mirror of https://github.com/mkerrisk/man-pages
Change use of quote characters to get better UTF-8 rendering.
This commit is contained in:
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Changes
30
Changes
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@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ Contributors
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The following people contributed notes, ideas, or patches that have
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The following people contributed notes, ideas, or patches that have
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been incorporated in changes in this release:
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been incorporated in changes in this release:
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Stuart Brady <sdbrady@ntlworld.com>
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Apologies if I missed anyone!
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Apologies if I missed anyone!
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@ -22,6 +23,31 @@ This made sense because those pages are seldom changed (only formatting
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fixes, etc.) so that it was unnecessary to redistribute them with each
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fixes, etc.) so that it was unnecessary to redistribute them with each
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man-pages release.
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man-pages release.
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console_codes.4
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random.4
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dir_colors.5
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proc.5
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glob.7
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Stuart Brady
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s/`/\`/ for backquotes used in command substitution, for
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proper rendering in UTF-8.
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Various pages
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mtk, after a note from Stuart Brady
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Using /'x'/ to denote a character (string) renders poorly in UTF-8,
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where the two ' characters render as closing single quotes. On the
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other hand, using /`x'/ renders nicely on UTF-8, where proper
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opening and closing single quotes are produced by groff, but looks
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ugly when rendered in ASCII. Using the sequence /\'x\'/ produces
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a reasonable rendering (a verticle "apostrophe quote") in both UTF-8
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and ASCII. So that change is made in a number of pages.
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See also http://www.cl.cal.ac.uk/~mgk25/ucs/quotes.html.
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Varios pages
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mtk
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Replace form /`string'/ by /"string"/, since the former renders
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poorly in ASCII.
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New pages
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New pages
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---------
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---------
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@ -31,3 +57,7 @@ New links
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Changes to individual pages
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Changes to individual pages
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---------------------------
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---------------------------
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locale.7
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mtk
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Minor formatting fixes.
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@ -53,7 +53,8 @@ This call changes an ingredient in the pathname resolution process
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and does nothing else.
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and does nothing else.
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This call does not change the current working directory,
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This call does not change the current working directory,
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so that after the call '\fI.\fP' can be outside the tree rooted at '\fI/\fP'.
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so that after the call \'\fI.\fP\' can
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be outside the tree rooted at \'\fI/\fP\'.
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In particular, the superuser can escape from a "chroot jail"
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In particular, the superuser can escape from a "chroot jail"
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by doing:
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by doing:
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.nf
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.nf
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@ -70,9 +70,9 @@ one or more ASCII letters were used.
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For example,
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For example,
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.B TCGETS
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.B TCGETS
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has value
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has value
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0x00005401, with 0x54 = 'T' indicating the terminal driver, and
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0x00005401, with 0x54 = \'T\' indicating the terminal driver, and
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.B CYGETTIMEOUT
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.B CYGETTIMEOUT
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has value 0x00435906, with 0x43 0x59 = 'C' 'Y'
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has value 0x00435906, with 0x43 0x59 = \'C\' \'Y\'
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indicating the cyclades driver.
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indicating the cyclades driver.
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.LP
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.LP
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Later (0.98p5) some more information was built into the number.
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Later (0.98p5) some more information was built into the number.
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@ -695,8 +695,8 @@ They use the same pointer as an output pointer to
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The length varies by request.
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The length varies by request.
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For
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For
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.BR CDROMREADMODE1 ,
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.BR CDROMREADMODE1 ,
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most drivers use 'CD_FRAMESIZE', but the Optics Storage
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most drivers use CD_FRAMESIZE, but the Optics Storage
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driver uses 'OPT_BLOCKSIZE' instead (both have the numerical value
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driver uses OPT_BLOCKSIZE instead (both have the numerical value
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2048).
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2048).
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.nf
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.nf
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@ -582,7 +582,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
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length = atoi(argv[3]);
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length = atoi(argv[3]);
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if (offset + length > sb.st_size)
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if (offset + length > sb.st_size)
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length = sb.st_size \- offset;
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length = sb.st_size \- offset;
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/* Can't display bytes past end of file */
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/* Can\'t display bytes past end of file */
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} else { /* No length arg ==> display to end of file */
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} else { /* No length arg ==> display to end of file */
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length = sb.st_size \- offset;
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length = sb.st_size \- offset;
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@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ Only the superuser may call
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The precise effect of the above actions depends on the architecture.
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The precise effect of the above actions depends on the architecture.
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For the i386 architecture, the additional argument does not do
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For the i386 architecture, the additional argument does not do
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anything at present (2.1.122), but the type of reboot can be
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anything at present (2.1.122), but the type of reboot can be
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determined by kernel command-line arguments (`reboot=...') to be
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determined by kernel command-line arguments ("reboot=...") to be
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either warm or cold, and either hard or through the BIOS.
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either warm or cold, and either hard or through the BIOS.
