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This commit is contained in:
Michael Kerrisk 2007-04-05 12:36:57 +00:00
parent b9208776db
commit cf0a9ace57
175 changed files with 637 additions and 1238 deletions
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21
Changes
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@ -12,16 +12,27 @@ been incorporated in changes in this release:
Apologies if I missed anyone! Apologies if I missed anyone!
New pages
---------
Global changes Global changes
-------------- --------------
This release consists mainly of formatting fixes (to a large
number of pages) to achieve greater consistency across pages.
In addition, a number of example programs were reformatted
to more closely match K&R style.
With the exception of the few individual changes noted below,
no changes were made to content.
Typographical or grammatical errors have been corrected in several Typographical or grammatical errors have been corrected in several
places. (Special thanks to Nicolas François!) places.
Changes to individual pages Changes to individual pages
--------------------------- ---------------------------
bdflush.2
mtk
Add <sys/kdaemon.h> header file to SYNOPSIS.
select_tut.2
mtk
Make SYNOPSIS match select.2.

2
man2/accept.2
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@ -45,7 +45,6 @@ accept \- accept a connection on a socket
.sp .sp
.BI "int accept(int " sockfd ", struct sockaddr *" addr ", socklen_t *" addrlen ); .BI "int accept(int " sockfd ", struct sockaddr *" addr ", socklen_t *" addrlen );
.SH DESCRIPTION .SH DESCRIPTION
The The
.BR accept () .BR accept ()
system call is used with connection-based socket types system call is used with connection-based socket types
@ -294,7 +293,6 @@ They shouldn't have touched it in the first place, but once they did
they felt it had to have a named type for some unfathomable reason they felt it had to have a named type for some unfathomable reason
(probably somebody didn't like losing face over having done the original (probably somebody didn't like losing face over having done the original
stupid thing, so they silently just renamed their blunder)." stupid thing, so they silently just renamed their blunder)."
.SH "SEE ALSO" .SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR bind (2), .BR bind (2),
.BR connect (2), .BR connect (2),

5
man2/chmod.2
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@ -50,7 +50,6 @@ Modes are specified by
.IR or'ing .IR or'ing
the following: the following:
.RS .RS
.sp
.TP 1.0i .TP 1.0i
S_ISUID S_ISUID
04000 set user ID on execution 04000 set user ID on execution
@ -87,9 +86,8 @@ S_IWOTH
.TP .TP
S_IXOTH S_IXOTH
00001 execute/search by others 00001 execute/search by others
.sp
.RE .RE
.PP
The effective UID of the calling process must match the owner of the file, The effective UID of the calling process must match the owner of the file,
or the process must be privileged (Linux: it must have the or the process must be privileged (Linux: it must have the
.B CAP_FOWNER .B CAP_FOWNER
@ -127,7 +125,6 @@ Depending on the file system, other errors can be returned. The more
general errors for general errors for
.BR chmod () .BR chmod ()
are listed below: are listed below:
.TP .TP
.B EACCES .B EACCES
Search permission is denied on a component of the path prefix. Search permission is denied on a component of the path prefix.

1
man2/clone.2
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@ -515,7 +515,6 @@ at that address.
The address involved may be changed by the The address involved may be changed by the
.BR set_tid_address (2) .BR set_tid_address (2)
system call. This is used by threading libraries. system call. This is used by threading libraries.
.SS "sys_clone" .SS "sys_clone"
The The
.B sys_clone .B sys_clone

1
man2/epoll_create.2
View File

@ -59,7 +59,6 @@ is set appropriately.
.I size .I size
is not positive. is not positive.
.TP .TP
.TP
.B ENFILE .B ENFILE
The system limit on the total number of open files has been reached. The system limit on the total number of open files has been reached.
.TP .TP

22
man2/epoll_ctl.2
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@ -42,19 +42,21 @@ The
.I struct epoll_event .I struct epoll_event
is defined as : is defined as :
.sp .sp
.in +0.5i
.nf .nf
typedef union epoll_data { typedef union epoll_data {
void *ptr; void *ptr;
int fd; int fd;
__uint32_t u32; __uint32_t u32;
__uint64_t u64; __uint64_t u64;
} epoll_data_t; } epoll_data_t;
struct epoll_event { struct epoll_event {
__uint32_t events; /* Epoll events */ __uint32_t events; /* Epoll events */
epoll_data_t data; /* User data variable */ epoll_data_t data; /* User data variable */
}; };
.fi .fi
.in -0.5i
The The
.I events .I events

22
man2/epoll_wait.2
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@ -62,19 +62,21 @@ The
.I struct epoll_event .I struct epoll_event
is defined as : is defined as :
.sp .sp
.in +0.5i
.nf .nf
typedef union epoll_data { typedef union epoll_data {
void *ptr; void *ptr;
int fd; int fd;
__uint32_t u32; __uint32_t u32;
__uint64_t u64; __uint64_t u64;
} epoll_data_t; } epoll_data_t;
struct epoll_event { struct epoll_event {
__uint32_t events; /* Epoll events */ __uint32_t events; /* Epoll events */
epoll_data_t data; /* User data variable */ epoll_data_t data; /* User data variable */
}; };
.fi .fi
.in -0.5i
The The
.I data .I data

2
man2/execve.2
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@ -318,7 +318,6 @@ a #! executable shell script.
.\" Linux versions have also had other security holes in \fBexecve\fP(), .\" Linux versions have also had other security holes in \fBexecve\fP(),
.\" that could be exploited for denial of service by a suitably crafted .\" that could be exploited for denial of service by a suitably crafted
.\" ELF binary. There are no known problems with 2.0.34 or 2.2.15. .\" ELF binary. There are no known problems with 2.0.34 or 2.2.15.
.SH HISTORICAL .SH HISTORICAL
With Unix V6 the argument list of an With Unix V6 the argument list of an
.BR exec () .BR exec ()
@ -330,7 +329,6 @@ argument list was not directly usable in a further
.BR exec () .BR exec ()
call. call.
Since Unix V7 both are NULL. Since Unix V7 both are NULL.
.SH "SEE ALSO" .SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR chmod (2), .BR chmod (2),
.BR fork (2), .BR fork (2),

10
man2/fcntl.2
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@ -71,7 +71,6 @@ performs one of the operations described below on the open file descriptor
.IR fd . .IR fd .
The operation is determined by The operation is determined by
.IR cmd . .IR cmd .
.P
.SS "Duplicating a file descriptor" .SS "Duplicating a file descriptor"
.TP .TP
.B F_DUPFD .B F_DUPFD
@ -89,7 +88,6 @@ On success, the new descriptor is returned.
See See
.BR dup (2) .BR dup (2)
for further details. for further details.
.P
.SS "File descriptor flags" .SS "File descriptor flags"
The following commands manipulate the flags associated with The following commands manipulate the flags associated with
a file descriptor. a file descriptor.
@ -108,7 +106,6 @@ Read the file descriptor flags.
.B F_SETFD .B F_SETFD
Set the file descriptor flags to the value specified by Set the file descriptor flags to the value specified by
.IR arg . .IR arg .
.P
.SS "File status flags" .SS "File status flags"
Each open file description has certain associated status flags, Each open file description has certain associated status flags,
initialized by initialized by
@ -153,7 +150,6 @@ flags.
.\" FIXME According to POSIX.1-2001, O_SYNC should also be modifiable .\" FIXME According to POSIX.1-2001, O_SYNC should also be modifiable
.\" via fcntl(2), but currently Linux does not permit this .\" via fcntl(2), but currently Linux does not permit this
.\" See http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=5994 .\" See http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=5994
.P
.SS "Advisory locking" .SS "Advisory locking"
.BR F_GETLK ", " F_SETLK " and " F_SETLKW .BR F_GETLK ", " F_SETLK " and " F_SETLKW
are used to acquire, release, and test for the existence of record are used to acquire, release, and test for the existence of record
@ -329,7 +325,6 @@ should be avoided; use
and and
.BR write (2) .BR write (2)
instead. instead.
.P
.SS "Mandatory locking" .SS "Mandatory locking"
(Non-POSIX.) (Non-POSIX.)
The above record locks may be either advisory or mandatory, The above record locks may be either advisory or mandatory,
@ -375,7 +370,6 @@ permission bit (see
.BR chmod (1) .BR chmod (1)
and and
.BR chmod (2)). .BR chmod (2)).
.P
.SS "Managing signals" .SS "Managing signals"
.BR F_GETOWN ", " F_SETOWN ", " F_GETSIG " and " F_SETSIG .BR F_GETOWN ", " F_SETOWN ", " F_GETSIG " and " F_SETSIG
are used to manage I/O availability signals: are used to manage I/O availability signals:
@ -561,7 +555,6 @@ are Linux specific. POSIX has asynchronous I/O and the
.I aio_sigevent .I aio_sigevent
structure to achieve similar things; these are also available structure to achieve similar things; these are also available
in Linux as part of the GNU C Library (Glibc). in Linux as part of the GNU C Library (Glibc).
.P
.SS Leases .SS Leases
.B F_SETLEASE .B F_SETLEASE
and and
@ -584,7 +577,6 @@ values is specified in the integer
.IR arg : .IR arg :
.RS .RS
.TP
.B F_RDLCK .B F_RDLCK
Take out a read lease. Take out a read lease.
This will cause the calling process to be notified when This will cause the calling process to be notified when
@ -701,7 +693,6 @@ structure as its second argument, and the
field of this argument will hold the descriptor of the leased file field of this argument will hold the descriptor of the leased file
that has been accessed by another process. that has been accessed by another process.
(This is useful if the caller holds leases against multiple files). (This is useful if the caller holds leases against multiple files).
.P
.SS "File and directory change notification (dnotify)" .SS "File and directory change notification (dnotify)"
.TP .TP
.B F_NOTIFY .B F_NOTIFY
@ -713,7 +704,6 @@ The events to be notified are specified in
.IR arg , .IR arg ,
which is a bit mask specified by ORing together zero or more of which is a bit mask specified by ORing together zero or more of
the following bits: the following bits:
.TS .TS
l l l l
---- ----

1
man2/getitimer.2
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@ -107,7 +107,6 @@ If the timer expires while the process is active (always true for
.BR ITIMER_VIRTUAL ) .BR ITIMER_VIRTUAL )
the signal will be delivered immediately when generated. Otherwise the the signal will be delivered immediately when generated. Otherwise the
delivery will be offset by a small time dependent on the system loading. delivery will be offset by a small time dependent on the system loading.
.LP
.SH "RETURN VALUE" .SH "RETURN VALUE"
On success, zero is returned. On error, \-1 is returned, and On success, zero is returned. On error, \-1 is returned, and
.I errno .I errno

1
man2/getresuid.2
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@ -41,7 +41,6 @@ and
(both introduced in Linux 2.1.44) (both introduced in Linux 2.1.44)
get the real UID, effective UID, and saved set-user-ID (resp. group ID's) get the real UID, effective UID, and saved set-user-ID (resp. group ID's)
of the current process. of the current process.
.SH "RETURN VALUE" .SH "RETURN VALUE"
On success, zero is returned. On error, \-1 is returned, and On success, zero is returned. On error, \-1 is returned, and
.I errno .I errno

2
man2/getsockopt.2
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@ -120,12 +120,10 @@ For
.BR setsockopt (), .BR setsockopt (),
the parameter should be non-zero to enable a boolean option, or zero if the the parameter should be non-zero to enable a boolean option, or zero if the
option is to be disabled. option is to be disabled.
.PP .PP
For a description of the available socket options see For a description of the available socket options see
.BR socket (7) .BR socket (7)
and the appropriate protocol man pages. and the appropriate protocol man pages.
.SH "RETURN VALUE" .SH "RETURN VALUE"
On success, zero is returned. On error, \-1 is returned, and On success, zero is returned. On error, \-1 is returned, and
.I errno .I errno

36
man2/intro.2
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@ -55,7 +55,6 @@ on when to use one or other mechanism.
A _syscall macro A _syscall macro
desired system call desired system call
.SS Setup .SS Setup
The important thing to know about a system call is its prototype. You The important thing to know about a system call is its prototype. You
need to know how many arguments, their types, and the function return type. need to know how many arguments, their types, and the function return type.
@ -83,8 +82,8 @@ These macros create a function called \fIname\fP with the arguments you
specify. Once you include the _syscall() in your source file, specify. Once you include the _syscall() in your source file,
you call the system call by \fIname\fP. you call the system call by \fIname\fP.
.SH EXAMPLE .SH EXAMPLE
.nf
.sp .sp
.nf
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h> #include <errno.h>
#include <linux/unistd.h> /* for _syscallX macros/related stuff */ #include <linux/unistd.h> /* for _syscallX macros/related stuff */
@ -95,24 +94,25 @@ _syscall1(int, sysinfo, struct sysinfo *, info);
/* Note: if you copy directly from the nroff source, remember to /* Note: if you copy directly from the nroff source, remember to
REMOVE the extra backslashes in the printf statement. */ REMOVE the extra backslashes in the printf statement. */
int main(void) int
main(void)
{ {
struct sysinfo s_info; struct sysinfo s_info;
int error; int error;
error = sysinfo(&s_info); error = sysinfo(&s_info);
printf("code error = %d\\n", error); printf("code error = %d\\n", error);
printf("Uptime = %lds\\nLoad: 1 min %lu / 5 min %lu / 15 min %lu\\n" printf("Uptime = %lds\\nLoad: 1 min %lu / 5 min %lu / 15 min %lu\\n"
"RAM: total %lu / free %lu / shared %lu\\n" "RAM: total %lu / free %lu / shared %lu\\n"
"Memory in buffers = %lu\\nSwap: total %lu / free %lu\\n" "Memory in buffers = %lu\\nSwap: total %lu / free %lu\\n"
"Number of processes = %d\\n", "Number of processes = %d\\n",
s_info.uptime, s_info.loads[0], s_info.uptime, s_info.loads[0],
s_info.loads[1], s_info.loads[2], s_info.loads[1], s_info.loads[2],
s_info.totalram, s_info.freeram, s_info.totalram, s_info.freeram,
s_info.sharedram, s_info.bufferram, s_info.sharedram, s_info.bufferram,
s_info.totalswap, s_info.freeswap, s_info.totalswap, s_info.freeswap,
s_info.procs); s_info.procs);
return(0); return(0);
} }
.fi .fi
.SS "Sample Output" .SS "Sample Output"

