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.\" Copyright (C) 2007 Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
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.\"
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2007-10-23 14:40:43 +00:00
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.\" Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
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.\" manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
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.\" preserved on all copies.
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.\"
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.\" Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
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.\" manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
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.\" entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
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.\" permission notice identical to this one.
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.\"
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.\" Since the Linux kernel and libraries are constantly changing, this
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.\" manual page may be incorrect or out-of-date. The author(s) assume no
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.\" responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from
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.\" the use of the information contained herein. The author(s) may not
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.\" have taken the same level of care in the production of this manual,
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.\" which is licensed free of charge, as they might when working
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.\" professionally.
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.\"
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.\" Formatted or processed versions of this manual, if unaccompanied by
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.\" the source, must acknowledge the copyright and authors of this work.
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.\"
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.\" 2007-10-23 mtk: moved the _syscallN specific material to the
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.\" new _syscall(2) page, and substantially enhanced and rewrote
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.\" the remaining material on this page.
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.\"
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2010-09-10 04:33:31 +00:00
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.TH INTRO 2 2010-09-10 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
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.SH NAME
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intro \- Introduction to system calls
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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Section 2 of the manual describes the Linux system calls.
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A system call is an entry point into the Linux kernel.
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Usually, system calls are not invoked directly:
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instead, most system calls have corresponding C library
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wrapper functions which perform the steps required
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(e.g., trapping to kernel mode) in order to invoke
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the system call.
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Thus, making a system call looks the same as invoking a normal
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library function.
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For a list of the Linux system calls, see
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.BR syscalls (2).
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.SH RETURN VALUE
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On error, most system calls return a negative error number
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(i.e., the negated value of one of the constants described in
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.BR errno (3)).
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The C library wrapper hides this detail from the caller: when a
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system call returns a negative value, the wrapper copies the
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absolute value into the
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.I errno
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variable, and returns \-1 as the return value of the wrapper.
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The value returned by a successful system call depends on the call.
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intro.1, time.1, adjtimex.2, capget.2, eventfd.2, fcntl.2, getrlimit.2, getsockopt.2, gettimeofday.2, intro.2, ioctl_list.2, ioperm.2, mlock.2, pivot_root.2, poll.2, prctl.2, ptrace.2, sched_setscheduler.2, select_tut.2, semget.2, sigaltstack.2, signalfd.2, sysctl.2, timer_settime.2, timerfd_create.2, wait.2, CPU_SET.3, argz_add.3, assert_perror.3, atexit.3, backtrace.3, bcmp.3, clearenv.3, ctime.3, dl_iterate_phdr.3, dlopen.3, ecvt.3, errno.3, error.3, ether_aton.3, exit.3, fenv.3, ferror.3, finite.3, flockfile.3, fnmatch.3, fpathconf.3, fpclassify.3, ftime.3, ftok.3, ftw.3, fwide.3, getaddrinfo.3, gethostbyname.3, getlogin.3, getnameinfo.3, getnetent.3, getopt.3, getprotoent.3, getrpcent.3, getservent.3, glob.3, hsearch.3, inet.3, isalpha.3, iswalnum.3, iswalpha.3, iswblank.3, iswcntrl.3, iswctype.3, iswdigit.3, iswgraph.3, iswlower.3, iswprint.3, iswpunct.3, iswspace.3, iswupper.3, iswxdigit.3, longjmp.3, lsearch.3, malloc.3, matherr.3, mblen.3, mbsinit.3, mbtowc.3, on_exit.3, printf.3, pthread_attr_init.3, pthread_attr_setaffinity_np.3, pthread_attr_setdetachstate.3, pthread_attr_setguardsize.3, pthread_attr_setinheritsched.3, pthread_attr_setschedparam.3, pthread_attr_setschedpolicy.3, pthread_attr_setscope.3, pthread_attr_setstack.3, pthread_attr_setstackaddr.3, pthread_attr_setstacksize.3, pthread_cancel.3, pthread_cleanup_push.3, pthread_equal.3, pthread_getattr_np.3, pthread_getcpuclockid.3, pthread_setaffinity_np.3, pthread_setcancelstate.3, pthread_setconcurrency.3, pthread_setschedparam.3, pthread_setschedprio.3, ptsname.3, putenv.3, putgrent.3, raise.3, rcmd.3, regex.3, rexec.3, rpc.3, rpmatch.3, rtnetlink.3, scandir.3, sem_init.3, setaliasent.3, setbuf.3, setenv.3, setjmp.3, signbit.3, stdio_ext.3, strtod.3, strtol.3, strtoul.3, system.3, termios.3, timeradd.3, tzset.3, ualarm.3, wctomb.3, xdr.3, st.4, tty_ioctl.4, core.5, elf.5, proc.5, bootparam.7, capabilities.7, icmp.7, ip.7, ipv6.7, math_error.7, mdoc.samples.7, mq_overview.7, pthreads.7, raw.7, regex.7, socket.7, tcp.7, tzselect.8: Global fix: s/non-zero/nonzero/
The tendency in English, as prescribed in style guides like
Chicago MoS, is towards removing hyphens after prefixes
like "non-" etc.
Signed-off-by: Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
2010-01-16 16:40:55 +00:00
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Many system calls return 0 on success, but some can return nonzero
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values from a successful call.
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The details are described in the individual manual pages.
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In some cases,
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the programmer must define a feature test macro in order to obtain
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the declaration of a system call from the header file specified
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in the man page SYNOPSIS section.
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(Where required, these feature test macros must be defined before including
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.I any
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header files.)
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In such cases, the required macro is described in the man page.
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For further information on feature test macros, see
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.BR feature_test_macros (7).
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.SH "CONFORMING TO"
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Certain terms and abbreviations are used to indicate Unix variants
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and standards to which calls in this section conform.
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See
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.BR standards (7).
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.SH NOTES
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.SS "Calling Directly"
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In most cases, it is unnecessary to invoke a system call directly,
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but there are times when the Standard C library does not implement
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a nice wrapper function for you.
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In this case, the programmer must manually invoke the system call using
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.BR syscall (2).
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Historically, this was also possible using one of the _syscall macros
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described in
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.BR _syscall (2).
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.SS Authors and Copyright Conditions
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Look at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) and copyright
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conditions.
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Note that these can be different from page to page!
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.SH "SEE ALSO"
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.BR _syscall (2),
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.BR syscall (2),
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.BR errno (3),
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.BR feature_test_macros (7),
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.BR standards (7)
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