intro.1, time.1, _syscall.2, accept.2, brk.2, capget.2, faccessat.2, futimesat.2, gethostname.2, intro.2, ioprio_set.2, kill.2, madvise.2, mlock.2, mount.2, msgget.2, perf_event_open.2, poll.2, readv.2, sched_rr_get_interval.2, sched_setscheduler.2, select.2, select_tut.2, shmget.2, stat.2, timer_create.2, ustat.2, vfork.2, wait.2, alloca.3, atexit.3, catopen.3, crypt.3, dbopen.3, fenv.3, fopen.3, getaddrinfo_a.3, gethostbyname.3, getutent.3, intro.3, login.3, mallopt.3, queue.3, regex.3, sigpause.3, sigsetops.3, stdio.3, strftime.3, strptime.3, sysconf.3, ttyslot.3, undocumented.3, cciss.4, console_codes.4, hpsa.4, initrd.4, intro.4, rtc.4, st.4, tty_ioctl.4, wavelan.4, acct.5, charmap.5, dir_colors.5, hosts.5, intro.5, termcap.5, utmp.5, intro.6, armscii-8.7, boot.7, bootparam.7, capabilities.7, cpuset.7, credentials.7, ddp.7, epoll.7, glob.7, intro.7, ip.7, ipv6.7, iso_8859-1.7, iso_8859-10.7, iso_8859-11.7, iso_8859-13.7, iso_8859-14.7, iso_8859-15.7, iso_8859-16.7, iso_8859-2.7, iso_8859-3.7, iso_8859-4.7, iso_8859-5.7, iso_8859-6.7, iso_8859-7.7, iso_8859-8.7, iso_8859-9.7, koi8-r.7, koi8-u.7, man-pages.7, man.7, math_error.7, netlink.7, numa.7, packet.7, path_resolution.7, pipe.7, pthreads.7, raw.7, rtnetlink.7, signal.7, socket.7, spufs.7, svipc.7, tcp.7, time.7, udp.7, udplite.7, unicode.7, unix.7, uri.7, utf-8.7, x25.7, intro.8: Global fix: use consistent capitalization in .SS headings

Capitalization in .SS sections across pages (and sometimes even
within a single page) is wildly inconsistent. Make it consistent.
Capitalize first word in heading, but otherwise use lower case,
except where English usage (e.g., proper nouns) or programming
language requirements (e.g., identifier names) dictate otherwise.

Signed-off-by: Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
This commit is contained in:
Michael Kerrisk 2013-02-24 15:08:38 +01:00
parent 40d0af61c4
commit c634028ab5
123 changed files with 284 additions and 284 deletions

View File

@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ of the tree.
Large searches on a multi-GB disk will be time-consuming,
and it may be better to use
.BR locate (1).
.SS "Disks and Filesystems"
.SS "Disks and filesystems"
The command
.I mount
will attach the file system found on some disk (or floppy, or CDROM or so)

View File

@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ Number of signals delivered to the process.
.TP
.B %x
(Not in tcsh.) Exit status of the command.
.SS "GNU Options"
.SS "GNU options"
.TP
.BI "\-f " FORMAT ", \-\-format=" FORMAT
Specify output format, possibly overriding the format specified
@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ Do not send the results to \fIstderr\fP, but overwrite the specified file.
.TP
.B "\-v, \-\-verbose"
Give very verbose output about all the program knows about.
.SS "GNU Standard Options"
.SS "GNU standard options"
.TP
.B "\-\-help"
Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully.

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@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ main(void)
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
.fi
.SS "Sample Output"
.SS "Sample output"
.nf
code error = 0
uptime = 502034s

View File

@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ for the accepted socket.
On error, \-1 is returned, and
.I errno
is set appropriately.
.SS "Error Handling"
.SS "Error handling"
Linux
.BR accept ()
(and

View File

@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ Common are \fIint\fP, \fIssize_t\fP, \fIptrdiff_t\fP, \fIintptr_t\fP.
.\" \fIptrdiff_t\fP (libc4, libc5, ulibc, glibc 2.0, 2.1),
.\" \fIintptr_t\fP (e.g., XPGv5, AIX, SunOS 5.8, 5.9, FreeBSD 4.7, NetBSD 1.6,
.\" Tru64 5.1, glibc2.2).
.SS Linux Notes
.SS Linux notes
The return value described above for
.BR brk ()
is the behavior provided by the glibc wrapper function for the Linux

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@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ calls, one can probe the capabilities of any process by specifying its
process ID with the
.I hdrp->pid
field value.
.SS With VFS Capability Support
.SS With VFS capability support
VFS Capability support creates a file-attribute method for adding
capabilities to privileged executables.
This privilege model obsoletes kernel support for one process
@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ calls the only permitted values for
are 0 or
.BR getpid (2),
which are equivalent.
.SS Without VFS Capability Support
.SS Without VFS capability support
When the kernel does not support VFS capabilities,
.BR capset ()
calls can operate on the capabilities of the thread specified by the

View File

@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ is subject to the same kinds of races as
.BR access (2)
and
.BR euidaccess (3).
.SS Glibc Notes
.SS Glibc notes
The
.B AT_EACCESS
and

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@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ but that specification was replaced by the one for
A similar system call exists on Solaris.
.SH NOTES
.SS Glibc Notes
.SS Glibc notes
If
.I pathname
is NULL, then the glibc

View File

@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ On Linux,
.B HOST_NAME_MAX
is defined with the value 64, which has been the limit since Linux 1.0
(earlier kernels imposed a limit of 8 bytes).
.SS Glibc Notes
.SS Glibc notes
The GNU C library does not employ the
.BR gethostname ()
system call; instead, it implements

View File

@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ and standards to which calls in this section conform.
See
.BR standards (7).
.SH NOTES
.SS "Calling Directly"
.SS "Calling directly"
In most cases, it is unnecessary to invoke a system call directly,
but there are times when the Standard C library does not implement
a nice wrapper function for you.
@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ In this case, the programmer must manually invoke the system call using
Historically, this was also possible using one of the _syscall macros
described in
.BR _syscall (2).
.SS Authors and Copyright Conditions
.SS Authors and copyright conditions
Look at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) and copyright
conditions.
Note that these can be different from page to page!

View File

@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ These system calls only have an effect when used
in conjunction with an I/O scheduler that supports I/O priorities.
As at kernel 2.6.17 the only such scheduler is the Completely Fair Queuing
(CFQ) I/O scheduler.
.SS "Selecting an I/O Scheduler"
.SS "Selecting an I/O scheduler"
I/O Schedulers are selected on a per-device basis via the special
file
.IR /sys/block/<device>/queue/scheduler .
@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ Password:
.RB "#" " echo cfq > /sys/block/hda/queue/scheduler"
.fi
.RE
.SS "The Completely Fair Queuing (CFQ) I/O Scheduler"
.SS "The Completely Fair Queuing (CFQ) I/O scheduler"
Since v3 (aka CFQ Time Sliced) CFQ implements
I/O nice levels similar to those
of CPU scheduling.

View File

@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ at least one
unblocked signal must be delivered to the sending thread before the
.BR kill ()
returns.
.SS "Linux Notes"
.SS "Linux notes"
Across different kernel versions, Linux has enforced different rules
for the permissions required for an unprivileged process
to send a signal to another process.

