mirror of https://github.com/mkerrisk/man-pages
Adding section numbers to xrefs toother pages
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@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ New severity classes can also be added by setting the environment variable
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.SH "CONFORMING TO"
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This function is not specified in the X/Open Portability Guide
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although the
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.BR fmtmsg ()
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.BR fmtmsg (3)
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function is.
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It is available on System V
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systems.
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@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ adjtime \- correct the time to synchronise the system clock
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The
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.BR adjtime ()
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function gradually adjusts the system clock (as returned by
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.BR gettimeofday ()).
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.BR gettimeofday (2)).
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The amount of time by which the clock is to be adjusted is specified
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in the structure pointed to by
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.IR delta .
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@ -39,9 +39,9 @@ The functions
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and
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.BR vasprintf ()
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are analogues of
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.BR sprintf ()
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.BR sprintf (3)
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and
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.BR vsprintf (),
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.BR vsprintf (3),
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except that they allocate a string large enough to hold the output
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including the terminating null byte,
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and return a pointer to it via the first parameter.
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@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ Otherwise, the macro
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.BR assert ()
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prints an error message to standard error and terminates the program
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by calling
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.BR abort ()
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.BR abort (3)
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if
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.I expression
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is false (i.e., compares equal to zero).
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@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ Otherwise, the macro
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.BR assert_perror ()
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prints an error message to standard error and terminates the program
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by calling
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.BR abort ()
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.BR abort (3)
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if
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.I errnum
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is non-zero.
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@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ The actual limit supported by an implementation can be obtained using
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.BR sysconf (3).
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.LP
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When a child process is created via
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.BR fork (),
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.BR fork (2),
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it inherits copies of its parents registrations.
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Upon a successful call to one of the
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.BR exec ()
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@ -90,11 +90,11 @@ main(void)
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}
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.fi
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.SH NOTES
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Since glibc 2.2.3, \fBatexit\fP() (and \fBon_exit\fP())
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Since glibc 2.2.3, \fBatexit\fP() (and \fBon_exit\fP(3))
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can be used to within a shared library to establish functions
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that are called when the shared library is unloaded.
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.PP
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Functions registered using \fBatexit\fP() (and \fBon_exit\fP())
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Functions registered using \fBatexit\fP() (and \fBon_exit\fP(3))
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are not called if a process terminates abnormally because
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of the delivery of a signal.
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.SH "CONFORMING TO"
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@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ otherwise a non-zero result is returned.
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.SH "CONFORMING TO"
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4.3BSD.
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This function is deprecated (marked as LEGACY in POSIX.1-2001): use
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.BR memcmp ()
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.BR memcmp (3)
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in new programs.
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.SH "SEE ALSO"
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.BR memcmp (3),
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@ -52,15 +52,15 @@ None.
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.SH "CONFORMING TO"
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4.3BSD.
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This function is deprecated (marked as LEGACY in POSIX.1-2001): use
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.BR memcpy ()
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.BR memcpy (3)
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or
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.BR memmove ()
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.BR memmove (3)
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in new programs.
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Note that the first two parameters
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are interchanged for
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.BR memcpy ()
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.BR memcpy (3)
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and
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.BR memmove ().
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.BR memmove (3).
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.SH "SEE ALSO"
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.BR memccpy (3),
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.BR memcpy (3),
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@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ btree \- btree database access method
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.fi
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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The routine
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.BR dbopen ()
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.BR dbopen (3)
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is the library interface to database files.
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One of the supported file formats is btree files.
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The general description of the database access methods is in
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@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ The btree data structure is a sorted, balanced tree structure storing
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associated key/data pairs.
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.PP
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The btree access method specific data structure provided to
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.BR dbopen ()
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.BR dbopen (3)
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is defined in the <db.h> include file as follows:
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.PP
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typedef struct {
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@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ None.
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.SH "CONFORMING TO"
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4.3BSD.
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This function is deprecated (marked as LEGACY in POSIX.1-2001): use
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.BR memset ()
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.BR memset (3)
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in new programs.
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.SH "SEE ALSO"
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.BR memset (3),
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|
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@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ opens a message catalog and returns a catalog descriptor.
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The descriptor remains valid until
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.BR catclose ()
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or
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.BR exec ().
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.BR execve (2).
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If a file descriptor is used to implement catalog descriptors
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then the FD_CLOEXEC flag will be set.
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.LP
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@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ and sets
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to indicate the error.
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The possible error values include all
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possible values for the
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.BR open ()
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.BR open (2)
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call.
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.LP
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The function
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@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ These functions are available for Linux since libc 4.4.4c.
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In the case of linux libc4 and libc5, the catalog descriptor
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.I nl_catd
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is a
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.BR mmap ()'ed
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.BR mmap (2)'ed
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area of memory and not a file descriptor.
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The
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.I flag
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|
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@ -72,13 +72,13 @@ If you need it while porting something, add
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to your file.
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.LP
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A frequently asked question is "Can I use
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.BR free ()
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.BR free (3)
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to free memory allocated with
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.BR calloc (),
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.BR calloc (3),
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or do I need
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.BR cfree ()?"
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Answer: use
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.BR free ().
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.BR free (3).
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.LP
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An SCO manual writes: "The cfree routine is provided for compliance
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to the iBCSe2 standard and simply calls free.
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@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ arguments to cfree are not used."
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The SunOS version of
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.BR cfree ()
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(which is a synonym for
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.BR free ())
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.BR free (3))
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returns 1 on success and 0 on failure.
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In case of error,
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.I errno
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|
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@ -46,11 +46,11 @@ In glibc since glibc 2.0.
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.SH "CONFORMING TO"
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Various Unix variants (DG/UX, HP-UX, QNX, ...).
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POSIX.9 (bindings for FORTRAN77).
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POSIX.1-1996 did not accept \fBclearenv\fP() and \fIputenv\fP(),
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POSIX.1-1996 did not accept \fBclearenv\fP() and \fIputenv\fP(3),
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but changed its mind and scheduled these functions for some
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later issue of this standard (cf. B.4.6.1).
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However, POSIX.1-2001
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only adds \fIputenv\fP(), and rejected \fBclearenv\fP().
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only adds \fIputenv\fP(3), and rejected \fBclearenv\fP().
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.SH NOTES
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Used in security-conscious applications.
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If it is unavailable
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@ -65,8 +65,8 @@ will probably do.
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The DG/UX and Tru64 manpages write: If
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.I environ
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has been modified by anything other than the
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.BR putenv (),
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.BR getenv (),
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.BR putenv (3),
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.BR getenv (3),
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or
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.BR clearenv ()
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functions, then
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|
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@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ the value returned by
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.BR clock ()
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also includes the times of any children whose status has been
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collected via
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.BR wait ()
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.BR wait (2)
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(or another wait-type call).
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Linux does not include the times of waited-for children in the
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value returned by
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@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ value returned by
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.\" POSIX.1-2001 doesn't explicitly allow this, nor is there an
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.\" explicit prohibition. -- MTK
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The
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.BR times ()
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.BR times (2)
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function, which explicitly returns (separate) information about the
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caller and its children, may be preferable.
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.SH "SEE ALSO"
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|
|
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@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ will redirect standard input, standard output and standard error
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to \fI/dev/null\fP.
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.SH "RETURN VALUE"
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(This function forks, and if the
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.BR fork ()
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.BR fork (2)
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succeeds, the parent does
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.\" not .IR in order not to underline _
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.BR _exit (0),
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@ -39,9 +39,9 @@ The functions
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and
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.BR vdprintf ()
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(as found in the glibc2 library) are exact analogues of
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.BR fprintf ()
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.BR fprintf (3)
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and
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.BR vfprintf (),
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.BR vfprintf (3),
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except that they output to a file descriptor
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.I fd
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instead of to a given stream.
