resynchronize. -.SS Address Formats +.SS Address formats The .I sockaddr_nl structure describes a netlink client in user space or in the kernel. diff --git a/man7/numa.7 b/man7/numa.7 index 10e0ed0d4..4339a454b 100644 --- a/man7/numa.7 +++ b/man7/numa.7 @@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ interface are only available if the kernel was configured and built with the .BR CONFIG_NUMA option. -.SS Library Support +.SS Library support Link with \fI\-lnuma\fP to get the system call definitions. .I libnuma diff --git a/man7/packet.7 b/man7/packet.7 index 81948905c..c016f9fb9 100644 --- a/man7/packet.7 +++ b/man7/packet.7 @@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ flag is passed to .BR recvfrom (2) the real length of the packet on the wire is always returned, even when it is longer than the buffer. -.SS Address Types +.SS Address types The sockaddr_ll is a device independent physical layer address. .in +4n @@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ For bind only and .I sll_ifindex are used. -.SS Socket Options +.SS Socket options Packet sockets can be used to configure physical layer multicasting and promiscuous mode. It works by calling @@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ In addition all standard ioctls defined in and .BR socket (7) are valid on packet sockets. -.SS Error Handling +.SS Error handling Packet sockets do no error handling other than errors occurred while passing the packet to the device driver. They don't have the concept of a pending error. diff --git a/man7/path_resolution.7 b/man7/path_resolution.7 index ea7ac727f..0619e2cdb 100644 --- a/man7/path_resolution.7 +++ b/man7/path_resolution.7 @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ path_resolution \- how a pathname is resolved to a file .SH DESCRIPTION Some UNIX/Linux system calls have as parameter one or more filenames. A filename (or pathname) is resolved as follows. -.SS "Step 1: Start of the resolution process" +.SS "Step 1: start of the resolution process" If the pathname starts with the \(aq/\(aq character, the starting lookup directory is the root directory of the calling process. @@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ system call.) Pathnames starting with a \(aq/\(aq character are called absolute pathnames. Pathnames not starting with a \(aq/\(aq are called relative pathnames. -.SS "Step 2: Walk along the path" +.SS "Step 2: walk along the path" Set the current lookup directory to the starting lookup directory. Now, for each nonfinal component of the pathname, where a component is a substring delimited by \(aq/\(aq characters, this component is looked up @@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ exceeded ("Too many levels of symbolic links"). .\" presently: max recursion depth during symlink resolution: 5 .\" max total number of symbolic links followed: 40 .\" _POSIX_SYMLOOP_MAX is 8 -.SS "Step 3: Find the final entry" +.SS "Step 3: find the final entry" The lookup of the final component of the pathname goes just like that of all other components, as described in the previous step, with two differences: (i) the final component need not be a diff --git a/man7/pipe.7 b/man7/pipe.7 index 14bc45210..29c773152 100644 --- a/man7/pipe.7 +++ b/man7/pipe.7 @@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ for further details. although FIFOs have a pathname in the file system, I/O on FIFOs does not involve operations on the underlying device (if there is one). -.SS "I/O on Pipes and FIFOs" +.SS "I/O on pipes and FIFOs" The only difference between pipes and FIFOs is the manner in which they are created and opened. Once these tasks have been accomplished, @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ are delivered when appropriate. It is not possible to apply .BR lseek (2) to a pipe. -.SS "Pipe Capacity" +.SS "Pipe capacity" A pipe has a limited capacity. If the pipe is full, then a .BR write (2) @@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ the caller should check the return value from .BR write (2) to see how many bytes were actually written), and these bytes may be interleaved with writes by other processes. -.SS "Open File Status Flags" +.SS "Open file status flags" The only open file status flags that can be meaningfully applied to a pipe or FIFO are .B O_NONBLOCK diff --git a/man7/pthreads.7 b/man7/pthreads.7 index 9d438db0c..a470fdce6 100644 --- a/man7/pthreads.7 +++ b/man7/pthreads.7 @@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ pthread_setcancelstate() pthread_setcanceltype() .fi .in -.SS Cancellation Points +.SS Cancellation points POSIX.1 specifies that certain functions must, and certain other functions may, be cancellation points. If