2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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.\" Hey Emacs! This file is -*- nroff -*- source.
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.\"
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2004-11-25 14:39:43 +00:00
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.\" Copyright (C) Michael Kerrisk, 2004
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.\" using some material drawn from earlier man pages
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.\" written by Thomas Kuhn, Copyright 1996
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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.\"
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.\" This is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or
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.\" modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
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.\" published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
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.\" the License, or (at your option) any later version.
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.\"
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.\" The GNU General Public License's references to "object code"
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.\" and "executables" are to be interpreted as the output of any
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.\" document formatting or typesetting system, including
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.\" intermediate and printed output.
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.\"
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.\" This manual is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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.\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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.\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
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.\" GNU General Public License for more details.
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.\"
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.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
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.\" License along with this manual; if not, write to the Free
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2004-11-25 14:39:43 +00:00
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.\" Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330,
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.\" Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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2004-11-25 13:33:38 +00:00
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.\"
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2008-09-25 09:11:53 +00:00
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.TH MLOCK 2 2008-09-25 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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.SH NAME
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2004-11-25 14:39:43 +00:00
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mlock, munlock, mlockall, munlockall \- lock and unlock memory
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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.nf
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.B #include <sys/mman.h>
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.sp
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2008-01-12 08:57:58 +00:00
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.BI "int mlock(const void *" addr ", size_t " len );
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.BI "int munlock(const void *" addr ", size_t " len );
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2004-11-25 14:39:43 +00:00
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.sp
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2008-01-12 08:57:58 +00:00
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.BI "int mlockall(int " flags );
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2007-12-22 17:10:05 +00:00
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.B int munlockall(void);
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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.fi
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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2004-11-25 14:39:43 +00:00
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.BR mlock ()
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and
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.BR mlockall ()
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respectively lock part or all of the calling process's virtual address
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2007-04-12 22:42:49 +00:00
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space into RAM, preventing that memory from being paged to the
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2004-11-25 14:39:43 +00:00
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swap area.
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.BR munlock ()
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and
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.BR munlockall ()
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perform the converse operation,
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respectively unlocking part or all of the calling process's virtual
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2004-12-13 07:23:31 +00:00
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address space, so that pages in the specified virtual address range may
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once more to be swapped out if required by the kernel memory manager.
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Memory locking and unlocking are performed in units of whole pages.
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2004-11-25 14:39:43 +00:00
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.SS "mlock() and munlock()"
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.BR mlock ()
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locks pages in the address range starting at
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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.I addr
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2004-11-25 14:39:43 +00:00
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and continuing for
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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.I len
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bytes.
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2007-04-12 22:42:49 +00:00
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All pages that contain a part of the specified address range are
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2004-11-25 14:39:43 +00:00
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guaranteed to be resident in RAM when the call returns successfully;
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the pages are guaranteed to stay in RAM until later unlocked.
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.BR munlock ()
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unlocks pages in the address range starting at
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.I addr
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and continuing for
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.I len
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bytes.
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After this call, all pages that contain a part of the specified
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memory range can be moved to external swap space again by the kernel.
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.SS "mlockall() and munlockall()"
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.BR mlockall ()
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locks all pages mapped into the address space of the
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2007-04-12 22:42:49 +00:00
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calling process.
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This includes the pages of the code, data and stack
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2004-11-25 14:39:43 +00:00
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segment, as well as shared libraries, user space kernel data, shared
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2007-12-26 08:00:10 +00:00
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memory, and memory-mapped files.
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2007-04-12 22:42:49 +00:00
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All mapped pages are guaranteed
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2004-11-25 14:39:43 +00:00
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to be resident in RAM when the call returns successfully;
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the pages are guaranteed to stay in RAM until later unlocked.
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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2004-11-25 14:39:43 +00:00
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The
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.I flags
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argument is constructed as the bitwise OR of one or more of the
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following constants:
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.TP 1.2i
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.B MCL_CURRENT
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Lock all pages which are currently mapped into the address space of
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the process.
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.TP
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.B MCL_FUTURE
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Lock all pages which will become mapped into the address space of the
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2007-04-12 22:42:49 +00:00
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process in the future.