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@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ Clearly, the names were badly chosen.
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Many systems (like MacOS) have incompatible functions called
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.BR dprintf (),
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usually some debugging version of
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.BR printf (),
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.BR printf (3),
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perhaps with a prototype like
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.BI "void dprintf(int level, const char *" format ", ...);"
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|
@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ So, probably, it is better to avoid this function in programs
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intended to be portable.
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A better name would have been
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.BR fdprintf ().
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.BR fdprintf (3).
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.SH "CONFORMING TO"
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These functions are GNU extensions.
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.SH "SEE ALSO"
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|
|
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@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ The static string is overwritten by each call to \fBecvt\fP() or
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.SH NOTES
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These functions are obsolete.
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Instead,
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.BR sprintf ()
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.BR sprintf (3)
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is recommended.
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Linux libc4 and libc5 specified the type of
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.I ndigits
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|
|
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@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ These functions return 0 on success, and \-1 otherwise.
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.SH NOTES
|
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These functions are obsolete.
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Instead,
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.BR sprintf ()
|
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.BR sprintf (3)
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is recommended.
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.SH "CONFORMING TO"
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These functions are GNU extensions.
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|
|
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@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ where
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no longer needs to have the value it had upon return from
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.IR somecall ()
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(i.e., it may have been changed by the
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.BR printf ()).
|
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.BR printf (3)).
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If the value of
|
||||
.I errno
|
||||
should be preserved across a library call, it must be saved:
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|
|
|
@ -35,12 +35,12 @@ euidaccess, eaccess \- check effective user's permissions for a file
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.fi
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.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
Like
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.BR access (),
|
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.BR access (2),
|
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.BR euidaccess ()
|
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checks permissions and existence of the file identified by its argument
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.IR pathname .
|
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However, whereas
|
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.BR access (),
|
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.BR access (2),
|
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performs checks using the real user and group identifiers of the process,
|
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.BR euidaccess ()
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uses the effective identifiers.
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|
@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ uses the effective identifiers.
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is a mask consisting of one or more of
|
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.BR R_OK ", " W_OK ", " X_OK " and " F_OK ,
|
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with the same meanings as for
|
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.BR access ().
|
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.BR access (2).
|
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|
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.BR eaccess ()
|
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is a synonym for
|
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|
@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ asked for a permission that is denied, or some other error occurred),
|
|||
is set appropriately.
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.SH ERRORS
|
||||
As for
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.BR access ().
|
||||
.BR access (2).
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.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
These functions are non-standard.
|
||||
Some other systems have an
|
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|
|
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@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ The functions described in this manual page are front-ends for the
|
|||
function
|
||||
.BR execve (2).
|
||||
(See the manual page for
|
||||
.BR execve ()
|
||||
.BR execve (2)
|
||||
for detailed information about the replacement of the current process.)
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The initial argument for these functions is the pathname of a file which is
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|
|
12
man3/exit.3
12
man3/exit.3
|
@ -36,16 +36,16 @@ value of \fIstatus & 0377\fP is returned to the parent
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|||
.BR wait (2)).
|
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.LP
|
||||
All functions registered with
|
||||
\fBatexit\fP() and \fBon_exit\fP()
|
||||
\fBatexit\fP(3) and \fBon_exit\fP(3)
|
||||
are called, in the reverse order of their registration.
|
||||
(It is possible for one of these functions to use
|
||||
\fBatexit\fP() or \fBon_exit\fP() to register an additional
|
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\fBatexit\fP(3) or \fBon_exit\fP(3) to register an additional
|
||||
function to be executed during exit processing;
|
||||
the new registration is added to the front of the list of functions
|
||||
that remain to be called.)
|
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.LP
|
||||
All open streams are flushed and closed.
|
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Files created by \fBtmpfile\fP() are removed.
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Files created by \fBtmpfile\fP(3) are removed.
|
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.LP
|
||||
The C standard specifies two constants,
|
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\fIEXIT_SUCCESS\fP and \fIEXIT_FAILURE\fP,
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|
@ -58,8 +58,8 @@ SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001, C89, C99.
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.SH NOTES
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
It is undefined what happens if one of the
|
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functions registered using \fBatexit\fP() and \fBon_exit\fP()
|
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calls either \fBexit\fP() or \fBlongjmp\fP().
|
||||
functions registered using \fBatexit\fP(3) and \fBon_exit\fP(3)
|
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calls either \fBexit\fP() or \fBlongjmp\fP(3).
|
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.LP
|
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The use of EXIT_SUCCESS and EXIT_FAILURE is slightly more portable
|
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(to non-Unix environments) than that of 0 and some non-zero value
|
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|
@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ it is not interested in the exit status, but is not waiting,
|
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the exiting process turns into a "zombie" process
|
||||
(which is nothing but a container for the single byte representing
|
||||
the exit status) so that the parent can learn the exit status when
|
||||
it later calls one of the \fIwait\fP() functions.
|
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it later calls one of the \fIwait\fP(2) functions.
|
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.LP
|
||||
If the implementation supports the SIGCHLD signal, this signal
|
||||
is sent to the parent.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ There is no reason ever to use it.
|
|||
For non-locking counterparts, see
|
||||
.BR unlocked_stdio (3).
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
The \fBfgetwc\fP() function returns the next wide-character from the stream, or
|
||||
WEOF.
|
||||
The \fBfgetwc\fP() function returns the next wide-character
|
||||
from the stream, or WEOF.
|
||||
.SH ERRORS
|
||||
Apart from the usual ones, there is
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
|
@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ The behaviour of \fBfgetwc\fP() depends on the LC_CTYPE category of the
|
|||
current locale.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
In the absence of additional information passed to the
|
||||
.BR fopen ()
|
||||
.BR fopen (3)
|
||||
call, it is
|
||||
reasonable to expect that \fBfgetwc\fP()
|
||||
will actually read a multibyte sequence
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ The behaviour of \fBfgetws\fP() depends on the LC_CTYPE category of the
|
|||
current locale.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
In the absence of additional information passed to the
|
||||
.BR fopen ()
|
||||
.BR fopen (3)
|
||||
call, it is
|
||||
reasonable to expect that \fBfgetws\fP()
|
||||
will actually read a multibyte string
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -63,8 +63,8 @@ other threads from coming in between.
|
|||
If the reason for doing
|
||||
this was to achieve greater efficiency, one does the I/O with
|
||||
the non-locking versions of the stdio functions: with
|
||||
\fIgetc_unlocked\fP() and \fIputc_unlocked\fP() instead of
|
||||
\fIgetc\fP() and \fIputc\fP().
|
||||
\fIgetc_unlocked\fP(3) and \fIputc_unlocked\fP(3) instead of
|
||||
\fIgetc\fP(3) and \fIputc\fP(3).
