mirror of https://github.com/mkerrisk/man-pages
intro.1, _syscall.2, access.2, arch_prctl.2, cacheflush.2, chown.2, clock_getres.2, clone.2, create_module.2, fcntl.2, flock.2, get_kernel_syms.2, get_robust_list.2, get_thread_area.2, getcpu.2, getpriority.2, getrlimit.2, getrusage.2, ioprio_set.2, kexec_load.2, madvise.2, mbind.2, migrate_pages.2, mknod.2, mmap.2, mount.2, move_pages.2, mprotect.2, open.2, pause.2, pciconfig_read.2, perf_event_open.2, prctl.2, ptrace.2, query_module.2, read.2, reboot.2, recv.2, s390_runtime_instr.2, sched_setscheduler.2, select_tut.2, send.2, set_mempolicy.2, setfsgid.2, setfsuid.2, sigaction.2, spu_create.2, spu_run.2, stime.2, swapon.2, syslog.2, timer_create.2, timer_getoverrun.2, times.2, tkill.2, umount.2, unimplemented.2, ustat.2, vm86.2, wait.2, abs.3, aio_read.3, aio_write.3, bsd_signal.3, catgets.3, clearenv.3, cmsg.3, dbopen.3, dirfd.3, dlopen.3, exec.3, fenv.3, ferror.3, fmemopen.3, fnmatch.3, fopen.3, futimes.3, getaddrinfo.3, getifaddrs.3, getipnodebyname.3, hsearch.3, if_nameindex.3, inet_pton.3, mblen.3, mbrlen.3, mbsrtowcs.3, mbtowc.3, mcheck.3, memfrob.3, mq_notify.3, netlink.3, posix_memalign.3, printf.3, pthread_attr_setscope.3, pthread_cleanup_push.3, pthread_kill_other_threads_np.3, pthread_self.3, pthread_setcancelstate.3, pthread_setconcurrency.3, raise.3, resolver.3, rpc.3, rtime.3, rtnetlink.3, scanf.3, setbuf.3, setnetgrent.3, shm_open.3, sigpause.3, sigset.3, sigwait.3, sockatmark.3, strcasecmp.3, strcmp.3, strdup.3, strftime.3, strptime.3, strsignal.3, strverscmp.3, sysv_signal.3, termios.3, wcrtomb.3, wcsnlen.3, wcsnrtombs.3, wcsrtombs.3, wctomb.3, wprintf.3, console_codes.4, cpuid.4, msr.4, rtc.4, sk98lin.4, st.4, tty.4, charmap.5, core.5, elf.5, hosts.equiv.5, proc.5, resolv.conf.5, services.5, slabinfo.5, arp.7, bootparam.7, capabilities.7, charsets.7, cpuset.7, ddp.7, epoll.7, feature_test_macros.7, futex.7, hier.7, icmp.7, inotify.7, ip.7, ipv6.7, man-pages.7, mdoc.7, mdoc.samples.7, netdevice.7, netlink.7, numa.7, packet.7, path_resolution.7, posixoptions.7, pthreads.7, raw.7, rtld-audit.7, rtnetlink.7, sem_overview.7, sigevent.7, socket.7, spufs.7, tcp.7, udp.7, unicode.7, uri.7, utf-8.7, intro.8, ldconfig.8, sync.8: Global fix: fix placement of word "only"
Signed-off-by: Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
This commit is contained in:
parent
90878f7c26
commit
33a0ccb293
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@ -204,8 +204,8 @@ describing the path from the root of the tree (which is called /)
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to the file.
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to the file.
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For example, such a full pathname might be /home/aeb/tel.
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For example, such a full pathname might be /home/aeb/tel.
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Always using full pathnames would be inconvenient, and the name
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Always using full pathnames would be inconvenient, and the name
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of a file in the current directory may be abbreviated by only giving
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of a file in the current directory may be abbreviated by giving
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the last component.
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only the last component.
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That is why "/home/aeb/tel" can be abbreviated
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That is why "/home/aeb/tel" can be abbreviated
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to "tel" when the current directory is "/home/aeb".
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to "tel" when the current directory is "/home/aeb".
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.LP
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.LP
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@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ passed by-value or by-pointer (for aggregates like structs).
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.\" The preferred way to invoke system calls that glibc does not know
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.\" The preferred way to invoke system calls that glibc does not know
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.\" about yet is via
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.\" about yet is via
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.\" .BR syscall (2).
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.\" .BR syscall (2).
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.\" However, this mechanism can only be used if using a libc
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.\" However, this mechanism can be used only if using a libc
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.\" (such as glibc) that supports
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.\" (such as glibc) that supports
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.\" .BR syscall (2),
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.\" .BR syscall (2),
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.\" and if the
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.\" and if the
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@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ check even if none of the execute file permission bits are set.
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.\" HPU-UX 11 and Tru64 5.1 do this.
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.\" HPU-UX 11 and Tru64 5.1 do this.
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Linux does not do this.
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Linux does not do this.
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.PP
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.PP
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A file is only accessible if the permissions on each of the
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A file is accessible only if the permissions on each of the
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directories in the path prefix of
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directories in the path prefix of
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.I pathname
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.I pathname
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grant search (i.e., execute) access.
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grant search (i.e., execute) access.
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@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ is a Linux/x86-64 extension and should not be used in programs intended
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to be portable.
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to be portable.
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.SH NOTES
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.SH NOTES
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.BR arch_prctl ()
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.BR arch_prctl ()
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is only supported on Linux/x86-64 for 64-bit programs currently.
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is supported only on Linux/x86-64 for 64-bit programs currently.
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The 64-bit base changes when a new 32-bit segment selector is loaded.
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The 64-bit base changes when a new 32-bit segment selector is loaded.
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@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ or using the
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.BR set_thread_area (2)
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.BR set_thread_area (2)
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system call in kernel 2.5 or later.
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system call in kernel 2.5 or later.
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.BR arch_prctl ()
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.BR arch_prctl ()
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is only needed when you want to set bases that are larger than 4GB.
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is needed only when you want to set bases that are larger than 4GB.
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Memory in the first 2GB of address space can be allocated by using
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Memory in the first 2GB of address space can be allocated by using
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.BR mmap (2)
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.BR mmap (2)
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with the
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with the
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@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ is not one of
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or
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or
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.BR BCACHE .
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.BR BCACHE .
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.SH CONFORMING TO
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.SH CONFORMING TO
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This Linux-specific system call is only available on MIPS-based systems.
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This Linux-specific system call is available only on MIPS-based systems.
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.\" FIXME This system call was only on MIPS back in 1.2 days, but
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.\" FIXME This system call was only on MIPS back in 1.2 days, but
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.\" by now it is on a number of other architectures (but not i386).
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.\" by now it is on a number of other architectures (but not i386).
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.\" Investigate the details and update this page.
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.\" Investigate the details and update this page.
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@ -181,8 +181,8 @@ See above.
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.SH CONFORMING TO
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.SH CONFORMING TO
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4.4BSD, SVr4, POSIX.1-2001.
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4.4BSD, SVr4, POSIX.1-2001.
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The 4.4BSD version can only be
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The 4.4BSD version can be
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used by the superuser (that is, ordinary users cannot give away files).
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used only by the superuser (that is, ordinary users cannot give away files).
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.\" chown():
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.\" chown():
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.\" SVr4 documents EINVAL, EINTR, ENOLINK and EMULTIHOP returns, but no
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.\" SVr4 documents EINVAL, EINTR, ENOLINK and EMULTIHOP returns, but no
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.\" ENOMEM. POSIX.1 does not document ENOMEM or ELOOP error conditions.
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.\" ENOMEM. POSIX.1 does not document ENOMEM or ELOOP error conditions.
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@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ If that is the case then
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will return
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will return
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.B ENOENT
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.B ENOENT
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to signify this condition.
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to signify this condition.
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The two clocks will then only be useful if it
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The two clocks will then be useful only if it
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can be ensured that a process stays on a certain CPU.
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can be ensured that a process stays on a certain CPU.
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.PP
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.PP
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The processors in an SMP system do not start all at exactly the same
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The processors in an SMP system do not start all at exactly the same
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@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ This flag can't be specified in conjunction with
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.TP
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.TP
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.BR CLONE_NEWNET " (since Linux 2.6.24)"
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.BR CLONE_NEWNET " (since Linux 2.6.24)"
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.\" FIXME Check when the implementation was completed
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.\" FIXME Check when the implementation was completed
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(The implementation of this flag was only completed
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(The implementation of this flag was completed only
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by about kernel version 2.6.29.)
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by about kernel version 2.6.29.)
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If
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If
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@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ The caller was not privileged
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.B CAP_SYS_MODULE
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.B CAP_SYS_MODULE
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capability).
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capability).
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.SH VERSIONS
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.SH VERSIONS
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This system call is only present on Linux up until kernel 2.4;
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This system call is present on Linux only up until kernel 2.4;
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it was removed in Linux 2.6.
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it was removed in Linux 2.6.
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.\" Removed in Linux 2.5.48
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.\" Removed in Linux 2.5.48
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.SH CONFORMING TO
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.SH CONFORMING TO
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@ -786,7 +786,7 @@ This will cause the calling process to be notified when
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the file is opened for writing or is truncated.
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the file is opened for writing or is truncated.
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.\" The following became true in kernel 2.6.10:
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.\" The following became true in kernel 2.6.10:
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.\" See the man-pages-2.09 Changelog for further info.
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.\" See the man-pages-2.09 Changelog for further info.
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A read lease can only be placed on a file descriptor that
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A read lease can be placed only on a file descriptor that
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is opened read-only.
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is opened read-only.
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.TP
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.TP
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.B F_WRLCK
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.B F_WRLCK
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@ -813,8 +813,8 @@ Furthermore, the lease is released by either an explicit
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operation on any of these duplicate descriptors, or when all
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operation on any of these duplicate descriptors, or when all
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such descriptors have been closed.
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such descriptors have been closed.
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.P
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.P
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Leases may only be taken out on regular files.
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Leases may be taken out only on regular files.
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An unprivileged process may only take out a lease on a file whose
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An unprivileged process may take out a lease only on a file whose
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UID (owner) matches the file system UID of the process.
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UID (owner) matches the file system UID of the process.
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A process with the
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A process with the
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.B CAP_LEASE
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.B CAP_LEASE
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@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ An attempt to lock the file using one of these file descriptors
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may be denied by a lock that the calling process has
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may be denied by a lock that the calling process has
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already placed via another descriptor.
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already placed via another descriptor.
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A process may only hold one type of lock (shared or exclusive)
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A process may hold only one type of lock (shared or exclusive)
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on a file.
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on a file.
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Subsequent
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Subsequent
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.BR flock ()
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.BR flock ()
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@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ There is only one possible error return:
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.BR get_kernel_syms ()
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.BR get_kernel_syms ()
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is not supported in this version of the kernel.
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is not supported in this version of the kernel.
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.SH VERSIONS
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.SH VERSIONS
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This system call is only present on Linux up until kernel 2.4;
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This system call is present on Linux only up until kernel 2.4;
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it was removed in Linux 2.6.
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it was removed in Linux 2.6.
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.\" Removed in Linux 2.5.48
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.\" Removed in Linux 2.5.48
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.SH CONFORMING TO
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.SH CONFORMING TO
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@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ There are no glibc wrappers for these system calls; see NOTES.
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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The robust futex implementation needs to maintain per-thread lists of robust
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The robust futex implementation needs to maintain per-thread lists of robust
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futexes which are unlocked when the thread exits.
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futexes which are unlocked when the thread exits.
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These lists are managed in user space; the kernel is only notified about
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These lists are managed in user space; the kernel is notified about only
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the location of the head of the list.
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the location of the head of the list.
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The
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The
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@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ is Linux-specific and should not be used in programs
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that are intended to be portable.
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that are intended to be portable.
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.SH NOTES
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.SH NOTES
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Glibc does not provide a wrapper for this system call,
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Glibc does not provide a wrapper for this system call,
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since it is generally intended only for use by threading libraries.
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since it is generally intended for use only by threading libraries.
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In the unlikely event that you want to call it directly, use
|
In the unlikely event that you want to call it directly, use
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.BR syscall (2).
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.BR syscall (2).
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.SH SEE ALSO
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.SH SEE ALSO
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@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ The third argument to this system call is nowadays unused (see NOTES).
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The information placed in
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The information placed in
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.I cpu
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.I cpu
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is only guaranteed to be current at the time of the call:
|
is guaranteed to be current only at the time of the call:
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unless the CPU affinity has been fixed using
|
unless the CPU affinity has been fixed using
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.BR sched_setaffinity (2),
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.BR sched_setaffinity (2),
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the kernel might change the CPU at any time.
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the kernel might change the CPU at any time.
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@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ migrating threads between CPUs, and so the argument is now ignored.
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.\" With a cache
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.\" With a cache
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.\" .BR getcpu ()
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.\" .BR getcpu ()
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.\" is faster.
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.\" is faster.
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.\" However, the cached information is only updated once per jiffy (see
|
.\" However, the cached information is updated only once per jiffy (see
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.\" .BR time (7)).
|
.\" .BR time (7)).
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.\" This means that the information could theoretically be out of date,
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.\" This means that the information could theoretically be out of date,
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.\" although in practice the scheduler's attempt to maintain
|
.\" although in practice the scheduler's attempt to maintain
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|
|
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@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ The caller attempted to lower a process priority, but did not
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have the required privilege (on Linux: did not have the
|
have the required privilege (on Linux: did not have the
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.B CAP_SYS_NICE
|
.B CAP_SYS_NICE
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capability).
|
capability).
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Since Linux 2.6.12, this error only occurs if the caller attempts
|
Since Linux 2.6.12, this error occurs only if the caller attempts
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||||||
to set a process priority outside the range of the
|
to set a process priority outside the range of the
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.B RLIMIT_NICE
|
.B RLIMIT_NICE
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soft resource limit of the target process; see
|
soft resource limit of the target process; see
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|
|
|
@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ struct rlimit {
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The soft limit is the value that the kernel enforces for the
|
The soft limit is the value that the kernel enforces for the
|
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corresponding resource.
|
corresponding resource.
