intro.1, clock_getres.2, clone.2, futex.2, ioctl_fat.2, mkdir.2, mknod.2, mmap.2, open.2, statx.2, umask.2, userfaultfd.2, glob.3, mkfifo.3, termios.3, wordexp.3, console_codes.4, sk98lin.4, vcs.4, dir_colors.5, hosts.equiv.5, proc.5, termcap.5, utmp.5, ascii.7, bpf-helpers.7, charsets.7, environ.7, glob.7, mailaddr.7, netlink.7, operator.7, suffixes.7, tcp.7, unicode.7, uri.7, zic.8: Use "\(ti" instead of "~"

A naked tilde ("~") renders poorly in PDF. Instead use "\(ti",
which renders better in a PDF, and produces the same glyph
when rendering on a terminal.

Reported-by: Geoff Clare <gwc@opengroup.org>
Signed-off-by: Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>

man1/intro.1

@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ and
 .I pwd
 commands and explore
 .I cd
-usage: "cd", "cd .", "cd ..", "cd /" and "cd ~".
+usage: "cd", "cd .", "cd ..", "cd /" and "cd \(ti".
 .SS Directories
 The command
 .I mkdir

man2/clock_getres.2

@@ -248,8 +248,8 @@ dynamic clock ID.
 .in +4n
 .EX
 #define CLOCKFD 3
-#define FD_TO_CLOCKID(fd)   ((~(clockid_t) (fd) << 3) | CLOCKFD)
+#define FD_TO_CLOCKID(fd)   ((\(ti(clockid_t) (fd) << 3) | CLOCKFD)
-#define CLOCKID_TO_FD(clk)  ((unsigned int) ~((clk) >> 3))
+#define CLOCKID_TO_FD(clk)  ((unsigned int) \(ti((clk) >> 3))
 
 struct timeval tv;
 clockid_t clkid;

man2/clone.2

@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ l l l
 li li l.
 clone()	clone3()	Notes
 	\fIcl_args\fP field
-flags & ~0xff	flags	For most flags; details below
+flags & \(ti0xff	flags	For most flags; details below
 parent_tid	pidfd	See CLONE_PIDFD
 child_tid	child_tid	See CLONE_CHILD_SETTID
 parent_tid	parent_tid	See CLONE_PARENT_SETTID

man2/futex.2

@@ -662,7 +662,7 @@ component has one of the following values:
 FUTEX_OP_SET        0  /* uaddr2 = oparg; */
 FUTEX_OP_ADD        1  /* uaddr2 += oparg; */
 FUTEX_OP_OR         2  /* uaddr2 |= oparg; */
-FUTEX_OP_ANDN       3  /* uaddr2 &= ~oparg; */
+FUTEX_OP_ANDN       3  /* uaddr2 &= \(tioparg; */
 FUTEX_OP_XOR        4  /* uaddr2 ^= oparg; */
 .EE
 .in

man2/ioctl_fat.2

@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ The following was recorded when applying the program to the directory
 $ \fB./fat_dir /mnt/user\fP
 \[char46] -> ''
 \[char46]. -> ''
-ALONGF~1.TXT -> 'a long filename.txt'
+ALONGF\(ti1.TXT -> 'a long filename.txt'
 UPPER.TXT -> ''
 LOWER.TXT -> 'lower.txt'
 .EE

man2/mkdir.2

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ It is modified by the process's
 .I umask
 in the usual way: in the absence of a default ACL, the mode of the
 created directory is
-.RI ( mode " & ~" umask " & 0777)."
+.RI ( mode " & \(ti" umask " & 0777)."
 Whether other
 .I mode
 bits are honored for the created directory depends on the operating system.