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.SH "RETURN VALUE"
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.SH "RETURN VALUE"
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For the values of
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For the values of
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@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
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sigaddset(&mask, SIGINT);
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sigaddset(&mask, SIGINT);
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sigaddset(&mask, SIGQUIT);
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sigaddset(&mask, SIGQUIT);
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/* Block signals so that they aren't handled
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/* Block signals so that they aren\'t handled
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according to their default dispositions */
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according to their default dispositions */
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if (sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &mask, NULL) == \-1)
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if (sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &mask, NULL) == \-1)
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@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ int main(void)
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if (context == -1)
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if (context == -1)
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handle_error("spu_create");
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handle_error("spu_create");
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/* write a 'stop 0x1234' instruction to the SPU's
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/* write a \'stop 0x1234\' instruction to the SPU\'s
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* local store memory
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* local store memory
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*/
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*/
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instruction = 0x00001234;
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instruction = 0x00001234;
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@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ myfunc3(void)
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free(strings);
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free(strings);
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}
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}
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static void /* 'static' means don't export the symbol... */
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static void /* \'static\' means don\'t export the symbol... */
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myfunc2(void)
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myfunc2(void)
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{
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{
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myfunc3();
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myfunc3();
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@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
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res = bsearch(&key, months, nr_of_months,
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res = bsearch(&key, months, nr_of_months,
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sizeof(struct mi), compmi);
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sizeof(struct mi), compmi);
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if (res == NULL)
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if (res == NULL)
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printf("'%s': unknown month\en", argv[i]);
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printf("\'%s\': unknown month\en", argv[i]);
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else
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else
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printf("%s: month #%d\en", res\->name, res\->nr);
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printf("%s: month #%d\en", res\->name, res\->nr);
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}
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}
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10
man3/ctime.3
10
man3/ctime.3
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@ -151,11 +151,11 @@ It converts the calendar time \fIt\fP into a string of the form
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"Wed Jun 30 21:49:08 1993\\n"
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"Wed Jun 30 21:49:08 1993\\n"
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.RE
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.RE
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.sp
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.sp
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The abbreviations for the days of the week are `Sun', `Mon', `Tue', `Wed',
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The abbreviations for the days of the week are "Sun", "Mon", "Tue", "Wed",
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`Thu', `Fri', and `Sat'.
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"Thu", "Fri", and "Sat".
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The abbreviations for the months are `Jan',
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The abbreviations for the months are "Jan",
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`Feb', `Mar', `Apr', `May', `Jun', `Jul', `Aug', `Sep', `Oct', `Nov', and
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"Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun", "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", and
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`Dec'.
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"Dec".
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The return value points to a statically allocated string which
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The return value points to a statically allocated string which
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might be overwritten by subsequent calls to any of the date and time
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might be overwritten by subsequent calls to any of the date and time
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functions.
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functions.
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@ -79,12 +79,12 @@ The fourth parameter,
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is formed by
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is formed by
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OR 'ing
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OR 'ing
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together some things.
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together some things.
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For the encryption direction 'or' in either
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For the encryption direction OR in either
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.BR DES_ENCRYPT
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.BR DES_ENCRYPT
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or
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or
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.BR DES_DECRYPT .
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.BR DES_DECRYPT .
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For software versus hardware
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For software versus hardware
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encryption, 'or' in either
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encryption, OR in either
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.BR DES_HW
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.BR DES_HW
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or
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or
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.BR DES_SW .
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.BR DES_SW .
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@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ struct dl_phdr_info {
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const ElfW(Phdr) *dlpi_phdr; /* Pointer to array of
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const ElfW(Phdr) *dlpi_phdr; /* Pointer to array of
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ELF program headers
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ELF program headers
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for this object */
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for this object */
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ElfW(Half) dlpi_phnum; /* # of items in 'dlpi_phdr' */
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ElfW(Half) dlpi_phnum; /* # of items in \'dlpi_phdr\' */
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};
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};
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.fi
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.fi
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.in
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.in
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@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ mq_open \- open a message queue
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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.nf
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.nf
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.BR "#include <fcntl.h>" " /* For O_* constants */"
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.BR "#include <fcntl.h>" " /* For O_* constants */"
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.BR "#include <sys/stat.h>" " /* For 'mode' constants */"
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.BR "#include <sys/stat.h>" " /* For mode constants */"
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.B #include <mqueue.h>
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.B #include <mqueue.h>
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.sp
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.sp
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.BI "mqd_t mq_open(const char *" name ", int " oflag );
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.BI "mqd_t mq_open(const char *" name ", int " oflag );
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@ -76,9 +76,9 @@ that the time entry within
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.I /etc/inetd.conf
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.I /etc/inetd.conf
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is not commented out.
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is not commented out.
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.br
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.br
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The program connects to a computer called 'linux'.
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The program connects to a computer called "linux".
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Using 'localhost' does not work.