10
man2/ioctl_list.2
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@ -24,9 +24,7 @@
.TH IOCTL_LIST 2 2003-03-30 "Linux 1.3" "Linux Programmer's Manual" .TH IOCTL_LIST 2 2003-03-30 "Linux 1.3" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
.SH NAME .SH NAME
ioctl_list \- list of ioctl calls in Linux/i386 kernel ioctl_list \- list of ioctl calls in Linux/i386 kernel
.SH DESCRIPTION .SH DESCRIPTION
This is Ioctl List 1.3.27, a list of ioctl calls in Linux/i386 kernel This is Ioctl List 1.3.27, a list of ioctl calls in Linux/i386 kernel
1.3.27. It contains 421 ioctls from /usr/include/{asm,linux}/*.h. 1.3.27. It contains 421 ioctls from /usr/include/{asm,linux}/*.h.
For each ioctl, its numerical value, its name, and its argument For each ioctl, its numerical value, its name, and its argument
@ -43,7 +41,6 @@ separate section.
.PP .PP
This list is very incomplete. This list is very incomplete.
Please e-mail changes and comments to <mec@duracef.shout.net>. Please e-mail changes and comments to <mec@duracef.shout.net>.
.SH "IOCTL STRUCTURE" .SH "IOCTL STRUCTURE"
.\" added two sections - aeb .\" added two sections - aeb
Ioctl command values are 32-bit constants. Ioctl command values are 32-bit constants.
@ -79,15 +76,14 @@ sizeof(sizeof(struct)), or because of legacy values.
Thus, it seems that the new structure only gave disadvantages: Thus, it seems that the new structure only gave disadvantages:
it does not help in checking, but it causes varying values it does not help in checking, but it causes varying values
for the various architectures. for the various architectures.
.SH "RETURN VALUE" .SH "RETURN VALUE"
Decent ioctls return 0 on success and \-1 on error, while Decent ioctls return 0 on success and \-1 on error, while
any output value is stored via the argument. However, any output value is stored via the argument. However,
quite a few ioctls in fact return an output value. quite a few ioctls in fact return an output value.
This is not yet indicated below. This is not yet indicated below.
.nf .nf
// Main table. // Main table.
// <include/asm-i386/socket.h> // <include/asm-i386/socket.h>
@ -568,7 +564,6 @@ This is not yet indicated below.
0x0000560A VT_RESIZEX const struct vt_consize * 0x0000560A VT_RESIZEX const struct vt_consize *
// More arguments. // More arguments.
Some ioctl's take a pointer to a structure which contains additional Some ioctl's take a pointer to a structure which contains additional
@ -656,9 +651,6 @@ in 'drivers/char/selection.c'
TIOCLINUX-10 1 + const char * TIOCLINUX-10 1 + const char *
// Duplicate ioctls // Duplicate ioctls
This list does not include ioctls in the range SIOCDEVPRIVATE and This list does not include ioctls in the range SIOCDEVPRIVATE and

1
man2/ioprio_set.2
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@ -141,7 +141,6 @@ I/O priorities are supported for reads and for synchronous (O_DIRECT,
O_SYNC) writes. I/O priorities are not supported for asynchronous O_SYNC) writes. I/O priorities are not supported for asynchronous
writes because they are issued outside the context of the program writes because they are issued outside the context of the program
dirtying the memory, and thus program-specific priorities do not apply. dirtying the memory, and thus program-specific priorities do not apply.
.SH "RETURN VALUE" .SH "RETURN VALUE"
On success, On success,
.BR ioprio_get () .BR ioprio_get ()

1
man2/listen.2
View File

@ -85,7 +85,6 @@ length and this sysctl setting is ignored.
See See
.BR tcp (7) .BR tcp (7)
for more information. for more information.
.SH "RETURN VALUE" .SH "RETURN VALUE"
On success, zero is returned. On error, \-1 is returned, and On success, zero is returned. On error, \-1 is returned, and
.I errno .I errno

1
man2/llseek.2
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@ -60,7 +60,6 @@ or
respectively. respectively.
It returns the resulting file position in the argument It returns the resulting file position in the argument
.IR result . .IR result .
.SH "RETURN VALUE" .SH "RETURN VALUE"
Upon successful completion, Upon successful completion,
.BR _llseek () .BR _llseek ()

2
man2/lookup_dcookie.2
View File

@ -42,7 +42,6 @@ For
.BR lookup_dcookie () .BR lookup_dcookie ()
to return successfully, to return successfully,
the kernel must still hold a cookie reference to the directory entry. the kernel must still hold a cookie reference to the directory entry.
.SH "NOTES" .SH "NOTES"
.BR lookup_dcookie () .BR lookup_dcookie ()
is a special-purpose system call, currently used only by the oprofile profiler. is a special-purpose system call, currently used only by the oprofile profiler.
@ -50,7 +49,6 @@ It relies on a kernel driver to register cookies for directory entries.
The path returned may be suffixed by the string " (deleted)" if the directory The path returned may be suffixed by the string " (deleted)" if the directory
entry has been removed. entry has been removed.
.SH "RETURN VALUE" .SH "RETURN VALUE"
On success, On success,
.BR lookup_dcookie () .BR lookup_dcookie ()

1
man2/lseek.2
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@ -131,7 +131,6 @@ is incorrect English, but maintained for historical reasons.
When converting old code, substitute values for \fIwhence\fP with the When converting old code, substitute values for \fIwhence\fP with the
following macros: following macros:
.PP
.TS .TS
c c c c
l l. l l.

1
man2/mkdir.2
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@ -39,7 +39,6 @@ otherwise it will be owned by the effective group ID of the process.
If the parent directory has the set-group-ID bit set then so will the If the parent directory has the set-group-ID bit set then so will the
newly created directory. newly created directory.
.SH "RETURN VALUE" .SH "RETURN VALUE"
.BR mkdir () .BR mkdir ()
returns zero on success, or \-1 if an error occurred (in which case, returns zero on success, or \-1 if an error occurred (in which case,

2
man2/mmap2.2
View File

@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ and
is set appropriately. is set appropriately.
.SH ERRORS .SH ERRORS
.TP .TP
.SH EFAULT EFAULT
Problem with getting the Problem with getting the
data from userspace. data from userspace.
.SH NOTES .SH NOTES

1
man2/mount.2
View File

@ -275,7 +275,6 @@ is set appropriately.
The error values given below result from filesystem type independent The error values given below result from filesystem type independent
errors. Each filesystem type may have its own special errors and its errors. Each filesystem type may have its own special errors and its
own special behavior. See the kernel source code for details. own special behavior. See the kernel source code for details.
.TP .TP
.B EACCES .B EACCES
A component of a path was not searchable. (See also A component of a path was not searchable. (See also

1
man2/open.2
View File

@ -260,7 +260,6 @@ For a discussion of the effect of
.BR O_NONBLOCK .BR O_NONBLOCK
in conjunction with mandatory file locks and with file leases, see in conjunction with mandatory file locks and with file leases, see
.BR fcntl (2). .BR fcntl (2).
.TP .TP
.B O_SYNC .B O_SYNC
The file is opened for synchronous I/O. Any The file is opened for synchronous I/O. Any

12
man2/path_resolution.2
View File

@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ Unix/Linux path resolution \- find the file referred to by a filename
.SH DESCRIPTION .SH DESCRIPTION
Some Unix/Linux system calls have as parameter one or more filenames. Some Unix/Linux system calls have as parameter one or more filenames.
A filename (or pathname) is resolved as follows. A filename (or pathname) is resolved as follows.
.SS "Step 1: Start of the resolution process" .SS "Step 1: Start of the resolution process"
If the pathname starts with the '/' character, the starting lookup directory If the pathname starts with the '/' character, the starting lookup directory
is the root directory of the current process. (A process inherits its is the root directory of the current process. (A process inherits its
@ -49,7 +48,6 @@ system call.)
Pathnames starting with a '/' character are called absolute pathnames. Pathnames starting with a '/' character are called absolute pathnames.
Pathnames not starting with a '/' are called relative pathnames. Pathnames not starting with a '/' are called relative pathnames.
.SS "Step 2: Walk along the path" .SS "Step 2: Walk along the path"
Set the current lookup directory to the starting lookup directory. Set the current lookup directory to the starting lookup directory.
Now, for each non-final component of the pathname, where a component Now, for each non-final component of the pathname, where a component
@ -86,7 +84,6 @@ exceeded ("Too many levels of symbolic links").
.\" presently: max recursion depth during symlink resolution: 5 .\" presently: max recursion depth during symlink resolution: 5
.\" max total number of symlinks followed: 40 .\" max total number of symlinks followed: 40
.\" _POSIX_SYMLOOP_MAX is 8 .\" _POSIX_SYMLOOP_MAX is 8
.SS "Step 3: Find the final entry" .SS "Step 3: Find the final entry"
The lookup of the final component of the pathname goes just like The lookup of the final component of the pathname goes just like
that of all other components, as described in the previous step, that of all other components, as described in the previous step,
@ -98,7 +95,6 @@ is not necessarily an error if the component is not found \(em
maybe we are just creating it. The details on the treatment maybe we are just creating it. The details on the treatment
of the final entry are described in the manual pages of the specific of the final entry are described in the manual pages of the specific
system calls. system calls.
.SS ". and .." .SS ". and .."
By convention, every directory has the entries "." and "..", By convention, every directory has the entries "." and "..",
which refer to the directory itself and to its parent directory, which refer to the directory itself and to its parent directory,
@ -109,7 +105,6 @@ their conventional meanings, regardless of whether they are
actually present in the physical filesystem. actually present in the physical filesystem.
One cannot walk down past the root: "/.." is the same as "/". One cannot walk down past the root: "/.." is the same as "/".
.SS "Mount points" .SS "Mount points"
After a "mount dev path" command, the pathname "path" refers to After a "mount dev path" command, the pathname "path" refers to
the root of the filesystem hierarchy on the device "dev", and no the root of the filesystem hierarchy on the device "dev", and no
@ -118,14 +113,12 @@ longer to whatever it referred to earlier.
One can walk out of a mounted filesystem: "path/.." refers to One can walk out of a mounted filesystem: "path/.." refers to
the parent directory of "path", the parent directory of "path",
outside of the filesystem hierarchy on "dev". outside of the filesystem hierarchy on "dev".
.SS "Trailing slashes" .SS "Trailing slashes"
If a pathname ends in a '/', that forces resolution of the preceding If a pathname ends in a '/', that forces resolution of the preceding
component as in Step 2: it has to exist and resolve to a directory. component as in Step 2: it has to exist and resolve to a directory.
Otherwise a trailing '/' is ignored. Otherwise a trailing '/' is ignored.
(Or, equivalently, a pathname with a trailing '/' is equivalent to (Or, equivalently, a pathname with a trailing '/' is equivalent to
the pathname obtained by appending '.' to it.) the pathname obtained by appending '.' to it.)
.SS "Final symlink" .SS "Final symlink"
If the last component of a pathname is a symbolic link, then it If the last component of a pathname is a symbolic link, then it
depends on the system call whether the file referred to will be depends on the system call whether the file referred to will be
@ -135,17 +128,14 @@ For example, the system call
will operate on the symlink, while will operate on the symlink, while
.BR stat (2) .BR stat (2)
operates on the file pointed to by the symlink. operates on the file pointed to by the symlink.
.SS "Length limit" .SS "Length limit"
There is a maximum length for pathnames. If the pathname (or some There is a maximum length for pathnames. If the pathname (or some
intermediate pathname obtained while resolving symbolic links) intermediate pathname obtained while resolving symbolic links)
is too long, an ENAMETOOLONG error is returned ("File name too long"). is too long, an ENAMETOOLONG error is returned ("File name too long").
.SS "Empty pathname" .SS "Empty pathname"
In the original Unix, the empty pathname referred to the current directory. In the original Unix, the empty pathname referred to the current directory.
Nowadays POSIX decrees that an empty pathname must not be resolved Nowadays POSIX decrees that an empty pathname must not be resolved
successfully. Linux returns ENOENT in this case. successfully. Linux returns ENOENT in this case.
.SS "Permissions" .SS "Permissions"
The permission bits of a file consist of three groups of three bits, cf.\& The permission bits of a file consist of three groups of three bits, cf.\&
.BR chmod (1) .BR chmod (1)
@ -178,7 +168,6 @@ Similarly, Linux uses the fsgid ("file system group ID")
instead of the effective group ID. See instead of the effective group ID. See
.BR setfsgid (2). .BR setfsgid (2).
.\" FIXME say something about filesystem mounted read-only ? .\" FIXME say something about filesystem mounted read-only ?
.SS "Bypassing permission checks: superuser and capabilities" .SS "Bypassing permission checks: superuser and capabilities"
On a traditional Unix system, the superuser On a traditional Unix system, the superuser
.RI ( root , .RI ( root ,
@ -205,6 +194,5 @@ The CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH capability grants read and search permission
on directories, and read permission on ordinary files. on directories, and read permission on ordinary files.
.\" FIXME say something about immutable files .\" FIXME say something about immutable files
.\" FIXME say something about ACLs .\" FIXME say something about ACLs
.SH "SEE ALSO" .SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR capabilities (7) .BR capabilities (7)

1
man2/pipe.2
View File

@ -115,7 +115,6 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
} }
} }
.fi .fi
.SH "SEE ALSO" .SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR fork (2), .BR fork (2),

1
man2/pivot_root.2
View File

@ -80,7 +80,6 @@ On success, zero is returned. On error, \-1 is returned, and
.SH ERRORS .SH ERRORS
\fBpivot_root\fP() may return (in \fIerrno\fP) any of the errors returned by \fBpivot_root\fP() may return (in \fIerrno\fP) any of the errors returned by
\fBstat(2)\fP. Additionally, it may return: \fBstat(2)\fP. Additionally, it may return:
.TP .TP
.B EBUSY .B EBUSY
\fInew_root\fP or \fIput_old\fP are on the current root file system, \fInew_root\fP or \fIput_old\fP are on the current root file system,

1
man2/poll.2
View File

@ -170,7 +170,6 @@ Priority data may be written.
.PP .PP
Linux also knows about, but does not use Linux also knows about, but does not use
.BR POLLMSG . .BR POLLMSG .
.PP
.SS ppoll() .SS ppoll()
The relationship between The relationship between
.BR poll () .BR poll ()

1
man2/quotactl.2
View File

@ -167,7 +167,6 @@ Sync disk copy of a filesystem's quota.
.TP .TP
.B Q_GETSTATS .B Q_GETSTATS
Get collected stats. Get collected stats.
.SH "RETURN VALUE" .SH "RETURN VALUE"
On success, On success,
.BR quotactl () .BR quotactl ()

1
man2/read.2
View File

@ -56,7 +56,6 @@ is zero, \fBread\fP() returns zero and has no other results.
If If
.I count .I count
is greater than SSIZE_MAX, the result is unspecified. is greater than SSIZE_MAX, the result is unspecified.
.PP
.SH "RETURN VALUE" .SH "RETURN VALUE"
On success, the number of bytes read is returned (zero indicates end of On success, the number of bytes read is returned (zero indicates end of
file), and the file position is advanced by this number. file), and the file position is advanced by this number.