View File

@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ and
.BR MADV_UNMERGEABLE
are Linux-specific.
.SH NOTES
.SS "Linux Notes"
.SS Linux notes
.LP
The current Linux implementation (2.4.0) views this system call
more as a command than as advice and hence may return an error

View File

@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ for the corresponding range or by
Pages which are mapped to several locations or by several processes stay
locked into RAM as long as they are locked at least at one location or by
at least one process.
.SS "Linux Notes"
.SS Linux notes
Under Linux,
.BR mlock ()
and

View File

@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ would fail with
Since Linux 2.4 the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits are
just silently ignored in this case.
.\" The change is in patch-2.4.0-prerelease.
.SS Per-process Namespaces
.SS Per-process namespaces
Starting with kernel 2.4.19, Linux provides
per-process mount namespaces.
A mount namespace is the set of file system mounts that

View File

@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ System wide maximum number of message queues: policy
dependent
(on Linux, this limit can be read and modified via
.IR /proc/sys/kernel/msgmni ).
.SS "Linux Notes"
.SS Linux notes
Until version 2.3.20 Linux would return
.B EIDRM
for a

View File

@ -1009,7 +1009,7 @@ This defines the size of the user stack to dump on sample.
.RE
.SS "Reading Results"
.SS "Reading results"
Once a
.BR perf_event_open ()
file descriptor has been opened, the values
@ -1099,7 +1099,7 @@ was specified in read_format.
.SS "MMAP Layout"
.SS "MMAP layout"
When using
.BR perf_event_open ()
@ -1691,7 +1691,7 @@ This indicates the size of the record.
.RE
.SS "Signal Overflow"
.SS "Signal overflow"
Events can be set to deliver a signal when a threshold is crossed.
The signal handler is set up using the

View File

@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ For a discussion of what may happen if a file descriptor being monitored by
.BR poll ()
is closed in another thread, see
.BR select (2).
.SS "Linux Notes"
.SS Linux notes
The Linux
.BR ppoll ()
system call modifies its

View File

@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ and \fIint\fP as the return type.
.BR pwritev ():
nonstandard, but present also on the modern BSDs.
.SH NOTES
.SS Linux Notes
.SS Linux notes
POSIX.1-2001 allows an implementation to place a limit on
the number of items that can be passed in
.IR iov .

View File

@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ is available define
.B _POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING
in
.IR <unistd.h> .
.SS Linux Notes
.SS Linux notes
POSIX does not specify any mechanism for controlling the size of the
round-robin time quantum.
Older Linux kernels provide a (nonportable) method of doing this.

View File

@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ identified by \fIpid\fP.
If \fIpid\fP equals zero, the policy of the
calling process will be retrieved.
.\"
.SS Scheduling Policies
.SS Scheduling policies
The scheduler is the kernel component that decides which runnable process
will be executed by the CPU next.
Each process has an associated scheduling policy and a \fIstatic\fP
@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ returned to the wait list for its static priority level.
The scheduling policy only determines the
ordering within the list of runnable processes with equal static
priority.
.SS SCHED_FIFO: First In-First Out scheduling
.SS SCHED_FIFO: First in-first out scheduling
\fBSCHED_FIFO\fP can only be used with static priorities higher than
0, which means that when a \fBSCHED_FIFO\fP processes becomes runnable,
it will always immediately preempt any currently running
@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ A \fBSCHED_FIFO\fP
process runs until either it is blocked by an I/O request, it is
preempted by a higher priority process, or it calls
.BR sched_yield (2).
.SS SCHED_RR: Round Robin scheduling
.SS SCHED_RR: Round-robin scheduling
\fBSCHED_RR\fP is a simple enhancement of \fBSCHED_FIFO\fP.
Everything
described above for \fBSCHED_FIFO\fP also applies to \fBSCHED_RR\fP,
@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ end of the list for its priority.
A \fBSCHED_RR\fP process that has
been preempted by a higher priority process and subsequently resumes
execution as a running process will complete the unexpired portion of
its round robin time quantum.
its round-robin time quantum.
The length of the time quantum can be
retrieved using
.BR sched_rr_get_interval (2).

View File

@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ closing the file descriptor in another thread has no effect on
.BR select ().
In summary, any application that relies on a particular behavior
in this scenario must be considered buggy.
.SS "Linux Notes"
.SS Linux notes
The
.BR pselect ()
interface described in this page is implemented by glibc.

View File

@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ In this case,
.BR pselect ()
will then behave just like
.BR select ().
.SS Combining Signal and Data Events
.SS Combining signal and data events
.BR pselect ()
is useful if you are waiting for a signal as well as
for file descriptor(s) to become ready for I/O.
@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ find that one of your calls may block waiting for data from/to a file
descriptor, while another file descriptor is unused though ready for I/O.
.BR select ()
efficiently copes with this situation.
.SS Select Law
.SS Select law
Many people who try to use
.BR select ()
come across behavior that is
@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ then the sets must be reinitialized before each call.
.\" Having no file descriptors set is a useful
.\" way to sleep the process with subsecond precision by using the timeout.
.\" (See further on.)
.SS Usleep Emulation
.SS Usleep emulation
On systems that do not have a
.BR usleep (3)
function, you can call

View File

@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ on Linux, this limit can be read and modified via
The implementation has no specific limits for the per-process maximum
number of shared memory segments
.RB ( SHMSEG ).
.SS Linux Notes
.SS Linux notes
Until version 2.3.30 Linux would return
.B EIDRM
for a

View File

@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ prescribes the synonyms
.BR S_IRUSR ,
.BR S_IWUSR ,
.BR S_IXUSR .
.SS "Other Systems"
.SS "Other systems"
Values that have been (or are) in use on various systems:
.ad l
.TS

View File

@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ Caught signal 34
overrun count = 10004886
.fi
.in
.SS Program Source
.SS Program source
\&
.nf
#include <stdlib.h>

View File

@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ is deprecated and has only been provided for compatibility.
All new programs should use
.BR statfs (2)
instead.
.SS "HP-UX Notes"
.SS "HP-UX notes"
The HP-UX version of the
.I ustat
structure has an additional field,

View File

@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ _XOPEN_SOURCE\ &&\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED
.RE
.ad b
.SH DESCRIPTION
.SS "Standard Description"
.SS "Standard description"
(From POSIX.1)
The
.BR vfork ()
@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ was called, or calls any other function before successfully calling
or one of the
.BR exec (3)
family of functions.
.SS "Linux Description"
.SS "Linux description"
.BR vfork (),
just like
.BR fork (2),
@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ arrive after the child releases the parent's memory
(i.e., after the child terminates
or calls
.BR execve (2)).
.SS "Historic Description"
.SS "Historic description"
Under Linux,
.BR fork (2)
is implemented using copy-on-write pages, so the only penalty incurred by
@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ is designed to be implementable on systems that lack an MMU.)
.\" http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4259629/what-is-the-difference-between-fork-and-vfork
.\" http://developers.sun.com/solaris/articles/subprocess/subprocess.html
.\" http://mailman.uclinux.org/pipermail/uclinux-dev/2009-April/000684.html
.SS Linux Notes
.SS Linux notes
Fork handlers established using
.BR pthread_atfork (3)
are not called when a multithreaded program employing

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@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ is being ignored, the call behaves just as though
.B SIGCHLD
were not being ignored, that is, the call blocks until the next child
terminates and then returns the process ID and status of that child.
.SS Linux Notes
.SS Linux notes
In the Linux kernel, a kernel-scheduled thread is not a distinct
construct from a process.
Instead, a thread is simply a process

View File

@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ Do not attempt to
.BR free (3)
space allocated by
.BR alloca ()!
.SS Notes on the GNU Version
.SS Notes on the GNU version
Normally,
.BR gcc (1)
translates calls to

View File

@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ POSIX.1-2001 says that the result is undefined if
is used to terminate execution of one of the functions registered
.BR atexit ().
.\" In glibc, things seem to be handled okay
.SS "Linux Notes"
.SS Linux notes
Since glibc 2.2.3,
.BR atexit ()
(and

View File

@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ is 1.
below.)
The default path varies, but usually looks at a number of places below
.IR /usr/share/locale .
.SS Linux Notes
.SS Linux notes
These functions are available for Linux since libc 4.4.4c.
In the case of linux libc4 and libc5, the catalog descriptor
.I nl_catd

View File

@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001.
.BR crypt_r ()
is a GNU extension.
.SH NOTES
.SS Glibc Notes
.SS Glibc notes
The glibc2 version of this function supports additional
encryption algorithms.