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These could be for instance new pages required
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2004-11-25 14:39:43 +00:00
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by a growing heap and stack as well as new memory mapped files or
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shared memory regions.
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.PP
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If
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.B MCL_FUTURE
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2004-12-01 09:43:35 +00:00
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has been specified, then a later system call (e.g.,
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.BR mmap (2),
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.BR sbrk (2),
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.BR malloc (3)),
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may fail if it would cause the number of locked bytes to exceed
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the permitted maximum (see below).
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In the same circumstances, stack growth may likewise fail:
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the kernel will deny stack expansion and deliver a
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2007-09-20 16:26:31 +00:00
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.B SIGSEGV
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2004-12-01 09:43:35 +00:00
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signal to the process.
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2004-11-25 14:39:43 +00:00
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.BR munlockall ()
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unlocks all pages mapped into the address space of the
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calling process.
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2007-05-18 16:06:42 +00:00
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.SH "RETURN VALUE"
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On success these system calls return 0.
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On error, \-1 is returned,
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.I errno
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is set appropriately, and no changes are made to any locks in the
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address space of the process.
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.SH ERRORS
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.TP
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.B ENOMEM
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intro.1, time.1, adjtimex.2, capget.2, eventfd.2, fcntl.2, getrlimit.2, getsockopt.2, gettimeofday.2, intro.2, ioctl_list.2, ioperm.2, mlock.2, pivot_root.2, poll.2, prctl.2, ptrace.2, sched_setscheduler.2, select_tut.2, semget.2, sigaltstack.2, signalfd.2, sysctl.2, timer_settime.2, timerfd_create.2, wait.2, CPU_SET.3, argz_add.3, assert_perror.3, atexit.3, backtrace.3, bcmp.3, clearenv.3, ctime.3, dl_iterate_phdr.3, dlopen.3, ecvt.3, errno.3, error.3, ether_aton.3, exit.3, fenv.3, ferror.3, finite.3, flockfile.3, fnmatch.3, fpathconf.3, fpclassify.3, ftime.3, ftok.3, ftw.3, fwide.3, getaddrinfo.3, gethostbyname.3, getlogin.3, getnameinfo.3, getnetent.3, getopt.3, getprotoent.3, getrpcent.3, getservent.3, glob.3, hsearch.3, inet.3, isalpha.3, iswalnum.3, iswalpha.3, iswblank.3, iswcntrl.3, iswctype.3, iswdigit.3, iswgraph.3, iswlower.3, iswprint.3, iswpunct.3, iswspace.3, iswupper.3, iswxdigit.3, longjmp.3, lsearch.3, malloc.3, matherr.3, mblen.3, mbsinit.3, mbtowc.3, on_exit.3, printf.3, pthread_attr_init.3, pthread_attr_setaffinity_np.3, pthread_attr_setdetachstate.3, pthread_attr_setguardsize.3, pthread_attr_setinheritsched.3, pthread_attr_setschedparam.3, pthread_attr_setschedpolicy.3, pthread_attr_setscope.3, pthread_attr_setstack.3, pthread_attr_setstackaddr.3, pthread_attr_setstacksize.3, pthread_cancel.3, pthread_cleanup_push.3, pthread_equal.3, pthread_getattr_np.3, pthread_getcpuclockid.3, pthread_setaffinity_np.3, pthread_setcancelstate.3, pthread_setconcurrency.3, pthread_setschedparam.3, pthread_setschedprio.3, ptsname.3, putenv.3, putgrent.3, raise.3, rcmd.3, regex.3, rexec.3, rpc.3, rpmatch.3, rtnetlink.3, scandir.3, sem_init.3, setaliasent.3, setbuf.3, setenv.3, setjmp.3, signbit.3, stdio_ext.3, strtod.3, strtol.3, strtoul.3, system.3, termios.3, timeradd.3, tzset.3, ualarm.3, wctomb.3, xdr.3, st.4, tty_ioctl.4, core.5, elf.5, proc.5, bootparam.7, capabilities.7, icmp.7, ip.7, ipv6.7, math_error.7, mdoc.samples.7, mq_overview.7, pthreads.7, raw.7, regex.7, socket.7, tcp.7, tzselect.8: Global fix: s/non-zero/nonzero/
The tendency in English, as prescribed in style guides like
Chicago MoS, is towards removing hyphens after prefixes
like "non-" etc.