1
man2/readdir.2
View File

@ -90,7 +90,6 @@ is the size of
not counting the null terminator. not counting the null terminator.
.I d_name .I d_name
is a null-terminated filename. is a null-terminated filename.
.PP
.SH "RETURN VALUE" .SH "RETURN VALUE"
On success, 1 is returned. On success, 1 is returned.
On end of directory, 0 is returned. On end of directory, 0 is returned.

1
man2/readv.2
View File

@ -84,7 +84,6 @@ The
function works just like function works just like
.BR write (2) .BR write (2)
except that multiple buffers are written out. except that multiple buffers are written out.
.PP
.SH "RETURN VALUE" .SH "RETURN VALUE"
On success, the On success, the
.BR readv () .BR readv ()

217
man2/select_tut.2
View File

@ -189,26 +189,29 @@ program would look like:
.nf .nf
int child_events = 0; int child_events = 0;
void child_sig_handler (int x) { void
child_sig_handler(int x)
{
child_events++; child_events++;
signal (SIGCHLD, child_sig_handler); signal(SIGCHLD, child_sig_handler);
} }
int main (int argc, char **argv) { int
main(int argc, char **argv)
{
sigset_t sigmask, orig_sigmask; sigset_t sigmask, orig_sigmask;
sigemptyset (&sigmask); sigemptyset(&sigmask);
sigaddset (&sigmask, SIGCHLD); sigaddset(&sigmask, SIGCHLD);
sigprocmask (SIG_BLOCK, &sigmask, sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &sigmask, &orig_sigmask);
&orig_sigmask);
signal (SIGCHLD, child_sig_handler); signal(SIGCHLD, child_sig_handler);
for (;;) { /* main loop */ for (;;) { /* main loop */
for (; child_events > 0; child_events\-\-) { for (; child_events > 0; child_events\-\-) {
/* do event work here */ /* do event work here */
} }
r = pselect (nfds, &rd, &wr, &er, 0, &orig_sigmask); r = pselect(nfds, &rd, &wr, &er, 0, &orig_sigmask);
/* main body of program */ /* main body of program */
} }
@ -257,65 +260,61 @@ static int forward_port;
#undef max #undef max
#define max(x,y) ((x) > (y) ? (x) : (y)) #define max(x,y) ((x) > (y) ? (x) : (y))
static int listen_socket (int listen_port) { static int
listen_socket(int listen_port)
{
struct sockaddr_in a; struct sockaddr_in a;
int s; int s;
int yes; int yes;
if ((s = socket (AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0) { if ((s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0) {
perror ("socket"); perror("socket");
return \-1; return \-1;
} }
yes = 1; yes = 1;
if (setsockopt if (setsockopt(s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR,
(s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, (char *) &yes, sizeof(yes)) < 0) {
(char *) &yes, sizeof (yes)) < 0) { perror("setsockopt");
perror ("setsockopt"); close(s);
close (s);
return \-1; return \-1;
} }
memset (&a, 0, sizeof (a)); memset(&a, 0, sizeof(a));
a.sin_port = htons (listen_port); a.sin_port = htons(listen_port);
a.sin_family = AF_INET; a.sin_family = AF_INET;
if (bind if (bind(s, (struct sockaddr *) &a, sizeof(a)) < 0) {
(s, (struct sockaddr *) &a, sizeof (a)) < 0) { perror("bind");
perror ("bind"); close(s);
close (s);
return \-1; return \-1;
} }
printf ("accepting connections on port %d\\n", printf("accepting connections on port %d\\n", listen_port);
(int) listen_port); listen(s, 10);
listen (s, 10);
return s; return s;
} }
static int connect_socket (int connect_port, static int
char *address) { connect_socket(int connect_port, char *address)
{
struct sockaddr_in a; struct sockaddr_in a;
int s; int s;
if ((s = socket (AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0) { if ((s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0) {
perror ("socket"); perror("socket");
close (s); close(s);
return \-1; return \-1;
} }
memset (&a, 0, sizeof (a)); memset(&a, 0, sizeof(a));
a.sin_port = htons (connect_port); a.sin_port = htons(connect_port);
a.sin_family = AF_INET; a.sin_family = AF_INET;
if (!inet_aton if (!inet_aton(address, (struct in_addr *) &a.sin_addr.s_addr)) {
(address, perror("bad IP address format");
(struct in_addr *) &a.sin_addr.s_addr)) { close(s);
perror ("bad IP address format");
close (s);
return \-1; return \-1;
} }
if (connect if (connect(s, (struct sockaddr *) &a, sizeof(a)) < 0) {
(s, (struct sockaddr *) &a, perror("connect()");
sizeof (a)) < 0) { shutdown(s, SHUT_RDWR);
perror ("connect()"); close(s);
shutdown (s, SHUT_RDWR);
close (s);
return \-1; return \-1;
} }
return s; return s;
@ -323,23 +322,25 @@ static int connect_socket (int connect_port,
#define SHUT_FD1 { \\ #define SHUT_FD1 { \\
if (fd1 >= 0) { \\ if (fd1 >= 0) { \\
shutdown (fd1, SHUT_RDWR); \\ shutdown(fd1, SHUT_RDWR); \\
close (fd1); \\ close(fd1); \\
fd1 = \-1; \\ fd1 = \-1; \\
} \\ } \\
} }
#define SHUT_FD2 { \\ #define SHUT_FD2 { \\
if (fd2 >= 0) { \\ if (fd2 >= 0) { \\
shutdown (fd2, SHUT_RDWR); \\ shutdown(fd2, SHUT_RDWR); \\
close (fd2); \\ close(fd2); \\
fd2 = \-1; \\ fd2 = \-1; \\
} \\ } \\
} }
#define BUF_SIZE 1024 #define BUF_SIZE 1024
int main (int argc, char **argv) { int
main(int argc, char **argv)
{
int h; int h;
int fd1 = \-1, fd2 = \-1; int fd1 = \-1, fd2 = \-1;
char buf1[BUF_SIZE], buf2[BUF_SIZE]; char buf1[BUF_SIZE], buf2[BUF_SIZE];
@ -347,72 +348,70 @@ int main (int argc, char **argv) {
int buf2_avail, buf2_written; int buf2_avail, buf2_written;
if (argc != 4) { if (argc != 4) {
fprintf (stderr, fprintf(stderr,
"Usage\\n\\tfwd <listen-port> \\ "Usage\\n\\tfwd <listen-port> "
<forward-to-port> <forward-to-ip-address>\\n"); "<forward-to-port> <forward-to-ip-address>\\n");
exit (1); exit(1);
} }
signal (SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN); signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
forward_port = atoi (argv[2]); forward_port = atoi(argv[2]);
h = listen_socket (atoi (argv[1])); h = listen_socket(atoi(argv[1]));
if (h < 0) if (h < 0)
exit (1); exit(1);
for (;;) { for (;;) {
int r, nfds = 0; int r, nfds = 0;
fd_set rd, wr, er; fd_set rd, wr, er;
FD_ZERO (&rd); FD_ZERO(&rd);
FD_ZERO (&wr); FD_ZERO(&wr);
FD_ZERO (&er); FD_ZERO(&er);
FD_SET (h, &rd); FD_SET(h, &rd);
nfds = max (nfds, h); nfds = max(nfds, h);
if (fd1 > 0 && buf1_avail < BUF_SIZE) { if (fd1 > 0 && buf1_avail < BUF_SIZE) {
FD_SET (fd1, &rd); FD_SET(fd1, &rd);
nfds = max (nfds, fd1); nfds = max(nfds, fd1);
} }
if (fd2 > 0 && buf2_avail < BUF_SIZE) { if (fd2 > 0 && buf2_avail < BUF_SIZE) {
FD_SET (fd2, &rd); FD_SET(fd2, &rd);
nfds = max (nfds, fd2); nfds = max(nfds, fd2);
} }
if (fd1 > 0 if (fd1 > 0
&& buf2_avail \- buf2_written > 0) { && buf2_avail \- buf2_written > 0) {
FD_SET (fd1, &wr); FD_SET(fd1, &wr);
nfds = max (nfds, fd1); nfds = max(nfds, fd1);
} }
if (fd2 > 0 if (fd2 > 0
&& buf1_avail \- buf1_written > 0) { && buf1_avail \- buf1_written > 0) {
FD_SET (fd2, &wr); FD_SET(fd2, &wr);
nfds = max (nfds, fd2); nfds = max(nfds, fd2);
} }
if (fd1 > 0) { if (fd1 > 0) {
FD_SET (fd1, &er); FD_SET(fd1, &er);
nfds = max (nfds, fd1); nfds = max(nfds, fd1);
} }
if (fd2 > 0) { if (fd2 > 0) {
FD_SET (fd2, &er); FD_SET(fd2, &er);
nfds = max (nfds, fd2); nfds = max(nfds, fd2);
} }
r = select (nfds + 1, &rd, &wr, &er, NULL); r = select(nfds + 1, &rd, &wr, &er, NULL);
if (r == \-1 && errno == EINTR) if (r == \-1 && errno == EINTR)
continue; continue;
if (r < 0) { if (r < 0) {
perror ("select()"); perror("select()");
exit (1); exit(1);
} }
if (FD_ISSET (h, &rd)) { if (FD_ISSET(h, &rd)) {
unsigned int l; unsigned int l;
struct sockaddr_in client_address; struct sockaddr_in client_address;
memset (&client_address, 0, l = memset(&client_address, 0, l = sizeof(client_address));
sizeof (client_address)); r = accept(h, (struct sockaddr *) &client_address, &l);
r = accept (h, (struct sockaddr *)
&client_address, &l);
if (r < 0) { if (r < 0) {
perror ("accept()"); perror("accept()");
} else { } else {
SHUT_FD1; SHUT_FD1;
SHUT_FD2; SHUT_FD2;
@ -420,41 +419,39 @@ int main (int argc, char **argv) {
buf2_avail = buf2_written = 0; buf2_avail = buf2_written = 0;
fd1 = r; fd1 = r;
fd2 = fd2 =
connect_socket (forward_port, connect_socket(forward_port, argv[3]);
argv[3]);
if (fd2 < 0) { if (fd2 < 0) {
SHUT_FD1; SHUT_FD1;
} else } else
printf ("connect from %s\\n", printf("connect from %s\\n",
inet_ntoa inet_ntoa(client_address.sin_addr));
(client_address.sin_addr));
} }
} }
/* NB: read oob data before normal reads */ /* NB: read oob data before normal reads */
if (fd1 > 0) if (fd1 > 0)
if (FD_ISSET (fd1, &er)) { if (FD_ISSET(fd1, &er)) {
char c; char c;
errno = 0; errno = 0;
r = recv (fd1, &c, 1, MSG_OOB); r = recv(fd1, &c, 1, MSG_OOB);
if (r < 1) { if (r < 1) {
SHUT_FD1; SHUT_FD1;
} else } else
send (fd2, &c, 1, MSG_OOB); send(fd2, &c, 1, MSG_OOB);
} }
if (fd2 > 0) if (fd2 > 0)
if (FD_ISSET (fd2, &er)) { if (FD_ISSET(fd2, &er)) {
char c; char c;
errno = 0; errno = 0;
r = recv (fd2, &c, 1, MSG_OOB); r = recv(fd2, &c, 1, MSG_OOB);
if (r < 1) { if (r < 1) {
SHUT_FD1; SHUT_FD1;
} else } else
send (fd1, &c, 1, MSG_OOB); send(fd1, &c, 1, MSG_OOB);
} }
if (fd1 > 0) if (fd1 > 0)
if (FD_ISSET (fd1, &rd)) { if (FD_ISSET(fd1, &rd)) {
r = r =
read (fd1, buf1 + buf1_avail, read(fd1, buf1 + buf1_avail,
BUF_SIZE \- buf1_avail); BUF_SIZE \- buf1_avail);
if (r < 1) { if (r < 1) {
SHUT_FD1; SHUT_FD1;
@ -462,9 +459,9 @@ int main (int argc, char **argv) {
buf1_avail += r; buf1_avail += r;
} }
if (fd2 > 0) if (fd2 > 0)
if (FD_ISSET (fd2, &rd)) { if (FD_ISSET(fd2, &rd)) {
r = r =
read (fd2, buf2 + buf2_avail, read(fd2, buf2 + buf2_avail,
BUF_SIZE \- buf2_avail); BUF_SIZE \- buf2_avail);
if (r < 1) { if (r < 1) {
SHUT_FD2; SHUT_FD2;
@ -472,24 +469,20 @@ int main (int argc, char **argv) {
buf2_avail += r; buf2_avail += r;
} }
if (fd1 > 0) if (fd1 > 0)
if (FD_ISSET (fd1, &wr)) { if (FD_ISSET(fd1, &wr)) {
r = r =
write (fd1, write(fd1, buf2 + buf2_written,
buf2 + buf2_written, buf2_avail \- buf2_written);
buf2_avail \-
buf2_written);
if (r < 1) { if (r < 1) {
SHUT_FD1; SHUT_FD1;
} else } else
buf2_written += r; buf2_written += r;
} }
if (fd2 > 0) if (fd2 > 0)
if (FD_ISSET (fd2, &wr)) { if (FD_ISSET(fd2, &wr)) {
r = r =
write (fd2, write(fd2, buf1 + buf1_written,
buf1 + buf1_written, buf1_avail \- buf1_written);
buf1_avail \-
buf1_written);
if (r < 1) { if (r < 1) {
SHUT_FD2; SHUT_FD2;
} else } else
@ -502,12 +495,10 @@ int main (int argc, char **argv) {
buf2_written = buf2_avail = 0; buf2_written = buf2_avail = 0;
/* one side has closed the connection, keep /* one side has closed the connection, keep
writing to the other side until empty */ writing to the other side until empty */
if (fd1 < 0 if (fd1 < 0 && buf1_avail \- buf1_written == 0) {
&& buf1_avail \- buf1_written == 0) {
SHUT_FD2; SHUT_FD2;
} }
if (fd2 < 0 if (fd2 < 0 && buf2_avail \- buf2_written == 0) {
&& buf2_avail \- buf2_written == 0) {
SHUT_FD1; SHUT_FD1;
} }
} }
@ -625,7 +616,7 @@ follows:
struct timeval tv; struct timeval tv;
tv.tv_sec = 0; tv.tv_sec = 0;
tv.tv_usec = 200000; /* 0.2 seconds */ tv.tv_usec = 200000; /* 0.2 seconds */
select (0, NULL, NULL, NULL, &tv); select(0, NULL, NULL, NULL, &tv);
.fi .fi
.PP .PP
This is only guaranteed to work on Unix systems, however. This is only guaranteed to work on Unix systems, however.