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
The \fBflockfile\fP() function waits for *\fIfilehandle\fP to be
|
||||
no longer locked by a different thread, then makes the
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ This value is printed as INFO.
|
|||
.PP
|
||||
The numeric values are between 0 and 4.
|
||||
Using
|
||||
.BR addseverity ()
|
||||
.BR addseverity (3)
|
||||
or the environment variable
|
||||
.B SEV_LEVEL
|
||||
you can add more levels and strings to print.
|
||||
|
@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ Error writing to the console.
|
|||
The functions
|
||||
.BR fmtmsg ()
|
||||
and
|
||||
.BR addseverity (),
|
||||
.BR addseverity (3),
|
||||
and environment variables
|
||||
.B MSGVERB
|
||||
and
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -116,9 +116,9 @@ between output and input, unless an input operation encounters end-of-file.
|
|||
result of writes other than the most recent.)
|
||||
Therefore it is good practice (and indeed sometimes necessary
|
||||
under Linux) to put an
|
||||
.BR fseek ()
|
||||
.BR fseek (3)
|
||||
or
|
||||
.BR fgetpos ()
|
||||
.BR fgetpos (3)
|
||||
operation between write and read operations on such a stream.
|
||||
This operation may be an apparent no-op (as in \fIfseek(..., 0L,
|
||||
SEEK_CUR)\fR called for its synchronizing side effect.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ For output streams this discards any unwritten output.
|
|||
For input streams this discards any input read from the underlying object
|
||||
but not yet obtained via
|
||||
.BR getc (3);
|
||||
this includes any text pushed back via \fIungetc\fP(). See also
|
||||
this includes any text pushed back via \fIungetc\fP(3). See also
|
||||
.BR fflush (3).
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
The function
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ The behaviour of \fBfputwc\fP() depends on the LC_CTYPE category of the
|
|||
current locale.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
In the absence of additional information passed to the
|
||||
.BR fopen ()
|
||||
.BR fopen (3)
|
||||
call, it is
|
||||
reasonable to expect that \fBfputwc\fP() will actually write the multibyte
|
||||
sequence corresponding to the wide character \fIwc\fP.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ The behaviour of \fBfputws\fP() depends on the LC_CTYPE category of the
|
|||
current locale.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
In the absence of additional information passed to the
|
||||
.BR fopen ()
|
||||
.BR fopen (3)
|
||||
call, it is
|
||||
reasonable to expect that \fBfputws\fP() will actually write the multibyte
|
||||
string corresponding to the wide-character string \fIws\fP.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ fseeko, ftello \- seek to or report file position
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBfseeko\fP() and \fBftello\fP() functions are identical to
|
||||
\fBfseek\fP() and \fBftell\fP() (see
|
||||
\fBfseek\fP(3) and \fBftell\fP(3) (see
|
||||
.BR fseek (3)),
|
||||
respectively, except that the \fIoffset\fP argument of \fBfseeko\fP()
|
||||
and the return value of \fBftello\fP() is of type \fIoff_t\fP
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ C99, POSIX.1-2001.
|
|||
.BR fwprintf (3)
|
||||
.SH NOTES
|
||||
Wide-character output to a byte oriented stream can be performed through the
|
||||
\fBfprintf\fP() function with the %lc and %ls directives.
|
||||
\fBfprintf\fP(3) function with the %lc and %ls directives.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
Char oriented output to a wide-character oriented stream can be performed
|
||||
through the \fBfwprintf\fP() function with the %c and %s directives.
|
||||
through the \fBfwprintf\fP(3) function with the %c and %s directives.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ F format or E format.
|
|||
.SH NOTES
|
||||
This function is obsolete.
|
||||
Instead,
|
||||
.BR sprintf ()
|
||||
.BR sprintf (3)
|
||||
is recommended.
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
The \fBgcvt\fP() function returns the address of the string pointed to
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ is undefined.
|
|||
As an extension to the POSIX.1-2001 standard, Linux (libc4, libc5, glibc)
|
||||
.BR getcwd ()
|
||||
allocates the buffer dynamically using
|
||||
.BR malloc ()
|
||||
.BR malloc (3)
|
||||
if
|
||||
.I buf
|
||||
is NULL on call.
|
||||
|
@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ is zero, when
|
|||
is allocated as big as necessary.
|
||||
It is possible (and, indeed,
|
||||
advisable) to
|
||||
.BR free ()
|
||||
.BR free (3)
|
||||
the buffers if they have been obtained this way.
|
||||
|
||||
.BR get_current_dir_name (),
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ values as given above for
|
|||
.IR getdate_err .
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
The POSIX.1-2001 specification for
|
||||
.BR strptime ()
|
||||
.BR strptime (3)
|
||||
contains conversion specifications using the
|
||||
.B %E
|
||||
or
|
||||
|
@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ modifier, while such specifications are not given for
|
|||
The glibc implementation implements
|
||||
.BR getdate ()
|
||||
using
|
||||
.BR strptime ()
|
||||
.BR strptime (3)
|
||||
so that automatically precisely the same conversions are supported by both.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
The glibc implementation does not support the
|
||||
|
@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ conversion specification.
|
|||
File containing format patterns.
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
.BR TZ ", " LC_TIME
|
||||
Variables used by \fBstrptime\fP().
|
||||
Variables used by \fBstrptime\fP(3).
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
POSIX.1-2001
|
||||
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -52,14 +52,14 @@ Alternatively, before calling
|
|||
.BR getline (),
|
||||
.IR "*lineptr"
|
||||
can contain a pointer to a
|
||||
.BR malloc ()\-allocated
|
||||
.BR malloc (3)\-allocated
|
||||
buffer
|
||||
.IR "*n"
|
||||
bytes in size.
|
||||
If the buffer is not large enough to hold the line,
|
||||
.BR getline ()
|
||||
resizes it with
|
||||
.BR realloc (),
|
||||
.BR realloc (3),
|
||||
updating
|
||||
.IR "*lineptr"
|
||||
and
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ The
|
|||
function is dangerous as it may overflow the provided buffer
|
||||
.IR buf .
|
||||
It is obsoleted by
|
||||
.BR getpwuid ().
|
||||
.BR getpwuid (3).
|
||||
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
||||
.BR endpwent (3),
|
||||
.BR fgetpwent (3),
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ that might be passed in
|
|||
The
|
||||
.I tokens
|
||||
argument is pointer to a NULL-terminated list of the tokens that
|
||||
.BR getsupobts ()
|
||||
.BR getsubopt ()
|
||||
will look for in
|
||||
.IR optionp .
|
||||
The tokens should be distinct, null-terminated strings containing at
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ mode_t getumask(void)
|
|||
.in -0.5i
|
||||
except that it is documented to be thread-safe (that is, shares
|
||||
a lock with the
|
||||
.BR umask ()
|
||||
.BR umask (2)
|
||||
library call).
|
||||
.SH NOTES
|
||||
This function is documented but not implemented yet in glibc 2.2.5.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -120,9 +120,9 @@ The following example adds and removes a utmp record, assuming it is run
|
|||
from within a pseudo terminal.
|
||||
For usage in a real application, you
|
||||
should check the return values of
|
||||
.BR getpwuid ()
|
||||
.BR getpwuid (3)
|
||||
and
|
||||
.BR ttyname ().
|
||||
.BR ttyname (3).
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
.nf
|
||||
#include <string.h>
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ getwchar \- read a wide character from standard input
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBgetwchar\fP() function is the wide-character equivalent of the
|
||||
\fBgetchar\fP() function.
|
||||
\fBgetchar\fP(3) function.
|
||||
It reads a wide character from \fBstdin\fP and returns
|
||||
it.
|
||||
If the end of stream is reached, or if \fIferror(stdin)\fP becomes
|
||||
|
@ -42,8 +42,9 @@ C99
|
|||
The behaviour of \fBgetwchar\fP() depends on the LC_CTYPE category of the
|
||||
current locale.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
It is reasonable to expect that \fBgetwchar\fP() will actually read a multibyte
|
||||
sequence from standard input and then convert it to a wide character.
|
||||
It is reasonable to expect that \fBgetwchar\fP() will actually
|
||||
read a multibyte sequence from standard input and then
|
||||
convert it to a wide character.
|
||||
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
||||
.BR fgetwc (3),
|
||||
.BR unlocked_stdio (3)
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -38,9 +38,9 @@ gsignal, ssignal \- software signal facility
|
|||
Don't use these functions under Linux.
|
||||
Due to a historical mistake, under Linux these functions are
|
||||
aliases for
|
||||
.BR raise ()
|
||||
.BR raise (3)
|
||||
and
|
||||
.BR signal (),
|
||||
.BR signal (2),
|
||||
respectively.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
Elsewhere, on System V-like systems, these functions implement
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ These functions return the exponent part of their argument
|
|||
as a signed integer.
|
||||
When no error occurs, these functions
|
||||
are equivalent to the corresponding
|
||||
.BR logb ()
|
||||
.BR logb (3)
|
||||
functions, cast to (int).
|
||||
An error will occur for zero and infinity and NaN,
|
||||
and possibly for overflow.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ iswalpha \- test for alphabetic wide character
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBiswalpha\fP() function is the wide-character equivalent of the
|
||||
\fBisalpha\fP() function.
|
||||
\fBisalpha\fP(3) function.
|
||||
It tests whether \fIwc\fP is a wide character
|
||||
belonging to the wide-character class "alpha".