Signed-off-by: Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
2010-01-16 16:40:55 +00:00
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(Linux 2.6.9 and later) the caller had a nonzero
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2007-05-18 16:06:42 +00:00
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.B RLIMIT_MEMLOCK
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soft resource limit, but tried to lock more memory than the limit
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permitted.
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This limit is not enforced if the process is privileged
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.RB ( CAP_IPC_LOCK ).
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.TP
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.B ENOMEM
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(Linux 2.4 and earlier) the calling process tried to lock more than
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half of RAM.
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.\" In the case of mlock(), this check is somewhat buggy: it doesn't
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.\" take into account whether the to-be-locked range overlaps with
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.\" already locked pages. Thus, suppose we allocate
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.\" (num_physpages / 4 + 1) of memory, and lock those pages once using
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.\" mlock(), and then lock the *same* page range a second time.
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.\" In the case, the second mlock() call will fail, since the check
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.\" calculates that the process is trying to lock (num_physpages / 2 + 2)
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.\" pages, which of course is not true. (MTK, Nov 04, kernel 2.4.28)
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.TP
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.B EPERM
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(Linux 2.6.9 and later) the caller was not privileged
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.RB ( CAP_IPC_LOCK )
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and its
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.B RLIMIT_MEMLOCK
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soft resource limit was 0.
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.TP
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.B EPERM
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(Linux 2.6.8 and earlier)
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The calling process has insufficient privilege to call
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.BR munlockall ().
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Under Linux the
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.B CAP_IPC_LOCK
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capability is required.
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.\"SVr4 documents an additional EAGAIN error code.
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.LP
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For
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.BR mlock ()
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and
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.BR munlock ():
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.TP
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2008-09-25 09:18:08 +00:00
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.B EAGAIN
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Some or all of the specified address range could not be locked.
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.TP
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.B EINVAL
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.I len
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was negative.
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.TP
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.B EINVAL
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(Not on Linux)
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.I addr
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was not a multiple of the page size.
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.TP
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.B ENOMEM
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Some of the specified address range does not correspond to mapped
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pages in the address space of the process.
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.LP
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For
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.BR mlockall ():
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.TP
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.B EINVAL
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Unknown \fIflags\fP were specified.
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.LP
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For
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.BR munlockall ():
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.TP
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.B EPERM
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(Linux 2.6.8 and earlier) The caller was not privileged
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.RB ( CAP_IPC_LOCK ).
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.SH "CONFORMING TO"
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2008-07-15 13:39:17 +00:00
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POSIX.1-2001, SVr4.
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2007-05-18 16:06:42 +00:00
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.SH AVAILABILITY
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On POSIX systems on which
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.BR mlock ()
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and
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.BR munlock ()
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are available,
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.B _POSIX_MEMLOCK_RANGE
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2007-06-20 21:53:34 +00:00
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is defined in \fI<unistd.h>\fP and the number of bytes in a page
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2007-05-18 16:06:42 +00:00
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can be determined from the constant
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.B PAGESIZE
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2007-06-20 21:53:34 +00:00
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(if defined) in \fI<limits.h>\fP or by calling
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2007-05-18 16:06:42 +00:00
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.IR sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE) .
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On POSIX systems on which
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.BR mlockall ()
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and
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.BR munlockall ()
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are available,
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.B _POSIX_MEMLOCK
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2008-06-28 04:57:20 +00:00
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is defined in \fI<unistd.h>\fP to a value greater than 0.
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(See also
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2007-05-18 16:06:42 +00:00
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.BR sysconf (3).)
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.\" POSIX.1-2001: It shall be defined to -1 or 0 or 200112L.
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.\" -1: unavailable, 0: ask using sysconf().
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.\" glibc defines it to 1.
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2004-11-25 14:39:43 +00:00
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.SH "NOTES"
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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Memory locking has two main applications: real-time algorithms and
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2007-04-12 22:42:49 +00:00
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high-security data processing.
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Real-time applications require
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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deterministic timing, and, like scheduling, paging is one major cause
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2007-04-12 22:42:49 +00:00
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of unexpected program execution delays.