2
man2/set_tid_address.2
View File

@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ The kernel keeps for each process two values called
and and
.I clear_child_tid .I clear_child_tid
that are NULL by default. that are NULL by default.
.SS set_child_tid .SS set_child_tid
If a process is started using If a process is started using
.BR clone (2) .BR clone (2)
@ -50,7 +49,6 @@ When
.I set_child_tid .I set_child_tid
is set, the very first thing the new process does is set, the very first thing the new process does
is writing its PID at this address. is writing its PID at this address.
.SS clear_child_tid .SS clear_child_tid
If a process is started using If a process is started using
.BR clone (2) .BR clone (2)

1
man2/seteuid.2
View File

@ -44,7 +44,6 @@ real user ID, the effective user ID or the saved set-user-ID.
Precisely the same holds for Precisely the same holds for
.BR setegid () .BR setegid ()
with "group" instead of "user". with "group" instead of "user".
.\" When .\" When
.\" .I euid .\" .I euid
.\" equals \-1, nothing is changed. .\" equals \-1, nothing is changed.

1
man2/setpgid.2
View File

@ -113,7 +113,6 @@ If the exit of the process causes a process group to become orphaned,
and if any member of the newly-orphaned process group is stopped, then a and if any member of the newly-orphaned process group is stopped, then a
SIGHUP signal followed by a SIGCONT signal will be sent to each process SIGHUP signal followed by a SIGCONT signal will be sent to each process
in the newly-orphaned process group. in the newly-orphaned process group.
.SH "RETURN VALUE" .SH "RETURN VALUE"
On success, On success,
.BR setpgid () .BR setpgid ()

1
man2/setresuid.2
View File

@ -61,7 +61,6 @@ sets the real GID, effective GID, and saved set-group-ID
of the current process (and always modifies the file system GID of the current process (and always modifies the file system GID
to be the same as the effective GID), to be the same as the effective GID),
with the same restrictions for non-privileged processes. with the same restrictions for non-privileged processes.
.SH "RETURN VALUE" .SH "RETURN VALUE"
On success, zero is returned. On error, \-1 is returned, and On success, zero is returned. On error, \-1 is returned, and
.I errno .I errno

1
man2/setreuid.2
View File

@ -76,7 +76,6 @@ Completely analogously,
.BR setregid () .BR setregid ()
sets real and effective group ID's of the current process, sets real and effective group ID's of the current process,
and all of the above holds with "group" instead of "user". and all of the above holds with "group" instead of "user".
.SH "RETURN VALUE" .SH "RETURN VALUE"
On success, zero is returned. On error, \-1 is returned, and On success, zero is returned. On error, \-1 is returned, and
.I errno .I errno

1
man2/shmctl.2
View File

@ -210,7 +210,6 @@ struct shm_info {
unsigned long swap_attempts; /* Unused since Linux 2.4 */ unsigned long swap_attempts; /* Unused since Linux 2.4 */
unsigned long swap_successes; /* Unused since Linux 2.4 */ unsigned long swap_successes; /* Unused since Linux 2.4 */
}; };
.in -2n .in -2n
.fi .fi
.TP .TP

1
man2/sigaction.2
View File

@ -361,7 +361,6 @@ POLL_ERR:i/o error
POLL_PRI:high priority input available POLL_PRI:high priority input available
POLL_HUP:device disconnected POLL_HUP:device disconnected
.TE .TE
.SH "RETURN VALUE" .SH "RETURN VALUE"
.BR sigaction () .BR sigaction ()
returns 0 on success and \-1 on error. returns 0 on success and \-1 on error.

1
man2/stat.2
View File

@ -335,7 +335,6 @@ Unix V7 (and later systems) had S_IREAD, S_IWRITE, S_IEXEC, where POSIX
prescribes the synonyms S_IRUSR, S_IWUSR, S_IXUSR. prescribes the synonyms S_IRUSR, S_IWUSR, S_IXUSR.
.SH "OTHER SYSTEMS" .SH "OTHER SYSTEMS"
Values that have been (or are) in use on various systems: Values that have been (or are) in use on various systems:
.P
.TS .TS
l l l l l. l l l l l.
hex name ls octal description hex name ls octal description

1
man2/statfs.2
View File

@ -174,7 +174,6 @@ is not a directory.
.TP .TP
.B EOVERFLOW .B EOVERFLOW
Some values were too large to be represented in the returned struct. Some values were too large to be represented in the returned struct.
.PP
.SH "CONFORMING TO" .SH "CONFORMING TO"
Linux specific. Linux specific.
The Linux The Linux

6
man2/statvfs.2
View File

@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ is a pointer to a
structure defined approximately as follows: structure defined approximately as follows:
.nf .nf
struct statvfs { struct statvfs {
unsigned long f_bsize; /* file system block size */ unsigned long f_bsize; /* file system block size */
unsigned long f_frsize; /* fragment size */ unsigned long f_frsize; /* fragment size */
fsblkcnt_t f_blocks; /* size of fs in f_frsize units */ fsblkcnt_t f_blocks; /* size of fs in f_frsize units */
@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ structure defined approximately as follows:
unsigned long f_fsid; /* file system ID */ unsigned long f_fsid; /* file system ID */
unsigned long f_flag; /* mount flags */ unsigned long f_flag; /* mount flags */
unsigned long f_namemax; /* maximum filename length */ unsigned long f_namemax; /* maximum filename length */
}; };
.fi .fi
Here the types Here the types
@ -83,7 +83,6 @@ Read-only file system.
Set-user-ID/set-group-ID bits are ignored by Set-user-ID/set-group-ID bits are ignored by
.BR exec (2). .BR exec (2).
.LP .LP
It is unspecified whether all members of the returned struct It is unspecified whether all members of the returned struct
have meaningful values on all filesystems. have meaningful values on all filesystems.
@ -150,7 +149,6 @@ is not a directory.
.TP .TP
.B EOVERFLOW .B EOVERFLOW
Some values were too large to be represented in the returned struct. Some values were too large to be represented in the returned struct.
.PP
.SH "CONFORMING TO" .SH "CONFORMING TO"
POSIX.1-2001 POSIX.1-2001
.SH NOTES .SH NOTES

37
man2/sysctl.2
View File

@ -51,13 +51,13 @@ or the maximum number of open files. The argument has the form
.PP .PP
.nf .nf
struct __sysctl_args { struct __sysctl_args {
int *name; /* integer vector describing variable */ int *name; /* integer vector describing variable */
int nlen; /* length of this vector */ int nlen; /* length of this vector */
void *oldval; /* 0 or address where to store old value */ void *oldval; /* 0 or address where to store old value */
size_t *oldlenp; /* available room for old value, size_t *oldlenp; /* available room for old value,
overwritten by actual size of old value */ overwritten by actual size of old value */
void *newval; /* 0 or address of new value */ void *newval; /* 0 or address of new value */
size_t newlen; /* size of new value */ size_t newlen; /* size of new value */
}; };
.fi .fi
.PP .PP
@ -66,7 +66,6 @@ a directory tree under
.IR /proc/sys , .IR /proc/sys ,
and if the requested item is found calls some appropriate routine and if the requested item is found calls some appropriate routine
to read or modify the value. to read or modify the value.
.SH EXAMPLE .SH EXAMPLE
.nf .nf
#include <linux/unistd.h> #include <linux/unistd.h>
@ -77,8 +76,9 @@ _syscall1(int, _sysctl, struct __sysctl_args *, args);
int sysctl(int *name, int nlen, void *oldval, size_t *oldlenp, int sysctl(int *name, int nlen, void *oldval, size_t *oldlenp,
void *newval, size_t newlen) void *newval, size_t newlen)
{ {
struct __sysctl_args args={name,nlen,oldval,oldlenp,newval,newlen}; struct __sysctl_args args = { name, nlen, oldval, oldlenp,
return _sysctl(&args); newval, newlen };
return _sysctl(&args);
} }
#define SIZE(x) sizeof(x)/sizeof(x[0]) #define SIZE(x) sizeof(x)/sizeof(x[0])
@ -88,16 +88,17 @@ char osname[OSNAMESZ];
int osnamelth; int osnamelth;
int name[] = { CTL_KERN, KERN_OSTYPE }; int name[] = { CTL_KERN, KERN_OSTYPE };
main(){ int
osnamelth = sizeof(osname); main(void)
if (sysctl(name, SIZE(name), osname, &osnamelth, 0, 0)) {
perror("sysctl"); osnamelth = sizeof(osname);
else if (sysctl(name, SIZE(name), osname, &osnamelth, 0, 0))
printf("This machine is running %*s\en", osnamelth, osname); perror("sysctl");
return 0; else
printf("This machine is running %*s\en", osnamelth, osname);
return 0;
} }
.fi .fi
.SH "RETURN VALUE" .SH "RETURN VALUE"
Upon successful completion, Upon successful completion,
.BR _sysctl () .BR _sysctl ()

3
man2/sysfs.2
View File

@ -39,7 +39,6 @@ the kernel. The specific form of the
call and the information returned depends on the call and the information returned depends on the
.I option .I option
in effect: in effect:
.TP .TP
.B 1 .B 1
Translate the file-system identifier string Translate the file-system identifier string
@ -59,7 +58,6 @@ has enough space to accept the string.
.B 3 .B 3
Return the total number of file system types currently present in the Return the total number of file system types currently present in the
kernel. kernel.
.PP .PP
The numbering of the file-system type indexes begins with zero. The numbering of the file-system type indexes begins with zero.
.SH "RETURN VALUE" .SH "RETURN VALUE"
@ -87,7 +85,6 @@ is not a valid file-system type identifier;
is out-of-bounds; is out-of-bounds;
.I option .I option
is invalid. is invalid.
.PP
.SH "CONFORMING TO" .SH "CONFORMING TO"
SVr4. SVr4.
.SH NOTE .SH NOTE

2
man2/syslog.2
View File

@ -154,7 +154,6 @@ as follows:
#define KERN_INFO "<6>" /* informational */ #define KERN_INFO "<6>" /* informational */
#define KERN_DEBUG "<7>" /* debug-level messages */ #define KERN_DEBUG "<7>" /* debug-level messages */
.fi .fi
.SH "RETURN VALUE" .SH "RETURN VALUE"
In case of error, \-1 is returned, and \fIerrno\fP is set. Otherwise, In case of error, \-1 is returned, and \fIerrno\fP is set. Otherwise,
for \fItype\fP equal to 2, 3 or 4, \fBsyslog\fP() returns the number for \fItype\fP equal to 2, 3 or 4, \fBsyslog\fP() returns the number
@ -182,6 +181,5 @@ In libc4 and libc5 the number of this call was defined by
.BR SYS_klog . .BR SYS_klog .
In glibc 2.0 the syscall is baptised In glibc 2.0 the syscall is baptised
.BR klogctl (). .BR klogctl ().
.SH "SEE ALSO" .SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR syslog (3) .BR syslog (3)

1
man2/unimplemented.2
View File

@ -61,6 +61,5 @@ Some system calls, like
and and
.BR delete_module (2) .BR delete_module (2)
only exist when the Linux kernel was built with support for them. only exist when the Linux kernel was built with support for them.
.SH "SEE ALSO" .SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR obsolete (2) .BR obsolete (2)

1
man2/uselib.2
View File

@ -51,7 +51,6 @@ In addition to all of the error codes returned by
and and
.BR mmap (2), .BR mmap (2),
the following may also be returned: the following may also be returned:
.TP .TP
.B EACCES .B EACCES
The library specified by The library specified by

17
man2/ustat.2
View File

@ -44,23 +44,18 @@ returns information about a mounted file system.
is a device number identifying a device containing is a device number identifying a device containing
a mounted file system. a mounted file system.
.I ubuf .I ubuf
is a pointer to a ustat structure that contains the following is a pointer to a \fIustat\fP structure that contains the following
members: members:
.sp
.RS .RS
.nf .nf
.ne 7
.ta 8n 16n 32n daddr_t f_tfree; /* Total free blocks */
daddr_t f_tfree; /* Total free blocks */ ino_t f_tinode; /* Number of free inodes */
ino_t f_tinode; /* Number of free inodes */ char f_fname[6]; /* Filsys name */
char f_fname[6]; /* Filsys name */ char f_fpack[6]; /* Filsys pack name */
char f_fpack[6]; /* Filsys pack name */
.ta
.fi .fi
.RE .RE
.PP .PP
The last two fields, f_fname and f_fpack, are not implemented and will The last two fields, f_fname and f_fpack, are not implemented and will
always be filled with null bytes ('\\0'). always be filled with null bytes ('\\0').
.SH "RETURN VALUE" .SH "RETURN VALUE"

1
man2/wait.2
View File

@ -519,7 +519,6 @@ killed by signal 15
[1]+ Done ./a.out [1]+ Done ./a.out
$ $
#include <sys/wait.h> #include <sys/wait.h>
#include <stdlib.h> #include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h> #include <unistd.h>

2
man3/INFINITY.3
View File

@ -60,7 +60,6 @@ The macros
.BR HUGE_VALL .BR HUGE_VALL
expand to constants of types double, float and long double, respectively, expand to constants of types double, float and long double, respectively,
that represent a large positive value, possibly plus infinity. that represent a large positive value, possibly plus infinity.
.SH AVAILABILITY .SH AVAILABILITY
On a glibc system, the macro HUGE_VAL is always available. On a glibc system, the macro HUGE_VAL is always available.
Availability of the NAN macro can be tested using Availability of the NAN macro can be tested using
@ -70,7 +69,6 @@ They will be defined by
.I <math.h> .I <math.h>
if _ISOC99_SOURCE or _GNU_SOURCE is defined, or __STDC_VERSION__ is defined if _ISOC99_SOURCE or _GNU_SOURCE is defined, or __STDC_VERSION__ is defined
and has a value not less than 199901L. and has a value not less than 199901L.
.SH "CONFORMING TO" .SH "CONFORMING TO"
C99 C99
.SH "SEE ALSO" .SH "SEE ALSO"