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||||||
The hard limit acts as a ceiling for the soft limit:
|
The hard limit acts as a ceiling for the soft limit:
|
||||||
an unprivileged process may only set its soft limit to a value in the
|
an unprivileged process may set only its soft limit to a value in the
|
||||||
range from 0 up to the hard limit, and (irreversibly) lower its hard limit.
|
range from 0 up to the hard limit, and (irreversibly) lower its hard limit.
|
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A privileged process (under Linux: one with the
|
A privileged process (under Linux: one with the
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.B CAP_SYS_RESOURCE
|
.B CAP_SYS_RESOURCE
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|
@ -304,8 +304,8 @@ fails with the error
|
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.B RLIMIT_RSS
|
.B RLIMIT_RSS
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Specifies the limit (in pages) of the process's resident set
|
Specifies the limit (in pages) of the process's resident set
|
||||||
(the number of virtual pages resident in RAM).
|
(the number of virtual pages resident in RAM).
|
||||||
This limit only has effect in Linux 2.4.x, x < 30, and there only
|
This limit has effect only in Linux 2.4.x, x < 30, and there
|
||||||
affects calls to
|
affects only calls to
|
||||||
.BR madvise (2)
|
.BR madvise (2)
|
||||||
specifying
|
specifying
|
||||||
.BR MADV_WILLNEED .
|
.BR MADV_WILLNEED .
|
||||||
|
@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ Specifies the limit on the number of signals
|
||||||
that may be queued for the real user ID of the calling process.
|
that may be queued for the real user ID of the calling process.
|
||||||
Both standard and real-time signals are counted for the purpose of
|
Both standard and real-time signals are counted for the purpose of
|
||||||
checking this limit.
|
checking this limit.
|
||||||
However, the limit is only enforced for
|
However, the limit is enforced only for
|
||||||
.BR sigqueue (3);
|
.BR sigqueue (3);
|
||||||
it is always possible to use
|
it is always possible to use
|
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.BR kill (2)
|
.BR kill (2)
|
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|
|
|
@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ is invalid.
|
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SVr4, 4.3BSD.
|
SVr4, 4.3BSD.
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POSIX.1-2001 specifies
|
POSIX.1-2001 specifies
|
||||||
.BR getrusage (),
|
.BR getrusage (),
|
||||||
but only specifies the fields
|
but specifies only the fields
|
||||||
.I ru_utime
|
.I ru_utime
|
||||||
and
|
and
|
||||||
.IR ru_stime .
|
.IR ru_stime .
|
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|
|
|
@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ is the one that is returned by
|
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or
|
or
|
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.BR clone (2).
|
.BR clone (2).
|
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|
|
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These system calls only have an effect when used
|
These system calls have an effect only when used
|
||||||
in conjunction with an I/O scheduler that supports I/O priorities.
|
in conjunction with an I/O scheduler that supports I/O priorities.
|
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As at kernel 2.6.17 the only such scheduler is the Completely Fair Queuing
|
As at kernel 2.6.17 the only such scheduler is the Completely Fair Queuing
|
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(CFQ) I/O scheduler.
|
(CFQ) I/O scheduler.
|
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|
@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ Permission to change a process's priority is granted or denied based
|
||||||
on two assertions:
|
on two assertions:
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
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.B "Process ownership"
|
.B "Process ownership"
|
||||||
An unprivileged process may only set the I/O priority of a process
|
An unprivileged process may set only the I/O priority of a process
|
||||||
whose real UID
|
whose real UID
|
||||||
matches the real or effective UID of the calling process.
|
matches the real or effective UID of the calling process.
|
||||||
A process which has the
|
A process which has the
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -56,9 +56,9 @@ Execute the new kernel automatically on a system crash.
|
||||||
Preserve the system hardware and
|
Preserve the system hardware and
|
||||||
software states before executing the new kernel.
|
software states before executing the new kernel.
|
||||||
This could be used for system suspend.
|
This could be used for system suspend.
|
||||||
This flag is only available if the kernel was configured with
|
This flag is available only if the kernel was configured with
|
||||||
.BR CONFIG_KEXEC_JUMP ,
|
.BR CONFIG_KEXEC_JUMP ,
|
||||||
and is only effective if
|
and is effective only if
|
||||||
.I nr_segments
|
.I nr_segments
|
||||||
is greater than 0.
|
is greater than 0.
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
|
@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ which is not currently exported to glibc.
|
||||||
.\" Check if it got accepted later.
|
.\" Check if it got accepted later.
|
||||||
Therefore, these constants must be defined manually.
|
Therefore, these constants must be defined manually.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This system call is only available if the kernel was configured with
|
This system call is available only if the kernel was configured with
|
||||||
.BR CONFIG_KEXEC .
|
.BR CONFIG_KEXEC .
|
||||||
.SH SEE ALSO
|
.SH SEE ALSO
|
||||||
.BR reboot (2),
|
.BR reboot (2),
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -150,14 +150,14 @@ restoring the default behavior, whereby a mapping is inherited across
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.BR MADV_HWPOISON " (Since Linux 2.6.32)
|
.BR MADV_HWPOISON " (Since Linux 2.6.32)
|
||||||
Poison a page and handle it like a hardware memory corruption.
|
Poison a page and handle it like a hardware memory corruption.
|
||||||
This operation is only available for privileged
|
This operation is available only for privileged
|
||||||
.RB ( CAP_SYS_ADMIN )
|
.RB ( CAP_SYS_ADMIN )
|
||||||
processes.
|
processes.
|
||||||
This operation may result in the calling process receiving a
|
This operation may result in the calling process receiving a
|
||||||
.B SIGBUS
|
.B SIGBUS
|
||||||
and the page being unmapped.
|
and the page being unmapped.
|
||||||
This feature is intended for testing of memory error-handling code;
|
This feature is intended for testing of memory error-handling code;
|
||||||
it is only available if the kernel was configured with
|
it is available only if the kernel was configured with
|
||||||
.BR CONFIG_MEMORY_FAILURE .
|
.BR CONFIG_MEMORY_FAILURE .
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.BR MADV_SOFT_OFFLINE " (Since Linux 2.6.33)
|
.BR MADV_SOFT_OFFLINE " (Since Linux 2.6.33)
|
||||||
|
@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ The effect of the
|
||||||
operation is invisible to (i.e., does not change the semantics of)
|
operation is invisible to (i.e., does not change the semantics of)
|
||||||
the calling process.
|
the calling process.
|
||||||
This feature is intended for testing of memory error-handling code;
|
This feature is intended for testing of memory error-handling code;
|
||||||
it is only available if the kernel was configured with
|
it is available only if the kernel was configured with
|
||||||
.BR CONFIG_MEMORY_FAILURE .
|
.BR CONFIG_MEMORY_FAILURE .
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.BR MADV_MERGEABLE " (since Linux 2.6.32)"
|
.BR MADV_MERGEABLE " (since Linux 2.6.32)"
|
||||||
|
@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ been marked as mergeable,
|
||||||
looking for pages with identical content.
|
looking for pages with identical content.
|
||||||
These are replaced by a single write-protected page (which is automatically
|
These are replaced by a single write-protected page (which is automatically
|
||||||
copied if a process later wants to update the content of the page).
|
copied if a process later wants to update the content of the page).
|
||||||
KSM only merges private anonymous pages (see
|
KSM merges only private anonymous pages (see
|
||||||
.BR mmap (2)).
|
.BR mmap (2)).
|
||||||
The KSM feature is intended for applications that generate many
|
The KSM feature is intended for applications that generate many
|
||||||
instances of the same data (e.g., virtualization systems such as KVM).
|
instances of the same data (e.g., virtualization systems such as KVM).
|
||||||
|
@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ The
|
||||||
.BR MADV_MERGEABLE
|
.BR MADV_MERGEABLE
|
||||||
and
|
and
|
||||||
.BR MADV_UNMERGEABLE
|
.BR MADV_UNMERGEABLE
|
||||||
operations are only available if the kernel was configured with
|
operations are available only if the kernel was configured with
|
||||||
.BR CONFIG_KSM .
|
.BR CONFIG_KSM .
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.BR MADV_UNMERGEABLE " (since Linux 2.6.32)"
|
.BR MADV_UNMERGEABLE " (since Linux 2.6.32)"
|
||||||
|
@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ Enables Transparent Huge Pages (THP) for pages in the range specified by
|
||||||
.I addr
|
.I addr
|
||||||
and
|
and
|
||||||
.IR length .
|
.IR length .
|
||||||
Currently, Transparent Huge Pages only work with private anonymous pages (see
|
Currently, Transparent Huge Pages work only with private anonymous pages (see
|
||||||
.BR mmap (2)).
|
.BR mmap (2)).
|
||||||
The kernel will regularly scan the areas marked as huge page candidates
|
The kernel will regularly scan the areas marked as huge page candidates
|
||||||
to replace them with huge pages.
|
to replace them with huge pages.
|
||||||
|
@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ The
|
||||||
.BR MADV_HUGEPAGE
|
.BR MADV_HUGEPAGE
|
||||||
and
|
and
|
||||||
.BR MADV_NOHUGEPAGE
|
.BR MADV_NOHUGEPAGE
|
||||||
operations are only available if the kernel was configured with
|
operations are available only if the kernel was configured with
|
||||||
.BR CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE .
|
.BR CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE .
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.BR MADV_NOHUGEPAGE " (since Linux 2.6.38)"
|
.BR MADV_NOHUGEPAGE " (since Linux 2.6.38)"
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ a memory mapped file, mapped using the
|
||||||
.BR mmap (2)
|
.BR mmap (2)
|
||||||
system call with the
|
system call with the
|
||||||
.B MAP_PRIVATE
|
.B MAP_PRIVATE
|
||||||
flag, pages will only be allocated according to the specified
|
flag, pages will be allocated only according to the specified
|
||||||
policy when the application writes [stores] to the page.
|
policy when the application writes [stores] to the page.
|
||||||
For anonymous regions, an initial read access will use a shared
|
For anonymous regions, an initial read access will use a shared
|
||||||
page in the kernel containing all zeros.
|
page in the kernel containing all zeros.
|
||||||
|
@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ for that region.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
By default,
|
By default,
|
||||||
.BR mbind ()
|
.BR mbind ()
|
||||||
only has an effect for new allocations; if the pages inside
|
has an effect only for new allocations; if the pages inside
|
||||||
the range have been already touched before setting the policy,
|
the range have been already touched before setting the policy,
|
||||||
then the policy has no effect.
|
then the policy has no effect.
|
||||||
This default behavior may be overridden by the
|
This default behavior may be overridden by the
|
||||||
|
@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ points to a bit mask of nodes containing up to
|
||||||
bits.
|
bits.
|
||||||
The bit mask size is rounded to the next multiple of
|
The bit mask size is rounded to the next multiple of
|
||||||
.IR "sizeof(unsigned long)" ,
|
.IR "sizeof(unsigned long)" ,
|
||||||
but the kernel will only use bits up to
|
but the kernel will use bits only up to
|
||||||
.IR maxnode .
|
.IR maxnode .
|
||||||
A NULL value of
|
A NULL value of
|
||||||
.I nodemask
|
.I nodemask
|
||||||
|
@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ is ignored on huge page mappings.
|
||||||
.B MPOL_MF_MOVE
|
.B MPOL_MF_MOVE
|
||||||
and
|
and
|
||||||
.B MPOL_MF_MOVE_ALL
|
.B MPOL_MF_MOVE_ALL
|
||||||
are only available on Linux 2.6.16 and later.
|
are available only on Linux 2.6.16 and later.
|
||||||
.SH SEE ALSO
|
.SH SEE ALSO
|
||||||
.BR get_mempolicy (2),
|
.BR get_mempolicy (2),
|
||||||
.BR getcpu (2),
|
.BR getcpu (2),
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ is 0, then
|
||||||
.BR migrate_pages ()
|
.BR migrate_pages ()
|
||||||
moves pages of the calling process.
|
moves pages of the calling process.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Pages shared with another process will only be moved if the initiating
|
Pages shared with another process will be moved only if the initiating
|
||||||
process has the
|
process has the
|
||||||
.B CAP_SYS_NICE
|
.B CAP_SYS_NICE
|
||||||
privilege.
|
privilege.
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ FIFO (named pipe), or UNIX domain socket, and the caller
|
||||||
is not privileged (Linux: does not have the
|
is not privileged (Linux: does not have the
|
||||||
.B CAP_MKNOD
|
.B CAP_MKNOD
|
||||||
capability);
|
capability);
|
||||||
.\" For UNIX domain sockets and regular files, EPERM is only returned in
|
.\" For UNIX domain sockets and regular files, EPERM is returned only in
|
||||||
.\" Linux 2.2 and earlier; in Linux 2.4 and later, unprivileged can
|
.\" Linux 2.2 and earlier; in Linux 2.4 and later, unprivileged can
|
||||||
.\" use mknod() to make these files.
|
.\" use mknod() to make these files.
|
||||||
also returned if the file system containing
|
also returned if the file system containing
|
||||||
|
|
14
man2/mmap.2
14
man2/mmap.2
|
@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ In addition, zero or more of the following values can be ORed in
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.BR MAP_32BIT " (since Linux 2.4.20, 2.6)"
|
.BR MAP_32BIT " (since Linux 2.4.20, 2.6)"
|
||||||
Put the mapping into the first 2 Gigabytes of the process address space.
|
Put the mapping into the first 2 Gigabytes of the process address space.
|
||||||
This flag is only supported on x86-64, for 64-bit programs.
|
This flag is supported only on x86-64, for 64-bit programs.
|
||||||
It was added to allow thread stacks to be allocated somewhere
|
It was added to allow thread stacks to be allocated somewhere
|
||||||
in the first 2GB of memory,
|
in the first 2GB of memory,
|
||||||
so as to improve context-switch performance on some early
|
so as to improve context-switch performance on some early
|
||||||
|
@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ The use of
|
||||||
.B MAP_ANONYMOUS
|
.B MAP_ANONYMOUS
|
||||||
in conjunction with
|
in conjunction with
|
||||||
.B MAP_SHARED
|
.B MAP_SHARED
|
||||||
is only supported on Linux since kernel 2.4.
|
is supported on Linux only since kernel 2.4.