a thread is cancelable, its cancelability type is deferred, @@ -653,7 +653,7 @@ any nonstandard function that may block as a cancellation point. .SS "Compiling on Linux" On Linux, programs that use the Pthreads API should be compiled using .IR "cc \-pthread" . -.SS "Linux Implementations of POSIX Threads" +.SS "Linux implementations of POSIX threads" Over time, two threading implementations have been provided by the GNU C library on Linux: .TP @@ -844,7 +844,7 @@ is executed, perhaps using the shell built-in command .RI ( "limit stacksize" in the C shell). -.SS "Determining the Threading Implementation" +.SS "Determining the threading implementation" Since glibc 2.3.2, the .BR getconf (1) command can be used to determine @@ -867,7 +867,7 @@ bash$ $( ldd /bin/ls | grep libc.so | awk \(aq{print $3}\(aq ) | \\ Native POSIX Threads Library by Ulrich Drepper et al .in .fi -.SS "Selecting the Threading Implementation: LD_ASSUME_KERNEL" +.SS "Selecting the threading implementation: LD_ASSUME_KERNEL" On systems with a glibc that supports both LinuxThreads and NPTL (i.e., glibc 2.3.\fIx\fP), the .B LD_ASSUME_KERNEL diff --git a/man7/raw.7 b/man7/raw.7 index 868848b2a..220614da1 100644 --- a/man7/raw.7 +++ b/man7/raw.7 @@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ protocols or protocols with no user interface (like ICMP). When a packet is received, it is passed to any raw sockets which have been bound to its protocol before it is passed to other protocol handlers (e.g., kernel protocol modules). -.SS Address Format +.SS Address format Raw sockets use the standard .I sockaddr_in address structure defined in @@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ is set to the protocol of the packet. See the .I include file for valid IP protocols. -.SS Socket Options +.SS Socket options Raw socket options can be set with .BR setsockopt (2) and read with @@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ In addition, all .BR ip (7) .B IPPROTO_IP socket options valid for datagram sockets are supported. -.SS Error Handling +.SS Error handling Errors originating from the network are only passed to the user when the socket is connected or the .B IP_RECVERR diff --git a/man7/rtnetlink.7 b/man7/rtnetlink.7 index ebd91076b..3f22f5290 100644 --- a/man7/rtnetlink.7 +++ b/man7/rtnetlink.7 @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ It is based on netlink messages; see .BR netlink (7) for more information. .\" FIXME ? all these macros could be moved to rtnetlink(3) -.SS "Routing Attributes" +.SS "Routing attributes" Some rtnetlink messages have optional attributes after the initial header: .in +4n diff --git a/man7/signal.7 b/man7/signal.7 index 200aa5ee8..5fea00152 100644 --- a/man7/signal.7 +++ b/man7/signal.7 @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ signal \- overview of signals .SH DESCRIPTION Linux supports both POSIX reliable signals (hereinafter "standard signals") and POSIX real-time signals. -.SS "Signal Dispositions" +.SS "Signal dispositions" Each signal has a current .IR disposition , which determines how the process behaves when it is delivered @@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ During an .BR execve (2), the dispositions of handled signals are reset to the default; the dispositions of ignored signals are left unchanged. -.SS Sending a Signal +.SS Sending a signal The following system calls and library functions allow the caller to send a signal: .TP 16 @@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ Sends a signal to a specified thread within a specific process. .TP .BR sigqueue (3) Sends a real-time signal with accompanying data to a specified process. -.SS Waiting for a Signal to be Caught +.SS Waiting for a signal to be caught The following system calls suspend execution of the calling process or thread until a signal is caught (or an unhandled signal terminates the process): @@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ Suspends execution until any signal is caught. .BR sigsuspend (2) Temporarily changes the signal mask (see below) and suspends execution until one of the unmasked signals is caught. -.SS Synchronously Accepting a Signal +.SS Synchronously accepting a signal Rather than asynchronously catching a signal via a signal handler, it is possible to synchronously accept the signal, that is, to block execution until the signal is delivered, @@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ call is delivered to the caller. The buffer returned by .BR read (2) contains a structure describing the signal. -.SS "Signal Mask and Pending Signals" +.SS "Signal mask and pending signals" A signal may be .IR blocked , which means that it will not be delivered until it is later unblocked. @@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ A child created via initially has an empty pending signal set; the pending signal set is preserved across an .BR execve (2). -.SS "Standard Signals" +.SS "Standard signals" Linux supports the standard signals listed below. Several signal numbers are architecture-dependent, as indicated in the "Value" column. @@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ is synonymous with .