man2/mknod.2

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ The file mode is modified by the process's
 .I umask
 in the usual way: in the absence of a default ACL, the permissions of the
 created node are
-.RI ( mode " & ~" umask ).
+.RI ( mode " & \(ti" umask ).
 .PP
 The file type must be one of
 .BR S_IFREG ,

man2/mmap.2

@@ -949,7 +949,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
         handle_error("fstat");
 
     offset = atoi(argv[2]);
-    pa_offset = offset & ~(sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE) \- 1);
+    pa_offset = offset & \(ti(sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE) \- 1);
         /* offset for mmap() must be page aligned */
 
     if (offset >= sb.st_size) {

man2/open.2

@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ The effective mode is modified by the process's
 .I umask
 in the usual way: in the absence of a default ACL, the mode of the
 created file is
-.IR "(mode\ &\ ~umask)" .
+.IR "(mode\ &\ \(tiumask)" .
 .IP
 Note that
 .I mode

man2/statx.2

@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ is an ORed combination of the following constants:
 .TS
 lB l.
 STATX_TYPE	Want stx_mode & S_IFMT
-STATX_MODE	Want stx_mode & ~S_IFMT
+STATX_MODE	Want stx_mode & \(tiS_IFMT
 STATX_NLINK	Want stx_nlink
 STATX_UID	Want stx_uid
 STATX_GID	Want stx_gid

man2/umask.2

@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH
 .EE
 .in
 .PP
-(because 0666 & ~022 = 0644; i.e., rw\-r\-\-r\-\-).
+(because 0666 & \(ti022 = 0644; i.e., rw\-r\-\-r\-\-).
 .SH RETURN VALUE
 This system call always succeeds and the previous value of the mask
 is returned.

man2/userfaultfd.2

@@ -666,7 +666,7 @@ fault_handler_thread(void *arg)
            So, round faulting address down to page boundary */
 
         uffdio_copy.dst = (unsigned long) msg.arg.pagefault.address &
-                                           ~(page_size \- 1);
+                                           \(ti(page_size \- 1);
         uffdio_copy.len = page_size;
         uffdio_copy.mode = 0;
         uffdio_copy.copy = 0;

man3/glob.3

@@ -175,11 +175,11 @@ even if there is no file with that name.
 .TP
 .B GLOB_TILDE
 Carry out tilde expansion.
-If a tilde (\(aq~\(aq) is the only character in the pattern,
+If a tilde (\(aq\(ti\(aq) is the only character in the pattern,
 or an initial tilde is followed immediately by a slash (\(aq/\(aq),
 then the home directory of the caller is substituted for
 the tilde.
-If an initial tilde is followed by a username (e.g., "~andrea/bin"),
+If an initial tilde is followed by a username (e.g., "\(tiandrea/bin"),
 then the tilde and username are substituted by the home directory
 of that user.
 If the username is invalid, or the home directory cannot be

man3/mkfifo.3

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ makes a FIFO special file with name \fIpathname\fP.
 \fImode\fP specifies the FIFO's permissions.
 It is modified by the
 process's \fBumask\fP in the usual way: the permissions of the created
-file are \fB(\fP\fImode\fP\fB & ~umask)\fP.
+file are \fB(\fP\fImode\fP\fB & \(tiumask)\fP.
 .PP
 A FIFO special file is similar to a pipe, except that it is created
 in a different way.

man3/termios.3

@@ -845,11 +845,11 @@ The terminal attributes are set as follows:
 .PP
 .in +4n
 .EX
-termios_p\->c_iflag &= ~(IGNBRK | BRKINT | PARMRK | ISTRIP
+termios_p\->c_iflag &= \(ti(IGNBRK | BRKINT | PARMRK | ISTRIP
                 | INLCR | IGNCR | ICRNL | IXON);
-termios_p\->c_oflag &= ~OPOST;
+termios_p\->c_oflag &= \(tiOPOST;
-termios_p\->c_lflag &= ~(ECHO | ECHONL | ICANON | ISIG | IEXTEN);
+termios_p\->c_lflag &= \(ti(ECHO | ECHONL | ICANON | ISIG | IEXTEN);
-termios_p\->c_cflag &= ~(CSIZE | PARENB);
+termios_p\->c_cflag &= \(ti(CSIZE | PARENB);
 termios_p\->c_cflag |= CS8;
 .EE
 .in