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ iswblank \- test for whitespace wide character
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBiswblank\fP() function is the wide-character equivalent of the
|
||||
\fBisblank\fP() function.
|
||||
\fBisblank\fP(3) function.
|
||||
It tests whether \fIwc\fP is a wide character
|
||||
belonging to the wide-character class "blank".
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ iswcntrl \- test for control wide character
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBiswcntrl\fP() function is the wide-character equivalent of the
|
||||
\fBiscntrl\fP() function.
|
||||
\fBiscntrl\fP(3) function.
|
||||
It tests whether \fIwc\fP is a wide character
|
||||
belonging to the wide-character class "cntrl".
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ iswdigit \- test for decimal digit wide character
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBiswdigit\fP() function is the wide-character equivalent of the
|
||||
\fBisdigit\fP() function.
|
||||
\fBisdigit\fP(3) function.
|
||||
It tests whether \fIwc\fP is a wide character
|
||||
belonging to the wide-character class "digit".
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ iswgraph \- test for graphic wide character
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBiswgraph\fP() function is the wide-character equivalent of the
|
||||
\fBisgraph\fP() function.
|
||||
\fBisgraph\fP(3) function.
|
||||
It tests whether \fIwc\fP is a wide character
|
||||
belonging to the wide-character class "graph".
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ iswlower \- test for lowercase wide character
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBiswlower\fP() function is the wide-character equivalent of the
|
||||
\fBislower\fP() function.
|
||||
\fBislower\fP(3) function.
|
||||
It tests whether \fIwc\fP is a wide character
|
||||
belonging to the wide-character class "lower".
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ iswprint \- test for printing wide character
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBiswprint\fP() function is the wide-character equivalent of the
|
||||
\fBisprint\fP() function.
|
||||
\fBisprint\fP(3) function.
|
||||
It tests whether \fIwc\fP is a wide character
|
||||
belonging to the wide-character class "print".
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ iswpunct \- test for punctuation or symbolic wide character
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBiswpunct\fP() function is the wide-character equivalent of the
|
||||
\fBispunct\fP() function.
|
||||
\fBispunct\fP(3) function.
|
||||
It tests whether \fIwc\fP is a wide character
|
||||
belonging to the wide-character class "punct".
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ iswspace \- test for whitespace wide character
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBiswspace\fP() function is the wide-character equivalent of the
|
||||
\fBisspace\fP() function.
|
||||
\fBisspace\fP(3) function.
|
||||
It tests whether \fIwc\fP is a wide character
|
||||
belonging to the wide-character class "space".
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ iswupper \- test for uppercase wide character
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBiswupper\fP() function is the wide-character equivalent of the
|
||||
\fBisupper\fP() function.
|
||||
\fBisupper\fP(3) function.
|
||||
It tests whether \fIwc\fP is a wide character
|
||||
belonging to the wide-character class "upper".
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ iswxdigit \- test for hexadecimal digit wide character
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBiswxdigit\fP() function is the wide-character equivalent of the
|
||||
\fBisxdigit\fP() function.
|
||||
\fBisxdigit\fP(3) function.
|
||||
It tests whether \fIwc\fP is a wide character
|
||||
belonging to the wide-character class "xdigit".
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ which behave according to the actual locale in use.
|
|||
C89, C99.
|
||||
.SH BUGS
|
||||
The
|
||||
.BR printf ()
|
||||
.BR printf (3)
|
||||
family of functions may or may not honor the current locale.
|
||||
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
||||
.BR locale (1),
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ On Linux, this call is just an interface for
|
|||
(In general, the relation between
|
||||
.BR lockf ()
|
||||
and
|
||||
.BR fcntl ()
|
||||
.BR fcntl (2)
|
||||
is unspecified.)
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
Valid operations are given below:
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -36,20 +36,21 @@ longjmp, siglongjmp \- non-local jump to a saved stack context
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
.ad b
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
\fBlongjmp\fP() and \fBsetjmp\fP() are useful for dealing with errors
|
||||
\fBlongjmp\fP() and \fBsetjmp\fP(3) are useful for dealing with errors
|
||||
and interrupts encountered in a low-level subroutine of a program.
|
||||
\fBlongjmp\fP() restores the environment saved by the last call of
|
||||
\fBsetjmp\fP() with the corresponding \fIenv\fP argument.
|
||||
\fBsetjmp\fP(3) with the corresponding \fIenv\fP argument.
|
||||
After
|
||||
\fBlongjmp\fP() is completed, program execution continues as if the
|
||||
corresponding call of \fBsetjmp\fP() had just returned the value
|
||||
\fIval\fP. \fBlongjmp\fP() cannot cause 0 to be returned.
|
||||
corresponding call of \fBsetjmp\fP(3) had just returned the value
|
||||
\fIval\fP.
|
||||
\fBlongjmp\fP() cannot cause 0 to be returned.
|
||||
If \fBlongjmp\fP()
|
||||
is invoked with a second argument of 0, 1 will be returned instead.
|
||||
.P
|
||||
\fBsiglongjmp\fP() is similar to \fBlongjmp\fP() except for the type of
|
||||
its \fIenv\fP argument.
|
||||
If the \fBsigsetjmp\fP() call that set this
|
||||
If the \fBsigsetjmp\fP(3) call that set this
|
||||
\fIenv\fP used a non-zero \fIsavesigs\fP flag, \fBsiglongjmp\fP() also
|
||||
restores the set of blocked signals.
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ makecontext, swapcontext \- manipulate user context
|
|||
In a System V-like environment, one has the type \fIucontext_t\fP defined in
|
||||
.I <ucontext.h>
|
||||
and the four functions
|
||||
\fBgetcontext\fP(), \fBsetcontext\fP(), \fBmakecontext\fP()
|
||||
\fBgetcontext\fP(3), \fBsetcontext\fP(3), \fBmakecontext\fP()
|
||||
and \fBswapcontext\fP() that allow user-level context switching
|
||||
between multiple threads of control within a process.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
|
@ -42,13 +42,13 @@ For the type and the first two functions, see
|
|||
.BR getcontext (2).
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
The \fBmakecontext\fP() function modifies the context pointed to
|
||||
by \fIucp\fP (which was obtained from a call to \fBgetcontext\fP()).
|
||||
by \fIucp\fP (which was obtained from a call to \fBgetcontext\fP(3)).
|
||||
Before invoking \fBmakecontext\fP(), the caller must allocate a new stack
|
||||
for this context and assign its address to \fIucp->uc_stack\fP,
|
||||
and define a successor context and
|
||||
assign its address to \fIucp->uc_link\fP.
|
||||
|
||||
When this context is later activated (using \fBsetcontext\fP() or
|
||||
When this context is later activated (using \fBsetcontext\fP(3) or
|
||||
\fBswapcontext\fP()) the function \fIfunc\fP is called,
|
||||
and passed the series of integer
|
||||
.RI ( int )
|
||||
|
@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ SUSv2, POSIX.1-2001.
|
|||
.SH EXAMPLE
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The example program below demonstrates the use of
|
||||
.BR getcontext (),
|
||||
.BR getcontext (3),
|
||||
.BR makecontext (),
|
||||
and
|
||||
.BR swapcontext ().