\" parisc is the only exception: SIGSYS is 12, SIGUNUSED is 31 .B SIGSYS on most architectures. -.SS "Real-time Signals" +.SS "Real-time signals" Linux supports real-time signals as originally defined in the POSIX.1b real-time extensions (and now included in POSIX.1-2001). The range of supported real-time signals is defined by the macros @@ -607,7 +607,7 @@ utimensat() utimes() .fi .in -.SS Interruption of System Calls and Library Functions by Signal Handlers +.SS Interruption of system calls and library functions by signal handlers If a signal handler is invoked while a system call or library function call is blocked, then either: .IP * 2 @@ -774,7 +774,7 @@ The .BR sleep (3) function is also never restarted if interrupted by a handler, but gives a success return: the number of seconds remaining to sleep. -.SS Interruption of System Calls and Library Functions by Stop Signals +.SS Interruption of system calls and library functions by stop signals On Linux, even in the absence of signal handlers, certain blocking interfaces can fail with the error .BR EINTR diff --git a/man7/socket.7 b/man7/socket.7 index ee2585492..8b2931d9c 100644 --- a/man7/socket.7 +++ b/man7/socket.7 @@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ or See .BR socket (2) for more information on families and types. -.SS Socket Layer Functions +.SS Socket-layer functions These functions are used by the user process to send or receive packets and to do other socket operations. For more information see their respective manual pages. @@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ The structure is useful in programs that must handle socket addresses in a generic way (e.g., programs that must deal with both IPv4 and IPv6 socket addresses). -.SS Socket Options +.SS Socket options These socket options can be set by using .BR setsockopt (2) and read with @@ -652,7 +652,7 @@ single socket), the condition that caused the may have already disappeared when the process reacts to the signal. If this happens, the process should wait again because Linux will resend the signal later. -.\" .SS Ancillary Messages +.\" .SS Ancillary messages .SS /proc interfaces The core socket networking parameters can be accessed via files in the directory diff --git a/man7/spufs.7 b/man7/spufs.7 index 5eb38dc43..8a7c960b8 100644 --- a/man7/spufs.7 +++ b/man7/spufs.7 @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ These files can be used for manipulating the state of the logical SPU. Users can change permissions on the files, but can't add or remove files. -.SS Mount Options +.SS Mount options .TP .B uid= Set the user owning the mount point; the default is 0 (root). diff --git a/man7/svipc.7 b/man7/svipc.7 index fb32b186f..9869ba3d1 100644 --- a/man7/svipc.7 +++ b/man7/svipc.7 @@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ message queues, semaphore sets, and shared memory segments. In the following, the word .I resource means an instantiation of one among such mechanisms. -.SS Resource Access Permissions +.SS Resource access permissions For each resource, the system uses a common structure of type .I "struct ipc_perm" to store information needed in determining permissions to perform an @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ type, while all the other symbolic constants are flag fields and can be OR'ed into an .I int type variable. -.SS Message Queues +.SS Message queues A message queue is uniquely identified by a positive integer .RI "(its " msqid ) and has an associated data structure of type @@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ Time of the last system call that changed a member of the .I msqid_ds structure. -.SS Semaphore Sets +.SS Semaphore sets A semaphore set is uniquely identified by a positive integer .RI "(its " semid ) and has an associated data structure of type @@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ on this semaphore. .\"Number of processes suspended awaiting for .\".I semval .