man3/wordexp.3

@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ then it is unspecified whether that word and all following words
 are ignored, or the # is treated as a non-comment character.
 .SS The expansion
 The expansion done consists of the following stages:
-tilde expansion (replacing ~user by user's home directory),
+tilde expansion (replacing \(tiuser by user's home directory),
 variable substitution (replacing $FOO by the value of the environment
 variable FOO), command substitution (replacing $(command) or \`command\`
 by the output of command), arithmetic expansion, field splitting,

man4/console_codes.4

@@ -583,7 +583,7 @@ ESC n	LS2	Invoke the G2 character set.
 ESC o	LS3	Invoke the G3 character set.
 ESC |	LS3R	Invoke the G3 character set as GR.
 ESC }	LS2R	Invoke the G2 character set as GR.
-ESC ~	LS1R	Invoke the G1 character set as GR.
+ESC \(ti	LS1R	Invoke the G1 character set as GR.
 .TE
 .PP
 It also recognizes ESC % and provides a more complete UTF-8

man4/sk98lin.4

@@ -156,13 +156,13 @@ which can be found on the Internet:
 .PP
 .IR VLAN \c
 :
-.UR http://www.candelatech.com\:/~greear\:/vlan.html
+.UR http://www.candelatech.com\:/\(tigreear\:/vlan.html
 .UE
 .br
 .I Link
 .IR Aggregation \c
 :
-.UR http://www.st.rim.or.jp\:/~yumo
+.UR http://www.st.rim.or.jp\:/\(tiyumo
 .UE
 .PP
 Note that Marvell/SysKonnect does not offer any support for these

man4/vcs.4

@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ main(void)
     ch = s & 0xff;
     if (s & mask)
         ch |= 0x100;
-    attrib = ((s & ~mask) >> 8);
+    attrib = ((s & \(timask) >> 8);
     printf("ch=0x%03x attrib=0x%02x\en", ch, attrib);
     s ^= 0x1000;
     (void) lseek(fd, \-2, SEEK_CUR);

man5/dir_colors.5

@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ ends in .\fIextension\fR.
 Note that the period is included in the
 extension, which makes it impossible to specify an extension not
 starting with a period, such as
-.B ~
+.B \(ti
 for
 .B emacs
 backup files.
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ hash mark as the first character.
 .I /etc/DIR_COLORS
 System-wide configuration file.
 .TP
-.I ~/.dir_colors
+.I \(ti/.dir_colors
 Per-user configuration file.
 .PP
 This page describes the

man5/hosts.equiv.5

@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ the particular service
 Below are some example
 .I /etc/host.equiv
 or
-.I ~/.rhosts
+.I \(ti/.rhosts
 files.
 .PP
 Allow any user to log in from any host:

man5/proc.5

@@ -3544,7 +3544,7 @@ It is more eligible to be reclaimed for other purposes.
 .IR HighTotal " %lu"
 (Starting with Linux 2.6.19, \fBCONFIG_HIGHMEM\fP is required.)
 Total amount of highmem.
-Highmem is all memory above ~860 MB of physical memory.
+Highmem is all memory above \(ti860 MB of physical memory.
 Highmem areas are for use by user-space programs,
 or for the page cache.
 The kernel must use tricks to access

man5/termcap.5

@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ u	right tee (+)
 v	bottom tee (+)
 w	normal tee (+)
 x	vertical line (|)
-~	paragraph (???)
+\(ti	paragraph (???)
 .fi
 .PP
 The values in parentheses are suggested defaults which are used by the

man5/utmp.5

@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ The \fIwtmp\fP file records all logins and logouts.
 Its format is exactly like \fIutmp\fP except that a null username
 indicates a logout
 on the associated terminal.
-Furthermore, the terminal name \fB~\fP
+Furthermore, the terminal name \fB\(ti\fP
 with username \fBshutdown\fP or \fBreboot\fP indicates a system
 shutdown or reboot and the pair of terminal names \fB|\fP/\fB}\fP
 logs the old/new system time when