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Using "localhost" does not work.
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The result is the localtime of the computer 'linux'.
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The result is the localtime of the computer "linux".
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.sp
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.sp
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.nf
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.nf
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#include <stdio.h>
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#include <stdio.h>
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@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ sem_open \- initialize and open a named semaphore
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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.nf
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.nf
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.BR "#include <fcntl.h>" " /* For O_* constants */"
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.BR "#include <fcntl.h>" " /* For O_* constants */"
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.BR "#include <sys/stat.h>" " /* For 'mode' constants */"
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.BR "#include <sys/stat.h>" " /* For mode constants */"
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.B #include <semaphore.h>
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.B #include <semaphore.h>
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.sp
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.sp
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.BI "sem_t *sem_open(const char *" name ", int " oflag );
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.BI "sem_t *sem_open(const char *" name ", int " oflag );
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@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ shm_open, shm_unlink \- Create/open or unlink POSIX shared memory objects
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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.B #include <sys/mman.h>
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.B #include <sys/mman.h>
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.br
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.br
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.BR "#include <sys/stat.h>" " /* For 'mode' constants */"
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.BR "#include <sys/stat.h>" " /* For mode constants */"
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.br
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.br
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.BR "#include <fcntl.h>" " /* For O_* constants */"
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.BR "#include <fcntl.h>" " /* For O_* constants */"
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.sp
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.sp
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@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ putchar_unlocked \- non-locking stdio functions
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.fi
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.fi
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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Each of these functions has the same behavior as its counterpart
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Each of these functions has the same behavior as its counterpart
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without the `_unlocked' suffix, except that they do not use locking
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without the "_unlocked" suffix, except that they do not use locking
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(they do not set locks themselves, and do not test for the presence
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(they do not set locks themselves, and do not test for the presence
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of locks set by others) and hence are thread-unsafe.
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of locks set by others) and hence are thread-unsafe.
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See
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See
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@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ are ignored, or the # is treated as a non-comment character.
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The expansion done consists of the following stages:
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The expansion done consists of the following stages:
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tilde expansion (replacing ~user by user's home directory),
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tilde expansion (replacing ~user by user's home directory),
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variable substitution (replacing $FOO by the value of the environment
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variable substitution (replacing $FOO by the value of the environment
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variable FOO), command substitution (replacing $(command) or `command`
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variable FOO), command substitution (replacing $(command) or \`command\`
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by the output of command), arithmetic expansion, field splitting,
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by the output of command), arithmetic expansion, field splitting,
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wildcard expansion, quote removal.
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wildcard expansion, quote removal.
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.LP
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.LP
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@ -76,10 +76,10 @@ according to the mapping table) it has one of the 14 codes
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00 (NUL), 07 (BEL), 08 (BS), 09 (HT), 0a (LF), 0b (VT),
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00 (NUL), 07 (BEL), 08 (BS), 09 (HT), 0a (LF), 0b (VT),
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0c (FF), 0d (CR), 0e (SO), 0f (SI), 18 (CAN), 1a (SUB),
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0c (FF), 0d (CR), 0e (SO), 0f (SI), 18 (CAN), 1a (SUB),
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1b (ESC), 7f (DEL).
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1b (ESC), 7f (DEL).
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One can set a `display control characters' mode (see below),
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One can set a "display control characters" mode (see below),
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and allow 07, 09, 0b, 18, 1a, 7f to be displayed as glyphs.
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and allow 07, 09, 0b, 18, 1a, 7f to be displayed as glyphs.
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On the other hand, in UTF-8 mode all codes 00-1f are regarded
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On the other hand, in UTF-8 mode all codes 00-1f are regarded
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as control characters, regardless of any `display control characters'
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as control characters, regardless of any "display control characters"
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mode.
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mode.
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.PP
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.PP
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If we have a control character, it is acted upon immediately
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If we have a control character, it is acted upon immediately
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@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ M DL Delete the indicated # of lines.
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P DCH Delete the indicated # of characters on the current line.
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P DCH Delete the indicated # of characters on the current line.
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X ECH Erase the indicated # of characters on the current line.
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X ECH Erase the indicated # of characters on the current line.
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a HPR Move cursor right the indicated # of columns.
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a HPR Move cursor right the indicated # of columns.
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c DA Answer ESC [ ? 6 c: `I am a VT102'.
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c DA Answer ESC [ ? 6 c: "I am a VT102".
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d VPA Move cursor to the indicated row, current column.
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d VPA Move cursor to the indicated row, current column.
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e VPR Move cursor down the indicated # of rows.
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e VPR Move cursor down the indicated # of rows.
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f HVP Move cursor to the indicated row, column.
|
f HVP Move cursor to the indicated row, column.
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@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ Again \fIx\fP and
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The upper left corner is (1,1).
|
The upper left corner is (1,1).