View File

@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ manual page for more information.)
routines return \-1 on error (setting
.IR errno )
and 0 on success.
.SS "Key/Data Pairs"
.SS "Key/data pairs"
Access to all file types is based on key/data pairs.
Both keys and data are represented by the following data structure:
.in +4n

View File

@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ These functions first appeared in glibc in version 2.1.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
IEC 60559 (IEC 559:1989), ANSI/IEEE 854, C99, POSIX.1-2001.
.SH NOTES
.SS Glibc Notes
.SS Glibc notes
If possible, the GNU C Library defines a macro
.B FE_NOMASK_ENV
which represents an environment where every exception raised causes a

View File

@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ The
.BR fdopen ()
function conforms to POSIX.1-1990.
.SH NOTES
.SS Glibc Notes
.SS Glibc notes
The GNU C library allows the following extensions for the string specified in
.IR mode :
.TP

View File

@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ interface.
Two examples are provided: a simple example that resolves
several requests in parallel synchronously, and a complex example
showing some of the asynchronous capabilities.
.SS Synchronous Example
.SS Synchronous example
The program below simply resolves several hostnames in parallel,
giving a speed-up compared to resolving the hostnames sequentially using
.BR getaddrinfo (3).
@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
.fi
.SS Asynchronous Example
.SS Asynchronous example
This example shows a simple interactive
.BR getaddrinfo_a ()
front-end.

View File

@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ The BSD prototype for
uses
.I const char *
for the first argument.
.SS "System V/POSIX Extension"
.SS "System V/POSIX extension"
POSIX requires the
.BR gethostent ()
call, that should return the next entry in the host data base.
@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ The glibc version will ignore ipv6 entries.
This function is not reentrant,
and glibc adds a reentrant version
.BR gethostent_r ().
.SS "GNU Extensions"
.SS "GNU extensions"
Glibc2 also has a
.BR gethostbyname2 ()
that works like

View File

@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ their counterparts without the "x" (e.g.,
is an alias for
.BR getutent ()).
.SH NOTES
.SS Glibc Notes
.SS Glibc notes
The above functions are not thread-safe.
Glibc adds reentrant versions
.sp

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@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ and standards to which calls in this section conform.
See
.BR standards (7).
.SH NOTES
.SS Authors and Copyright Conditions
.SS Authors and copyright conditions
Look at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) and copyright
conditions.
Note that these can be different from page to page!

View File

@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ and writes it to both the utmp and the wtmp file.
The function
.BR logout ()
clears the entry in the utmp file again.
.SS "GNU Details"
.SS "GNU details"
More precisely,
.BR login ()
takes the argument

View File

@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ and wasting unused memory at the top of the heap
.\" These macros aren't enabled in production releases until 2.15?
.\" (see glibc malloc/Makefile)
.\"
.SS Environment Variables
.SS Environment variables
A number of environment variables can be defined
to modify some of the same parameters as are controlled by
.BR mallopt ().

View File

@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ The macro
removes the element
.I elm
from the list.
.SS List Example
.SS List example
.nf
LIST_HEAD(listhead, entry) head;
struct listhead *headp; /* List head. */
@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ for (np = head.lh_first; np != NULL; np = np\->entries.le_next)
while (head.lh_first != NULL) /* Delete. */
LIST_REMOVE(head.lh_first, entries);
.fi
.SS Tail Queues
.SS Tail queues
A tail queue is headed by a structure defined by the
.B TAILQ_HEAD
macro.
@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ The macro
removes the element
.I elm
from the tail queue.
.SS Tail Queue Example
.SS Tail queue example
.nf
TAILQ_HEAD(tailhead, entry) head;
struct tailhead *headp; /* Tail queue head. */
@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ for (np = head.tqh_first; np != NULL; np = np\->entries.tqe_next)
while (head.tqh_first != NULL)
TAILQ_REMOVE(&head, head.tqh_first, entries);
.fi
.SS Circular Queues
.SS Circular queues
A circular queue is headed by a structure defined by the
.B CIRCLEQ_HEAD
macro.
@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ The macro
removes the element
.I elm
from the circular queue.
.SS Circular Queue Example
.SS Circular queue example
.nf
CIRCLEQ_HEAD(circleq, entry) head;
struct circleq *headp; /* Circular queue head. */

View File

@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ regcomp, regexec, regerror, regfree \- POSIX regex functions
.BI "void regfree(regex_t *" preg );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
.SS "POSIX Regex Compiling"
.SS "POSIX regex compiling"
.BR regcomp ()
is used to compile a regular expression into a form that is suitable
for subsequent
@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ whether
.I eflags
contains
.BR REG_NOTEOL .
.SS "POSIX Regex Matching"
.SS "POSIX regex matching"
.BR regexec ()
is used to match a null-terminated string
against the precompiled pattern buffer,
@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ The match-end-of-line operator always fails to match (but see the
compilation flag
.B REG_NEWLINE
above)
.SS "Byte Offsets"
.SS "Byte offsets"
Unless
.B REG_NOSUB
was set for the compilation of the pattern buffer, it is possible to
@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ The relative
.I rm_eo
element indicates the end offset of the match,
which is the offset of the first character after the matching text.
.SS "Posix Error Reporting"
.SS "POSIX error reporting"
.BR regerror ()
is used to turn the error codes that can be returned by both
.BR regcomp ()
@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ are nonzero,
is filled in with the first
.I "errbuf_size \- 1"
characters of the error message and a terminating null byte (\(aq\\0\(aq).
.SS "POSIX Pattern Buffer Freeing"
.SS "POSIX pattern buffer freeing"
Supplying
.BR regfree ()
with a precompiled pattern buffer,

View File

@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ function, that takes a
.I "sigset_t *"
argument (instead of an
.IR int ).
.SS Linux Notes
.SS Linux notes
On Linux, this routine is a system call only on the Sparc (sparc64)
architecture.

View File

@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ is not a valid signal.
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
POSIX.1-2001.
.SH NOTES
.SS Glibc Notes
.SS Glibc notes
If the
.B _GNU_SOURCE
feature test macro is defined, then \fI<signal.h>\fP

View File

@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ Function versions of the macro functions
and
.B putchar
exist and will be used if the macros definitions are explicitly removed.
.SS "List of Functions"
.SS "List of functions"
.TS
;
lb lb

View File

@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ to allow for the theoretical possibility of a minute that
included a double leap second
(there never has been such a minute).
.SH NOTES
.SS ISO 8601 Week Dates
.SS ISO 8601 week dates
.BR %G ,
.BR %g ,
and
@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ meaning that just three days of that calendar week fall in 2010.
Thus, the ISO\ 8601 week-based system considers these days to be part of
week 53 (\fB%V\fP) of the year 2009 (\fB%G\fP) ;
week 01 of ISO\ 8601 year 2010 starts on Monday, 4 January 2010.
.SS Glibc Notes
.SS Glibc notes
Glibc provides some extensions for conversion specifications.
(These extensions are not specified in POSIX.1-2001, but a few other
systems provide similar features.)
@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ so that the above workaround is no longer required.
.PP
.in +2n
"%a,\ %d\ %b\ %y\ %T\ %z"
.SS Example Program
.SS Example program
The program below can be used to experiment with
.BR strftime ().
.PP

View File

@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ It is taken to be a year in
1969-2068 since glibc 2.1.
.\" In libc4 and libc5 the code for %I is broken (fixed in glibc;
.\" %OI was fixed in glibc 2.2.4).
.SS Glibc Notes
.SS Glibc notes
For reasons of symmetry, glibc tries to support for
.BR strptime ()
the same format characters as for

View File

@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ The
.BR sysconf ()
argument will be
.BR _SC_FOO .
.SS "POSIX.1 Variables"
.SS "POSIX.1 variables"
We give the name of the variable, the name of the
.BR sysconf ()
argument used to inquire about its value,
@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ format
the value
.B 199009L
indicates the Sept. 1990 revision.
.SS "POSIX.2 Variables"
.SS "POSIX.2 variables"
Next, the POSIX.2 values, giving limits for utilities.
.TP
.BR BC_BASE_MAX " - " _SC_BC_BASE_MAX

View File

@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ returns the index of the current user's entry in some file.
.LP
Now "What file?" you ask.
Well, let's first look at some history.
.SS "Ancient History"
.SS "Ancient history"
There used to be a file
.I /etc/ttys
in UNIX V6, that was read by the
@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ Later systems have more elaborate syntax.
System V-like systems have
.I /etc/inittab
instead.
.SS "Ancient History (2)"
.SS "Ancient history (2)"
On the other hand, there is the file
.I /etc/utmp
listing the people currently logged in.