3
man3/__setfpucw.3
View File

@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ __setfpucw \- set fpu control word on i386 architecture (obsolete)
.B #include <i386/fpu_control.h> .B #include <i386/fpu_control.h>
.sp .sp
.BI "void __setfpucw((unsigned short) " control_word ); .BI "void __setfpucw((unsigned short) " control_word );
.br
.SH DESCRIPTION .SH DESCRIPTION
.BR __setfpucw () .BR __setfpucw ()
transfers transfers
@ -17,7 +16,6 @@ to the registers of the fpu (floating point unit) on i386 architecture. This
was used to control floating point precision, rounding and floating point was used to control floating point precision, rounding and floating point
exceptions. exceptions.
.SH EXAMPLE .SH EXAMPLE
.BR __setfpucw(0x1372) .BR __setfpucw(0x1372)
Set fpu control word on i386 architecture to Set fpu control word on i386 architecture to
@ -27,7 +25,6 @@ Set fpu control word on i386 architecture to
\- rounding to nearest \- rounding to nearest
.br .br
\- exceptions on overflow, zero divide and NaN \- exceptions on overflow, zero divide and NaN
.br
.SH AVAILABILITY .SH AVAILABILITY
As of glibc 2.1 this function does not exist anymore. As of glibc 2.1 this function does not exist anymore.
There are new functions from C99, with prototypes in There are new functions from C99, with prototypes in

4
man3/a64l.3
View File

@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ a64l, l64a \- convert between long and base-64
.BI "long a64l(char *" str64 ); .BI "long a64l(char *" str64 );
.sp .sp
.BI "char *l64a(long " value ); .BI "char *l64a(long " value );
.sp
.SH DESCRIPTION .SH DESCRIPTION
These functions provide a conversion between 32-bit long integers These functions provide a conversion between 32-bit long integers
and little-endian base-64 ASCII strings (of length zero to six). and little-endian base-64 ASCII strings (of length zero to six).
@ -30,14 +29,15 @@ sign-extends its 32-bit result.
The 64 digits in the base 64 system are: The 64 digits in the base 64 system are:
.RS .RS
.nf .nf
\&'.' represents a 0 \&'.' represents a 0
\&'/' represents a 1 \&'/' represents a 1
0-9 represent 2-11 0-9 represent 2-11
A-Z represent 12-37 A-Z represent 12-37
a-z represent 38-63 a-z represent 38-63
.fi .fi
.RE .RE
.br
So 123 = 59*64^0 + 1*64^1 = "v/". So 123 = 59*64^0 + 1*64^1 = "v/".
.SH NOTES .SH NOTES
The value returned by The value returned by

1
man3/aio_read.3
View File

@ -102,7 +102,6 @@ The buffer area being read into
.\" or the control block of the operation .\" or the control block of the operation
must not be accessed during the operation or undefined results may must not be accessed during the operation or undefined results may
occur. The memory areas involved must remain valid. occur. The memory areas involved must remain valid.
.SH "CONFORMING TO" .SH "CONFORMING TO"
POSIX.1-2001 POSIX.1-2001
.SH "SEE ALSO" .SH "SEE ALSO"

2
man3/aio_write.3
View File

@ -95,7 +95,6 @@ are invalid.
.TP .TP
.B ENOSYS .B ENOSYS
This function is not supported. This function is not supported.
.SH NOTES .SH NOTES
It is a good idea to zero out the control block before use. It is a good idea to zero out the control block before use.
This control block must not be changed while the write operation This control block must not be changed while the write operation
@ -104,7 +103,6 @@ The buffer area being written out
.\" or the control block of the operation .\" or the control block of the operation
must not be accessed during the operation or undefined results may must not be accessed during the operation or undefined results may
occur. The memory areas involved must remain valid. occur. The memory areas involved must remain valid.
.SH "CONFORMING TO" .SH "CONFORMING TO"
POSIX.1-2001 POSIX.1-2001
.SH "SEE ALSO" .SH "SEE ALSO"

30
man3/atexit.3
View File

@ -66,23 +66,27 @@ it returns a non-zero value.
#include <stdlib.h> #include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h> #include <unistd.h>
void bye(void) { void
printf("That was all, folks\en"); bye(void)
{
printf("That was all, folks\en");
} }
int main(){ int
long a; main(void)
int i; {
long a;
int i;
a = sysconf(_SC_ATEXIT_MAX); a = sysconf(_SC_ATEXIT_MAX);
printf("ATEXIT_MAX = %ld\en", a); printf("ATEXIT_MAX = %ld\en", a);
i = atexit(bye); i = atexit(bye);
if (i != 0) { if (i != 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "cannot set exit function\en"); fprintf(stderr, "cannot set exit function\en");
return EXIT_FAILURE; return EXIT_FAILURE;
} }
return EXIT_SUCCESS; return EXIT_SUCCESS;
} }
.fi .fi
.SH NOTES .SH NOTES

1
man3/canonicalize_file_name.3
View File

@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ The call
.I canonicalize_file_name(path) .I canonicalize_file_name(path)
is equivalent to the call is equivalent to the call
.IR "realpath(path,\ NULL)" . .IR "realpath(path,\ NULL)" .
.SH "CONFORMING TO" .SH "CONFORMING TO"
The function is a GNU extension. The function is a GNU extension.
.SH "SEE ALSO" .SH "SEE ALSO"

1
man3/catopen.3
View File

@ -103,7 +103,6 @@ closes the message catalog identified by
It invalidates any subsequent references to the message catalog It invalidates any subsequent references to the message catalog
defined by defined by
.IR catalog . .IR catalog .
.LP
.SH "RETURN VALUE" .SH "RETURN VALUE"
The function The function
.BR catopen () .BR catopen ()

1
man3/cfree.3
View File

@ -56,7 +56,6 @@ The declaration is sometimes in
.I <stdlib.h> .I <stdlib.h>
and sometimes in and sometimes in
.IR <malloc.h> . .IR <malloc.h> .
.LP
.SS "3-arg cfree" .SS "3-arg cfree"
Some SCO and Solaris versions have malloc libraries with a 3-argument Some SCO and Solaris versions have malloc libraries with a 3-argument
.BR cfree (), .BR cfree (),

4
man3/clearenv.3
View File

@ -35,16 +35,13 @@ The \fBclearenv\fP() function clears the environment of all name-value
pairs and sets the value of the external variable pairs and sets the value of the external variable
.I environ .I environ
to NULL. to NULL.
.SH "RETURN VALUE" .SH "RETURN VALUE"
The \fBclearenv\fP() function returns zero on success, and a non-zero The \fBclearenv\fP() function returns zero on success, and a non-zero
value on failure. value on failure.
.\" Most versions of Unix return -1 on error, or do not even have errors. .\" Most versions of Unix return -1 on error, or do not even have errors.
.\" Glibc info and the Watcom C library document "a non-zero value". .\" Glibc info and the Watcom C library document "a non-zero value".
.SH AVAILABILITY .SH AVAILABILITY
Not in libc4, libc5. In glibc since glibc 2.0. Not in libc4, libc5. In glibc since glibc 2.0.
.SH "CONFORMING TO" .SH "CONFORMING TO"
Various Unix variants (DG/UX, HP-UX, QNX, ...). Various Unix variants (DG/UX, HP-UX, QNX, ...).
POSIX.9 (bindings for FORTRAN77). POSIX.9 (bindings for FORTRAN77).
@ -53,7 +50,6 @@ but changed its mind and scheduled these functions for some
later issue of this standard (cf. B.4.6.1). later issue of this standard (cf. B.4.6.1).
However, POSIX.1-2001 However, POSIX.1-2001
only adds \fIputenv\fP(), and rejected \fBclearenv\fP(). only adds \fIputenv\fP(), and rejected \fBclearenv\fP().
.SH NOTES .SH NOTES
Used in security-conscious applications. If it is unavailable Used in security-conscious applications. If it is unavailable
the assignment the assignment

13
man3/cmsg.3
View File

@ -9,8 +9,7 @@
CMSG_ALIGN, CMSG_SPACE, CMSG_NXTHDR, CMSG_FIRSTHDR \- Access ancillary data CMSG_ALIGN, CMSG_SPACE, CMSG_NXTHDR, CMSG_FIRSTHDR \- Access ancillary data
.SH SYNOPSIS .SH SYNOPSIS
.B #include <sys/socket.h> .B #include <sys/socket.h>
.br .sp
.sp 2
.BI "struct cmsghdr *CMSG_FIRSTHDR(struct msghdr *" msgh ); .BI "struct cmsghdr *CMSG_FIRSTHDR(struct msghdr *" msgh );
.br .br
.BI "struct cmsghdr *CMSG_NXTHDR(struct msghdr *" msgh ", struct cmsghdr *" cmsg ); .BI "struct cmsghdr *CMSG_NXTHDR(struct msghdr *" msgh ", struct cmsghdr *" cmsg );
@ -24,14 +23,12 @@ CMSG_ALIGN, CMSG_SPACE, CMSG_NXTHDR, CMSG_FIRSTHDR \- Access ancillary data
.BI "unsigned char *CMSG_DATA(struct cmsghdr *" cmsg ); .BI "unsigned char *CMSG_DATA(struct cmsghdr *" cmsg );
.sp .sp
.nf .nf
.ta 8n 20n 32n
struct cmsghdr { struct cmsghdr {
socklen_t cmsg_len; /* data byte count, including header */ socklen_t cmsg_len; /* data byte count, including header */
int cmsg_level; /* originating protocol */ int cmsg_level; /* originating protocol */
int cmsg_type; /* protocol-specific type */ int cmsg_type; /* protocol-specific type */
/* followed by unsigned char cmsg_data[]; */ /* followed by unsigned char cmsg_data[]; */
}; };
.ta
.fi .fi
.SH DESCRIPTION .SH DESCRIPTION
These macros are used to create and access control messages (also called These macros are used to create and access control messages (also called

2
man3/des_crypt.3
View File

@ -95,7 +95,6 @@ the parameter
is the 8-byte initialization is the 8-byte initialization
vector for the chaining. It is updated to the next initialization vector for the chaining. It is updated to the next initialization
vector upon return. vector upon return.
.LP
.SH "SEE ALSO" .SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR des (1), .BR des (1),
.BR crypt (3) .BR crypt (3)
@ -125,7 +124,6 @@ the macro
.\" .BR ( stat ) .\" .BR ( stat )
.BI DES_FAILED( stat ) .BI DES_FAILED( stat )
is false only for the first two statuses. is false only for the first two statuses.
.\" So far the Sun page .\" So far the Sun page
.\" Some additions - aeb .\" Some additions - aeb
.SH AVAILABILITY .SH AVAILABILITY

13
man3/dlopen.3
View File

@ -345,7 +345,6 @@ The function
does the same as does the same as
.BR dlsym () .BR dlsym ()
but takes a version string as an additional argument. but takes a version string as an additional argument.
.SH EXAMPLE .SH EXAMPLE
Load the math library, and print the cosine of 2.0: Load the math library, and print the cosine of 2.0:
.RS .RS
@ -356,14 +355,16 @@ Load the math library, and print the cosine of 2.0:
#include <stdlib.h> #include <stdlib.h>
#include <dlfcn.h> #include <dlfcn.h>
int main(int argc, char **argv) { int
main(int argc, char **argv)
{
void *handle; void *handle;
double (*cosine)(double); double (*cosine)(double);
char *error; char *error;
handle = dlopen ("libm.so", RTLD_LAZY); handle = dlopen("libm.so", RTLD_LAZY);
if (!handle) { if (!handle) {
fprintf (stderr, "%s\en", dlerror()); fprintf(stderr, "%s\en", dlerror());
exit(1); exit(1);
} }
@ -372,11 +373,11 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
.\" the dlsym() casting problem .\" the dlsym() casting problem
*(void **) (&cosine) = dlsym(handle, "cos"); *(void **) (&cosine) = dlsym(handle, "cos");
if ((error = dlerror()) != NULL) { if ((error = dlerror()) != NULL) {
fprintf (stderr, "%s\en", error); fprintf(stderr, "%s\en", error);
exit(1); exit(1);
} }
printf ("%f\en", (*cosine)(2.0)); printf("%f\en", (*cosine)(2.0));
dlclose(handle); dlclose(handle);
return 0; return 0;
} }

1
man3/dysize.3
View File

@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ dysize \- get number of days for a given year
.BR "#include <time.h>" .BR "#include <time.h>"
.sp .sp
.BI "int dysize(int " year ); .BI "int dysize(int " year );
.sp
.SH DESCRIPTION .SH DESCRIPTION
The function returns 365 for a normal year and 366 for a leap year. The function returns 365 for a normal year and 366 for a leap year.
The calculation for leap year is based on: The calculation for leap year is based on:

15
man3/encrypt.3
View File

@ -118,12 +118,15 @@ and
.nf .nf
#include <crypt.h> #include <crypt.h>
main() { int
char key[64]; /* bit pattern for key */ main(void)
char txt[64]; /* bit pattern for messages */ {
setkey(key); char key[64]; /* bit pattern for key */
encrypt(txt, 0); /* encode */ char txt[64]; /* bit pattern for messages */
encrypt(txt, 1); /* decode */
setkey(key);
encrypt(txt, 0); /* encode */
encrypt(txt, 1); /* decode */
} }
.fi .fi
.SH "NOTE" .SH "NOTE"

23
man3/envz_add.3
View File

@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ envz_remove, envz_strip \- environment string support
.sp .sp
.BI "void" .BI "void"
.BI "envz_strip(char **" envz ", size_t *" envz_len ); .BI "envz_strip(char **" envz ", size_t *" envz_len );
.sp
.SH DESCRIPTION .SH DESCRIPTION
These functions are glibc-specific. These functions are glibc-specific.
.LP .LP
@ -117,19 +116,21 @@ if an allocation error occurs.
.nf .nf
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
#include <envz.h> #include <envz.h>
int int
main(int argc, char *argv[], char *envp[]) { main(int argc, char *argv[], char *envp[])
int i, e_len = 0; {
char *str; int i, e_len = 0;
char *str;
for (i=0; envp[i] != NULL; i++) for (i=0; envp[i] != NULL; i++)
e_len += strlen(envp[i]) + 1; e_len += strlen(envp[i]) + 1;
str = envz_entry(*envp, e_len, "HOME"); str = envz_entry(*envp, e_len, "HOME");
printf("%s\en", str); printf("%s\en", str);
str = envz_get(*envp, e_len, "HOME"); str = envz_get(*envp, e_len, "HOME");
printf("%s\en", str); printf("%s\en", str);
return 0; return 0;
} }
.fi .fi
.SH "CONFORMING TO" .SH "CONFORMING TO"

1
man3/finite.3
View File

@ -63,7 +63,6 @@ The
.BR isinf () .BR isinf ()
functions return 1 if \fIx\fP is plus infinity, \-1 is \fIx\fP functions return 1 if \fIx\fP is plus infinity, \-1 is \fIx\fP
is minus infinity, and 0 otherwise. is minus infinity, and 0 otherwise.
.SH NOTE .SH NOTE
Note that these functions are obsolete. C99 defines macros Note that these functions are obsolete. C99 defines macros
isfinite(), isinf() and isnan() (for all types) replacing them. isfinite(), isinf() and isnan() (for all types) replacing them.