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.B MAP_DENYWRITE
|
.B MAP_DENYWRITE
|
||||||
This flag is ignored.
|
This flag is ignored.
|
||||||
|
@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ This flag is ignored in older kernels.
|
||||||
Only meaningful in conjunction with
|
Only meaningful in conjunction with
|
||||||
.BR MAP_POPULATE .
|
.BR MAP_POPULATE .
|
||||||
Don't perform read-ahead:
|
Don't perform read-ahead:
|
||||||
only create page tables entries for pages
|
create page tables entries only for pages
|
||||||
that are already present in RAM.
|
that are already present in RAM.
|
||||||
Since Linux 2.6.23, this flag causes
|
Since Linux 2.6.23, this flag causes
|
||||||
.BR MAP_POPULATE
|
.BR MAP_POPULATE
|
||||||
|
@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ See also the discussion of the file
|
||||||
.I /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory
|
.I /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory
|
||||||
in
|
in
|
||||||
.BR proc (5).
|
.BR proc (5).
|
||||||
In kernels before 2.6, this flag only had effect for
|
In kernels before 2.6, this flag had effect only for
|
||||||
private writable mappings.
|
private writable mappings.
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.BR MAP_POPULATE " (since Linux 2.5.46)"
|
.BR MAP_POPULATE " (since Linux 2.5.46)"
|
||||||
|
@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ Populate (prefault) page tables for a mapping.
|
||||||
For a file mapping, this causes read-ahead on the file.
|
For a file mapping, this causes read-ahead on the file.
|
||||||
Later accesses to the mapping will not be blocked by page faults.
|
Later accesses to the mapping will not be blocked by page faults.
|
||||||
.BR MAP_POPULATE
|
.BR MAP_POPULATE
|
||||||
is only supported for private mappings since Linux 2.6.23.
|
is supported for private mappings only since Linux 2.6.23.
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.BR MAP_STACK " (since Linux 2.6.27)"
|
.BR MAP_STACK " (since Linux 2.6.27)"
|
||||||
Allocate the mapping at an address suitable for a process
|
Allocate the mapping at an address suitable for a process
|
||||||
|
@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ support can later be transparently implemented for glibc.
|
||||||
.BR MAP_UNINITIALIZED " (since Linux 2.6.33)"
|
.BR MAP_UNINITIALIZED " (since Linux 2.6.33)"
|
||||||
Don't clear anonymous pages.
|
Don't clear anonymous pages.
|
||||||
This flag is intended to improve performance on embedded devices.
|
This flag is intended to improve performance on embedded devices.
|
||||||
This flag is only honored if the kernel was configured with the
|
This flag is honored only if the kernel was configured with the
|
||||||
.B CONFIG_MMAP_ALLOW_UNINITIALIZED
|
.B CONFIG_MMAP_ALLOW_UNINITIALIZED
|
||||||
option.
|
option.
|
||||||
Because of the security implications,
|
Because of the security implications,
|
||||||
|
@ -592,7 +592,7 @@ at any moment when the system runs out of memory.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
In kernels before 2.6.7, the
|
In kernels before 2.6.7, the
|
||||||
.B MAP_POPULATE
|
.B MAP_POPULATE
|
||||||
flag only has effect if
|
flag has effect only if
|
||||||
.I prot
|
.I prot
|
||||||
is specified as
|
is specified as
|
||||||
.BR PROT_NONE .
|
.BR PROT_NONE .
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ Mount file system read-only.
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.BR MS_RELATIME " (Since Linux 2.6.20)"
|
.BR MS_RELATIME " (Since Linux 2.6.20)"
|
||||||
When a file on this file system is accessed,
|
When a file on this file system is accessed,
|
||||||
only update the file's last access time (atime) if the current value
|
update the file's last access time (atime) only if the current value
|
||||||
of atime is less than or equal to the file's last modification time (mtime)
|
of atime is less than or equal to the file's last modification time (mtime)
|
||||||
or last status change time (ctime).
|
or last status change time (ctime).
|
||||||
This option is useful for programs, such as
|
This option is useful for programs, such as
|
||||||
|
@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ The definitions of
|
||||||
.BR MS_RELATIME ,
|
.BR MS_RELATIME ,
|
||||||
and
|
and
|
||||||
.BR MS_STRICTATIME
|
.BR MS_STRICTATIME
|
||||||
were only added to glibc headers in version 2.12.
|
were added to glibc headers in version 2.12.
|
||||||
.\" FIXME: Definitions of the so-far-undocumented MS_UNBINDABLE, MS_PRIVATE,
|
.\" FIXME: Definitions of the so-far-undocumented MS_UNBINDABLE, MS_PRIVATE,
|
||||||
.\" MS_SHARED, and MS_SLAVE were (also) only added to glibc headers in 2.12.
|
.\" MS_SHARED, and MS_SLAVE were (also) only added to glibc headers in 2.12.
|
||||||
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
.SH "CONFORMING TO"
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ pages that need to be moved.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.I status
|
.I status
|
||||||
is an array of integers that return the status of each page.
|
is an array of integers that return the status of each page.
|
||||||
The array only contains valid values if
|
The array contains valid values only if
|
||||||
.BR move_pages ()
|
.BR move_pages ()
|
||||||
did not return an error.
|
did not return an error.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ array.
|
||||||
Identifies the node on which the page resides.
|
Identifies the node on which the page resides.
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.B -EACCES
|
.B -EACCES
|
||||||
The page is mapped by multiple processes and can only be moved if
|
The page is mapped by multiple processes and can be moved only if
|
||||||
.B MPOL_MF_MOVE_ALL
|
.B MPOL_MF_MOVE_ALL
|
||||||
is specified.
|
is specified.
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ implies
|
||||||
POSIX.1-2001 says that an implementation may permit access
|
POSIX.1-2001 says that an implementation may permit access
|
||||||
other than that specified in
|
other than that specified in
|
||||||
.IR prot ,
|
.IR prot ,
|
||||||
but at a minimum can only allow write access if
|
but at a minimum can allow write access only if
|
||||||
.B PROT_WRITE
|
.B PROT_WRITE
|
||||||
has been set, and must not allow any access if
|
has been set, and must not allow any access if
|
||||||
.B PROT_NONE
|
.B PROT_NONE
|
||||||
|
|
12
man2/open.2
12
man2/open.2
|
@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ generate a signal
|
||||||
by default, but this can be changed via
|
by default, but this can be changed via
|
||||||
.BR fcntl (2))
|
.BR fcntl (2))
|
||||||
when input or output becomes possible on this file descriptor.
|
when input or output becomes possible on this file descriptor.
|
||||||
This feature is only available for terminals, pseudoterminals,
|
This feature is available only for terminals, pseudoterminals,
|
||||||
sockets, and (since Linux 2.6) pipes and FIFOs.
|
sockets, and (since Linux 2.6) pipes and FIFOs.
|
||||||
See
|
See
|
||||||
.BR fcntl (2)
|
.BR fcntl (2)
|
||||||
|
@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ the process's
|
||||||
.I umask
|
.I umask
|
||||||
in the usual way: The permissions of the created file are
|
in the usual way: The permissions of the created file are
|
||||||
.IR "(mode\ &\ ~umask)" .
|
.IR "(mode\ &\ ~umask)" .
|
||||||
Note that this mode only applies to future accesses of the
|
Note that this mode applies only to future accesses of the
|
||||||
newly created file; the
|
newly created file; the
|
||||||
.BR open ()
|
.BR open ()
|
||||||
call that creates a read-only file may well return a read/write
|
call that creates a read-only file may well return a read/write
|
||||||
|
@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ fails with the error
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
On NFS,
|
On NFS,
|
||||||
.B O_EXCL
|
.B O_EXCL
|
||||||
is only supported when using NFSv3 or later on kernel 2.6 or later.
|
is supported only when using NFSv3 or later on kernel 2.6 or later.
|
||||||
In NFS environments where
|
In NFS environments where
|
||||||
.B O_EXCL
|
.B O_EXCL
|
||||||
support is not provided, programs that rely on it
|
support is not provided, programs that rely on it
|
||||||
|
@ -681,7 +681,7 @@ to mean:
|
||||||
check for read and write permission on the file and return a descriptor
|
check for read and write permission on the file and return a descriptor
|
||||||
that can't be used for reading or writing.
|
that can't be used for reading or writing.
|
||||||
This nonstandard access mode is used by some Linux drivers to return a
|
This nonstandard access mode is used by some Linux drivers to return a
|
||||||
descriptor that is only to be used for device-specific
|
descriptor that is to be used only for device-specific
|
||||||
.BR ioctl (2)
|
.BR ioctl (2)
|
||||||
operations.
|
operations.
|
||||||
.\" See for example util-linux's disk-utils/setfdprm.c
|
.\" See for example util-linux's disk-utils/setfdprm.c
|
||||||
|
@ -711,7 +711,7 @@ corresponding to the flags
|
||||||
.BR O_DSYNC ,
|
.BR O_DSYNC ,
|
||||||
and
|
and
|
||||||
.BR O_RSYNC .
|
.BR O_RSYNC .
|
||||||
Currently (2.6.31), Linux only implements
|
Currently (2.6.31), Linux implements only
|
||||||
.BR O_SYNC ,
|
.BR O_SYNC ,
|
||||||
but glibc maps
|
but glibc maps
|
||||||
.B O_DSYNC
|
.B O_DSYNC
|
||||||
|
@ -860,7 +860,7 @@ Older kernels, or
|
||||||
kernels configured in certain ways, may not support this combination.
|
kernels configured in certain ways, may not support this combination.
|
||||||
The NFS protocol does not support passing the flag to the server, so
|
The NFS protocol does not support passing the flag to the server, so
|
||||||
.B O_DIRECT
|
.B O_DIRECT
|
||||||
I/O will only bypass the page cache on the client; the server may
|
I/O will bypass the page cache only on the client; the server may
|
||||||
still cache the I/O.
|
still cache the I/O.
|
||||||
The client asks the server to make the I/O
|
The client asks the server to make the I/O
|
||||||
synchronous to preserve the synchronous semantics of
|
synchronous to preserve the synchronous semantics of
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ until a signal is delivered that either terminates the process or causes
|
||||||
the invocation of a signal-catching function.
|
the invocation of a signal-catching function.
|
||||||
.SH RETURN VALUE
|
.SH RETURN VALUE
|
||||||
.BR pause ()
|
.BR pause ()
|
||||||
only returns when a signal was caught and the
|
returns only when a signal was caught and the
|
||||||
signal-catching function returned.
|
signal-catching function returned.
|
||||||
In this case
|
In this case
|
||||||
.BR pause ()
|
.BR pause ()
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ The system has not implemented these calls
|
||||||
not defined).
|
not defined).
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.B EOPNOTSUPP
|
.B EOPNOTSUPP
|
||||||
This return value is only valid for
|
This return value is valid only for
|
||||||
.BR pciconfig_iobase ().
|
.BR pciconfig_iobase ().
|
||||||
It is returned if the value for
|
It is returned if the value for
|
||||||
.I which
|
.I which
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -138,8 +138,8 @@ being set to the fd of the group leader.
|
||||||
(A single event on its own is created with
|
(A single event on its own is created with
|
||||||
.IR group_fd " = \-1"
|
.IR group_fd " = \-1"
|
||||||
and is considered to be a group with only 1 member.)
|
and is considered to be a group with only 1 member.)
|
||||||
An event group is scheduled onto the CPU as a unit: it will only
|
An event group is scheduled onto the CPU as a unit: it will
|
||||||
be put onto the CPU if all of the events in the group can be put onto
|
be put onto the CPU ionly if all of the events in the group can be put onto
|
||||||
the CPU.
|
the CPU.
|
||||||
This means that the values of the member events can be
|
This means that the values of the member events can be
|
||||||
meaningfully compared, added, divided (to get ratios), etc., with each
|
meaningfully compared, added, divided (to get ratios), etc., with each
|
||||||
|
@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ then a file descriptor opened on
|
||||||
must be passed as the
|
must be passed as the
|
||||||
.I pid
|
.I pid
|
||||||
parameter.
|
parameter.
|
||||||
cgroup monitoring is only available
|
cgroup monitoring is available only
|
||||||
for system-wide events and may therefore require extra permissions.
|
for system-wide events and may therefore require extra permissions.
|
||||||
.P
|
.P
|
||||||
The
|
The
|
||||||
|
@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ These required disk I/O to handle.
|
||||||
This counts the number of alignment faults.
|
This counts the number of alignment faults.
|
||||||
These happen when unaligned memory accesses happen; the kernel
|
These happen when unaligned memory accesses happen; the kernel
|
||||||
can handle these but it reduces performance.
|
can handle these but it reduces performance.
|
||||||
This only happens on some architectures (never on x86).
|
This happens only on some architectures (never on x86).
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.BR PERF_COUNT_SW_EMULATION_FAULTS " (Since Linux 2.6.33)"
|
.BR PERF_COUNT_SW_EMULATION_FAULTS " (Since Linux 2.6.33)"
|
||||||
This counts the number of emulation faults.
|
This counts the number of emulation faults.
|
||||||
|
@ -708,7 +708,7 @@ The
|
||||||
.I inherit
|
.I inherit
|
||||||
bit specifies that this counter should count events of child
|
bit specifies that this counter should count events of child
|
||||||
tasks as well as the task specified.
|
tasks as well as the task specified.
|
||||||
This only applies to new children, not to any existing children at
|
This applies only to new children, not to any existing children at
|
||||||
the time the counter is created (nor to any new children of
|
the time the counter is created (nor to any new children of
|
||||||
existing children).
|
existing children).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -722,7 +722,7 @@ The
|
||||||
.I pinned
|
.I pinned
|
||||||
bit specifies that the counter should always be on the CPU if at all
|
bit specifies that the counter should always be on the CPU if at all
|
||||||
possible.
|
possible.
|
||||||
It only applies to hardware counters and only to group leaders.
|
It applies only to hardware counters and only to group leaders.
|
||||||
If a pinned counter cannot be put onto the CPU (e.g., because there are
|
If a pinned counter cannot be put onto the CPU (e.g., because there are
|
||||||
not enough hardware counters or because of a conflict with some other
|
not enough hardware counters or because of a conflict with some other
|
||||||
event), then the counter goes into an 'error' state, where reads
|
event), then the counter goes into an 'error' state, where reads
|
||||||
|
@ -782,7 +782,7 @@ is used when setting up the sampling interval.
|
||||||
.IR "inherit_stat"
|
.IR "inherit_stat"
|
||||||
This bit enables saving of event counts on context switch for
|
This bit enables saving of event counts on context switch for
|
||||||
inherited tasks.
|
inherited tasks.
|
||||||
This is only meaningful if the
|
This is meaningful only if the
|
||||||
.I inherit
|
.I inherit
|
||||||
field is set.
|
field is set.