View File

@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ please look in the source code, write a man page (using a style
similar to that of the other Linux section 3 man pages), and send it to
.B mtk.manpages@gmail.com
for inclusion in the next man page release.
.SS "The List"
.SS "The list"
.BR authdes_create (3),
.BR authdes_getucred (3),

View File

@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ driver is restricted by this option to the following controllers:
Smart Array E200i
Smart Array E500
.fi
.SS Supported Hardware
.SS Supported hardware
The
.B cciss
driver supports the following Smart Array boards:
@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ driver supports the following Smart Array boards:
Smart Array P712m
Smart Array P711m
.fi
.SS Configuration Details
.SS Configuration details
To configure HP Smart Array controllers,
use the HP Array Configuration Utility
(either
@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ or
or the Offline ROM-based Configuration Utility (ORCA)
run from the Smart Array's option ROM at boot time.
.SH FILES
.SS Device Nodes
.SS Device nodes
The device naming scheme is as follows:
.nf

View File

@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ always want to use a terminfo-aware screen library or utility such as
.BR tput (1),
or
.BR reset (1).
.SS "Linux Console Controls"
.SS "Linux console controls"
This section describes all the control characters and escape sequences
that invoke special functions (i.e., anything other than writing a
glyph at the current cursor location) on the Linux console.
@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ ESC [ 12 ; \fIn\fP ] Bring specified console to the front.
ESC [ 13 ] Unblank the screen.
ESC [ 14 ; \fIn\fP ] Set the VESA powerdown interval in minutes.
.TE
.SS "Character Sets"
.SS "Character sets"
The kernel knows about 4 translations of bytes into console-screen
symbols.
The four tables are: a) Latin1 \-> PC,
@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ s = map[c] is sent to the video memory.
The bitmap that corresponds to
s is found in the character ROM, and can be changed using
.BR setfont (8).
.SS "Mouse Tracking"
.SS "Mouse tracking"
The mouse tracking facility is intended to return
.BR xterm (1)-compatible
mouse status reports.
@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ pressed and are added together: 4=Shift, 8=Meta, 16=Control.
Again \fIx\fP and
\fIy\fP are the x and y coordinates of the mouse event.
The upper left corner is (1,1).
.SS "Comparisons With Other Terminals"
.SS "Comparisons with other terminals"
Many different terminal types are described, like the Linux console,
as being "VT100-compatible".
Here we discuss differences between the

View File

@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ not supported with
and
.BR cciss (4)
should still be used for these.
.SS Supported Hardware
.SS Supported hardware
The
.B hpsa
driver supports the following Smart Array boards:
@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ driver supports the following Smart Array boards:
StorageWorks P1210m
.fi
.SS Configuration Details
.SS Configuration details
To configure HP Smart Array controllers,
use the HP Array Configuration Utility (either
.BR hpacuxe (8)
@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ or
or the Offline ROM-based Configuration Utility (ORCA)
run from the Smart Array's option ROM at boot time.
.SH FILES
.SS Device Nodes
.SS Device nodes
Logical drives are accessed via the SCSI disk driver
.RB ( sd (4)),
tape drives via the SCSI tape driver
@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ with device nodes named
and
.IR /dev/sg* ,
respectively.
.SS HPSA-Specific Host Attribute Files in /sys
.SS HPSA-specific host attribute files in /sys
.TP
.I /sys/class/scsi_host/host*/rescan
This is a write-only attribute.
@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ For example:
# \fBcat firmware_revision\fP
7.14
.fi
.SS HPSA-Specific Disk Attribute Files in /sys
.SS HPSA-specific disk attribute files in /sys
.TP
.I /sys/class/scsi_disk/c:b:t:l/device/unique_id
This attribute contains a 32 hex-digit unique ID for each logical drive.

View File

@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ different device.
.\"
.\"
.\"
.SS "Boot-up Operation"
.SS "Boot-up operation"
When booting up with
.BR initrd ,
the system boots as follows:
@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ device having a suitable root file-system.
.\"
.\"
.\"
.SS "Changing the Normal Root File System"
.SS "Changing the normal root file system"
By default,
the kernel's settings
(e.g., set in the kernel file with

View File

@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Section 4 of the manual describes special files (devices).
.SH FILES
/dev/* \(em device files
.SH NOTES
.SS Authors and Copyright Conditions
.SS Authors and copyright conditions
Look at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) and copyright
conditions.
Note that these can be different from page to page!

View File

@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ Today such an RTC is usually integrated into the mainboard's chipset
Non-PC systems, such as embedded systems built around system-on-chip
processors, use other implementations.
They usually won't offer the same functionality as the RTC from a PC/AT.
.SS RTC vs System Clock
.SS RTC vs system clock
RTCs should not be confused with the system clock, which is
a software clock maintained by the kernel and used to implement
.BR gettimeofday (2)

View File

@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ on the system.
Starting from kernel 2.6.2, the driver exports in the sysfs directory
.I /sys/class/scsi_tape
the attached devices and some parameters assigned to the devices.
.SS "Data Transfer"
.SS "Data transfer"
The driver supports operation in both fixed-block mode and
variable-block mode (if supported by the drive).
In fixed-block mode the drive
@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ driver are passed to the
driver.
The definitions below are from
.IR /usr/include/linux/mtio.h :
.SS "MTIOCTOP \(em Perform a tape operation"
.SS "MTIOCTOP \(em perform a tape operation"
.PP
This request takes an argument of type
.IR "(struct mtop *)" .
@ -678,7 +678,7 @@ If the bit pattern is zero, one or more bits under the mask indicate
the cleaning request.
If the pattern is nonzero, the pattern must match
the masked sense data byte.
.SS "MTIOCGET \(em Get status"
.SS "MTIOCGET \(em get status"
.PP
This request takes an argument of type
.IR "(struct mtget *)" .
@ -800,7 +800,7 @@ This value is set to \-1 when the block number is unknown (e.g., after
.BR MTBSS ,
or
.BR MTSEEK ).
.SS "MTIOCPOS \(em Get tape position"
.SS "MTIOCPOS \(em get tape position"
.PP
This request takes an argument of type
.I "(struct mtpos *)"

View File

@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ makes for nonportable programs.
Use the POSIX interface described in
.BR termios (3)
whenever possible.
.SS "Get and Set Terminal Attributes"
.SS "Get and set terminal attributes"
.TP
.BI "TCGETS struct termios *" argp
Equivalent to
@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ structure of the terminal.
Only root (more precisely: a process with the
.BR CAP_SYS_ADMIN
capability) can do this.
.SS "Get and Set Window Size"
.SS "Get and set window size"
Window sizes are kept in the kernel, but not used by the kernel
(except in the case of virtual consoles, where the kernel will
update the window size when the size of the virtual console changes,
@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ When the window size changes, a
.B SIGWINCH
signal is sent to the
foreground process group.
.SS "Sending a Break"
.SS "Sending a break"
.TP
.BI "TCSBRK int " arg
Equivalent to

View File

@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ saved in permanent storage for future use).
Set the list of name to be used for each wavelan cards device (name
used by
.BR ifconfig (8)).
.SS "Wireless Extensions"
.SS "Wireless extensions"
Use
.BR iwconfig (8)
to manipulate wireless extensions.
@ -95,11 +95,11 @@ The
and
.I misc discarded packet
counters are not implemented.
.SS "Private Ioctl"
.SS "Private ioctl"
You may use
.BR iwpriv (8)
to manipulate private ioctls.
.SS Quality and Level threshold
.SS Quality and level threshold
Enable you the define the quality and level threshold used by the
modem (packet below that level are discarded).
.SS Histogram
@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ to count the number of packets received in each of those defined
intervals.
This distribution might be used to calculate the mean value
and standard deviation of the signal level.
.SS "Specific Notes"
.SS "Specific notes"
This driver will fail to detect some
.B non-NCR/ATT&T/Lucent
Wavelan cards.