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.SS "Comparisons With Other Terminals"
|
.SS "Comparisons With Other Terminals"
|
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Many different terminal types are described, like the Linux console,
|
Many different terminal types are described, like the Linux console,
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as being `VT100-compatible'.
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as being "VT100-compatible".
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Here we discuss differences between the
|
Here we discuss differences between the
|
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Linux console and the two most important others, the DEC VT102 and
|
Linux console and the two most important others, the DEC VT102 and
|
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.BR xterm (1).
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.BR xterm (1).
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|
@ -495,8 +495,8 @@ The program
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.I xterm
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.I xterm
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(in VT100 mode) recognizes ESC c, ESC # 8, ESC >, ESC =,
|
(in VT100 mode) recognizes ESC c, ESC # 8, ESC >, ESC =,
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ESC D, ESC E, ESC H, ESC M, ESC N, ESC O, ESC P ... ESC \,
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ESC D, ESC E, ESC H, ESC M, ESC N, ESC O, ESC P ... ESC \,
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ESC Z (it answers ESC [ ? 1 ; 2 c, `I am a VT100 with
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ESC Z (it answers ESC [ ? 1 ; 2 c, "I am a VT100 with
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advanced video option')
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advanced video option")
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and ESC ^ ... ESC \ with the same meanings as indicated above.
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and ESC ^ ... ESC \ with the same meanings as indicated above.
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It accepts ESC (, ESC ), ESC *, ESC + followed by 0, A, B for
|
It accepts ESC (, ESC ), ESC *, ESC + followed by 0, A, B for
|
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the DEC special character and line drawing set, UK, and US-ASCII,
|
the DEC special character and line drawing set, UK, and US-ASCII,
|
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|
|
|
@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ Partition numbers are assigned in the order the partitions
|
||||||
are discovered, and only non-empty, non-extended partitions
|
are discovered, and only non-empty, non-extended partitions
|
||||||
get a number.
|
get a number.
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However, partition numbers 1-4 are given to the
|
However, partition numbers 1-4 are given to the
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||||||
four partitions described in the MBR (the `primary' partitions),
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four partitions described in the MBR (the "primary" partitions),
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regardless of whether they are unused or extended.
|
regardless of whether they are unused or extended.
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Thus, the first logical partition will be
|
Thus, the first logical partition will be
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.BI hd X 5\c
|
.BI hd X 5\c
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|
@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ For example,
|
||||||
.I /dev/hda
|
.I /dev/hda
|
||||||
refers to all of the first IDE drive in the system; and
|
refers to all of the first IDE drive in the system; and
|
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.I /dev/hdb3
|
.I /dev/hdb3
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||||||
refers to the third DOS `primary' partition on the second one.
|
refers to the third DOS "primary" partition on the second one.
|
||||||
.LP
|
.LP
|
||||||
They are typically created by:
|
They are typically created by:
|
||||||
.RS
|
.RS
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ For a NFS example, the following shell command lines would change the
|
||||||
normal root device to the NFS directory
|
normal root device to the NFS directory
|
||||||
.I /var/nfsroot
|
.I /var/nfsroot
|
||||||
on a local networked NFS server with IP number 193.8.232.7 for a system with
|
on a local networked NFS server with IP number 193.8.232.7 for a system with
|
||||||
IP number 193.8.232.7 and named 'idefix':
|
IP number 193.8.232.7 and named "idefix":
|
||||||
.nf
|
.nf
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
echo /var/nfsroot >/proc/sys/kernel/nfs-root-name
|
echo /var/nfsroot >/proc/sys/kernel/nfs-root-name
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ is the default.
|
||||||
RLMT monitors the status of the port.
|
RLMT monitors the status of the port.
|
||||||
If the link of the active port fails,
|
If the link of the active port fails,
|
||||||
RLMT switches immediately to the standby link.
|
RLMT switches immediately to the standby link.
|
||||||
The virtual link is maintained as long as at least one 'physical' link is up.
|
The virtual link is maintained as long as at least one "physical" link is up.
|
||||||
This parameters states how RLMT should monitor both ports.
|
This parameters states how RLMT should monitor both ports.
|
||||||
Possible values are:
|
Possible values are:
|
||||||
.IR CheckLinkState ,
|
.IR CheckLinkState ,
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -304,9 +304,9 @@ TIOCPKT_FLUSHREAD The read queue for the terminal is flushed.
|
||||||
TIOCPKT_FLUSHWRITE The write queue for the terminal is flushed.
|
TIOCPKT_FLUSHWRITE The write queue for the terminal is flushed.
|
||||||
TIOCPKT_STOP Output to the terminal is stopped.
|
TIOCPKT_STOP Output to the terminal is stopped.
|
||||||
TIOCPKT_START Output to the terminal is restarted.
|
TIOCPKT_START Output to the terminal is restarted.
|
||||||
TIOCPKT_DOSTOP t_stopc is `^S' and t_startc is `^Q'.