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
|
@ -1040,7 +1040,7 @@ Total time the event was enabled and running.
|
||||||
Normally these are the same.
|
Normally these are the same.
|
||||||
If more events are started
|
If more events are started
|
||||||
than available counter slots on the PMU, then multiplexing
|
than available counter slots on the PMU, then multiplexing
|
||||||
happens and events only run part of the time.
|
happens and events run only part of the time.
|
||||||
In that case the
|
In that case the
|
||||||
.I time_enabled
|
.I time_enabled
|
||||||
and
|
and
|
||||||
|
@ -1663,8 +1663,8 @@ file descriptor argument.
|
||||||
Enabling or disabling the leader of a group enables or disables the
|
Enabling or disabling the leader of a group enables or disables the
|
||||||
entire group; that is, while the group leader is disabled, none of the
|
entire group; that is, while the group leader is disabled, none of the
|
||||||
counters in the group will count.
|
counters in the group will count.
|
||||||
Enabling or disabling a member of a group other than the leader only
|
Enabling or disabling a member of a group other than the leader
|
||||||
affects that counter; disabling a non-leader
|
affects only that counter; disabling a non-leader
|
||||||
stops that counter from counting but doesn't affect any other counter.
|
stops that counter from counting but doesn't affect any other counter.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The ioctl argument is ignored.
|
The ioctl argument is ignored.
|
||||||
|
@ -1686,7 +1686,7 @@ Using an argument of 0 is considered undefined behavior.
|
||||||
.B PERF_EVENT_IOC_RESET
|
.B PERF_EVENT_IOC_RESET
|
||||||
Reset the event count specified by the
|
Reset the event count specified by the
|
||||||
file descriptor argumentto zero.
|
file descriptor argumentto zero.
|
||||||
This only resets the counts; there is no way to reset the
|
This resets only the counts; there is no way to reset the
|
||||||
multiplexing
|
multiplexing
|
||||||
.I time_enabled
|
.I time_enabled
|
||||||
or
|
or
|
||||||
|
@ -1727,7 +1727,7 @@ operations.
|
||||||
This applies to all counters on the current process, whether created by
|
This applies to all counters on the current process, whether created by
|
||||||
this process or by another, and does not affect any counters that this
|
this process or by another, and does not affect any counters that this
|
||||||
process has created on other processes.
|
process has created on other processes.
|
||||||
It only enables or disables
|
It enables or disables only
|
||||||
the group leaders, not any other members in the groups.
|
the group leaders, not any other members in the groups.
|
||||||
.SS perf_event related configuration files
|
.SS perf_event related configuration files
|
||||||
Files in
|
Files in
|
||||||
|
|
10
man2/prctl.2
10
man2/prctl.2
|
@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ in the location pointed to by
|
||||||
.BR PR_SET_PTRACER " (since Linux 3.4)"
|
.BR PR_SET_PTRACER " (since Linux 3.4)"
|
||||||
.\" commit 2d514487faf188938a4ee4fb3464eeecfbdcf8eb
|
.\" commit 2d514487faf188938a4ee4fb3464eeecfbdcf8eb
|
||||||
.\" commit bf06189e4d14641c0148bea16e9dd24943862215
|
.\" commit bf06189e4d14641c0148bea16e9dd24943862215
|
||||||
This is only meaningful when the Yama LSM is enabled and in mode 1
|
This is meaningful only when the Yama LSM is enabled and in mode 1
|
||||||
("restricted ptrace", visible via
|
("restricted ptrace", visible via
|
||||||
.IR /proc/sys/kernel/yama/ptrace_scope ).
|
.IR /proc/sys/kernel/yama/ptrace_scope ).
|
||||||
When a "ptracer process ID" is passed in \fIarg2\fP,
|
When a "ptracer process ID" is passed in \fIarg2\fP,
|
||||||
|
@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ signal.
|
||||||
Strict secure computing mode is useful for number-crunching applications
|
Strict secure computing mode is useful for number-crunching applications
|
||||||
that may need to execute untrusted byte code,
|
that may need to execute untrusted byte code,
|
||||||
perhaps obtained by reading from a pipe or socket.
|
perhaps obtained by reading from a pipe or socket.
|
||||||
This operation is only available
|
This operation is available only
|
||||||
if the kernel is configured with
|
if the kernel is configured with
|
||||||
.B CONFIG_SECCOMP
|
.B CONFIG_SECCOMP
|
||||||
enabled.
|
enabled.
|
||||||
|
@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ This argument is a pointer to
|
||||||
.IR "struct sock_fprog" ;
|
.IR "struct sock_fprog" ;
|
||||||
it can be designed to filter
|
it can be designed to filter
|
||||||
arbitrary system calls and system call arguments.
|
arbitrary system calls and system call arguments.
|
||||||
This mode is only available if the kernel is configured with
|
This mode is available only if the kernel is configured with
|
||||||
.B CONFIG_SECCOMP_FILTER
|
.B CONFIG_SECCOMP_FILTER
|
||||||
enabled.
|
enabled.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ call will cause a
|
||||||
signal to be sent to the process.
|
signal to be sent to the process.
|
||||||
If the caller is in filter mode, and this system call is allowed by the
|
If the caller is in filter mode, and this system call is allowed by the
|
||||||
seccomp filters, it returns 2.
|
seccomp filters, it returns 2.
|
||||||
This operation is only available
|
This operation is available only
|
||||||
if the kernel is configured with
|
if the kernel is configured with
|
||||||
.B CONFIG_SECCOMP
|
.B CONFIG_SECCOMP
|
||||||
enabled.
|
enabled.
|
||||||
|
@ -613,7 +613,7 @@ Early kill means that the thread receives a
|
||||||
.B SIGBUS
|
.B SIGBUS
|
||||||
signal as soon as hardware memory corruption is detected inside
|
signal as soon as hardware memory corruption is detected inside
|
||||||
its address space.
|
its address space.
|
||||||
In late kill mode, the process is only killed when it accesses a corrupted page.
|
In late kill mode, the process is killed only when it accesses a corrupted page.
|
||||||
See
|
See
|
||||||
.BR sigaction (2)
|
.BR sigaction (2)
|
||||||
for more information on the
|
for more information on the
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -565,7 +565,7 @@ has been stopped by a
|
||||||
(or other stopping signal).
|
(or other stopping signal).
|
||||||
See the "group-stop" subsection for additional information.
|
See the "group-stop" subsection for additional information.
|
||||||
.B PTRACE_LISTEN
|
.B PTRACE_LISTEN
|
||||||
only works on tracees attached by
|
works only on tracees attached by
|
||||||
.BR PTRACE_SEIZE .
|
.BR PTRACE_SEIZE .
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.B PTRACE_KILL
|
.B PTRACE_KILL
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ is set to the minimum size needed.
|
||||||
is not supported in this version of the kernel
|
is not supported in this version of the kernel
|
||||||
(e.g., the kernel is version 2.6 or later).
|
(e.g., the kernel is version 2.6 or later).
|
||||||
.SH VERSIONS
|
.SH VERSIONS
|
||||||
This system call is only present on Linux up until kernel 2.4;
|
This system call is present on Linux only up until kernel 2.4;
|
||||||
it was removed in Linux 2.6.
|
it was removed in Linux 2.6.
|
||||||
.\" Removed in Linux 2.5.48
|
.\" Removed in Linux 2.5.48
|
||||||
.SH CONFORMING TO
|
.SH CONFORMING TO
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -173,8 +173,8 @@ or to return the number of bytes already read.
|
||||||
.SH CONFORMING TO
|
.SH CONFORMING TO
|
||||||
SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001.
|
SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001.
|
||||||
.SH NOTES
|
.SH NOTES
|
||||||
On NFS file systems, reading small amounts of data will only update the
|
On NFS file systems, reading small amounts of data will update the
|
||||||
timestamp the first time, subsequent calls may not do so.
|
timestamp only the first time, subsequent calls may not do so.
|
||||||
This is caused
|
This is caused
|
||||||
by client side attribute caching, because most if not all NFS clients
|
by client side attribute caching, because most if not all NFS clients
|
||||||
leave st_atime (last file access time)
|
leave st_atime (last file access time)
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ data will be lost.
|
||||||
.BR LINUX_REBOOT_CMD_KEXEC " (since Linux 2.6.13)"
|
.BR LINUX_REBOOT_CMD_KEXEC " (since Linux 2.6.13)"
|
||||||
Execute a kernel that has been loaded earlier with
|
Execute a kernel that has been loaded earlier with
|
||||||
.BR kexec_load (2).
|
.BR kexec_load (2).
|
||||||
This option is only available if the kernel was configured with
|
This option is available only if the kernel was configured with
|
||||||
.BR CONFIG_KEXEC .
|
.BR CONFIG_KEXEC .
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.B LINUX_REBOOT_CMD_POWER_OFF
|
.B LINUX_REBOOT_CMD_POWER_OFF
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ struct cmsghdr {
|
||||||
.fi
|
.fi
|
||||||
.in
|
.in
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
Ancillary data should only be accessed by the macros defined in
|
Ancillary data should be accessed only by the macros defined in
|
||||||
.BR cmsg (3).
|
.BR cmsg (3).
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
As an example, Linux uses this ancillary data mechanism to pass extended
|
As an example, Linux uses this ancillary data mechanism to pass extended
|
||||||
|
@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ does not refer to a socket.
|
||||||
4.4BSD (these function calls first appeared in 4.2BSD),
|
4.4BSD (these function calls first appeared in 4.2BSD),
|
||||||
POSIX.1-2001.
|
POSIX.1-2001.
|
||||||
.LP
|
.LP
|
||||||
POSIX.1-2001 only describes the
|
POSIX.1-2001 describes only the
|
||||||
.BR MSG_OOB ,
|
.BR MSG_OOB ,
|
||||||
.BR MSG_PEEK ,
|
.BR MSG_PEEK ,
|
||||||
and
|
and
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ The run-time instrumentation facility is not available.
|
||||||
.SH VERSIONS
|
.SH VERSIONS
|
||||||
This system call is available since Linux 3.7.
|
This system call is available since Linux 3.7.
|
||||||
.SH CONFORMING TO
|
.SH CONFORMING TO
|
||||||
This Linux-specific system call is only available on the s390 architecture.
|
This Linux-specific system call is available only on the s390 architecture.
|
||||||
The run-time instrumentation facility is available beginning with System z EC12.
|
The run-time instrumentation facility is available beginning with System z EC12.
|
||||||
.SH NOTES
|
.SH NOTES
|
||||||
Glibc does not provide a wrapper for this system call, use
|
Glibc does not provide a wrapper for this system call, use
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ Processes scheduled under one of the real-time policies
|
||||||
\fIsched_priority\fP value in the range 1 (low) to 99 (high).
|
\fIsched_priority\fP value in the range 1 (low) to 99 (high).
|
||||||
(As the numbers imply, real-time processes always have higher priority
|
(As the numbers imply, real-time processes always have higher priority
|
||||||
than normal processes.)
|
than normal processes.)
|
||||||
Note well: POSIX.1-2001 only requires an implementation to support a
|
Note well: POSIX.1-2001 requires an implementation to support only a
|
||||||
minimum 32 distinct priority levels for the real-time policies,
|
minimum 32 distinct priority levels for the real-time policies,
|
||||||
and some systems supply just this minimum.
|
and some systems supply just this minimum.
|
||||||
Portable programs should use
|
Portable programs should use
|
||||||
|
@ -148,11 +148,11 @@ All scheduling is preemptive: if a process with a higher static
|
||||||
priority becomes ready to run, the currently running process
|
priority becomes ready to run, the currently running process
|
||||||
will be preempted and
|
will be preempted and
|
||||||
returned to the wait list for its static priority level.
|
returned to the wait list for its static priority level.
|
||||||
The scheduling policy only determines the
|
The scheduling policy determines the
|
||||||
ordering within the list of runnable processes with equal static
|
ordering only within the list of runnable processes with equal static
|
||||||
priority.
|
priority.
|
||||||
.SS SCHED_FIFO: First in-first out scheduling
|
.SS SCHED_FIFO: First in-first out scheduling
|
||||||
\fBSCHED_FIFO\fP can only be used with static priorities higher than
|
\fBSCHED_FIFO\fP can be used only with static priorities higher than
|
||||||
0, which means that when a \fBSCHED_FIFO\fP processes becomes runnable,
|
0, which means that when a \fBSCHED_FIFO\fP processes becomes runnable,
|
||||||
it will always immediately preempt any currently running
|
it will always immediately preempt any currently running
|
||||||
\fBSCHED_OTHER\fP, \fBSCHED_BATCH\fP, or \fBSCHED_IDLE\fP process.
|
\fBSCHED_OTHER\fP, \fBSCHED_BATCH\fP, or \fBSCHED_IDLE\fP process.
|
||||||
|
@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ preempted by a higher priority process, or it calls
|
||||||
\fBSCHED_RR\fP is a simple enhancement of \fBSCHED_FIFO\fP.
|
\fBSCHED_RR\fP is a simple enhancement of \fBSCHED_FIFO\fP.