View File

@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ and
fields measure time in "clock ticks"; divide these values by
.I sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)
to convert them to seconds.
.SS Version 3 Accounting File Format
.SS Version 3 accounting file format
Since kernel 2.6.8,
an optional alternative version of the accounting file can be produced
if the

View File

@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ multibyte-characters, which are currently not implemented.
.PP
The last line in a charmap-definition file must contain
.B END CHARMAP.
.SS "Symbolic Names"
.SS "Symbolic names"
A
.B symbolic name
for a character contains only characters of the
@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ are interpreted as itself; for example, the sequence
represents the symbolic name
.B "\\\\>"
enclosed in angle brackets.
.SS "Character Encoding"
.SS "Character encoding"
The
encoding may be in each of the following three forms:
.TP

View File

@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ for
.B emacs
backup files.
This form should be considered obsolete.
.SS "ISO 6429 (ANSI) Color Sequences"
.SS "ISO 6429 (ANSI) color sequences"
Most color-capable ASCII terminals today use ISO 6429 (ANSI) color sequences,
and many common terminals without color capability, including
.B xterm
@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ and
.B FILE
codes to the numerical codes for your normal foreground and background
colors.
.SS "Other Terminal Types (Advanced Configuration)"
.SS "Other terminal types (advanced configuration)"
If you have a color-capable (or otherwise highlighting) terminal (or
printer!) which uses a different set of codes, you can still generate
a suitable setup.
@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ definition will have no effect.
A different
.B ENDCODE
can, however, be specified, which would have the same effect.
.SS "Escape Sequences"
.SS "Escape sequences"
To specify control- or blank characters in the color sequences or
filename extensions, either C-style \e-escaped notation or
.BR stty \-style

View File

@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ advantage.
.SH NOTES
Modifications to this file normally take effect immediately,
except in cases where the file is cached by applications.
.SS "Historical Notes"
.SS "Historical notes"
RFC\ 952 gave the original format for the host table, though it has
since changed.

View File

@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ intro \- introduction to file formats
Section 5 of the manual describes various file formats and protocols,
and the corresponding C structures, if any.
.SH NOTES
.SS Authors and Copyright Conditions
.SS Authors and copyright conditions
Look at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) and copyright
conditions.
Note that these can be different from page to page!

View File

@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ Boolean: :bs:\e
Numeric: :co#80:\e
String: :sr=\eE[H:\e
.fi
.SS "Boolean Capabilities"
.SS "Boolean capabilities"
.nf
5i Printer will not echo on screen
am Automatic margins which means automatic line wrap
@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ xo Terminal uses xon/xoff protocol
xs Text typed over standout text will be displayed in standout
xt Teleray glitch, destructive tabs and odd standout mode
.fi
.SS "Numeric Capabilities"
.SS "Numeric capabilities"
.nf
co Number of columns
dB Delay in milliseconds for backspace on hardcopy terminals
@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ ug Underline glitch
vt virtual terminal number
ws Width of status line if different from screen width
.fi
.SS "String Capabilities"
.SS "String capabilities"
.nf
!1 shifted save key
!2 shifted suspend key

View File

@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ Linux defines the
structure to be the same as the
.I utmp
structure.
.SS Comparison with Historical Systems
.SS Comparison with historical systems
Linux utmp entries conform neither to v7/BSD nor to System V; they are a
mix of the two.

View File

@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ intro \- introduction to games
Section 6 of the manual describes all the games and funny little programs
available on the system.
.SH NOTES
.SS Authors and Copyright Conditions
.SS Authors and copyright conditions
Look at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) and copyright
conditions.
Note that these can be different from page to page!

View File

@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ hexadecimal
.SH DESCRIPTION
The Armenian Standard Code for Information Interchange,
8-bit coded character set.
.SS "ArmSCII-8 Characters"
.SS "ArmSCII-8 characters"
The following table displays the characters in ArmSCII-8, which
are printable and unlisted in the
.BR ascii (7)

View File

@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ should know what is the boot device, or which devices
to probe as possible boot devices.
Then the hardware boot stage accesses the boot device,
loads the OS Loader, which is located on a fixed position
loads the OS loader, which is located on a fixed position
on the boot device, and transfers control to it.
.TP
Note:
@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ We do not cover here booting from network.
Those who want
to investigate this subject may want to research:
DHCP, TFTP, PXE, Etherboot.
.SS "OS Loader"
In PC, the OS Loader is located in the first sector
.SS "OS loader"
In PC, the OS loader is located in the first sector
of the boot device \- this is the \fBMBR\fR
(Master Boot Record).
@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ Even on non-PC systems
there are some limitations to the size and complexity
of this loader, but the size limitation of the PC MBR
(512 bytes including the partition table) makes it
almost impossible to squeeze a full OS Loader into it.
almost impossible to squeeze a full OS loader into it.
Therefore, most operating systems make the primary loader
call a secondary OS loader which may be located on
@ -76,14 +76,14 @@ as a two part loader where they provide special MBR
containing the bootstrap code to load the second part
of the loader from the root partition.
The main job of the OS Loader is to locate the kernel
The main job of the OS loader is to locate the kernel
on the disk, load it and run it.
Most OS loaders allow
interactive use, to enable specification of alternative
kernel (maybe a backup in case the last compiled one
isn't functioning) and to pass optional parameters
to the kernel.
.SS "Kernel Startup"
.SS "Kernel startup"
When the kernel is loaded, it initializes the devices (via
their drivers), starts the swapper (it is a "kernel process",
called kswapd in modern Linux kernels), and mounts the root
@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ and query the current run-level via
However, since it is not convenient to manage individual services
by editing this file, inittab only bootstraps a set of scripts
that actually start/stop the individual services.
.SS "Boot Scripts"
.SS "Boot scripts"
.TP
Note:
The following description applies to System V release 4-based systems, which
@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ accept other "convenience" parameters (e.g: "restart", to stop and then
start, "status" do display the service status).
Running the script
without parameters displays the possible arguments.
.SS "Sequencing Directories"
.SS "Sequencing directories"
To make specific scripts start/stop at specific run-levels and in
specific order, there are \fIsequencing directories\fR.
These
@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ To manage the boot order and run-levels, we have to manage these links.
However, on many versions of Linux, there are tools to help with this task
(e.g:
.BR chkconfig (8)).
.SS "Boot Configuration"
.SS "Boot configuration"
Usually the daemons started may optionally receive command-line options
and parameters.
To allow system administrators to change these