|
TIOCPKT_DOSTOP t_stopc is \'^S\' and t_startc is \'^Q\'.
|
||||||
TIOCPKT_NOSTOP The start and stop characters are not
|
TIOCPKT_NOSTOP The start and stop characters are not
|
||||||
`^S/^Q'.
|
\'^S\'/\'^Q\'.
|
||||||
.fi
|
.fi
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
While this mode is in use, the presence
|
While this mode is in use, the presence
|
||||||
|
@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ This mode is used by
|
||||||
.BR rlogin (1)
|
.BR rlogin (1)
|
||||||
and
|
and
|
||||||
.BR rlogind (8)
|
.BR rlogind (8)
|
||||||
to implement a remote-echoed, locally `^S/^Q' flow-controlled remote login.
|
to implement a remote-echoed, locally \`^S\'/\'^Q\' flow-controlled remote login.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The BSD ioctls
|
The BSD ioctls
|
||||||
.BR TIOCSTOP ,
|
.BR TIOCSTOP ,
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ main(void)
|
||||||
if (attrib & mask)
|
if (attrib & mask)
|
||||||
ch |= 0x100;
|
ch |= 0x100;
|
||||||
attrib = ((s & ~mask) >> 8);
|
attrib = ((s & ~mask) >> 8);
|
||||||
printf("ch='%c' attrib=0x%02x\\n", ch, attrib);
|
printf("ch=\'%c\' attrib=0x%02x\\n", ch, attrib);
|
||||||
attrib ^= 0x10;
|
attrib ^= 0x10;
|
||||||
(void) lseek(fd, \-1, 1);
|
(void) lseek(fd, \-1, 1);
|
||||||
(void) write(fd, &attrib, 1);
|
(void) write(fd, &attrib, 1);
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -97,9 +97,9 @@ The name itself is enclosed between angle brackets.
|
||||||
Characters following an
|
Characters following an
|
||||||
.B <escape_char>
|
.B <escape_char>
|
||||||
are interpreted as itself; for example, the sequence
|
are interpreted as itself; for example, the sequence
|
||||||
.B '<\\\\\\\\\\\\>>'
|
.B "<\\\\\\\\\\\\>>"
|
||||||
represents the symbolic name
|
represents the symbolic name
|
||||||
.B '\\\\>'
|
.B "\\\\>"
|
||||||
enclosed in angle brackets.
|
enclosed in angle brackets.
|
||||||
.SS "Character Encoding"
|
.SS "Character Encoding"
|
||||||
The
|
The
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ by the following values when a core file is created:
|
||||||
%g real GID of dumped process
|
%g real GID of dumped process
|
||||||
%s number of signal causing dump
|
%s number of signal causing dump
|
||||||
%t time of dump (seconds since 0:00h, 1 Jan 1970)
|
%t time of dump (seconds since 0:00h, 1 Jan 1970)
|
||||||
%h hostname (same as 'nodename' returned by \fBuname\fP(2))
|
%h hostname (same as \fInodename\fP returned by \fBuname\fP(2))
|
||||||
%e executable filename
|
%e executable filename
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.fi
|
.fi
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -183,19 +183,19 @@ It must be filled with
|
||||||
The second byte of the magic number.
|
The second byte of the magic number.
|
||||||
It must be filled with
|
It must be filled with
|
||||||
.BR ELFMAG1 .
|
.BR ELFMAG1 .
|
||||||
(1: 'E')
|
(1: \'E\')
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.BR EI_MAG2
|
.BR EI_MAG2
|
||||||
The third byte of the magic number.
|
The third byte of the magic number.
|
||||||
It must be filled with
|
It must be filled with
|
||||||
.BR ELFMAG2 .
|
.BR ELFMAG2 .
|
||||||
(2: 'L')
|
(2: \'L\')
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.BR EI_MAG3
|
.BR EI_MAG3
|
||||||
The fourth byte of the magic number.
|
The fourth byte of the magic number.
|
||||||
It must be filled with
|
It must be filled with
|
||||||
.BR ELFMAG3 .
|
.BR ELFMAG3 .
|
||||||
(3: 'F')
|
(3: \'F\')
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.BR EI_CLASS
|
.BR EI_CLASS
|
||||||
The fifth byte identifies the architecture for this binary:
|
The fifth byte identifies the architecture for this binary:
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ protocols when assigning a port number.
|
||||||
Therefore, most entries will
|
Therefore, most entries will
|
||||||
have two entries, even for TCP only services.
|
have two entries, even for TCP only services.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Port numbers below 1024 (so-called 'low numbered' ports) can only be
|
Port numbers below 1024 (so-called "low numbered" ports) can only be
|
||||||
bound to by root (see
|
bound to by root (see
|
||||||
.BR bind (2),
|
.BR bind (2),
|
||||||
.BR tcp (7),
|
.BR tcp (7),
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ files or with the
|
||||||
interface.