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ If
|
|||
is set to 0, any detected heap corruption is silently ignored;
|
||||
if set to 1, a diagnostic is printed on stderr;
|
||||
if set to 2,
|
||||
.BR abort ()
|
||||
.BR abort (3)
|
||||
is called immediately.
|
||||
This can be useful because otherwise
|
||||
a crash may happen much later, and the true cause for the problem
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -30,10 +30,10 @@ __after_morecore_hook \- malloc debugging variables
|
|||
.BI "void (*__after_morecore_hook)(void);"
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The GNU C library lets you modify the behavior of
|
||||
.BR malloc (),
|
||||
.BR realloc (),
|
||||
.BR malloc (3),
|
||||
.BR realloc (3),
|
||||
and
|
||||
.BR free ()
|
||||
.BR free (3)
|
||||
by specifying appropriate hook functions.
|
||||
You can use these hooks
|
||||
to help you debug programs that use dynamic memory allocation,
|
||||
|
@ -60,20 +60,20 @@ The four functions pointed to by
|
|||
.BR __memalign_hook ,
|
||||
.BR __free_hook
|
||||
have a prototype like the functions
|
||||
.BR malloc (),
|
||||
.BR realloc (),
|
||||
.BR memalign (),
|
||||
.BR free (),
|
||||
.BR malloc (3),
|
||||
.BR realloc (3),
|
||||
.BR memalign (3),
|
||||
.BR free (3),
|
||||
respectively, except that they have a final argument
|
||||
.I caller
|
||||
that gives the address of the caller of
|
||||
.BR malloc (),
|
||||
.BR malloc (3),
|
||||
etc.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
The variable
|
||||
.B __after_morecore_hook
|
||||
points at a function that is called each time after
|
||||
.BR sbrk ()
|
||||
.BR sbrk (2)
|
||||
was asked for more memory.
|
||||
.SH "EXAMPLE"
|
||||
Here is a short example of how to use these variables.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -62,5 +62,5 @@ C99
|
|||
The behaviour of \fBmblen\fP() depends on the LC_CTYPE category of the
|
||||
current locale.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The function \fBmbrlen\fP() provides a better interface to the same
|
||||
The function \fBmbrlen\fP(3) provides a better interface to the same
|
||||
functionality.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -31,18 +31,19 @@ state is needed for the sake of encodings such as ISO-2022 and UTF-7.
|
|||
.PP
|
||||
The initial state is the state at the beginning of conversion of a string.
|
||||
There are two kinds of state: The one used by multibyte to wide character
|
||||
conversion functions, such as \fBmbsrtowcs\fP(), and the one used by wide
|
||||
character to multibyte conversion functions, such as \fBwcsrtombs\fP(),
|
||||
conversion functions, such as \fBmbsrtowcs\fP(3), and the one used by wide
|
||||
character to multibyte conversion functions, such as \fBwcsrtombs\fP(3),
|
||||
but they both fit in a \fBmbstate_t\fP, and they both have the same
|
||||
representation for an initial state.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
For 8-bit encodings, all states are equivalent to the initial state.
|
||||
For multibyte encodings like UTF-8, EUC-*, BIG5 or SJIS, the wide character
|
||||
to multibyte conversion functions never produce non-initial states, but the
|
||||
multibyte to wide-character conversion functions like \fBmbrtowc\fP() do
|
||||
multibyte to wide-character conversion functions like \fBmbrtowc\fP(3) do
|
||||
produce non-initial states when interrupted in the middle of a character.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
One possible way to create an mbstate_t in initial state is to set it to zero:
|
||||
One possible way to create an mbstate_t in initial
|
||||
state is to set it to zero:
|
||||
.nf
|
||||
mbstate_t state;
|
||||
memset(&state,0,sizeof(mbstate_t));
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ mempcpy, wmempcpy \- copy memory area
|
|||
The
|
||||
.BR mempcpy ()
|
||||
function is nearly identical to the
|
||||
.BR memcpy ()
|
||||
.BR memcpy (3)
|
||||
function.
|
||||
It copies
|
||||
.I n
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ The
|
|||
.I mq_flags
|
||||
field contains flags associated with the open message queue description.
|
||||
This field is initialised when the queue is created by
|
||||
.BR mq_open ().
|
||||
.BR mq_open (3).
|
||||
The only flag that can appear in this field is
|
||||
.BR O_NONBLOCK .
|
||||
|
||||
|
@ -70,12 +70,12 @@ The
|
|||
and
|
||||
.I mq_msgsize
|
||||
fields are set when the message queue is created by
|
||||
.BR mq_open ().
|
||||
.BR mq_open (3).
|
||||
The
|
||||
.I mq_maxmsg
|
||||
field is an upper limit on the number of messages
|
||||
that may be placed on the queue using
|
||||
.BR mq_send ().
|
||||
.BR mq_send (3).
|
||||
The
|
||||
.I mq_msgsize
|
||||
field is an upper limit on the size of messages
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -141,10 +141,10 @@ the queue is emptied and a new message arrives.
|
|||
|
||||
If another process or thread is waiting to read a message
|
||||
from an empty queue using
|
||||
.BR mq_receive (),
|
||||
.BR mq_receive (3),
|
||||
then any message notification registration is ignored:
|
||||
the message is delivered to the process or thread calling
|
||||
.BR mq_receive (),
|
||||
.BR mq_receive (3),
|
||||
and the message notification registration remains in effect.
|
||||
|
||||
Notification occurs once: after a notification is delivered,
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -64,9 +64,9 @@ in
|
|||
.B O_NONBLOCK
|
||||
Open the queue in non-blocking mode.
|
||||
In circumstances where
|
||||
.BR mq_receive ()
|
||||
.BR mq_receive (3)
|
||||
and
|
||||
.BR mq_send ()
|
||||
.BR mq_send (3)
|
||||
would normally block, these functions instead fail with the error
|
||||
.BR EAGAIN .
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -15,10 +15,10 @@ mtrace, muntrace \- malloc debugging
|
|||
The function
|
||||
.BR mtrace ()
|
||||
installs handlers for
|
||||
.BR malloc (),
|
||||
.BR realloc ()
|
||||
.BR malloc (3),
|
||||
.BR realloc (3)
|
||||
and
|
||||
.BR free ().
|
||||
.BR free (3).
|
||||
The function
|
||||
.BR muntrace ()
|
||||
disables these handlers.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -32,9 +32,9 @@ and similarly calls to
|
|||
and
|
||||
.BR nanl ()
|
||||
are equivalent to analogous calls to
|
||||
.BR strtof ()
|
||||
.BR strtof (3)
|
||||
and
|
||||
.BR strtold ().
|
||||
.BR strtold (3).