|
||||||
Everything
|
Everything
|
||||||
described above for \fBSCHED_FIFO\fP also applies to \fBSCHED_RR\fP,
|
described above for \fBSCHED_FIFO\fP also applies to \fBSCHED_RR\fP,
|
||||||
except that each process is only allowed to run for a maximum time
|
except that each process is allowed to run only for a maximum time
|
||||||
quantum.
|
quantum.
|
||||||
If a \fBSCHED_RR\fP process has been running for a time
|
If a \fBSCHED_RR\fP process has been running for a time
|
||||||
period equal to or longer than the time quantum, it will be put at the
|
period equal to or longer than the time quantum, it will be put at the
|
||||||
|
@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ retrieved using
|
||||||
.\" by the process nice value -- MTK
|
.\" by the process nice value -- MTK
|
||||||
.\"
|
.\"
|
||||||
.SS SCHED_OTHER: Default Linux time-sharing scheduling
|
.SS SCHED_OTHER: Default Linux time-sharing scheduling
|
||||||
\fBSCHED_OTHER\fP can only be used at static priority 0.
|
\fBSCHED_OTHER\fP can be used at only static priority 0.
|
||||||
\fBSCHED_OTHER\fP is the standard Linux time-sharing scheduler that is
|
\fBSCHED_OTHER\fP is the standard Linux time-sharing scheduler that is
|
||||||
intended for all processes that do not require the special
|
intended for all processes that do not require the special
|
||||||
real-time mechanisms.
|
real-time mechanisms.
|
||||||
|
@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ This ensures fair progress among all \fBSCHED_OTHER\fP processes.
|
||||||
.\"
|
.\"
|
||||||
.SS SCHED_BATCH: Scheduling batch processes
|
.SS SCHED_BATCH: Scheduling batch processes
|
||||||
(Since Linux 2.6.16.)
|
(Since Linux 2.6.16.)
|
||||||
\fBSCHED_BATCH\fP can only be used at static priority 0.
|
\fBSCHED_BATCH\fP can be used only at static priority 0.
|
||||||
This policy is similar to \fBSCHED_OTHER\fP in that it schedules
|
This policy is similar to \fBSCHED_OTHER\fP in that it schedules
|
||||||
the process according to its dynamic priority
|
the process according to its dynamic priority
|
||||||
(based on the nice value).
|
(based on the nice value).
|
||||||
|
@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ interactivity causing extra preemptions (between the workload's tasks).
|
||||||
.\"
|
.\"
|
||||||
.SS SCHED_IDLE: Scheduling very low priority jobs
|
.SS SCHED_IDLE: Scheduling very low priority jobs
|
||||||
(Since Linux 2.6.23.)
|
(Since Linux 2.6.23.)
|
||||||
\fBSCHED_IDLE\fP can only be used at static priority 0;
|
\fBSCHED_IDLE\fP can be used only at static priority 0;
|
||||||
the process nice value has no influence for this policy.
|
the process nice value has no influence for this policy.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This policy is intended for running jobs at extremely low
|
This policy is intended for running jobs at extremely low
|
||||||
|
@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ the nice value is reset to zero in child processes.
|
||||||
After the
|
After the
|
||||||
.BR SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK
|
.BR SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK
|
||||||
flag has been enabled,
|
flag has been enabled,
|
||||||
it can only be reset if the process has the
|
it can be reset only if the process has the
|
||||||
.BR CAP_SYS_NICE
|
.BR CAP_SYS_NICE
|
||||||
capability.
|
capability.
|
||||||
This flag is disabled in child processes created by
|
This flag is disabled in child processes created by
|
||||||
|
@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ processes can set a nonzero static priority (i.e., set a real-time
|
||||||
scheduling policy).
|
scheduling policy).
|
||||||
The only change that an unprivileged process can make is to set the
|
The only change that an unprivileged process can make is to set the
|
||||||
.B SCHED_OTHER
|
.B SCHED_OTHER
|
||||||
policy, and this can only be done if the effective user ID of the caller of
|
policy, and this can be done only if the effective user ID of the caller of
|
||||||
.BR sched_setscheduler ()
|
.BR sched_setscheduler ()
|
||||||
matches the real or effective user ID of the target process
|
matches the real or effective user ID of the target process
|
||||||
(i.e., the process specified by
|
(i.e., the process specified by
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ If they do read/write the full amount, it's
|
||||||
because you have a low traffic load and a fast stream.
|
because you have a low traffic load and a fast stream.
|
||||||
This is not always going to be the case.
|
This is not always going to be the case.
|
||||||
You should cope with the case of your
|
You should cope with the case of your
|
||||||
functions only managing to send or receive a single byte.
|
functions managing to send or receive only a single byte.
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
6.
|
6.
|
||||||
Never read/write only in single bytes at a time unless you are really
|
Never read/write only in single bytes at a time unless you are really
|
||||||
|
@ -481,7 +481,7 @@ follows:
|
||||||
select(0, NULL, NULL, NULL, &tv);
|
select(0, NULL, NULL, NULL, &tv);
|
||||||
.fi
|
.fi
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
This is only guaranteed to work on UNIX systems, however.
|
This is guaranteed to work only on UNIX systems, however.
|
||||||
.SH RETURN VALUE
|
.SH RETURN VALUE
|
||||||
On success,
|
On success,
|
||||||
.BR select ()
|
.BR select ()
|
||||||
|
|
10
man2/send.2
10
man2/send.2
|
@ -173,17 +173,17 @@ Only valid on
|
||||||
.B SOCK_DGRAM
|
.B SOCK_DGRAM
|
||||||
and
|
and
|
||||||
.B SOCK_RAW
|
.B SOCK_RAW
|
||||||
sockets and currently only implemented for IPv4 and IPv6.
|
sockets and currently implemented only for IPv4 and IPv6.
|
||||||
See
|
See
|
||||||
.BR arp (7)
|
.BR arp (7)
|
||||||
for details.
|
for details.
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.B MSG_DONTROUTE
|
.B MSG_DONTROUTE
|
||||||
Don't use a gateway to send out the packet, only send to hosts on
|
Don't use a gateway to send out the packet, send to hosts only on
|
||||||
directly connected networks.
|
directly connected networks.
|
||||||
This is usually used only
|
This is usually used only
|
||||||
by diagnostic or routing programs.
|
by diagnostic or routing programs.
|
||||||
This is only defined for protocol
|
This is defined only for protocol
|
||||||
families that route; packet sockets don't.
|
families that route; packet sockets don't.
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.BR MSG_DONTWAIT " (since Linux 2.2)"
|
.BR MSG_DONTWAIT " (since Linux 2.2)"
|
||||||
|
@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ with the difference that this flag can be set on a per-call basis.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Since Linux 2.6, this flag is also supported for UDP sockets, and informs
|
Since Linux 2.6, this flag is also supported for UDP sockets, and informs
|
||||||
the kernel to package all of the data sent in calls with this flag set
|
the kernel to package all of the data sent in calls with this flag set
|
||||||
into a single datagram which is only transmitted when a call is performed
|
into a single datagram which is transmitted only when a call is performed
|
||||||
that does not specify this flag.
|
that does not specify this flag.
|
||||||
(See also the
|
(See also the
|
||||||
.B UDP_CORK
|
.B UDP_CORK
|
||||||
|
@ -369,7 +369,7 @@ is set.
|
||||||
4.4BSD, SVr4, POSIX.1-2001.
|
4.4BSD, SVr4, POSIX.1-2001.
|
||||||
These function calls appeared in 4.2BSD.
|
These function calls appeared in 4.2BSD.
|
||||||
.LP
|
.LP
|
||||||
POSIX.1-2001 only describes the
|
POSIX.1-2001 describes only the
|
||||||
.B MSG_OOB
|
.B MSG_OOB
|
||||||
and
|
and
|
||||||
.B MSG_EOR
|
.B MSG_EOR
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ and of memory mapped files mapped using the
|
||||||
call with the
|
call with the
|
||||||
.B MAP_SHARED
|
.B MAP_SHARED
|
||||||
flag, regardless of the access type.
|
flag, regardless of the access type.
|
||||||
The policy is only applied when a new page is allocated
|
The policy is applied only when a new page is allocated
|
||||||
for the process.
|
for the process.
|
||||||
For anonymous memory this is when the page is first
|
For anonymous memory this is when the page is first
|
||||||
touched by the application.
|
touched by the application.
|
||||||
|
@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ points to a bit mask of node IDs that contains up to
|
||||||
bits.
|
bits.
|
||||||
The bit mask size is rounded to the next multiple of
|
The bit mask size is rounded to the next multiple of
|
||||||
.IR "sizeof(unsigned long)" ,
|
.IR "sizeof(unsigned long)" ,
|
||||||
but the kernel will only use bits up to
|
but the kernel will use bits only up to
|
||||||
.IR maxnode .
|
.IR maxnode .
|
||||||
A NULL value of
|
A NULL value of
|
||||||
.I nodemask
|
.I nodemask
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ Explicit calls to
|
||||||
.BR setfsuid (2)
|
.BR setfsuid (2)
|
||||||
and
|
and
|
||||||
.BR setfsgid ()
|
.BR setfsgid ()
|
||||||
are usually only used by programs such as the Linux NFS server that
|
are usually used only by programs such as the Linux NFS server that
|
||||||
need to change what user and group ID is used for file access without a
|
need to change what user and group ID is used for file access without a
|
||||||
corresponding change in the real and effective user and group IDs.
|
corresponding change in the real and effective user and group IDs.
|
||||||
A change in the normal user IDs for a program such as the NFS server
|
A change in the normal user IDs for a program such as the NFS server
|
||||||
|
@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ is a security hole that can expose it to unwanted signals.
|
||||||
(But see below.)
|
(But see below.)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.BR setfsgid ()
|
.BR setfsgid ()
|
||||||
will only succeed if the caller is the superuser or if
|
will succeed only if the caller is the superuser or if
|
||||||
.I fsgid
|
.I fsgid
|
||||||
matches either the real group ID, effective group ID,
|
matches either the real group ID, effective group ID,
|
||||||
saved set-group-ID, or the current value of
|
saved set-group-ID, or the current value of
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ Explicit calls to
|
||||||
.BR setfsuid ()
|
.BR setfsuid ()
|
||||||
and
|
and
|
||||||
.BR setfsgid (2)
|
.BR setfsgid (2)
|
||||||
are usually only used by programs such as the Linux NFS server that
|
are usually used only by programs such as the Linux NFS server that
|
||||||
need to change what user and group ID is used for file access without a
|
need to change what user and group ID is used for file access without a
|
||||||
corresponding change in the real and effective user and group IDs.
|
corresponding change in the real and effective user and group IDs.
|
||||||
A change in the normal user IDs for a program such as the NFS server
|
A change in the normal user IDs for a program such as the NFS server
|
||||||
|
@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ is a security hole that can expose it to unwanted signals.
|
||||||
(But see below.)
|
(But see below.)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.BR setfsuid ()
|
.BR setfsuid ()
|
||||||
will only succeed if the caller is the superuser or if
|
will succeed only if the caller is the superuser or if
|
||||||
.I fsuid
|
.I fsuid
|
||||||
matches either the real user ID, effective user ID, saved set-user-ID, or
|
matches either the real user ID, effective user ID, saved set-user-ID, or
|
||||||
the current value of
|
the current value of
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ or resume (i.e., they receive
|
||||||
.BR SIGCONT )
|
.BR SIGCONT )
|
||||||
(see
|
(see
|
||||||
.BR wait (2)).
|
.BR wait (2)).
|
||||||
This flag is only meaningful when establishing a handler for
|
This flag is meaningful only when establishing a handler for
|
||||||
.BR SIGCHLD .
|
.BR SIGCHLD .
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.BR SA_NOCLDWAIT " (since Linux 2.6)"
|
.BR SA_NOCLDWAIT " (since Linux 2.6)"
|
||||||
|
@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ is
|
||||||
do not transform children into zombies when they terminate.
|
do not transform children into zombies when they terminate.
|
||||||
See also
|
See also
|
||||||
.BR waitpid (2).
|
.BR waitpid (2).
|
||||||
This flag is only meaningful when establishing a handler for
|
This flag is meaningful only when establishing a handler for
|
||||||
.BR SIGCHLD ,
|
.BR SIGCHLD ,
|
||||||
or when setting that signal's disposition to
|
or when setting that signal's disposition to
|
||||||
.BR SIG_DFL .
|
.BR SIG_DFL .
|
||||||
|
@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ on some other implementations, it is not.
|
||||||
.B SA_NODEFER
|
.B SA_NODEFER
|
||||||
Do not prevent the signal from being received from within its own signal
|
Do not prevent the signal from being received from within its own signal
|
||||||
handler.
|
handler.
|
||||||
This flag is only meaningful when establishing a signal handler.
|
This flag is meaningful only when establishing a signal handler.
|
||||||
.B SA_NOMASK
|
.B SA_NOMASK
|
||||||
is an obsolete, nonstandard synonym for this flag.
|
is an obsolete, nonstandard synonym for this flag.
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
|
@ -222,18 +222,18 @@ is an obsolete, nonstandard synonym for this flag.
|
||||||
Call the signal handler on an alternate signal stack provided by
|
Call the signal handler on an alternate signal stack provided by
|
||||||
.BR sigaltstack (2).
|
.BR sigaltstack (2).
|
||||||
If an alternate stack is not available, the default stack will be used.
|
If an alternate stack is not available, the default stack will be used.
|
||||||
This flag is only meaningful when establishing a signal handler.
|
This flag is meaningful only when establishing a signal handler.
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.BR SA_RESETHAND
|
.BR SA_RESETHAND
|
||||||
Restore the signal action to the default upon entry to the signal handler.
|
Restore the signal action to the default upon entry to the signal handler.
|
||||||
This flag is only meaningful when establishing a signal handler.
|
This flag is meaningful only when establishing a signal handler.
|
||||||
.B SA_ONESHOT
|
.B SA_ONESHOT
|
||||||
is an obsolete, nonstandard synonym for this flag.
|
is an obsolete, nonstandard synonym for this flag.