|
interface.
|
||||||
Each interface in the system has its own directory in
|
Each interface in the system has its own directory in
|
||||||
/proc/sys/net/ipv4/neigh/.
|
/proc/sys/net/ipv4/neigh/.
|
||||||
The setting in the `default' directory is used for all newly created
|
The setting in the "default" directory is used for all newly created
|
||||||
devices.
|
devices.
|
||||||
Unless otherwise specified time-related sysctls are specified
|
Unless otherwise specified time-related sysctls are specified
|
||||||
in seconds.
|
in seconds.
|
||||||
|
|
14
man7/boot.7
14
man7/boot.7
|
@ -137,11 +137,11 @@ a single startup script located in a specific directory
|
||||||
.RI ( /etc/init.d
|
.RI ( /etc/init.d
|
||||||
in most versions of Linux).
|
in most versions of Linux).
|
||||||
Each of these scripts accepts as a single argument
|
Each of these scripts accepts as a single argument
|
||||||
the word 'start' \-\- causing it to start the service, or the word
|
the word "start" \-\- causing it to start the service, or the word
|
||||||
\&'stop' \-\- causing it to stop the service.
|
\&"stop" \-\- causing it to stop the service.
|
||||||
The script may optionally
|
The script may optionally
|
||||||
accept other "convenience" parameters (e.g: 'restart', to stop and then
|
accept other "convenience" parameters (e.g: "restart", to stop and then
|
||||||
start, 'status' do display the service status).
|
start, "status" do display the service status).
|
||||||
Running the script
|
Running the script
|
||||||
without parameters displays the possible arguments.
|
without parameters displays the possible arguments.
|
||||||
.SS "Sequencing Directories"
|
.SS "Sequencing Directories"
|
||||||
|
@ -156,10 +156,10 @@ directory.
|
||||||
A primary script (usually \fI/etc/rc\fR) is called from
|
A primary script (usually \fI/etc/rc\fR) is called from
|
||||||
.BR inittab (5)
|
.BR inittab (5)
|
||||||
and calls the services scripts via the links in the sequencing directories.
|
and calls the services scripts via the links in the sequencing directories.
|
||||||
All links with names that begin with 'S' are being called with
|
All links with names that begin with \'S\' are being called with
|
||||||
the argument 'start' (thereby starting the service).
|
the argument "start" (thereby starting the service).
|
||||||
All links with
|
All links with
|
||||||
names that begin with 'K' are being called with the argument 'stop'
|
names that begin with \'K\' are being called with the argument "stop"
|
||||||
(thereby stopping the service).
|
(thereby stopping the service).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
To define the starting or stopping order within the same run-level,
|
To define the starting or stopping order within the same run-level,
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -94,8 +94,8 @@ It is essentially obsolete; see 8859-10 (Latin-6) and 8859-13 (Latin-7).
|
||||||
8859-5
|
8859-5
|
||||||
Cyrillic letters supporting Bulgarian, Byelorussian, Macedonian,
|
Cyrillic letters supporting Bulgarian, Byelorussian, Macedonian,
|
||||||
Russian, Serbian and Ukrainian.
|
Russian, Serbian and Ukrainian.
|
||||||
Ukrainians read the letter `ghe'
|
Ukrainians read the letter "ghe"
|
||||||
with downstroke as `heh' and would need a ghe with upstroke to write a
|
with downstroke as "heh" and would need a ghe with upstroke to write a
|
||||||
correct ghe.
|
correct ghe.
|
||||||
See the discussion of KOI8-R below.
|
See the discussion of KOI8-R below.
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
|
@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ Turkish ones.
|
||||||
8859-10 (Latin-6)
|
8859-10 (Latin-6)
|
||||||
Latin 6 adds the last Inuit (Greenlandic) and Sami (Lappish) letters
|
Latin 6 adds the last Inuit (Greenlandic) and Sami (Lappish) letters
|
||||||
that were missing in Latin 4 to cover the entire Nordic area.
|
that were missing in Latin 4 to cover the entire Nordic area.
|
||||||
RFC 1345 listed a preliminary and different `latin6'.
|
RFC 1345 listed a preliminary and different "latin6".
|
||||||
Skolt Sami still
|
Skolt Sami still
|
||||||
needs a few more accents than these.
|
needs a few more accents than these.