5
man3/fmemopen.3
View File

@ -141,7 +141,6 @@ pointer.
Otherwise, NULL is returned and the global variable Otherwise, NULL is returned and the global variable
.I errno .I errno
is set to indicate the error. is set to indicate the error.
.SH "EXAMPLE" .SH "EXAMPLE"
The program below uses The program below uses
.BR fmemopen () .BR fmemopen ()
@ -163,7 +162,8 @@ size=11; ptr=1 529 1849
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h> #include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{ {
FILE *out, *in; FILE *out, *in;
int v, s; int v, s;
@ -193,7 +193,6 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
} }
.fi .fi
.sp
.SH "CONFORMING TO" .SH "CONFORMING TO"
These functions are GNU extensions. These functions are GNU extensions.
.\" Jan 06: But they appear to be going up for standardization by .\" Jan 06: But they appear to be going up for standardization by

37
man3/fmtmsg.3
View File

@ -11,7 +11,6 @@
fmtmsg \- print formatted error messages fmtmsg \- print formatted error messages
.SH SYNOPSIS .SH SYNOPSIS
.nf .nf
.sp
.B #include <fmtmsg.h> .B #include <fmtmsg.h>
.sp .sp
.BI "int fmtmsg(long " classification ", const char *" label , .BI "int fmtmsg(long " classification ", const char *" label ,
@ -19,7 +18,6 @@ fmtmsg \- print formatted error messages
.BI " int " severity ", const char *" text , .BI " int " severity ", const char *" text ,
.br .br
.BI " const char *" action ", const char *" tag ); .BI " const char *" action ", const char *" tag );
.sp
.fi .fi
.SH DESCRIPTION .SH DESCRIPTION
This function displays a message described by its parameters on the device(s) This function displays a message described by its parameters on the device(s)
@ -231,27 +229,30 @@ vpfmt(), lfmt(), and vlfmt()", and will be removed later.
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
#include <fmtmsg.h> #include <fmtmsg.h>
int main() { int
long class = MM_PRINT | MM_SOFT | MM_OPSYS | MM_RECOVER; main(void)
int err; {
err = fmtmsg(class, "util-linux:mount", MM_ERROR, long class = MM_PRINT | MM_SOFT | MM_OPSYS | MM_RECOVER;
"unknown mount option", "See mount(8).", "util-linux:mount:017"); int err;
switch(err) { err = fmtmsg(class, "util-linux:mount", MM_ERROR,
"unknown mount option", "See mount(8).",
"util-linux:mount:017");
switch(err) {
case MM_OK: case MM_OK:
break; break;
case MM_NOTOK: case MM_NOTOK:
printf("Nothing printed\en"); printf("Nothing printed\en");
break; break;
case MM_NOMSG: case MM_NOMSG:
printf("Nothing printed to stderr\en"); printf("Nothing printed to stderr\en");
break; break;
case MM_NOCON: case MM_NOCON:
printf("No console output\en"); printf("No console output\en");
break; break;
default: default:
printf("Unknown error from fmtmsg()\en"); printf("Unknown error from fmtmsg()\en");
} }
return 0; return 0;
} }
.fi .fi
.PP .PP

1
man3/gamma.3
View File

@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ Link with \-lm.
.SH DESCRIPTION .SH DESCRIPTION
For the definition of the Gamma function, see For the definition of the Gamma function, see
.BR tgamma (3). .BR tgamma (3).
.PP
.SS "*BSD version" .SS "*BSD version"
4.4BSD and FreeBSD libm have a 4.4BSD and FreeBSD libm have a
.BR gamma () .BR gamma ()

4
man3/getdate.3
View File

@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
.TH GETDATE 3 2001-12-26 "" "Linux Programmer's Manual" .TH GETDATE 3 2001-12-26 "" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
.SH NAME .SH NAME
getdate \- convert a string to struct tm getdate \- convert a string to struct tm
.br
.SH SYNOPSIS .SH SYNOPSIS
.B "#define _XOPEN_SOURCE" .B "#define _XOPEN_SOURCE"
.br .br
@ -35,13 +34,12 @@ getdate \- convert a string to struct tm
.BI "struct tm *getdate(const char *" string ); .BI "struct tm *getdate(const char *" string );
.sp .sp
.BI "extern int getdate_err;" .BI "extern int getdate_err;"
.sp 2 .sp
.B "#define _GNU_SOURCE" .B "#define _GNU_SOURCE"
.br .br
.B "#include <time.h>" .B "#include <time.h>"
.sp .sp
.BI "int getdate_r (const char *" string ", struct tm *" res ); .BI "int getdate_r (const char *" string ", struct tm *" res );
.br
.SH DESCRIPTION .SH DESCRIPTION
The function The function
.BR getdate () .BR getdate ()

1
man3/getfsent.3
View File

@ -123,7 +123,6 @@ and
.BR getfsspec () .BR getfsspec ()
only return the first occurrence, these two functions are not suitable only return the first occurrence, these two functions are not suitable
for use under Linux. for use under Linux.
.LP
.SH "SEE ALSO" .SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR getmntent (3), .BR getmntent (3),
.BR fstab (5) .BR fstab (5)

49
man3/getgrent_r.3
View File

@ -58,10 +58,10 @@ as follows:
.RS .RS
.nf .nf
struct group { struct group {
char *gr_name; /* group name */ char *gr_name; /* group name */
char *gr_passwd; /* group password */ char *gr_passwd; /* group password */
gid_t gr_gid; /* group ID */ gid_t gr_gid; /* group ID */
char **gr_mem; /* group members */ char **gr_mem; /* group members */
}; };
.ta .ta
.fi .fi
@ -104,26 +104,28 @@ Insufficient buffer space supplied. Try again with larger buffer.
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
#define BUFLEN 4096 #define BUFLEN 4096
int main() { int
struct group grp, *grpp; main(void)
char buf[BUFLEN]; {
int i; struct group grp, *grpp;
char buf[BUFLEN];
int i;
setgrent(); setgrent();
while (1) { while (1) {
i = getgrent_r(&grp, buf, BUFLEN, &grpp); i = getgrent_r(&grp, buf, BUFLEN, &grpp);
if (i) if (i)
break; break;
printf("%s (%d):", grpp->gr_name, grpp->gr_gid); printf("%s (%d):", grpp->gr_name, grpp->gr_gid);
for (i = 0; ; i++) { for (i = 0; ; i++) {
if (grpp->gr_mem[i] == NULL) if (grpp->gr_mem[i] == NULL)
break; break;
printf(" %s", grpp->gr_mem[i]); printf(" %s", grpp->gr_mem[i]);
} }
printf("\en"); printf("\en");
} }
endgrent(); endgrent();
return 0; return 0;
} }
.fi .fi
.\" perhaps add error checking - should use strerror_r .\" perhaps add error checking - should use strerror_r
@ -157,7 +159,6 @@ getgrent_r(struct group *grp, char *buf, int buflen,
FILE **gr_fp); FILE **gr_fp);
.in .in
.fi .fi
.sp
.SH NOTES .SH NOTES
The function The function
.BR getgrent_r () .BR getgrent_r ()

33
man3/getgrouplist.3
View File

@ -51,23 +51,26 @@ This function is present since glibc 2.2.4.
#include <grp.h> #include <grp.h>
#include <pwd.h> #include <pwd.h>
int main() { int
int i, ng = 0; main(void)
char *user = "who"; /* username here */ {
gid_t *groups = NULL; int i, ng = 0;
struct passwd *pw = getpwnam(user); char *user = "who"; /* username here */
if (pw == NULL) gid_t *groups = NULL;
return 0; struct passwd *pw = getpwnam(user);
if (getgrouplist(user, pw->pw_gid, NULL, &ng) < 0) {
groups = (gid_t *) malloc(ng * sizeof (gid_t));
getgrouplist(user, pw->pw_gid, groups, &ng);
}
for(i = 0; i < ng; i++)
printf("%d\en", groups[i]);
if (pw == NULL)
return 0; return 0;
if (getgrouplist(user, pw->pw_gid, NULL, &ng) < 0) {
groups = (gid_t *) malloc(ng * sizeof (gid_t));
getgrouplist(user, pw->pw_gid, groups, &ng);
}
for(i = 0; i < ng; i++)
printf("%d\en", groups[i]);
return 0;
} }
.fi .fi
.SH "SEE ALSO" .SH "SEE ALSO"

31
man3/getline.3
View File

@ -105,22 +105,23 @@ is not valid).
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h> #include <stdlib.h>
int main(void) int
main(void)
{ {
FILE * fp; FILE * fp;
char * line = NULL; char * line = NULL;
size_t len = 0; size_t len = 0;
ssize_t read; ssize_t read;
fp = fopen("/etc/motd", "r"); fp = fopen("/etc/motd", "r");
if (fp == NULL) if (fp == NULL)
exit(EXIT_FAILURE); exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
while ((read = getline(&line, &len, fp)) != \-1) { while ((read = getline(&line, &len, fp)) != \-1) {
printf("Retrieved line of length %zu :\en", read); printf("Retrieved line of length %zu :\en", read);
printf("%s", line); printf("%s", line);
} }
if (line) if (line)
free(line); free(line);
return EXIT_SUCCESS; return EXIT_SUCCESS;
} }
.fi .fi
.SH "CONFORMING TO" .SH "CONFORMING TO"

32
man3/getopt.3
View File

@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ with most of its features.
#include <getopt.h> #include <getopt.h>
int int
main (int argc, char **argv) { main(int argc, char **argv) {
int c; int c;
int digit_optind = 0; int digit_optind = 0;
@ -330,60 +330,60 @@ main (int argc, char **argv) {
{0, 0, 0, 0} {0, 0, 0, 0}
}; };
c = getopt_long (argc, argv, "abc:d:012", c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "abc:d:012",
long_options, &option_index); long_options, &option_index);
if (c == \-1) if (c == \-1)
break; break;
switch (c) { switch (c) {
case 0: case 0:
printf ("option %s", long_options[option_index].name); printf("option %s", long_options[option_index].name);
if (optarg) if (optarg)
printf (" with arg %s", optarg); printf(" with arg %s", optarg);
printf ("\\n"); printf("\\n");
break; break;
case '0': case '0':
case '1': case '1':
case '2': case '2':
if (digit_optind != 0 && digit_optind != this_option_optind) if (digit_optind != 0 && digit_optind != this_option_optind)
printf ("digits occur in two different argv-elements.\\n"); printf("digits occur in two different argv-elements.\\n");
digit_optind = this_option_optind; digit_optind = this_option_optind;
printf ("option %c\\n", c); printf("option %c\\n", c);
break; break;
case 'a': case 'a':
printf ("option a\\n"); printf("option a\\n");
break; break;
case 'b': case 'b':
printf ("option b\\n"); printf("option b\\n");
break; break;
case 'c': case 'c':
printf ("option c with value '%s'\\n", optarg); printf("option c with value '%s'\\n", optarg);
break; break;
case 'd': case 'd':
printf ("option d with value '%s'\\n", optarg); printf("option d with value '%s'\\n", optarg);
break; break;
case '?': case '?':
break; break;
default: default:
printf ("?? getopt returned character code 0%o ??\\n", c); printf("?? getopt returned character code 0%o ??\\n", c);
} }
} }
if (optind < argc) { if (optind < argc) {
printf ("non-option ARGV-elements: "); printf("non-option ARGV-elements: ");
while (optind < argc) while (optind < argc)
printf ("%s ", argv[optind++]); printf("%s ", argv[optind++]);
printf ("\\n"); printf("\\n");
} }
exit (0); exit(0);
} }
.fi .fi
.SH BUGS .SH BUGS

1
man3/getpt.3
View File

@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ It is equivalent to
.BI "open(" \fI"/dev/ptmx" , O_RDWR|O_NOCTTY ) .BI "open(" \fI"/dev/ptmx" , O_RDWR|O_NOCTTY )
on Linux systems, though the pseudo-terminal master is located on Linux systems, though the pseudo-terminal master is located
elsewhere on some systems that use GNU Libc. elsewhere on some systems that use GNU Libc.
.SH "RETURN VALUE" .SH "RETURN VALUE"
.BR getpt () .BR getpt ()
returns an open file descriptor upon successful completion. Otherwise, it returns an open file descriptor upon successful completion. Otherwise, it

46
man3/getpwent_r.3
View File

@ -58,13 +58,13 @@ as follows:
.RS .RS
.nf .nf
struct passwd { struct passwd {
char *pw_name; /* user name */ char *pw_name; /* user name */
char *pw_passwd; /* user password */ char *pw_passwd; /* user password */
uid_t pw_uid; /* user ID */ uid_t pw_uid; /* user ID */
gid_t pw_gid; /* group ID */ gid_t pw_gid; /* group ID */
char *pw_gecos; /* real name */ char *pw_gecos; /* real name */
char *pw_dir; /* home directory */ char *pw_dir; /* home directory */
char *pw_shell; /* shell program */ char *pw_shell; /* shell program */
}; };
.fi .fi
.RE .RE
@ -106,22 +106,23 @@ Insufficient buffer space supplied. Try again with larger buffer.
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
#define BUFLEN 4096 #define BUFLEN 4096
int main() { int
struct passwd pw, *pwp; main(void)
char buf[BUFLEN]; {
int i; struct passwd pw, *pwp;
char buf[BUFLEN];
int i;
setpwent(); setpwent();
while (1) { while (1) {
i = getpwent_r(&pw, buf, BUFLEN, &pwp); i = getpwent_r(&pw, buf, BUFLEN, &pwp);
if (i) if (i)
break; break;
printf("%s (%d)\etHOME %s\etSHELL %s\en", printf("%s (%d)\etHOME %s\etSHELL %s\en", pwp->pw_name,
pwp->pw_name, pwp->pw_uid, pwp->pw_uid, pwp->pw_dir, pwp->pw_shell);
pwp->pw_dir, pwp->pw_shell); }
} endpwent();
endpwent(); return 0;
return 0;
} }
.fi .fi
.\" perhaps add error checking - should use strerror_r .\" perhaps add error checking - should use strerror_r
@ -155,7 +156,6 @@ getpwent_r(struct passwd *pwd, char *buf, int buflen,
FILE **pw_fp); FILE **pw_fp);
.in .in
.fi .fi
.sp
.SH NOTES .SH NOTES
The function The function
.BR getpwent_r () .BR getpwent_r ()