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.B SA_RESTART
|
.B SA_RESTART
|
||||||
Provide behavior compatible with BSD signal semantics by making certain
|
Provide behavior compatible with BSD signal semantics by making certain
|
||||||
system calls restartable across signals.
|
system calls restartable across signals.
|
||||||
This flag is only meaningful when establishing a signal handler.
|
This flag is meaningful only when establishing a signal handler.
|
||||||
See
|
See
|
||||||
.BR signal (7)
|
.BR signal (7)
|
||||||
for a discussion of system call restarting.
|
for a discussion of system call restarting.
|
||||||
|
@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ In this case,
|
||||||
.I sa_sigaction
|
.I sa_sigaction
|
||||||
should be set instead of
|
should be set instead of
|
||||||
.IR sa_handler .
|
.IR sa_handler .
|
||||||
This flag is only meaningful when establishing a signal handler.
|
This flag is meaningful only when establishing a signal handler.
|
||||||
.\" (The
|
.\" (The
|
||||||
.\" .I sa_sigaction
|
.\" .I sa_sigaction
|
||||||
.\" field was added in Linux 2.1.86.)
|
.\" field was added in Linux 2.1.86.)
|
||||||
|
@ -293,8 +293,8 @@ siginfo_t {
|
||||||
are defined for all signals.
|
are defined for all signals.
|
||||||
.RI ( si_errno
|
.RI ( si_errno
|
||||||
is generally unused on Linux.)
|
is generally unused on Linux.)
|
||||||
The rest of the struct may be a union, so that one should only
|
The rest of the struct may be a union, so that one should
|
||||||
read the fields that are meaningful for the given signal:
|
read only the fields that are meaningful for the given signal:
|
||||||
.IP * 2
|
.IP * 2
|
||||||
Signals sent with
|
Signals sent with
|
||||||
.BR kill (2)
|
.BR kill (2)
|
||||||
|
@ -719,7 +719,7 @@ signal and perform a
|
||||||
.BR wait (2)
|
.BR wait (2)
|
||||||
or similar.
|
or similar.
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
POSIX.1-1990 only specified
|
POSIX.1-1990 specified only
|
||||||
.BR SA_NOCLDSTOP .
|
.BR SA_NOCLDSTOP .
|
||||||
POSIX.1-2001 added
|
POSIX.1-2001 added
|
||||||
.BR SA_NOCLDWAIT ,
|
.BR SA_NOCLDWAIT ,
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ The
|
||||||
.BR spu_create ()
|
.BR spu_create ()
|
||||||
system call was added to Linux in kernel 2.6.16.
|
system call was added to Linux in kernel 2.6.16.
|
||||||
.SH CONFORMING TO
|
.SH CONFORMING TO
|
||||||
This call is Linux-specific and only implemented on the PowerPC
|
This call is Linux-specific and implemented only on the PowerPC
|
||||||
architecture.
|
architecture.
|
||||||
Programs using this system call are not portable.
|
Programs using this system call are not portable.
|
||||||
.SH NOTES
|
.SH NOTES
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ SPU has tried to access an invalid channel.
|
||||||
The bits masked with this value contain the code returned from a
|
The bits masked with this value contain the code returned from a
|
||||||
.BR stop-and-signal
|
.BR stop-and-signal
|
||||||
instruction.
|
instruction.
|
||||||
These bits are only valid if the 0x02 bit is set.
|
These bits are valid only if the 0x02 bit is set.
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
If
|
If
|
||||||
.BR spu_run ()
|
.BR spu_run ()
|
||||||
|
@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ The
|
||||||
.BR spu_run ()
|
.BR spu_run ()
|
||||||
system call was added to Linux in kernel 2.6.16.
|
system call was added to Linux in kernel 2.6.16.
|
||||||
.SH CONFORMING TO
|
.SH CONFORMING TO
|
||||||
This call is Linux-specific and only implemented by the PowerPC
|
This call is Linux-specific and implemented only by the PowerPC
|
||||||
architecture.
|
architecture.
|
||||||
Programs using this system call are not portable.
|
Programs using this system call are not portable.
|
||||||
.SH NOTES
|
.SH NOTES
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ The time, pointed
|
||||||
to by \fIt\fP, is measured in seconds since the
|
to by \fIt\fP, is measured in seconds since the
|
||||||
Epoch, 1970-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 (UTC).
|
Epoch, 1970-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 (UTC).
|
||||||
.BR stime ()
|
.BR stime ()
|
||||||
may only be executed by the superuser.
|
may be executed only by the superuser.
|
||||||
.SH RETURN VALUE
|
.SH RETURN VALUE
|
||||||
On success, zero is returned.
|
On success, zero is returned.
|
||||||
On error, \-1 is returned, and
|
On error, \-1 is returned, and
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ if the swap device supports the discard or trim operation.
|
||||||
but often it does not.)
|
but often it does not.)
|
||||||
See also NOTES.
|
See also NOTES.
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
These functions may only be used by a privileged process (one having the
|
These functions may be used only by a privileged process (one having the
|
||||||
.B CAP_SYS_ADMIN
|
.B CAP_SYS_ADMIN
|
||||||
capability).
|
capability).
|
||||||
.SS Priority
|
.SS Priority
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ at most \fIlen\fP bytes into the buffer pointed to by
|
||||||
.IR bufp .
|
.IR bufp .
|
||||||
The call returns the number of bytes read.
|
The call returns the number of bytes read.
|
||||||
Bytes read from the log disappear from the log buffer:
|
Bytes read from the log disappear from the log buffer:
|
||||||
the information can only be read once.
|
the information can be read only once.
|
||||||
This is the function executed by the kernel when a user program reads
|
This is the function executed by the kernel when a user program reads
|
||||||
.IR /proc/kmsg .
|
.IR /proc/kmsg .
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ field specifies a kernel thread ID, that is, the value returned by
|
||||||
.BR clone (2)
|
.BR clone (2)
|
||||||
or
|
or
|
||||||
.BR gettid (2).
|
.BR gettid (2).
|
||||||
This flag is only intended for use by threading libraries.
|
This flag is intended only for use by threading libraries.
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
Specifying
|
Specifying
|
||||||
.I sevp
|
.I sevp
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ This allows an application to avoid the overhead of making
|
||||||
a system call to obtain the overrun count,
|
a system call to obtain the overrun count,
|
||||||
but is a nonportable extension to POSIX.1-2001.
|
but is a nonportable extension to POSIX.1-2001.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
POSIX.1-2001 only discusses timer overruns in the context of
|
POSIX.1-2001 discusses timer overruns only in the context of
|
||||||
timer notifications using signals.
|
timer notifications using signals.
|
||||||
.\" FIXME . Austin bug filed, 11 Feb 09
|
.\" FIXME . Austin bug filed, 11 Feb 09
|
||||||
.SH BUGS
|
.SH BUGS
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -136,8 +136,8 @@ are automatically included in the
|
||||||
.I tms_cstime
|
.I tms_cstime
|
||||||
and
|
and
|
||||||
.I tms_cutime
|
.I tms_cutime
|
||||||
fields, although POSIX.1-2001 says that this should only happen
|
fields, although POSIX.1-2001 says that this should happen
|
||||||
if the calling process
|
only if the calling process
|
||||||
.BR wait (2)s
|
.BR wait (2)s
|
||||||
on its children.
|
on its children.
|
||||||
This nonconformance is rectified in Linux 2.6.9 and later.
|
This nonconformance is rectified in Linux 2.6.9 and later.
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -48,14 +48,14 @@ in the thread group
|
||||||
.IR tgid .
|
.IR tgid .
|
||||||
(By contrast,
|
(By contrast,
|
||||||
.BR kill (2)
|
.BR kill (2)
|
||||||
can only be used to send a signal to a process (i.e., thread group)
|
can be used to send a signal only to a process (i.e., thread group)
|
||||||
as a whole, and the signal will be delivered to an arbitrary
|
as a whole, and the signal will be delivered to an arbitrary
|
||||||
thread within that process.)
|
thread within that process.)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.BR tkill ()
|
.BR tkill ()
|
||||||
is an obsolete predecessor to
|
is an obsolete predecessor to
|
||||||
.BR tgkill ().
|
.BR tgkill ().
|
||||||
It only allows the target thread ID to be specified,
|
It allows only the target thread ID to be specified,
|
||||||
which may result in the wrong thread being signaled if a thread
|
which may result in the wrong thread being signaled if a thread
|
||||||
terminates and its thread ID is recycled.
|
terminates and its thread ID is recycled.
|
||||||
Avoid using this system call.
|
Avoid using this system call.
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ The caller does not have the required privileges.
|
||||||
and
|
and
|
||||||
.BR MNT_EXPIRE
|
.BR MNT_EXPIRE
|
||||||
.\" http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=10092
|
.\" http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=10092
|
||||||
are only available in glibc since version 2.11.
|
are available in glibc since version 2.11.
|
||||||
.SH CONFORMING TO
|
.SH CONFORMING TO
|
||||||
These functions are Linux-specific and should not be used in
|
These functions are Linux-specific and should not be used in
|
||||||
programs intended to be portable.
|
programs intended to be portable.
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ Some system calls, like
|
||||||
.BR iopl (2),
|
.BR iopl (2),
|
||||||
and
|
and
|
||||||
.BR vm86 (2)
|
.BR vm86 (2)
|
||||||
only exist on certain architectures.
|
exist only on certain architectures.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Some system calls, like
|
Some system calls, like
|
||||||
.BR ipc (2),
|
.BR ipc (2),
|
||||||
|
@ -60,6 +60,6 @@ Some system calls, like
|
||||||
.BR init_module (2),
|
.BR init_module (2),
|
||||||
and
|
and
|
||||||
.BR delete_module (2)
|
.BR delete_module (2)
|
||||||
only exist when the Linux kernel was built with support for them.
|
exist only when the Linux kernel was built with support for them.
|
||||||
.SH SEE ALSO
|
.SH SEE ALSO
|
||||||
.BR syscalls (2)
|
.BR syscalls (2)
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ SVr4.
|
||||||
.\" but has no ENOSYS condition.
|
.\" but has no ENOSYS condition.
|
||||||
.SH NOTES
|
.SH NOTES
|
||||||
.BR ustat ()
|
.BR ustat ()
|
||||||
is deprecated and has only been provided for compatibility.
|
is deprecated and has been provided only for compatibility.
|
||||||
All new programs should use
|
All new programs should use
|
||||||
.BR statfs (2)
|
.BR statfs (2)
|
||||||
instead.
|
instead.
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ architecture.
|
||||||
.B EPERM
|
.B EPERM
|
||||||
Saved kernel stack exists.
|
Saved kernel stack exists.
|
||||||
(This is a kernel sanity check; the saved
|
(This is a kernel sanity check; the saved
|
||||||
stack should only exist within vm86 mode itself.)
|
stack should exist only within vm86 mode itself.)
|
||||||
.SH CONFORMING TO
|
.SH CONFORMING TO
|
||||||
This call is specific to Linux on 32-bit Intel processors,
|
This call is specific to Linux on 32-bit Intel processors,
|
||||||
and should not be used in programs intended to be portable.
|
and should not be used in programs intended to be portable.
|
||||||
|
|
10
man2/wait.2
10
man2/wait.2
|
@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ argument that the child specified in a call to
|
||||||
or
|
or
|
||||||
.BR _exit (2)
|
.BR _exit (2)
|
||||||
or as the argument for a return statement in main().
|
or as the argument for a return statement in main().
|
||||||
This macro should only be employed if
|
This macro should be employed only if
|
||||||
.B WIFEXITED
|
.B WIFEXITED
|
||||||
returned true.
|
returned true.
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
|
@ -206,13 +206,13 @@ returns true if the child process was terminated by a signal.
|
||||||
.BI WTERMSIG( status )
|
.BI WTERMSIG( status )
|
||||||
returns the number of the signal that caused the child process to
|
returns the number of the signal that caused the child process to
|
||||||
terminate.
|
terminate.
|
||||||
This macro should only be employed if
|
This macro should be employed only if
|
||||||
.B WIFSIGNALED
|
.B WIFSIGNALED
|
||||||
returned true.
|
returned true.
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.BI WCOREDUMP( status )
|
.BI WCOREDUMP( status )
|
||||||
returns true if the child produced a core dump.
|
returns true if the child produced a core dump.
|
||||||
This macro should only be employed if
|
This macro should be employed only if
|
||||||
.B WIFSIGNALED
|
.B WIFSIGNALED
|
||||||
returned true.
|
returned true.
|
||||||
This macro is not specified in POSIX.1-2001 and is not available on
|
This macro is not specified in POSIX.1-2001 and is not available on
|
||||||
|
@ -221,14 +221,14 @@ Only use this enclosed in #ifdef WCOREDUMP ... #endif.
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.BI WIFSTOPPED( status )
|
.BI WIFSTOPPED( status )
|
||||||
returns true if the child process was stopped by delivery of a signal;
|
returns true if the child process was stopped by delivery of a signal;
|
||||||
this is only possible if the call was done using
|
this is possible only if the call was done using
|
||||||
.B WUNTRACED
|
.B WUNTRACED
|
||||||
or when the child is being traced (see
|
or when the child is being traced (see
|
||||||
.BR ptrace (2)).
|
.BR ptrace (2)).
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.BI WSTOPSIG( status )
|
.BI WSTOPSIG( status )
|
||||||
returns the number of the signal which caused the child to stop.
|
returns the number of the signal which caused the child to stop.
|
||||||
This macro should only be employed if
|
This macro should be employed only if
|
||||||
.B WIFSTOPPED
|
.B WIFSTOPPED
|
||||||
returned true.
|
returned true.