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Real-time applications will
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2004-11-25 14:39:43 +00:00
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usually also switch to a real-time scheduler with
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.BR sched_setscheduler (2).
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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Cryptographic security software often handles critical bytes like
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2007-04-12 22:42:49 +00:00
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passwords or secret keys as data structures.
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As a result of paging,
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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these secrets could be transferred onto a persistent swap store medium,
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where they might be accessible to the enemy long after the security
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software has erased the secrets in RAM and terminated.
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(But be aware that the suspend mode on laptops and some desktop
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computers will save a copy of the system's RAM to disk, regardless
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of memory locks.)
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2004-11-25 14:39:43 +00:00
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Real-time processes that are using
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.BR mlockall ()
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to prevent delays on page faults should reserve enough
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locked stack pages before entering the time-critical section,
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so that no page fault can be caused by function calls.
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2007-04-12 22:42:49 +00:00
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This can be achieved by calling a function that allocates a
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sufficiently large automatic variable (an array) and writes to the
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memory occupied by this array in order to touch these stack pages.
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2004-11-25 14:39:43 +00:00
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This way, enough pages will be mapped for the stack and can be
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2007-04-12 22:42:49 +00:00
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locked into RAM.
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The dummy writes ensure that not even copy-on-write
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2004-11-25 14:39:43 +00:00
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page faults can occur in the critical section.
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Memory locks are not inherited by a child created via
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.BR fork (2)
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and are automatically removed (unlocked) during an
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.BR execve (2)
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or when the process terminates.
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The memory lock on an address range is automatically removed
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if the address range is unmapped via
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.BR munmap (2).
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2007-06-08 11:56:22 +00:00
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Memory locks do not stack, that is, pages which have been locked several times
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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by calls to
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2004-11-25 14:39:43 +00:00
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.BR mlock ()
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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or
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2004-11-25 14:39:43 +00:00
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.BR mlockall ()
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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will be unlocked by a single call to
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2004-11-25 14:39:43 +00:00
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.BR munlock ()
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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for the corresponding range or by
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2005-10-19 06:54:38 +00:00
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.BR munlockall ().
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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Pages which are mapped to several locations or by several processes stay
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locked into RAM as long as they are locked at least at one location or by
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at least one process.
|
2007-05-18 10:39:45 +00:00
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.SS "Linux Notes"
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2004-11-25 14:39:43 +00:00
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Under Linux,
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.BR mlock ()
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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and
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2004-11-25 14:39:43 +00:00
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.BR munlock ()
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automatically round
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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.I addr
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2004-11-25 14:39:43 +00:00
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down to the nearest page boundary.
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2006-08-03 13:57:17 +00:00
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However, POSIX.1-2001 allows an implementation to require that
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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.I addr
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is page aligned, so portable applications should ensure this.
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2004-11-25 14:39:43 +00:00
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.SS "Limits and permissions"
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In Linux 2.6.8 and earlier,
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a process must be privileged
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.RB ( CAP_IPC_LOCK )
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in order to lock memory and the
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.B RLIMIT_MEMLOCK
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soft resource limit defines a limit on how much memory the process may lock.
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2004-11-25 13:33:38 +00:00
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2004-11-25 14:39:43 +00:00
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Since Linux 2.6.9, no limits are placed on the amount of memory
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that a privileged process can lock and the
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.B RLIMIT_MEMLOCK
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soft resource limit instead defines a limit on how much memory an
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unprivileged process may lock.
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.SH "BUGS"
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In the 2.4 series Linux kernels up to and including 2.4.17,
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a bug caused the
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.BR mlockall ()
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.B MCL_FUTURE
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flag to be inherited across a
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.BR fork (2).
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This was rectified in kernel 2.4.18.