4
man3/getrpcent.3
View File

@ -21,11 +21,11 @@ struct rpcent *getrpcbynumber(number)
int number; int number;
.LP .LP
.ft B .ft B
setrpcent (stayopen) setrpcent(stayopen)
int stayopen; int stayopen;
.LP .LP
.ft B .ft B
endrpcent () endrpcent()
.fi .fi
.SH DESCRIPTION .SH DESCRIPTION
.LP .LP

1
man3/getspnam.3
View File

@ -53,7 +53,6 @@ lckpwdf, ulckpwdf \- get shadow password file entry
.BI "int sgetspent_r(const char *" s ", struct spwd *" spbuf , .BI "int sgetspent_r(const char *" s ", struct spwd *" spbuf ,
.br .br
.BI " char *" buf ", size_t " buflen ", struct spwd **" spbufp ); .BI " char *" buf ", size_t " buflen ", struct spwd **" spbufp );
.sp
.fi .fi
.SH DESCRIPTION .SH DESCRIPTION
Long ago it was considered safe to have encrypted passwords openly Long ago it was considered safe to have encrypted passwords openly

1
man3/getttyent.3
View File

@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ The function
.BR getttyent () .BR getttyent ()
opens the file _PATH_TTYS (if necessary) and returns the first entry. opens the file _PATH_TTYS (if necessary) and returns the first entry.
If the file is already open, the next entry. If the file is already open, the next entry.
.SS "The ttyent structure" .SS "The ttyent structure"
.nf .nf
struct ttyent { struct ttyent {

49
man3/getutent.3
View File

@ -122,37 +122,38 @@ and
#include <unistd.h> #include <unistd.h>
#include <utmp.h> #include <utmp.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{ {
struct utmp entry; struct utmp entry;
system("echo before adding entry:;who"); system("echo before adding entry:;who");
entry.ut_type=USER_PROCESS; entry.ut_type=USER_PROCESS;
entry.ut_pid=getpid(); entry.ut_pid=getpid();
strcpy(entry.ut_line,ttyname(0)+strlen("/dev/")); strcpy(entry.ut_line,ttyname(0)+strlen("/dev/"));
/* only correct for ptys named /dev/tty[pqr][0\-9a\-z] */ /* only correct for ptys named /dev/tty[pqr][0\-9a\-z] */
strcpy(entry.ut_id,ttyname(0)+strlen("/dev/tty")); strcpy(entry.ut_id,ttyname(0)+strlen("/dev/tty"));
time(&entry.ut_time); time(&entry.ut_time);
strcpy(entry.ut_user,getpwuid(getuid())\->pw_name); strcpy(entry.ut_user,getpwuid(getuid())\->pw_name);
memset(entry.ut_host,0,UT_HOSTSIZE); memset(entry.ut_host,0,UT_HOSTSIZE);
entry.ut_addr=0; entry.ut_addr=0;
setutent(); setutent();
pututline(&entry); pututline(&entry);
system("echo after adding entry:;who"); system("echo after adding entry:;who");
entry.ut_type=DEAD_PROCESS; entry.ut_type=DEAD_PROCESS;
memset(entry.ut_line,0,UT_LINESIZE); memset(entry.ut_line,0,UT_LINESIZE);
entry.ut_time=0; entry.ut_time=0;
memset(entry.ut_user,0,UT_NAMESIZE); memset(entry.ut_user,0,UT_NAMESIZE);
setutent(); setutent();
pututline(&entry); pututline(&entry);
system("echo after removing entry:;who"); system("echo after removing entry:;who");
endutent(); endutent();
return 0; return 0;
} }
.fi .fi
.SH FILES .SH FILES

1
man3/getw.3
View File

@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ getw, putw \- input and output of words (ints)
.BI "int getw(FILE *" stream ); .BI "int getw(FILE *" stream );
.br .br
.BI "int putw(int " w ", FILE *" stream ); .BI "int putw(int " w ", FILE *" stream );
.br
.SH DESCRIPTION .SH DESCRIPTION
\fBgetw\fP() reads a word (that is, an \fIint\fP) from \fIstream\fP. It's \fBgetw\fP() reads a word (that is, an \fIint\fP) from \fIstream\fP. It's
provided for compatibility with SVr4. We recommend you use provided for compatibility with SVr4. We recommend you use

70
man3/hsearch.3
View File

@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ hcreate, hdestroy, hsearch \- hash table management
.BI "ENTRY *hsearch(ENTRY " item ", ACTION " action ); .BI "ENTRY *hsearch(ENTRY " item ", ACTION " action );
.sp .sp
.B "void hdestroy(void);" .B "void hdestroy(void);"
.sp 2 .sp
.B #define _GNU_SOURCE .B #define _GNU_SOURCE
.br .br
.B #include <search.h> .B #include <search.h>
@ -150,47 +150,45 @@ The following program inserts 24 items in to a hash table, then prints
some of them. some of them.
.nf .nf
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h> #include <stdlib.h>
#include <search.h> #include <search.h>
char *data[] = { "alpha", "bravo", "charlie", "delta", char *data[] = { "alpha", "bravo", "charlie", "delta",
"echo", "foxtrot", "golf", "hotel", "india", "juliet", "echo", "foxtrot", "golf", "hotel", "india", "juliet",
"kilo", "lima", "mike", "november", "oscar", "papa", "kilo", "lima", "mike", "november", "oscar", "papa",
"quebec", "romeo", "sierra", "tango", "uniform", "quebec", "romeo", "sierra", "tango", "uniform",
"victor", "whisky", "x-ray", "yankee", "zulu" "victor", "whisky", "x-ray", "yankee", "zulu"
}; };
int main() { int main() {
ENTRY e, *ep; ENTRY e, *ep;
int i; int i;
/* starting with small table, and letting it grow does not work */ /* starting with small table, and letting it grow does not work */
hcreate(30); hcreate(30);
for (i = 0; i < 24; i++) { for (i = 0; i < 24; i++) {
e.key = data[i]; e.key = data[i];
/* data is just an integer, instead of a /* data is just an integer, instead of a
pointer to something */ pointer to something */
e.data = (void *)i; e.data = (void *)i;
ep = hsearch(e, ENTER); ep = hsearch(e, ENTER);
/* there should be no failures */ /* there should be no failures */
if (ep == NULL) { if (ep == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "entry failed\\n"); fprintf(stderr, "entry failed\\n");
exit(1); exit(1);
} }
}
for (i = 22; i < 26; i++) {
/* print two entries from the table, and
show that two are not in the table */
e.key = data[i];
ep = hsearch(e, FIND);
printf("%9.9s \-> %9.9s:%d\\n", e.key,
ep ? ep\->key : "NULL",
ep ? (int)(ep->data) : 0);
}
return 0;
} }
for (i = 22; i < 26; i++) {
/* print two entries from the table, and
show that two are not in the table */
e.key = data[i];
ep = hsearch(e, FIND);
printf("%9.9s \-> %9.9s:%d\\n", e.key,
ep ? ep\->key : "NULL", ep ? (int)(ep->data) : 0);
}
return 0;
}
.fi .fi
.SH "SEE ALSO" .SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR bsearch (3), .BR bsearch (3),

6
man3/inet.3
View File

@ -70,7 +70,6 @@ immediately above; it is obsolete because \-1 is a valid address
(255.255.255.255), and \fBinet_aton\fP() provides a cleaner way (255.255.255.255), and \fBinet_aton\fP() provides a cleaner way
to indicate error return. to indicate error return.
.PP .PP
The \fBinet_network\fP() function extracts The \fBinet_network\fP() function extracts
a number in host byte order suitable for use as an Internet address a number in host byte order suitable for use as an Internet address
from \fIcp\fP, which is a string in numbers-and-dots notation. from \fIcp\fP, which is a string in numbers-and-dots notation.
@ -100,12 +99,9 @@ is defined in \fInetinet/in.h\fP as:
.sp .sp
.RS .RS
.nf .nf
.ne 7
.ta 8n 16n
struct in_addr { struct in_addr {
unsigned long int s_addr; unsigned long int s_addr;
} }
.ta
.fi .fi
.RE .RE
.PP .PP

4
man3/key_setsecret.3
View File

@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ key_secretkey_is_set \- interfaces to rpc keyserver daemon
.BI "int key_setsecret(const char *" key ); .BI "int key_setsecret(const char *" key );
.sp .sp
.B "int key_secretkey_is_set(void);" .B "int key_secretkey_is_set(void);"
.sp
.SH DESCRIPTION .SH DESCRIPTION
The functions here are used within the RPC's secure authentication The functions here are used within the RPC's secure authentication
mechanism (AUTH_DES). There should be no need for user programs to mechanism (AUTH_DES). There should be no need for user programs to
@ -52,16 +51,13 @@ The function
.BR key_secretkey_is_set () .BR key_secretkey_is_set ()
can be used to determine whether a key has been can be used to determine whether a key has been
set for the effective UID of the calling process. set for the effective UID of the calling process.
.SH NOTE .SH NOTE
Note that we talk about two types of encryption here. One is Note that we talk about two types of encryption here. One is
asymmetric using a public and secret key. The other is symmetric, the asymmetric using a public and secret key. The other is symmetric, the
64-bit DES. 64-bit DES.
.br .br
The routines were part of the linux/doors-project, abandoned by now. The routines were part of the linux/doors-project, abandoned by now.
.SH "RETURN VALUES" .SH "RETURN VALUES"
The functions return 1 on success and 0 on failure. The functions return 1 on success and 0 on failure.
.SH "SEE ALSO" .SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR crypt (3) .BR crypt (3)

3
man3/lseek64.3
View File

@ -81,7 +81,6 @@ compiles with
.sp .sp
.fi .fi
in which case it is a 64-bit signed type. in which case it is a 64-bit signed type.
.SS lseek64 .SS lseek64
Prototype: Prototype:
.nf .nf
@ -110,7 +109,6 @@ The function
.\" in glibc 2.0.94, not in 2.0.6 .\" in glibc 2.0.94, not in 2.0.6
is available since glibc 2.1, and is defined to be an alias for is available since glibc 2.1, and is defined to be an alias for
.BR llseek (). .BR llseek ().
.SS llseek .SS llseek
Prototype: Prototype:
.nf .nf
@ -142,7 +140,6 @@ glibc 2.1.3 added the link-time warning
.sp .sp
This makes this function unusable if one desires a warning-free This makes this function unusable if one desires a warning-free
compilation. compilation.
.SS _llseek .SS _llseek
All the above functions are implemented in terms of this system call. All the above functions are implemented in terms of this system call.
The prototype is: The prototype is:

12
man3/malloc_hook.3
View File

@ -91,27 +91,29 @@ static void *(*old_malloc_hook)(size_t, const void *);
void (*__malloc_initialize_hook) (void) = my_init_hook; void (*__malloc_initialize_hook) (void) = my_init_hook;
static void static void
my_init_hook(void) { my_init_hook(void)
{
old_malloc_hook = __malloc_hook; old_malloc_hook = __malloc_hook;
__malloc_hook = my_malloc_hook; __malloc_hook = my_malloc_hook;
} }
static void * static void *
my_malloc_hook (size_t size, const void *caller) { my_malloc_hook(size_t size, const void *caller)
{
void *result; void *result;
/* Restore all old hooks */ /* Restore all old hooks */
__malloc_hook = old_malloc_hook; __malloc_hook = old_malloc_hook;
/* Call recursively */ /* Call recursively */
result = malloc (size); result = malloc(size);
/* Save underlying hooks */ /* Save underlying hooks */
old_malloc_hook = __malloc_hook; old_malloc_hook = __malloc_hook;
/* `printf' might call `malloc', so protect it too. */ /* `printf' might call `malloc', so protect it too. */
printf ("malloc(%u) called from %p returns %p\\n", printf("malloc(%u) called from %p returns %p\\n",
(unsigned int) size, caller, result); (unsigned int) size, caller, result);
/* Restore our own hooks */ /* Restore our own hooks */
__malloc_hook = my_malloc_hook; __malloc_hook = my_malloc_hook;

4
man3/mkdtemp.3
View File

@ -49,10 +49,8 @@ is set appropriately.
.B EINVAL .B EINVAL
The last six characters of \fItemplate\fP were not XXXXXX. The last six characters of \fItemplate\fP were not XXXXXX.
Now \fItemplate\fP is unchanged. Now \fItemplate\fP is unchanged.
.PP
.TP
Also see \fBmkdir(2)\fP for other possible values for \fIerrno\fP. Also see \fBmkdir(2)\fP for other possible values for \fIerrno\fP.
.SH "CONFORMING TO" .SH "CONFORMING TO"
This funtion is present on the BSDs. This funtion is present on the BSDs.
.\" As at 2006, this function is being considered for a revision of POSIX.1 .\" As at 2006, this function is being considered for a revision of POSIX.1

4
man3/netlink.3
View File

@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ They are similar in spirit to the macros defined in
for auxiliary data. The buffer passed to and from a netlink socket should for auxiliary data. The buffer passed to and from a netlink socket should
be only accessed using these macros. be only accessed using these macros.
.TP .TP
.TP
NLMSG_ALIGN NLMSG_ALIGN
Round the length of a netlink message up to align it properly. Round the length of a netlink message up to align it properly.
.TP .TP
@ -43,7 +42,6 @@ in the
.B nlmsg_len .B nlmsg_len
field of the field of the
.IR nlmsghdr . .IR nlmsghdr .
.TP .TP
NLMSG_SPACE NLMSG_SPACE
Return the number of bytes a netlink message with payload of the passed length Return the number of bytes a netlink message with payload of the passed length
@ -70,12 +68,10 @@ Return true if the netlink message is not truncated and ok to parse.
NLMSG_PAYLOAD NLMSG_PAYLOAD
Return the length of the payload associated with the Return the length of the payload associated with the
.IR nlmsghdr . .IR nlmsghdr .
.SH NOTES .SH NOTES
It is often better to use netlink via It is often better to use netlink via
.B libnetlink .B libnetlink
than via the low level kernel interface. than via the low level kernel interface.
.SH "SEE ALSO" .SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR netlink (7) .BR netlink (7)
.PP .PP