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ Returns the absolute value of the integer argument, of the appropriate
|
||||||
integer type for the function.
|
integer type for the function.
|
||||||
.SH CONFORMING TO
|
.SH CONFORMING TO
|
||||||
SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD, C99.
|
SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD, C99.
|
||||||
.\" POSIX.1 (1996 edition) only requires the
|
.\" POSIX.1 (1996 edition) requires only the
|
||||||
.\" .BR abs ()
|
.\" .BR abs ()
|
||||||
.\" function.
|
.\" function.
|
||||||
C89 only
|
C89 only
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ On error the request is not enqueued, \-1
|
||||||
is returned, and
|
is returned, and
|
||||||
.I errno
|
.I errno
|
||||||
is set appropriately.
|
is set appropriately.
|
||||||
If an error is only detected later, it will
|
If an error is detected only later, it will
|
||||||
be reported via
|
be reported via
|
||||||
.BR aio_return (3)
|
.BR aio_return (3)
|
||||||
(returns status \-1) and
|
(returns status \-1) and
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ On error the request is not enqueued, \-1
|
||||||
is returned, and
|
is returned, and
|
||||||
.I errno
|
.I errno
|
||||||
is set appropriately.
|
is set appropriately.
|
||||||
If an error is only detected later, it will
|
If an error is detected only later, it will
|
||||||
be reported via
|
be reported via
|
||||||
.BR aio_return (3)
|
.BR aio_return (3)
|
||||||
(returns status \-1) and
|
(returns status \-1) and
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ for details.
|
||||||
The use of
|
The use of
|
||||||
.I sighandler_t
|
.I sighandler_t
|
||||||
is a GNU extension;
|
is a GNU extension;
|
||||||
this type is only defined if the
|
this type is defined only if the
|
||||||
.B _GNU_SOURCE
|
.B _GNU_SOURCE
|
||||||
feature test macro is defined.
|
feature test macro is defined.
|
||||||
.SH SEE ALSO
|
.SH SEE ALSO
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ returns the value
|
||||||
.SH CONFORMING TO
|
.SH CONFORMING TO
|
||||||
POSIX.1-2001.
|
POSIX.1-2001.
|
||||||
.SH NOTES
|
.SH NOTES
|
||||||
These functions are only available in libc.so.4.4.4c and above.
|
These functions are available only in libc.so.4.4.4c and above.
|
||||||
The Jan 1987 X/Open Portability Guide specifies a more subtle
|
The Jan 1987 X/Open Portability Guide specifies a more subtle
|
||||||
error return:
|
error return:
|
||||||
.I message
|
.I message
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ and
|
||||||
but changed its mind and scheduled these functions for some
|
but changed its mind and scheduled these functions for some
|
||||||
later issue of this standard (cf. B.4.6.1).
|
later issue of this standard (cf. B.4.6.1).
|
||||||
However, POSIX.1-2001
|
However, POSIX.1-2001
|
||||||
only adds
|
adds only
|
||||||
.BR putenv (3),
|
.BR putenv (3),
|
||||||
and rejected
|
and rejected
|
||||||
.BR clearenv ().
|
.BR clearenv ().
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ See their manual pages for more information.
|
||||||
Ancillary data is a sequence of
|
Ancillary data is a sequence of
|
||||||
.I struct cmsghdr
|
.I struct cmsghdr
|
||||||
structures with appended data.
|
structures with appended data.
|
||||||
This sequence should only be accessed
|
This sequence should be accessed
|
||||||
using the macros described in this manual page and never directly.
|
using only the macros described in this manual page and never directly.
|
||||||
See the specific protocol man pages for the available control message types.
|
See the specific protocol man pages for the available control message types.
|
||||||
The maximum ancillary buffer size allowed per socket can be set using
|
The maximum ancillary buffer size allowed per socket can be set using
|
||||||
.IR /proc/sys/net/core/optmem_max ;
|
.IR /proc/sys/net/core/optmem_max ;
|
||||||
|
@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ the IPv6 advanced API described in RFC\ 2292 and the SUSv2.
|
||||||
.BR CMSG_ALIGN ()
|
.BR CMSG_ALIGN ()
|
||||||
is a Linux extension.
|
is a Linux extension.
|
||||||
.SH NOTES
|
.SH NOTES
|
||||||
For portability, ancillary data should be accessed only using the macros
|
For portability, ancillary data should be accessed using only the macros
|
||||||
described here.
|
described here.
|
||||||
.BR CMSG_ALIGN ()
|
.BR CMSG_ALIGN ()
|
||||||
is a Linux extension and should be not used in portable programs.
|
is a Linux extension and should be not used in portable programs.
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ are available only for the
|
||||||
.B DB_RECNO
|
.B DB_RECNO
|
||||||
access method because they each imply that the access method is able to
|
access method because they each imply that the access method is able to
|
||||||
create new keys.
|
create new keys.
|
||||||
This is only true if the keys are ordered and independent, record numbers
|
This is true only if the keys are ordered and independent, record numbers
|
||||||
for example.
|
for example.
|
||||||
.IP
|
.IP
|
||||||
The default behavior of the
|
The default behavior of the
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ returns the file descriptor associated with the directory stream
|
||||||
.IR dirp .
|
.IR dirp .
|
||||||
.LP
|
.LP
|
||||||
This descriptor is the one used internally by the directory stream.
|
This descriptor is the one used internally by the directory stream.
|
||||||
As a result, it is only useful for functions which do not depend on
|
As a result, it is useful only for functions which do not depend on
|
||||||
or alter the file position, such as
|
or alter the file position, such as
|
||||||
.BR fstat (2)
|
.BR fstat (2)
|
||||||
and
|
and
|
||||||
|
@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ This function was a BSD extension, present in 4.3BSD-Reno, not in 4.2BSD.
|
||||||
.SH NOTES
|
.SH NOTES
|
||||||
The prototype for
|
The prototype for
|
||||||
.BR dirfd ()
|
.BR dirfd ()
|
||||||
is only available if
|
is available only if
|
||||||
.B _BSD_SOURCE
|
.B _BSD_SOURCE
|
||||||
or
|
or
|
||||||
.B _SVID_SOURCE
|
.B _SVID_SOURCE
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ One of the following two values must be included in
|
||||||
Perform lazy binding.
|
Perform lazy binding.
|
||||||
Only resolve symbols as the code that references them is executed.
|
Only resolve symbols as the code that references them is executed.
|
||||||
If the symbol is never referenced, then it is never resolved.
|
If the symbol is never referenced, then it is never resolved.
|
||||||
(Lazy binding is only performed for function references;
|
(Lazy binding is performed only for function references;
|
||||||
references to variables are always immediately bound when
|
references to variables are always immediately bound when
|
||||||
the library is loaded.)
|
the library is loaded.)
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
|
@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ has been called on it as many times as
|
||||||
has succeeded on it.
|
has succeeded on it.
|
||||||
The
|
The
|
||||||
.BR _init ()
|
.BR _init ()
|
||||||
routine, if present, is only called once.
|
routine, if present, is called only once.
|
||||||
But a subsequent call with
|
But a subsequent call with
|
||||||
.B RTLD_NOW
|
.B RTLD_NOW
|
||||||
may force symbol resolution for a library earlier loaded with
|
may force symbol resolution for a library earlier loaded with
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ with the path of the file as its first argument.
|
||||||
.SH RETURN VALUE
|
.SH RETURN VALUE
|
||||||
The
|
The
|
||||||
.BR exec ()
|
.BR exec ()
|
||||||
functions only return if an error has occurred.
|
functions return only if an error has occurred.
|
||||||
The return value is \-1, and
|
The return value is \-1, and
|
||||||
.I errno
|
.I errno
|
||||||
is set to indicate the error.
|
is set to indicate the error.
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ which represents an environment where every exception raised causes a
|
||||||
trap to occur.
|
trap to occur.
|
||||||
You can test for this macro using
|
You can test for this macro using
|
||||||
.BR #ifdef .
|
.BR #ifdef .
|
||||||
It is only defined if
|
It is defined only if
|
||||||
.B _GNU_SOURCE
|
.B _GNU_SOURCE
|
||||||
is defined.
|
is defined.
|
||||||
The C99 standard does not define a way to set individual bits in the
|
The C99 standard does not define a way to set individual bits in the
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -73,8 +73,7 @@ The function
|
||||||
tests the end-of-file indicator for the stream pointed to by
|
tests the end-of-file indicator for the stream pointed to by
|
||||||
.IR stream ,
|
.IR stream ,
|
||||||
returning nonzero if it is set.
|
returning nonzero if it is set.
|
||||||
The end-of-file indicator can only be
|
The end-of-file indicator can be cleared only by the function
|
||||||
cleared by the function
|
|
||||||
.BR clearerr ().
|
.BR clearerr ().
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
The function
|
The function
|
||||||
|
@ -82,7 +81,7 @@ The function
|
||||||
tests the error indicator for the stream pointed to by
|
tests the error indicator for the stream pointed to by
|
||||||
.IR stream ,
|
.IR stream ,
|
||||||
returning nonzero if it is set.
|
returning nonzero if it is set.
|
||||||
The error indicator can only be reset by the
|
The error indicator can be reset only by the
|
||||||
.BR clearerr ()
|
.BR clearerr ()
|
||||||
function.
|
function.
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ to allow for this.
|
||||||
Attempts to write more than
|
Attempts to write more than
|
||||||
.I size
|
.I size
|
||||||
bytes to the buffer result in an error.
|
bytes to the buffer result in an error.
|
||||||
(By default, such errors will only be visible when the
|
(By default, such errors will be visible only when the
|
||||||
.I stdio
|
.I stdio
|
||||||
buffer is flushed.
|
buffer is flushed.
|
||||||
Disabling buffering with
|
Disabling buffering with
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ matched if it matches an initial segment of
|
||||||
.I string
|
.I string
|
||||||
which is followed by a slash.
|
which is followed by a slash.
|
||||||
This flag is mainly for the internal
|
This flag is mainly for the internal
|
||||||
use of glibc and is only implemented in certain cases.
|
use of glibc and is implemented only in certain cases.
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.B FNM_CASEFOLD
|
.B FNM_CASEFOLD
|
||||||
If this flag (a GNU extension) is set, the pattern is matched
|
If this flag (a GNU extension) is set, the pattern is matched
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ Currently,
|
||||||
.\" As at glibc 2.4:
|
.\" As at glibc 2.4:
|
||||||
use of
|
use of
|
||||||
.BR mmap (2)
|
.BR mmap (2)
|
||||||
is only attempted for a file opened for reading.
|
is attempted only for a file opened for reading.
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.B x
|
.B x
|
||||||
.\" Since glibc 2.0?
|
.\" Since glibc 2.0?
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ is available since glibc 2.6, and is implemented using the
|
||||||
system call, which is supported since kernel 2.6.22.
|
system call, which is supported since kernel 2.6.22.
|
||||||
.SH CONFORMING TO
|
.SH CONFORMING TO
|
||||||
These functions are not specified in any standard.
|
These functions are not specified in any standard.
|
||||||
Other than Linux, they are only available on the BSDs.
|
Other than Linux, they are available only on the BSDs.
|
||||||
.SH SEE ALSO
|
.SH SEE ALSO
|
||||||
.BR utime (2),
|
.BR utime (2),
|
||||||
.BR utimensat (2),
|
.BR utimensat (2),
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -378,8 +378,8 @@ includes the
|
||||||
flag, then IPv4 addresses are returned in the list pointed to by
|
flag, then IPv4 addresses are returned in the list pointed to by
|
||||||
.I res
|
.I res
|
||||||
only if the local system has at least one
|
only if the local system has at least one
|
||||||
IPv4 address configured, and IPv6 addresses are only returned
|
IPv4 address configured, and IPv6 addresses are returned
|
||||||
if the local system has at least one IPv6 address configured.
|
only if the local system has at least one IPv6 address configured.
|
||||||
The loopback address is not considered for this case as valid
|
The loopback address is not considered for this case as valid
|
||||||
as a configured address.
|
as a configured address.
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
|
@ -542,7 +542,7 @@ The requested service is not available for the requested socket type.
|
||||||
It may be available through another socket type.
|
It may be available through another socket type.
|
||||||
For example, this error could occur if
|
For example, this error could occur if
|
||||||
.I service
|
.I service
|
||||||
was "shell" (a service only available on stream sockets), and either
|
was "shell" (a service available only on stream sockets), and either
|
||||||
.I hints.ai_protocol
|
.I hints.ai_protocol
|
||||||
was
|
was
|
||||||
.BR IPPROTO_UDP ,
|
.BR IPPROTO_UDP ,
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -163,9 +163,9 @@ or
|
||||||
The
|
The
|
||||||
.BR getifaddrs ()
|
.BR getifaddrs ()
|
||||||
function first appeared in glibc 2.3, but before glibc 2.3.3,
|
function first appeared in glibc 2.3, but before glibc 2.3.3,
|
||||||
the implementation only supported IPv4 addresses;
|
the implementation supported only IPv4 addresses;
|
||||||
IPv6 support was added in glibc 2.3.3.
|
IPv6 support was added in glibc 2.3.3.
|
||||||
Support of address families other than IPv4 is only available
|
Support of address families other than IPv4 is available only
|
||||||
on kernels that support netlink.
|
on kernels that support netlink.
|
||||||
.SH CONFORMING TO
|
.SH CONFORMING TO
|
||||||
Not in POSIX.1-2001.
|
Not in POSIX.1-2001.
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ These functions replace the
|
||||||
.BR gethostbyname (3)
|
.BR gethostbyname (3)
|
||||||
and
|
and
|
||||||
.BR gethostbyaddr (3)
|
.BR gethostbyaddr (3)
|
||||||
functions, which could only access the IPv4 network address family.
|
functions, which could access only the IPv4 network address family.
|
||||||
The
|
The
|
||||||
.BR getipnodebyname ()
|
.BR getipnodebyname ()
|
||||||
and
|
and
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ and
|
||||||
.I key
|
.I key
|
||||||
was not found in the table.
|
was not found in the table.