View File

@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ into a SB compatible mode.
Booting DOS with the supplied driver, and
then loading Linux from the DOS prompt with loadlin avoids the reset
of the card that happens if one rebooted instead.
.SS "The Argument List"
.SS "The argument list"
The kernel command line is parsed into a list of strings
(boot arguments) separated by spaces.
Most of the boot args take the form of:
@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ to boot the computer in single user mode, and not launch all the usual
daemons.
Check the manual page for the version of init installed on
your system to see what arguments it accepts.
.SS "General Non-device Specific Boot Arguments"
.SS "General non-device specific boot arguments"
.TP
.B "'init=...'"
This sets the initial command to be executed by the kernel.
@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ instead jump through the BIOS.
A command-line option of 'nosmp' or 'maxcpus=0' will disable SMP
activation entirely; an option 'maxcpus=N' limits the maximum number
of CPUs activated in SMP mode to N.
.SS "Boot Arguments for Use by Kernel Developers"
.SS "Boot arguments for use by kernel developers"
.TP
.B "'debug'"
Kernel messages are handed off to the kernel log daemon klogd so that they
@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ Set the six parameters max_buff_age, buff_advance, buff_decline,
buff_initial_age, bufferout_weight, buffermem_grace that control
kernel buffer memory management.
For kernel tuners only.
.SS "Boot Arguments for Ramdisk Use"
.SS "Boot arguments for ramdisk use"
(Only if the kernel was compiled with
.BR CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM .)
In general it is a bad idea to use a ramdisk under Linux\(emthe
@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ leave the initrd data under
(This device can be used only once: the data is freed as soon as
the last process that used it has closed
.IR /dev/initrd .)
.SS "Boot Arguments for SCSI Devices"
.SS "Boot arguments for SCSI devices"
General notation for this section:
.I iobase
@ -760,7 +760,7 @@ nosync:bitmask, nodma:x, period:ns, disconnect:x, debug:x,
clock:x, next.
For details, see
.IR /usr/src/linux/drivers/scsi/wd33c93.c .
.SS "Hard Disks"
.SS "Hard disks"
.TP
.B "IDE Disk/CD-ROM Driver Parameters"
The IDE driver accepts a number of parameters, which range from disk
@ -876,7 +876,7 @@ xd=2,5,0x320,3
.B "Syquest's EZ* removable disks"
.IP
.BI ez= iobase[,irq[,rep[,nybble]]]
.SS "IBM MCA Bus Devices"
.SS "IBM MCA bus devices"
See also
.IR /usr/src/linux/Documentation/mca.txt .
.TP
@ -1010,7 +1010,7 @@ where type is one of the following (case sensitive) strings:
\&'SoundBlaster', 'LaserMate', or 'SPEA'.
The I/O base is that of the
CD-ROM interface, and not that of the sound portion of the card.
.SS "Ethernet Devices"
.SS "Ethernet devices"
Different drivers make use of different parameters, but they all at
least share having an IRQ, an I/O port base value, and a name.
In its most generic form, it looks something like this:
@ -1038,7 +1038,7 @@ cards and on the card/driver-specific implementation
of the param_n values where used.
Interested readers should refer to
the section in that document on their particular card.
.SS "The Floppy Disk Driver"
.SS "The floppy disk driver"
There are many floppy driver options, and they are all listed in
.I Documentation/floppy.txt
(or
@ -1116,7 +1116,7 @@ This is needed on IBM L40SX laptops in certain video modes.
be an interaction between video and floppy.
The unexpected interrupts
only affect performance, and can safely be ignored.)
.SS "The Sound Driver"
.SS "The sound driver"
The sound driver can also accept boot args to override the compiled in
values.
This is not recommended, as it is rather complex.
@ -1145,7 +1145,7 @@ As you can see it gets pretty messy, and you are better off to compile
in your own personal values as recommended.
Using a boot arg of
\&'sound=0' will disable the sound driver entirely.
.SS "ISDN Drivers"
.SS "ISDN drivers"
.TP
.B "The ICN ISDN driver"
Syntax:
@ -1173,7 +1173,7 @@ teles=iobase,irq,membase,protocol,teles_id
where iobase is the i/o port address of the card, membase is the
shared memory base address of the card, irq is the interrupt channel
the card uses, and teles_id is the unique ASCII string identifier.
.SS "Serial Port Drivers"
.SS "Serial port drivers"
.TP
.B "The RISCom/8 Multiport Serial Driver ('riscom8=')"
Syntax:
@ -1235,7 +1235,7 @@ the dummy 0 is required because of a bug in the setup code.
The mode parameter is a string with syntax hw:modem,
where hw is one of sbc, wss, wssfdx and modem is one of
afsk1200, fsk9600.
.SS "The Line Printer Driver"
.SS "The line printer driver"
.TP
.B "'lp='"
Syntax:
@ -1265,7 +1265,7 @@ lp=0.
Syntax:
.IP
wdt=io,irq
.SS "Mouse Drivers"
.SS "Mouse drivers"
.TP
.B "'bmouse=irq'"
The busmouse driver only accepts one parameter, that being the
@ -1283,7 +1283,7 @@ x-threshold and y-threshold.
Otherwise, the first argument
is the x-threshold, and the second the y-threshold.
These values must lie between 1 and 20 (inclusive); the default is 2.
.SS "Video Hardware"
.SS "Video hardware"
.TP
.B "'no-scroll'"
This option tells the console driver not to use hardware scroll

View File

@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ associated with superuser into distinct units, known as
which can be independently enabled and disabled.
Capabilities are a per-thread attribute.
.\"
.SS Capabilities List
.SS Capabilities list
The following list shows the capabilities implemented on Linux,
and the operations or behaviors that each capability permits:
.TP
@ -572,7 +572,7 @@ and
.B CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM
timers).
.\"
.SS Past and Current Implementation
.SS Past and current implementation
A full implementation of capabilities requires that:
.IP 1. 3
For all privileged operations,
@ -588,7 +588,7 @@ so that a process gains those capabilities when the file is executed.
Before kernel 2.6.24, only the first two of these requirements are met;
since kernel 2.6.24, all three requirements are met.
.\"
.SS Thread Capability Sets
.SS Thread capability sets
Each thread has three capability sets containing zero or more
of the above capabilities:
.TP
@ -627,7 +627,7 @@ Using
.BR capset (2),
a thread may manipulate its own capability sets (see below).
.\"
.SS File Capabilities
.SS File capabilities
Since kernel 2.6.24, the kernel supports
associating capability sets with an executable file using
.BR setcap (8).
@ -680,7 +680,7 @@ then the effective flag must also be specified as enabled
for all other capabilities for which the corresponding permitted or
inheritable flags is enabled.
.\"
.SS Transformation of Capabilities During execve()
.SS Transformation of capabilities during execve()
.PP
During an
.BR execve (2),
@ -855,7 +855,7 @@ However it does prevent the capability from being added
back into the thread's inherited set in the future.
.\"
.\"
.SS Effect of User ID Changes on Capabilities
.SS Effect of user ID changes on capabilities
To preserve the traditional semantics for transitions between
0 and nonzero user IDs,
the kernel makes the following changes to a thread's capability

View File

@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ and
a process is allowed to use, cpusets provide the following
extended capabilities.
.\" ================== Exclusive Cpusets ==================
.SS Exclusive Cpusets
.SS Exclusive cpusets
If a cpuset is marked
.I cpu_exclusive
or
@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ interrupt handlers, is allowed to be taken outside even a
.I hardwall
cpuset.
.\" ================== Notify On Release ==================
.SS Notify On Release
.SS Notify on release
If the
.I notify_on_release
flag is enabled (1) in a cpuset,
@ -505,7 +505,7 @@ be changed by writing an ASCII
number 0 or 1 (with optional trailing newline)
into the file, to clear or set the flag, respectively.
.\" ================== Memory Pressure ==================
.SS Memory Pressure
.SS Memory pressure
The
.I memory_pressure
of a cpuset provides a simple per-cpuset running average of
@ -577,7 +577,7 @@ file provides an integer number representing the recent (half-life of
process in the cpuset, in units of reclaims attempted per second,
times 1000.
.\" ================== Memory Spread ==================
.SS Memory Spread
.SS Memory spread
There are two Boolean flag files per cpuset that control where the
kernel allocates pages for the file-system buffers and related
in-kernel data structures.
@ -660,7 +660,7 @@ can become very uneven,
especially for jobs that might have just a single
thread initializing or reading in the data set.
.\" ================== Memory Migration ==================
.SS Memory Migration
.SS Memory migration
Normally, under the default setting (disabled) of
.IR cpuset.memory_migrate ,
once a page is allocated (given a physical page
@ -689,7 +689,7 @@ if the page was on the second valid node of the prior cpuset,
then the page will be placed on the second valid node of the new cpuset,
if possible.
.\" ================== Scheduler Load Balancing ==================
.SS Scheduler Load Balancing
.SS Scheduler load balancing
The kernel scheduler automatically load balances processes.
If one CPU is underutilized,
the kernel will look for processes on other more
@ -776,7 +776,7 @@ that disables
.I sched_load_balance
as those processes aren't going anywhere else anyway.
.\" ================== Scheduler Relax Domain Level ==================
.SS Scheduler Relax Domain Level
.SS Scheduler relax domain level
The kernel scheduler performs immediate load balancing whenever
a CPU becomes free or another task becomes runnable.
This load
@ -863,7 +863,7 @@ other value, and the value \fBzero (0)\fR is the next lowest value.
The following formats are used to represent sets of
CPUs and memory nodes.
.\" ================== Mask Format ==================
.SS Mask Format
.SS Mask format
The \fBMask Format\fR is used to represent CPU and memory-node bitmasks
in the
.I /proc/<pid>/status
@ -904,7 +904,7 @@ The first "1" is for bit 64, the
second for bit 32, the third for bit 16, the fourth for bit 8, the
fifth for bit 4, and the "7" is for bits 2, 1, and 0.
.\" ================== List Format ==================
.SS List Format
.SS List format
The \fBList Format\fR for
.I cpus
and