\"to become zero. -.SS Shared Memory Segments +.SS Shared memory segments A shared memory segment is uniquely identified by a positive integer .RI "(its " shmid ) and has an associated data structure of type diff --git a/man7/tcp.7 b/man7/tcp.7 index 61310a64d..c1156c1f4 100644 --- a/man7/tcp.7 +++ b/man7/tcp.7 @@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ Some of these features include support for zero-copy Explicit Congestion Notification, new management of TIME_WAIT sockets, keep-alive socket options and support for Duplicate SACK extensions. -.SS Address Formats +.SS Address formats TCP is built on top of IP (see .BR ip (7)). The address formats defined by @@ -852,7 +852,7 @@ If enabled, assume that no receipt of a window-scaling option means that the remote TCP is broken and treats the window as a signed quantity. If disabled, assume that the remote TCP is not broken even if we do not receive a window scaling option from it. -.SS Socket Options +.SS Socket options To set or get a TCP socket option, call .BR getsockopt (2) to read or @@ -1105,7 +1105,7 @@ you can use the synonymous .BR TIOCOUTQ , defined in .IR . -.SS Error Handling +.SS Error handling When a network error occurs, TCP tries to resend the packet. If it doesn't succeed after some time, either .B ETIMEDOUT diff --git a/man7/time.7 b/man7/time.7 index 03a00ea35..9db07cda4 100644 --- a/man7/time.7 +++ b/man7/time.7 @@ -54,14 +54,14 @@ A program can determine the amount of CPU time it has consumed using .BR getrusage (2), or .BR clock (3). -.SS "The Hardware Clock" +.SS "The hardware clock" Most computers have a (battery-powered) hardware clock which the kernel reads at boot time in order to initialize the software clock. For further details, see .BR rtc (4) and .BR hwclock (8). -.SS "The Software Clock, HZ, and Jiffies" +.SS "The software clock, HZ, and jiffies" The accuracy of various system calls that set timeouts, (e.g., .BR select (2), @@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ User-space applications can determine the value of this constant using .\" glibc gets this info with a little help from the ELF loader; .\" see glibc elf/dl-support.c and kernel fs/binfmt_elf.c. .\" -.SS "High-Resolution Timers" +.SS "High-resolution timers" Before Linux 2.6.21, the accuracy of timer and sleep system calls (see below) was also limited by the size of the jiffy. @@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ string representations of the time are described in .BR strftime (3), and .BR strptime (3). -.SS "Sleeping and Setting Timers" +.SS "Sleeping and setting timers" Various system calls and functions allow a program to sleep (suspend execution) for a specified period of time; see .BR nanosleep (2), @@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ see .BR timerfd_create (2), and .BR timer_create (2). -.SS Timer Slack +.SS Timer slack Since Linux 2.6.28, it is possible to control the "timer slack" value for a thread. The timer slack is the length of time by diff --git a/man7/udp.7 b/man7/udp.7 index c2e7003e3..d55775fca 100644 --- a/man7/udp.7 +++ b/man7/udp.7 @@ -89,12 +89,12 @@ When turned off, UDP will fragment outgoing UDP packets that exceed the interface MTU. However, disabling it is not recommended for performance and reliability reasons. -.SS "Address Format" +.SS "Address format" UDP uses the IPv4 .I sockaddr_in address format described in .BR ip (7). -.SS "Error Handling" +.SS "Error handling" All fatal errors will be passed to the user as an error return even when the socket is not connected. This includes asynchronous errors @@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ Each UDP socket is able to use the size for sending data, even if total pages of UDP sockets exceed .I udp_mem pressure. -.SS "Socket Options" +.SS "Socket options" To set or get a UDP socket option, call .BR getsockopt (2) to read or diff --git a/man7/udplite.7 b/man7/udplite.7 index 30e28ada6..f4bc1e3ff 100644 --- a/man7/udplite.7 +++ b/man7/udplite.7 @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ The UDP-Lite implementation is a full extension of .BR udp (7), i.e., it shares the same API and API behaviour, and in addition offers two socket options to control the checksum coverage. -.SS "Address Format" +.SS "Address format" UDP-Litev4 uses the .I sockaddr_in address format described in @@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ UDP-Litev6 uses the .I sockaddr_in6 address format described in .BR ipv6 (7). -.SS "Socket Options" +.SS "Socket options" To set or get a UDP-Lite socket option, call .BR getsockopt (2) to read or diff --git a/man7/unicode.7 b/man7/unicode.7 index b353c4e10..32e915428 100644 --- a/man7/unicode.7 +++ b/man7/unicode.7 @@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ classic character set and the characters in the range 0x0000 to 0x00ff are identical to those in .BR "ISO 8859-1 Latin-1" . -.SS "Combining Characters" +.SS "Combining characters" Some code points in .B UCS have been