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The argument
|
||||
.I tagp
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ The
|
|||
.BR forkpty ()
|
||||
function combines
|
||||
.BR openpty (),
|
||||
.BR fork (),
|
||||
.BR fork (2),
|
||||
and
|
||||
.BR login_tty ()
|
||||
to create a new process operating in a pseudo-terminal.
|
||||
|
@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ There are no available ttys.
|
|||
.LP
|
||||
.BR login_pty ()
|
||||
will fail if
|
||||
.BR ioctl ()
|
||||
.BR ioctl (2)
|
||||
fails to set
|
||||
.I fd
|
||||
to the controlling terminal of the current process.
|
||||
|
@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ to the controlling terminal of the current process.
|
|||
will fail if either
|
||||
.BR openpty ()
|
||||
or
|
||||
.BR fork ()
|
||||
.BR fork (2)
|
||||
fails.
|
||||
.SH NOTES
|
||||
These functions are included in libutil, hence you'll need to add
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ is a normal standard I/O stream in all respects save that it must be closed
|
|||
with
|
||||
.BR pclose ()
|
||||
rather than
|
||||
.BR fclose ().
|
||||
.BR fclose (3).
|
||||
Writing to such a stream writes to the standard input of the command; the
|
||||
command's standard output is the same as that of the process that called
|
||||
.BR popen (),
|
||||
|
@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ The
|
|||
.BR pclose ()
|
||||
function waits for the associated process to terminate and returns the exit
|
||||
status of the command as returned by
|
||||
.BR wait4 ().
|
||||
.BR wait4 (2).
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
The
|
||||
.BR popen ()
|
||||
|
@ -120,9 +120,9 @@ function does not set
|
|||
.I errno
|
||||
if memory allocation fails.
|
||||
If the underlying
|
||||
.BR fork ()
|
||||
.BR fork (2)
|
||||
or
|
||||
.BR pipe ()
|
||||
.BR pipe (2)
|
||||
fails,
|
||||
.I errno
|
||||
is set appropriately.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -113,32 +113,32 @@ parameter is correct.
|
|||
POSIX requires that memory obtained from
|
||||
.BR posix_memalign ()
|
||||
can be freed using
|
||||
.BR free ().
|
||||
.BR free (3).
|
||||
Some systems provide no way to reclaim memory allocated with
|
||||
.BR memalign ()
|
||||
or
|
||||
.BR valloc ()
|
||||
(because one can only pass to
|
||||
.BR free ()
|
||||
.BR free (3)
|
||||
a pointer gotten from
|
||||
.BR malloc (),
|
||||
.BR malloc (3),
|
||||
while e.g.
|
||||
.BR memalign ()
|
||||
would call
|
||||
.BR malloc ()
|
||||
.BR malloc (3)
|
||||
and then align the obtained value).
|
||||
.\" Other systems allow passing the result of
|
||||
.\" .IR valloc ()
|
||||
.\" to
|
||||
.\" .IR free (),
|
||||
.\" .IR free (3),
|
||||
.\" but not to
|
||||
.\" .IR realloc ().
|
||||
.\" .IR realloc (3).
|
||||
GNU libc allows memory obtained from any of these three routines to be
|
||||
reclaimed with
|
||||
.BR free ().
|
||||
.BR free (3).
|
||||
|
||||
GNU libc
|
||||
.BR malloc ()
|
||||
.BR malloc (3)
|
||||
always returns 8-byte aligned memory addresses, so these routines are only
|
||||
needed if you require larger alignment values.
|
||||
.SH AVAILABILITY
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -672,7 +672,7 @@ modifier is present, the
|
|||
.I wint_t
|
||||
(wide character) argument is converted to a multibyte sequence by a call
|
||||
to the
|
||||
.BR wcrtomb ()
|
||||
.BR wcrtomb (3)
|
||||
function, with a conversion state starting in the initial state, and the
|
||||
resulting multibyte string is written.
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
|
@ -698,7 +698,7 @@ modifier is present: The
|
|||
argument is expected to be a pointer to an array of wide characters.
|
||||
Wide characters from the array are converted to multibyte characters
|
||||
(each by a call to the
|
||||
.BR wcrtomb ()
|
||||
.BR wcrtomb (3)
|
||||
function, with a conversion state starting in the initial state before
|
||||
the first wide character), up to and including a terminating null
|
||||
wide character.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ putgrent \- write a group database entry to a file
|
|||
The
|
||||
.BR putgrent ()
|
||||
function is the counterpart for
|
||||
.BR fgetgrent ().
|
||||
.BR fgetgrent (3).
|
||||
The function writes the content of the provided struct group into the
|
||||
file pointed to by
|
||||
.IR fp .
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ putwchar \- write a wide character to standard output
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBputwchar\fP() function is the wide-character equivalent of the
|
||||
\fBputchar\fP() function.
|
||||
\fBputchar\fP(3) function.
|
||||
It writes the wide character \fIwc\fP to \fBstdout\fP.
|
||||
If \fIferror(stdout)\fP becomes true, it returns WEOF.
|
||||
If a wide character
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -43,10 +43,10 @@ The functions
|
|||
and
|
||||
.BR qgcvt ()
|
||||
are identical to
|
||||
.BR ecvt ,
|
||||
.BR fcvt
|
||||
.BR ecvt (3),
|
||||
.BR fcvt (3)
|
||||
and
|
||||
.BR gcvt
|
||||
.BR gcvt (3)
|
||||
respectively, except that they use a
|
||||
.I "long double"
|
||||
argument
|
||||
|
@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ and
|
|||
.SH NOTES
|
||||
These functions are obsolete.
|
||||
Instead,
|
||||
.BR sprintf ()
|
||||
.BR sprintf (3)
|
||||
is recommended.
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
SVr4.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -64,11 +64,11 @@ SVr4, 4.3BSD, C89, C99.
|
|||
Library routines suitable for use as the
|
||||
.I compar
|
||||
argument include
|
||||
.BR alphasort ()
|
||||
.BR alphasort (3)
|
||||
and
|
||||
.BR versionsort ().
|
||||
.BR versionsort (3).
|
||||
To compare C strings, the comparison function can call
|
||||
.BR strcmp (),
|
||||
.BR strcmp (3),
|
||||
as shown in the example below.
|
||||
.SH EXAMPLE
|
||||
For one example of use, see the example under
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -123,16 +123,16 @@ impossible to determine a suitable size for the output buffer,
|
|||
According to POSIX a buffer of size PATH_MAX suffices, but
|
||||
PATH_MAX need not be a defined constant, and may have to be
|
||||
obtained using
|
||||
.BR pathconf ().
|
||||
.BR pathconf (3).
|
||||
And asking
|
||||
.BR pathconf ()
|
||||
.BR pathconf (3)
|
||||
does not really help, since on the one hand POSIX warns that
|
||||
the result of
|
||||
.BR pathconf ()
|
||||
.BR pathconf (3)
|
||||
may be huge and unsuitable for mallocing memory.
|
||||
And on the other
|
||||
hand
|
||||
.BR pathconf ()
|
||||
.BR pathconf (3)
|
||||
may return \-1 to signify that PATH_MAX is not bounded.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
The libc4 and libc5 implementation contains a buffer overflow
|
||||
|
@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ In 4.4BSD and Solaris the limit on the pathname length is MAXPATHLEN
|
|||
(found in <sys/param.h>).
|
||||
SUSv2 prescribes PATH_MAX and
|
||||
NAME_MAX, as found in <limits.h> or provided by the
|
||||
.BR pathconf ()
|
||||
.BR pathconf (3)
|
||||
function.
|
||||
A typical source fragment would be
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -39,9 +39,9 @@ remove \- delete a name and possibly the file it refers to
|
|||
.BR remove ()
|
||||
deletes a name from the filesystem.
|
||||
It calls
|
||||
.BR unlink ()
|
||||
.BR unlink (2)
|
||||
for files, and
|
||||
.BR rmdir ()
|
||||
.BR rmdir (2)
|
||||
for directories.
|
||||
|
||||
If the removed name was the
|
||||
|
@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ disappearance of files which are still being used.
|
|||
Under libc4 and libc5,
|
||||
.BR remove ()
|
||||
was an alias for
|
||||
.BR unlink ()
|
||||
.BR unlink (2)
|
||||
(and hence would not remove directories).
|
||||
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
||||
.BR rm (1),
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ Compile with \-std=c99; link with \-lm.
|
|||
These functions round \fIx\fP to the nearest integer, but
|
||||
round halfway cases away from zero (regardless of the current rounding
|
||||
direction), instead of to the nearest even integer like
|
||||
.BR rint ().
|
||||
.BR rint (3).