man7/ascii.7

@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ _
 073	59	3B	;	173	123	7B	{
 074	60	3C	<	174	124	7C	|
 075	61	3D	= 	175	125	7D	}
-076	62	3E	>	176	126	7E	~
+076	62	3E	>	176	126	7E	\(ti
 077	63	3F	?	177	127	7F	DEL
 .TE
 .if t \{\
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ For convenience, below are more compact tables in hex and decimal.
 3: # 3 C S c s     3: !  +  5  ?  I  S  ]  g   q   {
 4: $ 4 D T d t     4: "  ,  6  @  J  T  ^  h   r   |
 5: % 5 E U e u     5: #  \-  7  A  K  U  _  i   s   }
-6: & 6 F V f v     6: $  .  8  B  L  V  \`  j   t   ~
+6: & 6 F V f v     6: $  .  8  B  L  V  \`  j   t   \(ti
 7: \(aq 7 G W g w     7: %  /  9  C  M  W  a  k   u  DEL
 8: ( 8 H X h x     8: &  0  :  D  N  X  b  l   v
 9: ) 9 I Y i y     9: \(aq  1  ;  E  O  Y  c  m   w
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ A: * : J Z j z
 B: + ; K [ k {
 C: , < L \e l |
 D: \- = M ] m }
-E: . > N ^ n ~
+E: . > N ^ n \(ti
 F: / ? O _ o DEL
 .if t \{\
 .in

man7/bpf-helpers.7

@@ -1674,7 +1674,7 @@ callback:
 .INDENT 7.0
 .TP
 .B \fBbpf_sock_ops_cb_flags_set(bpf_sock,\fP
-\fBbpf_sock\->bpf_sock_ops_cb_flags & ~BPF_SOCK_OPS_RTO_CB_FLAG)\fP
+\fBbpf_sock\->bpf_sock_ops_cb_flags & \(tiBPF_SOCK_OPS_RTO_CB_FLAG)\fP
 .UNINDENT
 .sp
 Here are some examples of where one could call such eBPF

man7/charsets.7

@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ G0 always has size 94 and uses codes 041\(en0176.
 .PP
 Switching between character sets is done using the shift functions
 \fB^N\fP (SO or LS1), \fB^O\fP (SI or LS0), ESC n (LS2), ESC o (LS3),
-ESC N (SS2), ESC O (SS3), ESC ~ (LS1R), ESC } (LS2R), ESC | (LS3R).
+ESC N (SS2), ESC O (SS3), ESC \(ti (LS1R), ESC } (LS2R), ESC | (LS3R).
 The function LS\fIn\fP makes character set G\fIn\fP the current one
 for codes with high bit zero.
 The function LS\fIn\fPR makes character set G\fIn\fP the current one

man7/environ.7

@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ The user's preferred utility to edit text files.
 .\" .TP
 .\" .B BROWSER
 .\" The user's preferred utility to browse URLs. Sequence of colon-separated
-.\" browser commands. See http://www.catb.org/~esr/BROWSER/ .
+.\" browser commands. See http://www.catb.org/\(tiesr/BROWSER/ .
 .PP
 Names may be placed in the shell's environment by the
 .I export

man7/glob.7

@@ -127,13 +127,13 @@ one can force the classical behavior using this command:
 For example, where old scripts have
 .PP
 .nf
-    rm \`find . \-name "*~"\`
+    rm \`find . \-name "*\(ti"\`
 .fi
 .PP
 new scripts require
 .PP
 .nf
-    rm \-f nosuchfile \`find . \-name "*~"\`
+    rm \-f nosuchfile \`find . \-name "*\(ti"\`
 .fi
 .PP
 to avoid error messages from

man7/mailaddr.7

@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ The "postmaster" address is not case sensitive.
 .SH FILES
 .I /etc/aliases
 .br
-.I ~/.forward
+.I \(ti/.forward
 .SH SEE ALSO
 .BR mail (1),
 .BR aliases (5),