assigned to @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ followed by a "combining diaeresis": 0x0041 0x0308. Combining characters are essential for instance for encoding the Thai script or for mathematical typesetting and users of the International Phonetic Alphabet. -.SS "Implementation Levels" +.SS "Implementation levels" As not all systems are expected to support advanced mechanisms like combining characters, ISO 10646-1 specifies the following three .I implementation levels @@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ various characters. They provide guidelines and algorithms for editing, sorting, comparing, normalizing, converting and displaying Unicode strings. -.SS "Unicode Under Linux" +.SS "Unicode under Linux" Under GNU/Linux, the C type .I wchar_t is a signed 32-bit integer type. @@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ by some UTF-8 terminal emulators and ISO 10646 fonts (level 2), but in general precomposed characters should be preferred where available (Unicode calls this .BR "Normalization Form C" ). -.SS "Private Area" +.SS "Private area" In the .BR BMP , the range 0xe000 to 0xf8ff will never be assigned to any characters by diff --git a/man7/unix.7 b/man7/unix.7 index ddea9fd0b..bc38ca101 100644 --- a/man7/unix.7 +++ b/man7/unix.7 @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ and delivers messages in the order that they were sent. UNIX domain sockets support passing file descriptors or process credentials to other processes using ancillary data. -.SS Address Format +.SS Address format A UNIX domain socket address is represented in the following structure: .in +4n .nf @@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ the first bytes of .IR sun_path . The abstract socket namespace is a nonportable Linux extension. -.SS Socket Options +.SS Socket options For historical reasons these socket options are specified with a .B SOL_SOCKET type even though they are @@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ ancillary message. When this option is set and the socket is not yet connected a unique name in the abstract namespace will be generated automatically. Expects an integer boolean flag. -.SS Autobind Feature +.SS Autobind feature If a .BR bind (2) call specifies @@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ value imposes an upper limit on the size of outgoing datagrams. This limit is calculated as the doubled (see .BR socket (7)) option value less 32 bytes used for overhead. -.SS Ancillary Messages +.SS Ancillary messages Ancillary data is sent and received using .BR sendmsg (2) and diff --git a/man7/uri.7 b/man7/uri.7 index 5606f7fe5..1fc7ad0ef 100644 --- a/man7/uri.7 +++ b/man7/uri.7 @@ -485,7 +485,7 @@ URNs are to be supported by the urn: scheme, with a hierarchical name space (e.g., urn:ietf:... would identify IETF documents); at this time URNs are not widely implemented. Not all tools support all schemes. -.SS "Character Encoding" +.SS "Character encoding" .PP URIs use a limited number of characters so that they can be typed in and used in a variety of situations. diff --git a/man7/utf-8.7 b/man7/utf-8.7 index 4c4c7f089..f10b58a21 100644 --- a/man7/utf-8.7 +++ b/man7/utf-8.7 @@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ encoded as: .RS 11100010 10001001 10100000 = 0xe2 0x89 0xa0 .RE -.SS "Application Notes" +.SS "Application notes" Users have to select a .B UTF-8 locale, for example with diff --git a/man7/x25.7 b/man7/x25.7 index ac6b8cb36..505c68261 100644 --- a/man7/x25.7 +++ b/man7/x25.7 @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ there is a temporary lack of system resources or when other constraints (such as socket memory or buffer size limits) become effective. If that occurs, the X.25 connection will be reset. -.SS Socket Addresses +.SS Socket addresses The .B AF_X25 socket address family uses the @@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ to be interpreted as a null-terminated string. consists of up to 15 (not counting the terminating 0) ASCII characters forming the X.121 address. Only the decimal digit characters from \(aq0\(aq to \(aq9\(aq are allowed. -.SS Socket Options +.SS Socket options The following X.25-specific socket options can be set by using .BR setsockopt (2) and read with diff --git a/man8/intro.8 b/man8/intro.8 index 503675095..a7e7e05d2 100644 --- a/man8/intro.8 +++ b/man8/intro.8 @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ See .BR intro (1) for more information. .SH NOTES -.SS Authors and Copyright Conditions +.SS Authors and copyright conditions Look at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) and copyright conditions. Note that these can be different from page to page!