View File

@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ and
A process's PID is preserved across an
.BR execve (2).
.SS Parent Process ID (PPID)
.SS Parent process ID (PPID)
A process's parent process ID identifies the process that created
this process using
.BR fork (2).
@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ A PPID is represented using the type
A process's PPID is preserved across an
.BR execve (2).
.SS Process Group ID and Session ID
.SS Process group ID and session ID
Each process has a session ID and a process group ID,
both represented using the type
.IR pid_t .
@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ which creates a new session whose session ID is the same
as the PID of the process that called
.BR setsid (2).
The creator of the session is called the \fIsession leader\fP.
.SS User and Group Identifiers
.SS User and group identifiers
Each process has various associated user and groups IDs.
These IDs are integers, respectively represented using the types
.I uid_t

View File

@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ Raw sockets may be only opened by a process with effective user ID 0
or when the process has the
.B CAP_NET_RAW
capability.
.SS "Address Format"
.SS "Address format"
An Appletalk socket address is defined as a combination of a network number,
a node number, and a port number.
.PP
@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ wildcard and also implies \(lqthis node.\(rq The value of
is a link
local broadcast address.
.\" FIXME this doesn't make sense [johnl]
.SS "Socket Options"
.SS "Socket options"
No protocol-specific socket options are supported.
.SS /proc interfaces
IP supports a set of

View File

@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ set.
.BR epoll_wait (2)
waits for I/O events,
blocking the calling thread if no events are currently available.
.SS Level-Triggered and Edge-Triggered
.SS Level-triggered and edge-triggered
The
.B epoll
event distribution interface is able to behave both as edge-triggered
@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ the default value for
.I max_user_watches
is 1/25 (4%) of the available low memory,
divided by the registration cost in bytes.
.SS Example for Suggested Usage
.SS Example for suggested usage
While the usage of
.B epoll
when employed as a level-triggered interface does have the same
@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ calling
.BR epoll_ctl (2)
with
.BR EPOLL_CTL_MOD .
.SS Questions and Answers
.SS Questions and answers
.TP 4
.B Q0
What is the key used to distinguish the file descriptors registered in an
@ -484,7 +484,7 @@ The same is true when writing using
.BR write (2).
(Avoid this latter technique if you cannot guarantee that
the monitored file descriptor always refers to a stream-oriented file.)
.SS Possible Pitfalls and Ways to Avoid Them
.SS Possible pitfalls and ways to avoid them
.TP
.B o Starvation (edge-triggered)
.PP

View File

@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ These days there is also a library routine
that will perform this function for a user program.
The rules are as follows (POSIX.2, 3.13).
.SS "Wildcard Matching"
.SS "Wildcard matching"
A string is a wildcard pattern if it contains one of the
characters \(aq?\(aq, \(aq*\(aq or \(aq[\(aq.
Globbing is the operation
@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ If a filename starts with a \(aq.\(aq,
this character must be matched explicitly.
(Thus, \fIrm\ *\fP will not remove .profile, and \fItar\ c\ *\fP will not
archive all your files; \fItar\ c\ .\fP is better.)
.SS "Empty Lists"
.SS "Empty lists"
The nice and simple rule given above: "expand a wildcard pattern
into the list of matching pathnames" was the original UNIX
definition.
@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ more copies of the preceding thing.
Now that regular expressions have bracket expressions where
the negation is indicated by a \(aq^\(aq, POSIX has declared the
effect of a wildcard pattern "\fI[^...]\fP" to be undefined.
.SS Character classes and Internationalization
.SS Character classes and internationalization
Of course ranges were originally meant to be ASCII ranges,
so that "\fI[\ \-%]\fP" stands for "\fI[\ !"#$%]\fP" and "\fI[a\-z]\fP" stands
for "any lowercase letter".

View File

@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ describes conventions and protocols,
character set standards, the standard file system layout,
and miscellaneous other things.
.SH NOTES
.SS Authors and Copyright Conditions
.SS Authors and copyright conditions
Look at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) and copyright
conditions.
Note that these can be different from page to page!

View File

@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ some time after closing, unless the
.B SO_REUSEADDR
flag has been set.
Care should be taken when using this flag as it makes TCP less reliable.
.SS Address Format
.SS Address format
An IP socket address is defined as a combination of an IP interface
address and a 16-bit port number.
The basic IP protocol does not supply port numbers, they
@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ means any address for binding;
means any host and has the same effect on bind as
.B INADDR_ANY
for historical reasons.
.SS Socket Options
.SS Socket options
IP supports some protocol-specific socket options that can be set with
.BR setsockopt (2)
and read with

View File

@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ IPv4 and IPv6 share the local port space.
When you get an IPv4 connection
or packet to a IPv6 socket, its source address will be mapped
to v6 and it will be mapped to v6.
.SS "Address Format"
.SS "Address format"
.in +4n
.nf
struct sockaddr_in6 {
@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ Special addresses are ::1 for loopback and ::FFFF:<IPv4 address>
for IPv4-mapped-on-IPv6.
.PP
The port space of IPv6 is shared with IPv4.
.SS "Socket Options"
.SS "Socket options"
IPv6 supports some protocol-specific socket options that can be set with
.BR setsockopt (2)
and read with

View File

@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ Spanish, and Swedish.
.P
Note that the ISO 8859-1 characters are also the first 256 characters
of ISO 10646 (Unicode).
.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets"
.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets"
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
.TS
l l.
@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8)
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
.TE
.SS "ISO 8859-1 Characters"
.SS "ISO 8859-1 characters"
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1),
which are printable and unlisted in the
.BR ascii (7)

View File

@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ characters used in Nordic languages.
.\" (Though in my system with glibc-2.8-20080929
.\" I found only lg_UG using this charset, and certainly UG
.\" is not a "Nordic" country!).
.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets"
.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets"
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
.TS
l l.
@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8)
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
.TE
.SS "ISO 8859-10 Characters"
.SS "ISO 8859-10 characters"
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-10, which
are printable and unlisted in the
.BR ascii (7)

View File

@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ and hexadecimal
The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII
character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV).
ISO 8859-11 encodes the characters used in the Thai language.
.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets"
.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets"
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
.TS
l l.
@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8)
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
.TE
.SS "ISO 8859-11 Characters"
.SS "ISO 8859-11 characters"
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-11, which
are printable and unlisted in the
.BR ascii (7)

View File

@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV).
ISO 8859-13 encodes the characters used in Baltic Rim languages.
.\" In my system with glibc-2.8-20080929 is used for
.\" Lithuanian, Latvian and the Maori language in New Zealand.
.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets"
.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets"
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
.TS
l l.
@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8)
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
.TE
.SS "ISO 8859-13 Characters"
.SS "ISO 8859-13 characters"
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-13, which
are printable and unlisted in the
.BR ascii (7)