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
The rounded integer value.
|
||||
If \fIx\fP is integral or infinite,
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ user-supplied response, perhaps obtained with \fBfgets\fP(3) or
|
|||
|
||||
The user's language preference is taken into account per the
|
||||
environment variables \fBLANG\fP, \fBLC_MESSAGES\fP, and \fBLC_ALL\fP,
|
||||
if the program has called \fBsetlocale\fP() to effect their changes.
|
||||
if the program has called \fBsetlocale\fP(3) to effect their changes.
|
||||
|
||||
Regardless of the locale, responses matching \fB^[Yy]\fP are always
|
||||
accepted as affirmative, and those matching \fB^[Nn]\fP are always
|
||||
|
|
10
man3/rtime.3
10
man3/rtime.3
|
@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ In case of error \-1 is returned, and
|
|||
is set appropriately.
|
||||
.SH ERRORS
|
||||
All errors for underlying functions
|
||||
.RB ( sendto (),
|
||||
.BR poll (),
|
||||
.BR recvfrom (),
|
||||
.BR connect (),
|
||||
.BR read ())
|
||||
.RB ( sendto (2),
|
||||
.BR poll (2),
|
||||
.BR recvfrom (2),
|
||||
.BR connect (2),
|
||||
.BR read (2))
|
||||
can occur.
|
||||
Moreover:
|
||||
.TP
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ by FLT_RADIX (probably 2) to the power
|
|||
If FLT_RADIX equals 2, then
|
||||
.BR scalbn ()
|
||||
is equivalent to
|
||||
.BR ldexp ().
|
||||
.BR ldexp (3).
|
||||
|
||||
The value of FLT_RADIX is found in
|
||||
.IR <float.h> .
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -53,9 +53,9 @@ The \fBscandir\fP() function scans the directory \fIdir\fP, calling
|
|||
\fIfilter\fP() on each directory entry.
|
||||
Entries for which
|
||||
\fIfilter\fP() returns non-zero are stored in strings allocated via
|
||||
\fBmalloc\fP(), sorted using \fBqsort\fP() with the comparison
|
||||
\fBmalloc\fP(3), sorted using \fBqsort\fP(3) with the comparison
|
||||
function \fIcompar\fP(), and collected in array \fInamelist\fP
|
||||
which is allocated via \fBmalloc\fP().
|
||||
which is allocated via \fBmalloc\fP(3).
|
||||
If \fIfilter\fP is NULL, all entries are selected.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
The
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -117,9 +117,9 @@ The
|
|||
function scans a variable argument list from the standard input and the
|
||||
.BR vsscanf ()
|
||||
function scans it from a string; these are analogous to the
|
||||
.BR vprintf ()
|
||||
.BR vprintf (3)
|
||||
and
|
||||
.BR vsprintf ()
|
||||
.BR vsprintf (3)
|
||||
functions respectively.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ stream.
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBseekdir\fP() function sets the location in the directory stream
|
||||
from which the next \fBreaddir\fP() call will start. \fBseekdir\fP()
|
||||
should be used with an offset returned by \fBtelldir\fP().
|
||||
from which the next \fBreaddir\fP(2) call will start.
|
||||
\fBseekdir\fP() should be used with an offset returned by \fBtelldir\fP(3).
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
The \fBseekdir\fP() function returns no value.
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ set an alarm timer to generate a
|
|||
.B SIGALRM
|
||||
signal.
|
||||
This handler performs a
|
||||
.BR sem_post ()
|
||||
.BR sem_post (3)
|
||||
to increment the semaphore that is being waited on in
|
||||
.I main()
|
||||
using
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -36,20 +36,20 @@ setjmp, sigsetjmp \- save stack context for non-local goto
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
.ad b
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
\fBsetjmp\fP() and \fBlongjmp\fP() are useful for dealing with errors
|
||||
\fBsetjmp\fP() and \fBlongjmp\fP(3) are useful for dealing with errors
|
||||
and interrupts encountered in a low-level subroutine of a program.
|
||||
\fBsetjmp\fP() saves the stack context/environment in \fIenv\fP for
|
||||
later use by \fBlongjmp\fP().
|
||||
later use by \fBlongjmp\fP(3).
|
||||
The stack context will be invalidated
|
||||
if the function which called \fBsetjmp\fP() returns.
|
||||
.P
|
||||
\fBsigsetjmp\fP() is similar to \fBsetjmp\fP().
|
||||
If \fIsavesigs\fP is non-zero,
|
||||
the set of blocked signals is saved in \fIenv\fP and will be restored
|
||||
if a \fBsiglongjmp\fP() is later performed with this \fIenv\fP.
|
||||
if a \fBsiglongjmp\fP(3) is later performed with this \fIenv\fP.
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
\fBsetjmp\fP() and \fBsigsetjmp\fP() return 0 if returning directly, and
|
||||
non-zero when returning from \fBlongjmp\fP() using the saved context.
|
||||
non-zero when returning from \fBlongjmp\fP(3) using the saved context.
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
C89, C99, and POSIX.1-2001 specify \fBsetjmp\fP().
|
||||
POSIX.1-2001 specifies \fBsigsetjmp\fP().
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -141,17 +141,17 @@ A program may be made portable to all locales by calling
|
|||
.B setlocale(LC_ALL, """""")
|
||||
after program initialization, by using the values returned
|
||||
from a
|
||||
.BR localeconv ()
|
||||
.BR localeconv (3)
|
||||
call
|
||||
for locale-dependent information, by using the multi-byte and wide
|
||||
character functions for text processing if
|
||||
.BR "MB_CUR_MAX > 1" ,
|
||||
and by using
|
||||
.BR strcoll () ,
|
||||
.BR wcscoll ()
|
||||
.BR strcoll (3) ,
|
||||
.BR wcscoll (3)
|
||||
or
|
||||
.BR strxfrm (),
|
||||
.BR wcsxfrm ()
|
||||
.BR strxfrm (3),
|
||||
.BR wcsxfrm (3)
|
||||
to compare strings.
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
A successful call to
|
||||
|
@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ locale (e.g. in libc-4.5.21 and libc-4.6.27), and the Russian
|
|||
(more precisely, "koi-8r") locale (e.g. in libc-4.6.27),
|
||||
so that having an environment variable LC_CTYPE=ISO-8859-1
|
||||
sufficed to make
|
||||
.BR isprint ()
|
||||
.BR isprint (3)
|
||||
return the right answer.
|
||||
These days non-English speaking Europeans have to work a bit harder,
|
||||
and must install actual locale files.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ prototype more easily readable.
|
|||
The
|
||||
.BR sigset ()
|
||||
function provides reliable signal handling semantics (as when calling
|
||||
.BR sigaction ()
|
||||
.BR sigaction (2)
|
||||
with
|
||||
.I sa_mask
|
||||
equal to 0).
|
||||
|
@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ equal to 0).
|
|||
On System V, the
|
||||
.BR signal ()
|
||||
function provides unreliable semantics (as when calling
|
||||
.BR sigaction ()
|
||||
.BR sigaction (2)
|
||||
with
|
||||
.I sa_mask
|
||||
equal to
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ Handle the signal on the alternate signal stack
|
|||
(historically established under BSD using the obsolete
|
||||
.BR sigstack ()
|
||||
function; the POSIX replacement is
|
||||
.BR sigaltstack ()).
|
||||
.BR sigaltstack (2)).