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2006-02-03 20:56:21 +00:00
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2007-04-12 22:42:49 +00:00
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Since kernel 2.6.9, if a privileged process calls
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2006-02-03 20:56:21 +00:00
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.I mlockall(MCL_FUTURE)
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2007-04-12 22:42:49 +00:00
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and later drops privileges (loses the
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.B CAP_IPC_LOCK
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capability by, for example,
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intro.1, time.1, adjtimex.2, capget.2, eventfd.2, fcntl.2, getrlimit.2, getsockopt.2, gettimeofday.2, intro.2, ioctl_list.2, ioperm.2, mlock.2, pivot_root.2, poll.2, prctl.2, ptrace.2, sched_setscheduler.2, select_tut.2, semget.2, sigaltstack.2, signalfd.2, sysctl.2, timer_settime.2, timerfd_create.2, wait.2, CPU_SET.3, argz_add.3, assert_perror.3, atexit.3, backtrace.3, bcmp.3, clearenv.3, ctime.3, dl_iterate_phdr.3, dlopen.3, ecvt.3, errno.3, error.3, ether_aton.3, exit.3, fenv.3, ferror.3, finite.3, flockfile.3, fnmatch.3, fpathconf.3, fpclassify.3, ftime.3, ftok.3, ftw.3, fwide.3, getaddrinfo.3, gethostbyname.3, getlogin.3, getnameinfo.3, getnetent.3, getopt.3, getprotoent.3, getrpcent.3, getservent.3, glob.3, hsearch.3, inet.3, isalpha.3, iswalnum.3, iswalpha.3, iswblank.3, iswcntrl.3, iswctype.3, iswdigit.3, iswgraph.3, iswlower.3, iswprint.3, iswpunct.3, iswspace.3, iswupper.3, iswxdigit.3, longjmp.3, lsearch.3, malloc.3, matherr.3, mblen.3, mbsinit.3, mbtowc.3, on_exit.3, printf.3, pthread_attr_init.3, pthread_attr_setaffinity_np.3, pthread_attr_setdetachstate.3, pthread_attr_setguardsize.3, pthread_attr_setinheritsched.3, pthread_attr_setschedparam.3, pthread_attr_setschedpolicy.3, pthread_attr_setscope.3, pthread_attr_setstack.3, pthread_attr_setstackaddr.3, pthread_attr_setstacksize.3, pthread_cancel.3, pthread_cleanup_push.3, pthread_equal.3, pthread_getattr_np.3, pthread_getcpuclockid.3, pthread_setaffinity_np.3, pthread_setcancelstate.3, pthread_setconcurrency.3, pthread_setschedparam.3, pthread_setschedprio.3, ptsname.3, putenv.3, putgrent.3, raise.3, rcmd.3, regex.3, rexec.3, rpc.3, rpmatch.3, rtnetlink.3, scandir.3, sem_init.3, setaliasent.3, setbuf.3, setenv.3, setjmp.3, signbit.3, stdio_ext.3, strtod.3, strtol.3, strtoul.3, system.3, termios.3, timeradd.3, tzset.3, ualarm.3, wctomb.3, xdr.3, st.4, tty_ioctl.4, core.5, elf.5, proc.5, bootparam.7, capabilities.7, icmp.7, ip.7, ipv6.7, math_error.7, mdoc.samples.7, mq_overview.7, pthreads.7, raw.7, regex.7, socket.7, tcp.7, tzselect.8: Global fix: s/non-zero/nonzero/
The tendency in English, as prescribed in style guides like
Chicago MoS, is towards removing hyphens after prefixes
like "non-" etc.
Signed-off-by: Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
2010-01-16 16:40:55 +00:00
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setting its effective UID to a nonzero value),
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2007-04-12 22:42:49 +00:00
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then subsequent memory allocations (e.g.,
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2006-02-03 20:56:21 +00:00
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.BR mmap (2),
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.BR brk (2))
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2007-04-12 22:42:49 +00:00
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will fail if the
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.B RLIMIT_MEMLOCK
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2006-02-03 20:56:21 +00:00
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resource limit is encountered.
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.\" See the following LKML thread:
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.\" http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=113801392825023&w=2
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.\" "Rationale for RLIMIT_MEMLOCK"
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.\" 23 Jan 2006
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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.SH "SEE ALSO"
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2004-11-25 14:39:43 +00:00
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.BR mmap (2),
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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.BR setrlimit (2),
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2008-07-14 15:52:21 +00:00
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.BR shmctl (2),
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2004-11-25 14:39:43 +00:00
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.BR sysconf (3),
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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.BR capabilities (7)
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