13
man3/nl_langinfo.3
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@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ be queried.
.PP .PP
Examples for the locale elements that can be specified in \fIitem\fP Examples for the locale elements that can be specified in \fIitem\fP
using the constants defined in <langinfo.h> are: using the constants defined in <langinfo.h> are:
.TP .TP
.BR CODESET \ (LC_CTYPE) .BR CODESET \ (LC_CTYPE)
Return a string with the name of the character encoding used in the Return a string with the name of the character encoding used in the
@ -38,63 +37,51 @@ selected locale, such as "UTF-8", "ISO-8859-1", or "ANSI_X3.4-1968"
"locale charmap". For a list of character encoding names, "locale charmap". For a list of character encoding names,
try "locale \-m", cf.\& try "locale \-m", cf.\&
.BR locale (1). .BR locale (1).
.TP .TP
.BR D_T_FMT \ (LC_TIME) .BR D_T_FMT \ (LC_TIME)
Return a string that can be used as a format string for Return a string that can be used as a format string for
.BR strftime (3) .BR strftime (3)
to represent time and date in a locale-specific way. to represent time and date in a locale-specific way.
.TP .TP
.BR D_FMT \ (LC_TIME) .BR D_FMT \ (LC_TIME)
Return a string that can be used as a format string for Return a string that can be used as a format string for
.BR strftime (3) .BR strftime (3)
to represent a date in a locale-specific way. to represent a date in a locale-specific way.
.TP .TP
.BR T_FMT \ (LC_TIME) .BR T_FMT \ (LC_TIME)
Return a string that can be used as a format string for Return a string that can be used as a format string for
.BR strftime (3) .BR strftime (3)
to represent a time in a locale-specific way. to represent a time in a locale-specific way.
.TP .TP
.BR DAY_ "{1\(en7} (LC_TIME)" .BR DAY_ "{1\(en7} (LC_TIME)"
Return name of the \fIn\fP-th day of the week. [Warning: this follows Return name of the \fIn\fP-th day of the week. [Warning: this follows
the US convention DAY_1 = Sunday, not the international convention the US convention DAY_1 = Sunday, not the international convention
(ISO 8601) that Monday is the first day of the week.] (ISO 8601) that Monday is the first day of the week.]
.TP .TP
.BR ABDAY_ "{1\(en7} (LC_TIME)" .BR ABDAY_ "{1\(en7} (LC_TIME)"
Return abbreviated name of the \fIn\fP-th day of the week. Return abbreviated name of the \fIn\fP-th day of the week.
.TP .TP
.BR MON_ "{1\(en12} (LC_TIME)" .BR MON_ "{1\(en12} (LC_TIME)"
Return name of the \fIn\fP-th month. Return name of the \fIn\fP-th month.
.TP .TP
.BR ABMON_ "{1\(en12} (LC_TIME)" .BR ABMON_ "{1\(en12} (LC_TIME)"
Return abbreviated name of the \fIn\fP-th month. Return abbreviated name of the \fIn\fP-th month.
.TP .TP
.BR RADIXCHAR \ (LC_NUMERIC) .BR RADIXCHAR \ (LC_NUMERIC)
Return radix character (decimal dot, decimal comma, etc.). Return radix character (decimal dot, decimal comma, etc.).
.TP .TP
.BR THOUSEP \ (LC_NUMERIC) .BR THOUSEP \ (LC_NUMERIC)
Return separator character for thousands (groups of three digits). Return separator character for thousands (groups of three digits).
.TP .TP
.BR YESEXPR \ (LC_MESSAGES) .BR YESEXPR \ (LC_MESSAGES)
Return a regular expression that can be used with the Return a regular expression that can be used with the
.BR regex (3) .BR regex (3)
function to recognize a positive response to a yes/no question. function to recognize a positive response to a yes/no question.
.TP .TP
.BR NOEXPR \ (LC_MESSAGES) .BR NOEXPR \ (LC_MESSAGES)
Return a regular expression that can be used with the Return a regular expression that can be used with the
.BR regex (3) .BR regex (3)
function to recognize a negative response to a yes/no question. function to recognize a negative response to a yes/no question.
.TP .TP
.BR CRNCYSTR \ (LC_MONETARY) .BR CRNCYSTR \ (LC_MONETARY)
Return the currency symbol, preceded by "\-" if the symbol should Return the currency symbol, preceded by "\-" if the symbol should

3
man3/offsetof.3
View File

@ -62,7 +62,8 @@ options, the program below produces the following output:
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h> #include <stdlib.h>
int main() int
main(void)
{ {
struct s { struct s {
int i; int i;

1
man3/perror.3
View File

@ -93,7 +93,6 @@ Thus, if a failing call is not immediately followed by a call to
the value of the value of
.I errno .I errno
should be saved. should be saved.
.SH "CONFORMING TO" .SH "CONFORMING TO"
The function The function
.BR perror () .BR perror ()

7
man3/posix_memalign.3
View File

@ -69,7 +69,6 @@ It is equivalent to
.IR "memalign(sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE),size)" . .IR "memalign(sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE),size)" .
For all three routines, the memory is not zeroed. For all three routines, the memory is not zeroed.
.SH "RETURN VALUE" .SH "RETURN VALUE"
.BR memalign () .BR memalign ()
and and
@ -81,7 +80,6 @@ returns zero on success, or one of the error values listed in the
next section on failure. Note that next section on failure. Note that
.IR errno .IR errno
is not set. is not set.
.SH "ERRORS" .SH "ERRORS"
.TP .TP
.B EINVAL .B EINVAL
@ -92,7 +90,6 @@ parameter was not a power of two, or was not a multiple of
.TP .TP
.B ENOMEM .B ENOMEM
There was insufficient memory to fulfill the allocation request. There was insufficient memory to fulfill the allocation request.
.SH NOTES .SH NOTES
On many systems there are alignment restrictions, e.g. on buffers On many systems there are alignment restrictions, e.g. on buffers
used for direct block device I/O. POSIX specifies the used for direct block device I/O. POSIX specifies the
@ -141,7 +138,6 @@ GNU libc
.BR malloc () .BR malloc ()
always returns 8-byte aligned memory addresses, so these routines are only always returns 8-byte aligned memory addresses, so these routines are only
needed if you require larger alignment values. needed if you require larger alignment values.
.SH AVAILABILITY .SH AVAILABILITY
The functions The functions
.BR memalign () .BR memalign ()
@ -151,7 +147,6 @@ have been available in all Linux libc libraries.
The function The function
.BR posix_memalign () .BR posix_memalign ()
is available since glibc 2.1.91. is available since glibc 2.1.91.
.SH "CONFORMING TO" .SH "CONFORMING TO"
The function The function
.BR valloc () .BR valloc ()
@ -165,7 +160,6 @@ appears in SunOS 4.1.3 but not in 4.4BSD.
The function The function
.BR posix_memalign () .BR posix_memalign ()
comes from POSIX.1d. comes from POSIX.1d.
.SH HEADERS .SH HEADERS
Everybody agrees that Everybody agrees that
.BR posix_memalign () .BR posix_memalign ()
@ -183,7 +177,6 @@ Libc4,5 and glibc declare it in <malloc.h> and perhaps also in <stdlib.h>
(namely, if _GNU_SOURCE is defined, or _BSD_SOURCE is defined, or, (namely, if _GNU_SOURCE is defined, or _BSD_SOURCE is defined, or,
for glibc, if _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED is defined, or, equivalently, for glibc, if _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED is defined, or, equivalently,
_XOPEN_SOURCE is defined to a value not less than 500). _XOPEN_SOURCE is defined to a value not less than 500).
.SH "SEE ALSO" .SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR brk (2), .BR brk (2),
.BR getpagesize (2), .BR getpagesize (2),

8
man3/printf.3
View File

@ -495,7 +495,6 @@ and
.BR Lf , .BR Lf ,
.BR Lg , .BR Lg ,
.BR LG ). .BR LG ).
.SS "The conversion specifier" .SS "The conversion specifier"
A character that specifies the type of conversion to be applied. A character that specifies the type of conversion to be applied.
The conversion specifiers and their meanings are: The conversion specifiers and their meanings are:
@ -706,7 +705,6 @@ No argument is required.
.B % .B %
A `%' is written. No argument is converted. The complete conversion A `%' is written. No argument is converted. The complete conversion
specification is `%%'. specification is `%%'.
.PP
.SH EXAMPLE .SH EXAMPLE
.br .br
.if \w'\*(Pi'=0 .ds Pi pi .if \w'\*(Pi'=0 .ds Pi pi
@ -768,13 +766,13 @@ make_message(const char *fmt, ...) {
char *p, *np; char *p, *np;
va_list ap; va_list ap;
if ((p = malloc (size)) == NULL) if ((p = malloc(size)) == NULL)
return NULL; return NULL;
while (1) { while (1) {
/* Try to print in the allocated space. */ /* Try to print in the allocated space. */
va_start(ap, fmt); va_start(ap, fmt);
n = vsnprintf (p, size, fmt, ap); n = vsnprintf(p, size, fmt, ap);
va_end(ap); va_end(ap);
/* If that worked, return the string. */ /* If that worked, return the string. */
if (n > \-1 && n < size) if (n > \-1 && n < size)
@ -794,7 +792,6 @@ make_message(const char *fmt, ...) {
} }
.fi .fi
.RE .RE
.SH NOTES .SH NOTES
The glibc implementation of the functions The glibc implementation of the functions
.BR snprintf () .BR snprintf ()
@ -930,7 +927,6 @@ call to write to memory and creating a security hole.
.\" .PP .\" .PP
.\" Some floating point conversions under early libc4 .\" Some floating point conversions under early libc4
.\" caused memory leaks. .\" caused memory leaks.
.SH "SEE ALSO" .SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR printf (1), .BR printf (1),
.BR asprintf (3), .BR asprintf (3),

1
man3/puts.3
View File

@ -98,7 +98,6 @@ and
return a non-negative number on success, or return a non-negative number on success, or
.B EOF .B EOF
on error. on error.
.PP
.SH "CONFORMING TO" .SH "CONFORMING TO"
C89, C99 C89, C99
.SH BUGS .SH BUGS

2
man3/realpath.3
View File

@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ A typical source fragment would be
#ifdef PATH_MAX #ifdef PATH_MAX
path_max = PATH_MAX; path_max = PATH_MAX;
#else #else
path_max = pathconf (path, _PC_PATH_MAX); path_max = pathconf(path, _PC_PATH_MAX);
if (path_max <= 0) if (path_max <= 0)
path_max = 4096; path_max = 4096;
#endif #endif

2
man3/remquo.3
View File

@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ remquo, remquof, remquol \- remainder and part of quotient
.BI "float remquof(float " x ", float " y ", int *" quo ); .BI "float remquof(float " x ", float " y ", int *" quo );
.br .br
.BI "long double remquol(long double " x ", long double " y ", int *" quo ); .BI "long double remquol(long double " x ", long double " y ", int *" quo );
.sp
.fi .fi
.SH DESCRIPTION .SH DESCRIPTION
These functions compute the remainder and part of the quotient These functions compute the remainder and part of the quotient
@ -40,7 +39,6 @@ and agrees with the quotient in at least the low order 3 bits.
For example, remquo(29.0,3.0) returns \-1.0 and might store 2. For example, remquo(29.0,3.0) returns \-1.0 and might store 2.
Note that the actual quotient might not fit in an integer. Note that the actual quotient might not fit in an integer.
.\" A possible application of this function might be the computation .\" A possible application of this function might be the computation
.\" of sin(x). Compute remquo(x, pi/2, &quo) or so. .\" of sin(x). Compute remquo(x, pi/2, &quo) or so.
.\" .\"

1
man3/resolver.3
View File

@ -138,7 +138,6 @@ contained in the structure \fI_res\fP, which is defined in
\fI<resolv.h>\fP. The only field that is normally manipulated by the \fI<resolv.h>\fP. The only field that is normally manipulated by the
user is \fI_res.options\fP. This field can contain the bitwise ``or'' user is \fI_res.options\fP. This field can contain the bitwise ``or''
of the following options: of the following options:
.sp
.TP .TP
.B RES_INIT .B RES_INIT
True if \fBres_init\fP() has been called. True if \fBres_init\fP() has been called.

9
man3/rtime.3
View File

@ -68,17 +68,19 @@ The result is the localtime of the computer 'linux'.
int use_tcp = 0; int use_tcp = 0;
char *servername = "linux"; char *servername = "linux";
int main() { int
main(void)
{
struct sockaddr_in name; struct sockaddr_in name;
struct rpc_timeval time1 = {0,0}; struct rpc_timeval time1 = {0,0};
struct rpc_timeval timeout = {1,0}; struct rpc_timeval timeout = {1,0};
struct hostent *hent; struct hostent *hent;
int ret; int ret;
memset((char *)&name, 0, sizeof(name)); memset((char *) &name, 0, sizeof(name));
sethostent(1); sethostent(1);
hent = gethostbyname(servername); hent = gethostbyname(servername);
memcpy((char *)&name.sin_addr, hent->h_addr, hent->h_length); memcpy((char *) &name.sin_addr, hent->h_addr, hent->h_length);
ret = rtime(&name, &time1, use_tcp ? NULL : &timeout); ret = rtime(&name, &time1, use_tcp ? NULL : &timeout);
if (ret < 0) if (ret < 0)
@ -106,7 +108,6 @@ and requires
.I <sys/time.h> .I <sys/time.h>
instead of instead of
.IR <rpc/auth_des.h> . .IR <rpc/auth_des.h> .
.SH "BUGS" .SH "BUGS"
.BR rtime () .BR rtime ()
in glibc <= 2.2.5 does not work properly on 64bit machines. in glibc <= 2.2.5 does not work properly on 64bit machines.

2
man3/rtnetlink.3
View File

@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ Creating a rtnetlink message to set a MTU of a device.
rta->rta_len = sizeof(unsigned int); rta->rta_len = sizeof(unsigned int);
req.n.nlmsg_len = NLMSG_ALIGN(req.n.nlmsg_len) + req.n.nlmsg_len = NLMSG_ALIGN(req.n.nlmsg_len) +
RTA_LENGTH(sizeof(mtu)); RTA_LENGTH(sizeof(mtu));
memcpy(RTA_DATA(rta), &mtu, sizeof (mtu)); memcpy(RTA_DATA(rta), &mtu, sizeof(mtu));
send(rtnetlink_sk, &req, req.n.nlmsg_len); send(rtnetlink_sk, &req, req.n.nlmsg_len);
.fi .fi
.SH BUGS .SH BUGS

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