man7/netlink.7

@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ for (nh = (struct nlmsghdr *) buf; NLMSG_OK (nh, len);
 information about libnetlink
 .UE
 .PP
-.UR http://www.infradead.org\:/~tgr\:/libnl/
+.UR http://www.infradead.org\:/\(titgr\:/libnl/
 information about libnl
 .UE
 .PP

man7/operator.7

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ lb lb lb
 l l l.
 Operator	Associativity	Notes
 () [] \-> . ++ \-\-	left to right	[1]
-! ~ ++ \-\- + \- (type) * & sizeof	right to left	[2]
+! \(ti ++ \-\- + \- (type) * & sizeof	right to left	[2]
 * / %	left to right
 + \-	left to right
 << >>	left to right

man7/suffixes.7

@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ Suffix	File type
  .z	File compressed using \fBpack\fP(1) (or an old \fBgzip\fP(1))
  .zip	\fBzip\fP(1) archive
  .zoo	\fBzoo\fP(1) archive
- ~	Emacs or \fBpatch\fP(1) backup file
+ \(ti	Emacs or \fBpatch\fP(1) backup file
  rc	startup (`run control') file, e.g., \fI.newsrc\fP
 .TE
 .SH CONFORMING TO

man7/tcp.7

@@ -580,7 +580,7 @@ the orphaned connection is reset and a warning is printed.
 This limit exists only to prevent simple denial-of-service attacks.
 Lowering this limit is not recommended.
 Network conditions might require you to increase the number of
-orphans allowed, but note that each orphan can eat up to ~64\ kB
+orphans allowed, but note that each orphan can eat up to \(ti64\ kB
 of unswappable memory.
 The default initial value is set equal to the kernel parameter NR_FILE.
 This initial default is adjusted depending on the memory in the system.

man7/unicode.7

@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ Unicode Technical Reports.
 .IP *
 Markus Kuhn: UTF-8 and Unicode FAQ for UNIX/Linux.
 .RS
-.UR http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk\:/~mgk25\:/unicode.html
+.UR http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk\:/\(timgk25\:/unicode.html
 .UE
 .RE
 .IP *

man7/uri.7

@@ -503,7 +503,7 @@ include uppercase and lowercase English letters,
 decimal digits, and the following
 limited set of punctuation marks and symbols:
 .IP
- \- _ . ! ~ * ' ( )
+ \- _ . ! \(ti * ' ( )
 .PP
 All other characters must be escaped.
 An escaped octet is encoded as a character triplet, consisting of the
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ A URI is always shown in its "escaped" form.
 Unreserved characters can be escaped without changing the semantics
 of the URI, but this should not be done unless the URI is being used
 in a context that does not allow the unescaped character to appear.
-For example, "%7e" is sometimes used instead of "~" in an HTTP URL
+For example, "%7e" is sometimes used instead of "\(ti" in an HTTP URL
 path, but the two are equivalent for an HTTP URL.
 .PP
 For URIs which must handle characters outside the US ASCII character set,
@@ -554,7 +554,7 @@ This latter system, called the 'new' or 'logical' quoting system by
 is preferred practice in Great Britain and hackers worldwide
 (see the
 Jargon File's section on Hacker Writing Style,
-.UR http://www.fwi.uva.nl\:/~mes\:/jargon\:/h\:/HackerWritingStyle.html
+.UR http://www.fwi.uva.nl\:/\(times\:/jargon\:/h\:/HackerWritingStyle.html
 .UE ,
 for more information).
 Older documents suggested inserting the prefix "URL:"

man8/zic.8

@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ nor
 .q + .
 To allow for future extensions,
 an unquoted name should not contain characters from the set
-.q !$%&'()*,/:;<=>?@[\e]^`{|}~ .
+.q !$%&'()*,/:;<=>?@[\e]^`{|}\(ti .
 .TP
 .B FROM
 Gives the first year in which the rule applies.