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
The
|
||||
.BR sigmask ()
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -44,13 +44,13 @@ POSIX.1-2001.
|
|||
may be implemented using
|
||||
.BR SIGALRM ;
|
||||
mixing calls to
|
||||
.BR alarm ()
|
||||
.BR alarm (3)
|
||||
and
|
||||
.BR sleep ()
|
||||
is a bad idea.
|
||||
.PP
|
||||
Using
|
||||
.BR longjmp ()
|
||||
.BR longjmp (3)
|
||||
from a signal handler or modifying the handling of
|
||||
.B SIGALRM
|
||||
while sleeping will cause undefined results.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ can safely be called from a handler for the SIGURG signal.
|
|||
.BR sockatmark ()
|
||||
is implemented using the
|
||||
.B SIOCATMARK
|
||||
.BR ioctl ()
|
||||
.BR ioctl (2)
|
||||
operation.
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
POSIX.1-2001
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ as appropriate for the current locale.
|
|||
SVr4, 4.3BSD, C89, C99.
|
||||
.SH NOTES
|
||||
In the \fI"POSIX"\fP or \fI"C"\fP locales \fBstrcoll\fP() is equivalent to
|
||||
\fBstrcmp\fP().
|
||||
\fBstrcmp\fP(3).
|
||||
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
||||
.BR bcmp (3),
|
||||
.BR memcmp (3),
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ The \fBstrerror\fP() function returns a string describing the error
|
|||
code passed in the argument \fIerrnum\fP, possibly using the LC_MESSAGES
|
||||
part of the current locale to select the appropriate language.
|
||||
This string must not be modified by the application, but may be
|
||||
modified by a subsequent call to \fBperror\fP() or \fBstrerror\fP().
|
||||
modified by a subsequent call to \fBperror\fP(3) or \fBstrerror\fP().
|
||||
No library function will modify this string.
|
||||
|
||||
The \fBstrerror_r\fP() function is similar to \fBstrerror\fP(), but is
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ strptime \- convert a string representation of time to a time tm structure
|
|||
The
|
||||
.BR strptime ()
|
||||
function is the converse function to
|
||||
.BR strftime ()
|
||||
.BR strftime (3)
|
||||
and converts the character string pointed to by
|
||||
.I s
|
||||
to values which are stored in the
|
||||
|
@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ returns NULL.
|
|||
SUSv2, POSIX.1-2001.
|
||||
.SH EXAMPLE
|
||||
The following example demonstrates the use of \fBstrptime\fP()
|
||||
and \fBstrftime\fP().
|
||||
and \fBstrftime\fP(3).
|
||||
.sp
|
||||
.nf
|
||||
#include <stdio.h>
|
||||
|
@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ main(void)
|
|||
For reasons of symmetry, glibc tries to support for
|
||||
.BR strptime ()
|
||||
the same format characters as for
|
||||
.BR strftime ().
|
||||
.BR strftime (3).
|
||||
(In most cases the corresponding fields are parsed, but no field in \fItm\fP
|
||||
is changed.)
|
||||
This leads to
|
||||
|
@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ An RFC-822/ISO 8601 standard time zone specification.
|
|||
.B %Z
|
||||
The timezone name.
|
||||
.LP
|
||||
Similarly, because of GNU extensions to \fIstrftime\fP(),
|
||||
Similarly, because of GNU extensions to \fIstrftime\fP(3),
|
||||
%k is accepted as a synonym for %H, and %l should be accepted
|
||||
as a synonym for %I, and %P is accepted as a synonym for %p.
|
||||
Finally
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -53,10 +53,10 @@ The \fBstrsep\fP() function returns a pointer to the token,
|
|||
that is, it returns the original value of *\fIstringp\fP.
|
||||
.SH NOTES
|
||||
The \fBstrsep\fP() function was introduced as a replacement for
|
||||
\fBstrtok\fP(), since the latter cannot handle empty fields.
|
||||
However, \fBstrtok\fP() conforms to C89/C99 and hence is more portable.
|
||||
\fBstrtok\fP(3), since the latter cannot handle empty fields.
|
||||
However, \fBstrtok\fP(3) conforms to C89/C99 and hence is more portable.
|
||||
.SH BUGS
|
||||
This function suffers from the same problems as \fBstrtok\fP().
|
||||
This function suffers from the same problems as \fBstrtok\fP(3).
|
||||
In particular, it modifies the original string.
|
||||
Avoid it.
|
||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ strtoimax, strtoumax \- convert string to integer
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
These functions are just like
|
||||
.BR strtol ()
|
||||
.BR strtol (3)
|
||||
and
|
||||
.BR strtoul (),
|
||||
.BR strtoul (3),
|
||||
except that they return a value of type
|
||||
.B intmax_t
|
||||
and
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ which again uses
|
|||
Thus, the task of
|
||||
.BR strverscmp ()
|
||||
is to compare two strings and find the "right" order, while
|
||||
.BR strcmp ()
|
||||
.BR strcmp (3)
|
||||
only finds the lexicographic order.
|
||||
This function does not use
|
||||
the locale category LC_COLLATE, so is meant mostly for situations
|
||||
|
@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ Find the largest consecutive digit strings containing (or starting at,
|
|||
or ending at) this position.
|
||||
If one or both of these is empty,
|
||||
then return what
|
||||
.BR strcmp ()
|
||||
.BR strcmp (3)
|
||||
would have returned (numerical ordering of byte values).
|
||||
Otherwise, compare both digit strings numerically, where digit strings with
|
||||
one or more leading zeroes are interpreted as if they have a decimal point
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -36,9 +36,9 @@ strxfrm \- string transformation
|
|||
.fi
|
||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||
The \fBstrxfrm\fP() function transforms the \fIsrc\fP string into a
|
||||
form such that the result of \fBstrcmp\fP() on two strings that have
|
||||
form such that the result of \fBstrcmp\fP(3) on two strings that have
|
||||
been transformed with \fBstrxfrm\fP() is the same as the result of
|
||||
\fBstrcoll\fP() on the two strings before their transformation.
|
||||
\fBstrcoll\fP(3) on the two strings before their transformation.
|
||||
The first \fIn\fP characters of the transformed string are placed in
|
||||
\fIdest\fP.
|
||||
The transformation is based on the program's current
|
||||
|
@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ contents of \fIdest\fP are indeterminate.
|
|||
SVr4, 4.3BSD, C89, C99
|
||||
.SH NOTES
|
||||
In the \fI"POSIX"\fP or \fI"C"\fP locales \fBstrxfrm\fP() is equivalent to
|
||||
copying the string with \fBstrncpy\fP().
|
||||
copying the string with \fBstrncpy\fP(3).
|
||||
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
||||
.BR bcmp (3),
|
||||
.BR memcmp (3),
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ and
|
|||
will be ignored.
|
||||
.SH "RETURN VALUE"
|
||||
The value returned is \-1 on error (e.g.
|
||||
.BR fork ()
|
||||
.BR fork (2)
|
||||
failed),
|
||||
and the return status of the command otherwise.
|
||||
This latter return status is in the format
|
||||
|
@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ the calling program has previously called
|
|||
.PP
|
||||
It is possible for the shell command to return 127, so that code is not
|
||||
a sure indication that the
|
||||
.BR execve ()
|
||||
.BR execve (2)
|
||||
call failed.
|
||||
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
||||
.BR sh (1),
|
||||
|
|
Some files were not shown because too many files have changed in this diff Show More
Loading…
Reference in New Issue