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
|
@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ It does not care at
|
||||||
all what the bytes it is handling stand for.
|
all what the bytes it is handling stand for.
|
||||||
.LP
|
.LP
|
||||||
Rendering of Unicode data streams is typically handled through
|
Rendering of Unicode data streams is typically handled through
|
||||||
`subfont' tables which map a subset of Unicode to glyphs.
|
"subfont" tables which map a subset of Unicode to glyphs.
|
||||||
Internally
|
Internally
|
||||||
the kernel uses Unicode to describe the subfont loaded in video RAM.
|
the kernel uses Unicode to describe the subfont loaded in video RAM.
|
||||||
This means that in UTF-8 mode one can use a character set with 512
|
This means that in UTF-8 mode one can use a character set with 512
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ The sequence of directory prefixes that
|
||||||
.BR sh (1)
|
.BR sh (1)
|
||||||
and many other
|
and many other
|
||||||
programs apply in searching for a file known by an incomplete pathname.
|
programs apply in searching for a file known by an incomplete pathname.
|
||||||
The prefixes are separated by '\fB:\fP'.
|
The prefixes are separated by \'\fB:\fP\'.
|
||||||
(Similarly one has \fBCDPATH\fP used by some shells to find the target
|
(Similarly one has \fBCDPATH\fP used by some shells to find the target
|
||||||
of a change directory command, \fBMANPATH\fP used by
|
of a change directory command, \fBMANPATH\fP used by
|
||||||
.BR man (1)
|
.BR man (1)
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ futex \- Fast Userspace Locking
|
||||||
.fi
|
.fi
|
||||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
The Linux kernel provides futexes ('Fast Userspace muTexes')
|
The Linux kernel provides futexes ("Fast Userspace muTexes")
|
||||||
as a building block for fast userspace
|
as a building block for fast userspace
|
||||||
locking and semaphores.
|
locking and semaphores.
|
||||||
Futexes are very basic and lend themselves well for building higher level
|
Futexes are very basic and lend themselves well for building higher level
|
||||||
|
@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ but it may necessary to communicate with the kernel using the
|
||||||
.BR futex (2)
|
.BR futex (2)
|
||||||
system call.
|
system call.
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
To 'up' a futex, execute the proper assembler instructions that
|
To "up" a futex, execute the proper assembler instructions that
|
||||||
will cause the host CPU to atomically increment the integer.
|
will cause the host CPU to atomically increment the integer.
|
||||||
Afterwards, check if it has in fact changed from 0 to 1, in which case
|
Afterwards, check if it has in fact changed from 0 to 1, in which case
|
||||||
there were no waiters and the operation is done.
|
there were no waiters and the operation is done.
|
||||||
|
@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ kernel to wake up any waiters using the
|
||||||
.B FUTEX_WAKE
|
.B FUTEX_WAKE
|
||||||
operation.
|
operation.
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
Waiting on a futex, to 'down' it, is the reverse operation.
|
Waiting on a futex, to "down" it, is the reverse operation.
|
||||||
Atomically decrement the counter and check if it changed to 0,
|
Atomically decrement the counter and check if it changed to 0,
|
||||||
in which case the operation is done and the futex was uncontended.
|
in which case the operation is done and the futex was uncontended.
|
||||||
In all other circumstances, the process should set the counter to \-1
|
In all other circumstances, the process should set the counter to \-1
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ struct inotify_event {
|
||||||
uint32_t mask; /* Mask of events */
|
uint32_t mask; /* Mask of events */
|
||||||
uint32_t cookie; /* Unique cookie associating related
|
uint32_t cookie; /* Unique cookie associating related
|
||||||
events (for rename(2)) */
|
events (for rename(2)) */
|
||||||
uint32_t len; /* Size of 'name' field */
|
uint32_t len; /* Size of \fIname\fP field */
|
||||||
char name[]; /* Optional null-terminated name */
|
char name[]; /* Optional null-terminated name */
|
||||||
};
|
};
|
||||||
.fi
|
.fi
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -103,8 +103,9 @@ anycast to address the nearest member of a group of hosts
|
||||||
(not implemented in Linux), IPv4-on-IPv6 to
|
(not implemented in Linux), IPv4-on-IPv6 to
|
||||||
address a IPv4 host, and other reserved address types.
|
address a IPv4 host, and other reserved address types.
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
The address notation for IPv6 is a group of 16 2 digit hexadecimal
|
The address notation for IPv6 is a group of 16 2-digit hexadecimal
|
||||||
numbers, separated with a ':'. '::' stands for a string of 0 bits.
|
numbers, separated with a \':\'.
|
||||||
|
\&"::" stands for a string of 0 bits.
|
||||||
Special addresses are ::1 for loopback and ::FFFF:<IPv4 address>
|
Special addresses are ::1 for loopback and ::FFFF:<IPv4 address>
|
||||||
for IPv4-mapped-on-IPv6.
|
for IPv4-mapped-on-IPv6.