View File

@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ and hexadecimal
The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII
character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV).
ISO 8859-14 encodes the characters used in Celtic languages.
.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets"
.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets"
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
.TS
l l.
@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8)
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
.TE
.SS "ISO 8859-14 Characters"
.SS "ISO 8859-14 characters"
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-14, which
are printable and unlisted in the
.BR ascii (7)

View File

@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ Catalan, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Faroese, Finnish, French,
Frisian, Galician, German, Greenlandic, Icelandic, Irish Gaelic,
Italian, Latin, Luxemburgish, Norwegian, Portuguese, Rhaeto-Romanic,
Scottish Gaelic, Spanish, and Swedish.
.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets"
.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets"
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
.TS
l l.
@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8)
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
.TE
.SS "ISO 8859-15 Characters"
.SS "ISO 8859-15 characters"
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-15 (Latin-9),
which are printable and unlisted in the
.BR ascii (7)

View File

@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Romanian, Slovenian and Serbian.
.P
Also note that the following Cyrillic-based languages have one-to-one
transliterations to Latin 10: Macedonian and Serbian.
.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets"
.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets"
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
.TS
l l.
@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8)
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
.TE
.SS "ISO 8859-16 Characters"
.SS "ISO 8859-16 characters"
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-16 (Latin-10),
which are printable and unlisted in the
.BR ascii (7)

View File

@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ Slovak, Slovenian and Sorbian.
.P
Also note that the following Cyrillic-based languages have one-to-one
transliterations to Latin 2: Macedonian and Serbian.
.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets"
.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets"
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
.TS
l l.
@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8)
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
.TE
.SS "ISO 8859-2 Characters"
.SS "ISO 8859-2 characters"
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-2 (Latin-2),
which are printable and unlisted in the
.BR ascii (7)

View File

@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV).
ISO 8859-3 encodes the characters used in Southeast European languages.
.\" (Though in my system with glibc-2.8-20080929
.\" I found only mt_MT (Malta) using this charset).
.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets"
.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets"
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
.TS
l l.
@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8)
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
.TE
.SS "ISO 8859-3 Characters"
.SS "ISO 8859-3 characters"
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-3, which
are printable and unlisted in the
.BR ascii (7)

View File

@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII
character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV).
ISO 8859-4 encodes the characters used in
Scandinavian and Baltic languages (Latin-4).
.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets"
.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets"
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
.TS
l l.
@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8)
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
.TE
.SS "ISO 8859-4 Characters"
.SS "ISO 8859-4 characters"
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-4, which
are printable and unlisted in the
.BR ascii (7)

View File

@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ and hexadecimal
The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII
character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV).
ISO 8859-5 encodes the Cyrillic alphabet as used in Russian and Macedonian.
.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets"
.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets"
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
.TS
l l.
@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8)
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
.TE
.SS "ISO 8859-5 Characters"
.SS "ISO 8859-5 characters"
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-5, which
are printable and unlisted in the
.BR ascii (7)

View File

@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ and hexadecimal
The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII
character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV).
ISO 8859-6 encodes the characters used in the Arabic language.
.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets"
.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets"
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
.TS
l l.
@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8)
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
.TE
.SS "ISO 8859-6 Characters"
.SS "ISO 8859-6 characters"
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-6, which
are printable and unlisted in the
.BR ascii (7)

View File

@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII
character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV).
ISO 8859-7 encodes the
characters used in modern monotonic Greek.
.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets"
.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets"
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
.TS
l l.
@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8)
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
.TE
.SS "ISO 8859-7 Characters"
.SS "ISO 8859-7 characters"
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-7, which
are printable and unlisted in the
.BR ascii (7)

View File

@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ ISO 8859-8, or "ISO Hebrew" encodes the
characters used in Modern Hebrew (or Ivrit).
Neither short vowels nor diacritical marks are included,
and Yiddish is not provided for.
.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets"
.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets"
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
.TS
l l.
@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8)
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
.TE
.SS "ISO 8859-8 Characters"
.SS "ISO 8859-8 characters"
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-8, which
are printable and unlisted in the
.BR ascii (7)

View File

@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ The ISO 8859 standard includes several 8-bit extensions to the ASCII
character set (also known as ISO 646-IRV).
ISO 8859-9, also known as
the "Latin Alphabet No. 5", encodes the characters used in Turkish.
.SS "ISO 8859 Alphabets"
.SS "ISO 8859 alphabets"
The full set of ISO 8859 alphabets includes:
.TS
l l.
@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ ISO 8859-14 Celtic (Latin-8)
ISO 8859-15 West European languages (Latin-9)
ISO 8859-16 Romanian (Latin-10)
.TE
.SS "ISO 8859-9 Characters"
.SS "ISO 8859-9 characters"
The following table displays the characters in ISO 8859-9 (Latin-5),
which are printable and unlisted in the
.BR ascii (7)

View File

@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ area.
.PP
A more complete set of Cyrillic characters is also defined by the
ISO-8859-5 character set.
.SS "KOI8-R Characters"
.SS "KOI8-R characters"
The following table displays the characters in KOI8-R, which
are printable and unlisted in the
.BR ascii (7)

View File

@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ KOI8-U is compatible with KOI8-R (RFC 1489)
for all Russian letters, and extends KOI8-R with four
Ukrainian letters (in both upper and lower case)
in locations that are compliant with ISO-IR-111.
.SS "KOI8-U Characters"
.SS "KOI8-U characters"
The following table displays the characters in KOI8-U, which
are printable and unlisted in the
.BR ascii (7)

View File

@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ as well as many of the pages that appear
in Sections 3, 4, 5, and 7 of the man pages on a Linux system.
The conventions described on this page may also be useful
for authors writing man pages for other projects.
.SS Sections of the Manual Pages
.SS Sections of the manual pages
.PP
The manual Sections are traditionally defined as follows:
.TP 10
@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ Starting with release 2.59,
.I man-pages
follows American spelling conventions;
please write all new pages and patches according to these conventions.
.SS Example Programs and Shell Sessions
.SS Example programs and shell sessions
Manual pages can include example programs demonstrating how to
use a system call or library function.
However, note the following:

View File

@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ command can be used to specify a word in bold followed by a mark of
punctuation in Roman.
If no arguments are given, the command is applied to the following line
of text.
.SS "Other Macros and Strings"
.SS "Other macros and strings"
.PP
Below are other relevant macros and predefined strings.
Unless noted otherwise, all macros
@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ By default a given indent is measured in ens;
try to use ens or ems as units for
indents, since these will automatically adjust to font size changes.
The other key macro definitions are:
.SS "Normal Paragraphs"
.SS "Normal paragraphs"
.TP 9m
.B \&.LP
Same as
@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ Same as
.TP
.B \&.PP
Begin a new paragraph and reset prevailing indent.
.SS "Relative Margin Indent"
.SS "Relative margin indent"
.TP 9m
.BI \&.RS " i"
Start relative margin indent: moves the left margin
@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ indented until the corresponding
.B \&.RE
End relative margin indent and
restores the previous value of the prevailing indent.
.SS "Indented Paragraph Macros"
.SS "Indented paragraph macros"
.TP 9m
.BI \&.HP " i"
Begin paragraph with a hanging indent
@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ The tag is given on the next line, but
its results are like those of the
.B \&.IP
command.
.SS "Hypertext Link Macros"
.SS "Hypertext link macros"
(Feature supported with
.B groff
only.)
@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ A number of other link macros are available.
See
.BR groff_www (7)
for more details.
.SS "Miscellaneous Macros"
.SS "Miscellaneous macros"
.TP 9m
.B \&.DT
Reset tabs to default tab values (every 0.5 inches);
@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ Subheading
(like
.BR \&.SH ,
but used for a subsection inside a section).
.SS "Predefined Strings"
.SS "Predefined strings"
The
.B man
package has the following predefined strings:
@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ Trademark Symbol: \*(Tm
Left angled double quote: \*(lq
.IP \e*(rq
Right angled double quote: \*(rq
.SS "Safe Subset"
.SS "Safe subset"
Although technically
.B man
is a troff macro package, in reality a large number of other tools

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