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
POSIX.1-2001 only specifies the
|
POSIX.1-2001 specifies only the
|
||||||
.B ENOMEM
|
.B ENOMEM
|
||||||
error.
|
error.
|
||||||
.SH CONFORMING TO
|
.SH CONFORMING TO
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -98,8 +98,8 @@ or
|
||||||
The
|
The
|
||||||
.BR if_nameindex ()
|
.BR if_nameindex ()
|
||||||
function first appeared in glibc 2.1, but before glibc 2.3.4,
|
function first appeared in glibc 2.1, but before glibc 2.3.4,
|
||||||
the implementation only supported interfaces with IPv4 addresses.
|
the implementation supported only interfaces with IPv4 addresses.
|
||||||
Support of interfaces that don't have IPv4 addresses is only available
|
Support of interfaces that don't have IPv4 addresses is available only
|
||||||
on kernels that support netlink.
|
on kernels that support netlink.
|
||||||
.SH CONFORMING TO
|
.SH CONFORMING TO
|
||||||
RFC\ 3493, POSIX.1-2001.
|
RFC\ 3493, POSIX.1-2001.
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ and
|
||||||
supports IPv6 addresses.
|
supports IPv6 addresses.
|
||||||
On the other hand,
|
On the other hand,
|
||||||
.BR inet_pton ()
|
.BR inet_pton ()
|
||||||
only accepts IPv4 addresses in dotted-decimal notation, whereas
|
accepts only IPv4 addresses in dotted-decimal notation, whereas
|
||||||
.BR inet_aton (3)
|
.BR inet_aton (3)
|
||||||
and
|
and
|
||||||
.BR inet_addr (3)
|
.BR inet_addr (3)
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -28,8 +28,7 @@ If \fIs\fP is not a NULL pointer, the
|
||||||
function inspects at most
|
function inspects at most
|
||||||
\fIn\fP bytes of the multibyte string starting at \fIs\fP and extracts the
|
\fIn\fP bytes of the multibyte string starting at \fIs\fP and extracts the
|
||||||
next complete multibyte character.
|
next complete multibyte character.
|
||||||
It uses a static anonymous shift state only
|
It uses a static anonymous shift state known only to the
|
||||||
known to the
|
|
||||||
.BR mblen ()
|
.BR mblen ()
|
||||||
function.
|
function.
|
||||||
If the multibyte character is not the null wide
|
If the multibyte character is not the null wide
|
||||||
|
@ -54,7 +53,7 @@ If \fIs\fP is a NULL pointer, the
|
||||||
function
|
function
|
||||||
.\" The Dinkumware doc and the Single UNIX specification say this, but
|
.\" The Dinkumware doc and the Single UNIX specification say this, but
|
||||||
.\" glibc doesn't implement this.
|
.\" glibc doesn't implement this.
|
||||||
resets the shift state, only known to this function, to the initial state, and
|
resets the shift state, known to only this function, to the initial state, and
|
||||||
returns nonzero if the encoding has nontrivial shift state, or zero if the
|
returns nonzero if the encoding has nontrivial shift state, or zero if the
|
||||||
encoding is stateless.
|
encoding is stateless.
|
||||||
.SH RETURN VALUE
|
.SH RETURN VALUE
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ returns
|
||||||
In this case,
|
In this case,
|
||||||
the effects on \fI*ps\fP are undefined.
|
the effects on \fI*ps\fP are undefined.
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
If \fIps\fP is a NULL pointer, a static anonymous state only known to the
|
If \fIps\fP is a NULL pointer, a static anonymous state known only to the
|
||||||
.BR mbrlen ()
|
.BR mbrlen ()
|
||||||
function is used instead.
|
function is used instead.
|
||||||
.SH RETURN VALUE
|
.SH RETURN VALUE
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ and that no length limit exists.
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
In both of the above cases,
|
In both of the above cases,
|
||||||
if \fIps\fP is a NULL pointer, a static anonymous
|
if \fIps\fP is a NULL pointer, a static anonymous
|
||||||
state only known to the
|
state known only to the
|
||||||
.BR mbsrtowcs ()
|
.BR mbsrtowcs ()
|
||||||
function is used instead.
|
function is used instead.
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ bytes of the multibyte string starting at \fIs\fP,
|
||||||
extracts the next complete
|
extracts the next complete
|
||||||
multibyte character, converts it to a wide character and stores it at
|
multibyte character, converts it to a wide character and stores it at
|
||||||
\fI*pwc\fP.
|
\fI*pwc\fP.
|
||||||
It updates an internal shift state only known to the
|
It updates an internal shift state known only to the
|
||||||
.BR mbtowc ()
|
.BR mbtowc ()
|
||||||
function.
|
function.
|
||||||
If \fIs\fP does not point to a null byte (\(aq\\0\(aq), it returns the number
|
If \fIs\fP does not point to a null byte (\(aq\\0\(aq), it returns the number
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ This can be very slow!
|
||||||
The
|
The
|
||||||
.BR mcheck_check_all ()
|
.BR mcheck_check_all ()
|
||||||
function causes an immediate check on all allocated blocks.
|
function causes an immediate check on all allocated blocks.
|
||||||
This call is only effective if
|
This call is effective only if
|
||||||
.BR mcheck ()
|
.BR mcheck ()
|
||||||
is called beforehand.
|
is called beforehand.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ on the
|
||||||
encrypted memory area.
|
encrypted memory area.
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
Note that this function is not a proper encryption routine as the XOR
|
Note that this function is not a proper encryption routine as the XOR
|
||||||
constant is fixed, and is only suitable for hiding strings.
|
constant is fixed, and is suitable only for hiding strings.
|
||||||
.SH RETURN VALUE
|
.SH RETURN VALUE
|
||||||
The
|
The
|
||||||
.BR memfrob ()
|
.BR memfrob ()
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -106,11 +106,11 @@ notifications for this message queue, then the registration is removed;
|
||||||
another process can then register to receive a message notification
|
another process can then register to receive a message notification
|
||||||
for this queue.
|
for this queue.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Message notification only occurs when a new message arrives and
|
Message notification occurs only when a new message arrives and
|
||||||
the queue was previously empty.
|
the queue was previously empty.
|
||||||
If the queue was not empty at the time
|
If the queue was not empty at the time
|
||||||
.BR mq_notify ()
|
.BR mq_notify ()
|
||||||
was called, then a notification will only occur after
|
was called, then a notification will occur only after
|
||||||
the queue is emptied and a new message arrives.
|
the queue is emptied and a new message arrives.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If another process or thread is waiting to read a message
|
If another process or thread is waiting to read a message
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ They are similar in spirit to the macros defined in
|
||||||
.BR cmsg (3)
|
.BR cmsg (3)
|
||||||
for auxiliary data.
|
for auxiliary data.
|
||||||
The buffer passed to and from a netlink socket should
|
The buffer passed to and from a netlink socket should
|
||||||
only be accessed using these macros.
|
be accessed using only these macros.
|
||||||
.TP
|
.TP
|
||||||
.BR NLMSG_ALIGN ()
|
.BR NLMSG_ALIGN ()
|
||||||
Round the length of a netlink message up to align it properly.
|
Round the length of a netlink message up to align it properly.
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -243,9 +243,9 @@ Some systems provide no way to reclaim memory allocated with
|
||||||
.BR memalign ()
|
.BR memalign ()
|
||||||
or
|
or
|
||||||
.BR valloc ()
|
.BR valloc ()
|
||||||
(because one can only pass to
|
(because one can pass to
|
||||||
.BR free (3)
|
.BR free (3)
|
||||||
a pointer obtained from
|
only a pointer obtained from
|
||||||
.BR malloc (3),
|
.BR malloc (3),
|
||||||
while, for example,
|
while, for example,
|
||||||
.BR memalign ()
|
.BR memalign ()
|
||||||
|
@ -265,8 +265,8 @@ reclaimed with
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The glibc
|
The glibc
|
||||||
.BR malloc (3)
|
.BR malloc (3)
|
||||||
always returns 8-byte aligned memory addresses, so these functions are only
|
always returns 8-byte aligned memory addresses, so these functions are
|
||||||
needed if you require larger alignment values.
|
needed only if you require larger alignment values.
|
||||||
.SH SEE ALSO
|
.SH SEE ALSO
|
||||||
.BR brk (2),
|
.BR brk (2),
|
||||||
.BR getpagesize (2),
|
.BR getpagesize (2),
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -546,7 +546,7 @@ A following integer conversion corresponds to a
|
||||||
.I ptrdiff_t
|
.I ptrdiff_t
|
||||||
argument.
|
argument.
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
The SUSv2 only knows about the length modifiers
|
The SUSv2 knows about only the length modifiers
|
||||||
.B h
|
.B h
|
||||||
(in
|
(in
|
||||||
.BR hd ,
|
.BR hd ,
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ were created with the
|
||||||
.B PTHREAD_SCOPE_SYSTEM
|
.B PTHREAD_SCOPE_SYSTEM
|
||||||
contention scope.
|
contention scope.
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
POSIX.1-2001 only requires that an implementation support one of these
|
POSIX.1-2001 requires that an implementation support only one of these
|
||||||
contention scopes, but permits both to be supported.
|
contention scopes, but permits both to be supported.
|
||||||
Linux supports
|
Linux supports
|
||||||
.BR PTHREAD_SCOPE_SYSTEM ,
|
.BR PTHREAD_SCOPE_SYSTEM ,
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ containing \(aq\fB{\fP\(aq and \(aq\fB}\fP\(aq, respectively.
|
||||||
For this reason, the caller must ensure that calls to these
|
For this reason, the caller must ensure that calls to these
|
||||||
functions are paired within the same function,
|
functions are paired within the same function,
|
||||||
and at the same lexical nesting level.
|
and at the same lexical nesting level.
|
||||||
(In other words, a clean-up handler is only established
|
(In other words, a clean-up handler is established only
|
||||||
during the execution of a specified section of code.)
|
during the execution of a specified section of code.)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Calling
|
Calling
|
||||||
|
@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ and
|
||||||
functions \fIare\fP implemented as macros that expand to text
|
functions \fIare\fP implemented as macros that expand to text
|
||||||
containing \(aq\fB{\fP\(aq and \(aq\fB}\fP\(aq, respectively.
|
containing \(aq\fB{\fP\(aq and \(aq\fB}\fP\(aq, respectively.
|
||||||
This means that variables declared within the scope of
|
This means that variables declared within the scope of
|
||||||
paired calls to these functions will only be visible within that scope.
|
paired calls to these functions will be visible within only that scope.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
POSIX.1
|
POSIX.1
|
||||||
.\" The text was actually added in the 2004 TC2
|
.\" The text was actually added in the 2004 TC2
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ pthread_kill_other_threads_np \- terminate all other threads in process
|
||||||
.fi
|
.fi
|
||||||
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
.SH DESCRIPTION
|
||||||
.BR pthread_kill_other_threads_np ()
|
.BR pthread_kill_other_threads_np ()
|
||||||
only has an effect in the LinuxThreads threading implementation.
|
has an effect only in the LinuxThreads threading implementation.
|
||||||
On that implementation,
|
On that implementation,
|
||||||
calling this function causes the immediate termination of
|
calling this function causes the immediate termination of
|
||||||
all threads in the application,
|
all threads in the application,
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ Thread identifiers should be considered opaque:
|
||||||
any attempt to use a thread ID other than in pthreads calls
|
any attempt to use a thread ID other than in pthreads calls
|
||||||
is nonportable and can lead to unspecified results.
|
is nonportable and can lead to unspecified results.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Thread IDs are only guaranteed to be unique within a process.
|
Thread IDs are guaranteed to be unique only within a process.
|
||||||
A thread ID may be reused after a terminated thread has been joined,
|
A thread ID may be reused after a terminated thread has been joined,
|
||||||
or a detached thread has terminated.
|
or a detached thread has terminated.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ if cancellation occurs in the middle of the function call.
|
||||||
Consequently, clean-up handlers cease to be useful.
|
Consequently, clean-up handlers cease to be useful.
|
||||||
Functions that can be safely asynchronously canceled are called
|
Functions that can be safely asynchronously canceled are called
|
||||||
.IR "async-cancel-safe functions" .
|
.IR "async-cancel-safe functions" .
|
||||||
POSIX.1-2001 only requires that
|
POSIX.1-2001 requires only that
|
||||||
.BR pthread_cancel (3),
|
.BR pthread_cancel (3),
|
||||||
.BR pthread_setcancelstate (),
|
.BR pthread_setcancelstate (),
|
||||||
and
|
and
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ The
|
||||||
function informs the implementation of the application's
|
function informs the implementation of the application's
|
||||||
desired concurrency level, specified in
|
desired concurrency level, specified in
|
||||||
.IR new_level .
|
.IR new_level .
|
||||||
The implementation only takes this as a hint:
|
The implementation takes this only as a hint:
|
||||||
POSIX.1 does not specify the level of concurrency that
|
POSIX.1 does not specify the level of concurrency that
|
||||||
should be provided as a result of calling
|
should be provided as a result of calling
|
||||||
.BR pthread_setconcurrency ().
|
.BR pthread_setconcurrency ().
|
||||||
|
@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ POSIX.1-2001.
|
||||||
.SH NOTES
|
.SH NOTES
|
||||||
The default concurrency level is 0.
|
The default concurrency level is 0.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Concurrency levels are only meaningful for M:N threading implementations,
|
Concurrency levels are meaningful only for M:N threading implementations,
|
||||||
where at any moment a subset of a process's set of user-level threads
|
where at any moment a subset of a process's set of user-level threads
|
||||||
may be bound to a smaller number of kernel-scheduling entities.
|
may be bound to a smaller number of kernel-scheduling entities.
|
||||||
Setting the concurrency level allows the application to
|
Setting the concurrency level allows the application to
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ pthread_kill(pthread_self(), sig);
|
||||||
.PP
|
.PP
|
||||||
If the signal causes a handler to be called,
|
If the signal causes a handler to be called,
|
||||||
.BR raise ()
|
.BR raise ()
|
||||||
will only return after the signal handler has returned.
|
will return only after the signal handler has returned.
|
||||||
.SH RETURN VALUE
|
.SH RETURN VALUE
|
||||||
.BR raise ()
|
.BR raise ()
|
||||||
returns 0 on success, and nonzero for failure.
|
returns 0 on success, and nonzero for failure.
|
||||||
|
|
Some files were not shown because too many files have changed in this diff Show More
Loading…
Reference in New Issue