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -169,15 +169,15 @@ struct lconv {
|
||||||
/* Remaining fields are for monetary information */
|
/* Remaining fields are for monetary information */
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
char *int_curr_symbol; /* First three chars are a currency symbol
|
char *int_curr_symbol; /* First three chars are a currency symbol
|
||||||
from ISO 4217. Fourth char is the
|
from ISO 4217. Fourth char is the
|
||||||
separator. Fifth char is \'\\0\'. */
|
separator. Fifth char is \'\\0\'. */
|
||||||
char *currency_symbol; /* Local currency symbol */
|
char *currency_symbol; /* Local currency symbol */
|
||||||
char *mon_decimal_point; /* Radix character */
|
char *mon_decimal_point; /* Radix character */
|
||||||
char *mon_thousands_sep; /* Like \fIthousands_sep\fP above */
|
char *mon_thousands_sep; /* Like \fIthousands_sep\fP above */
|
||||||
char *mon_grouping; /* Like \fIgrouping\fP above */
|
char *mon_grouping; /* Like \fIgrouping\fP above */
|
||||||
char *positive_sign; /* Sign for positive values */
|
char *positive_sign; /* Sign for positive values */
|
||||||
char *negative_sign; /* Sign for negative values */
|
char *negative_sign; /* Sign for negative values */
|
||||||
char int_frac_digits; /* Int'l fractional digits */
|
char int_frac_digits; /* International fractional digits */
|
||||||
char frac_digits; /* Local fractional digits */
|
char frac_digits; /* Local fractional digits */
|
||||||
char p_cs_precedes; /* 1 if currency_symbol precedes a
|
char p_cs_precedes; /* 1 if currency_symbol precedes a
|
||||||
positive value, 0 if succeeds */
|
positive value, 0 if succeeds */
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -415,8 +415,8 @@ be sufficient to determine the default threading implementation:
|
||||||
.nf
|
.nf
|
||||||
.in +4n
|
.in +4n
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
bash$ $( ldd /bin/ls | grep libc.so | awk '{print $3}' ) | \\
|
bash$ $( ldd /bin/ls | grep libc.so | awk \'{print $3}\' ) | \\
|
||||||
egrep \-i 'threads|nptl'
|
egrep \-i \'threads|nptl\'
|
||||||
Native POSIX Threads Library by Ulrich Drepper et al
|
Native POSIX Threads Library by Ulrich Drepper et al
|
||||||
.in
|
.in
|
||||||
.fi
|
.fi
|
||||||
|
@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ For example:
|
||||||
.in +4n
|
.in +4n
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
bash$ $( LD_ASSUME_KERNEL=2.2.5 ldd /bin/ls | grep libc.so | \\
|
bash$ $( LD_ASSUME_KERNEL=2.2.5 ldd /bin/ls | grep libc.so | \\
|
||||||
awk '{print $3}' ) | egrep \-i 'threads|ntpl'
|
awk \'{print $3}\' ) | egrep \-i \'threads|ntpl\'
|
||||||
linuxthreads-0.10 by Xavier Leroy
|
linuxthreads-0.10 by Xavier Leroy
|
||||||
.in
|
.in
|
||||||
.fi
|
.fi
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ See also
|
||||||
http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/prefixes.html
|
http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/prefixes.html
|
||||||
.RE
|
.RE
|
||||||
.SS Binary prefixes
|
.SS Binary prefixes
|
||||||
The binary prefixes resemble the decimal ones, but have an additional 'i'
|
The binary prefixes resemble the decimal ones, but have an additional \'i\'
|
||||||
(and "Ki" starts with a capital 'K').
|
(and "Ki" starts with a capital \'K\').
|
||||||
The names are formed by taking the
|
The names are formed by taking the
|
||||||
first syllable of the names of the decimal prefix with roughly the same
|
first syllable of the names of the decimal prefix with roughly the same
|
||||||
size, followed by "bi" for "binary".
|
size, followed by "bi" for "binary".
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -661,8 +661,8 @@ remote operation to be performed.
|
||||||
It is clearly unwise to use a URI that contains a password which is
|
It is clearly unwise to use a URI that contains a password which is
|
||||||
intended to be secret.
|
intended to be secret.
|
||||||
In particular, the use of a password within
|
In particular, the use of a password within
|
||||||
the 'userinfo' component of a URI is strongly recommended against except
|
the "userinfo" component of a URI is strongly recommended against except
|
||||||
in those rare cases where the 'password' parameter is intended to be public.
|
in those rare cases where the "password" parameter is intended to be public.
|
||||||
.SH BUGS
|
.SH BUGS
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
Documentation may be placed in a variety of locations, so there
|
Documentation may be placed in a variety of locations, so there
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ the directory containing the application executable.
|
||||||
Thus, an application located in
|
Thus, an application located in
|
||||||
.I somedir/app
|
.I somedir/app
|
||||||
could be compiled with
|
could be compiled with
|
||||||
.I gcc -Wl,-rpath,'$ORIGIN/../lib'
|
.I gcc -Wl,-rpath,\'$ORIGIN/../lib\'
|
||||||
so that it finds an associated shared library in
|
so that it finds an associated shared library in
|
||||||
.I somedir/lib
|
.I somedir/lib
|
||||||
no matter where
|
no matter where
|
||||||
|
|
Loading…
Reference in New Issue