2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved
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2007-06-20 22:33:04 +00:00
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.TH "DATE" 1P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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.\" date
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2007-09-20 06:03:25 +00:00
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.SH PROLOG
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This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual.
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The Linux implementation of this interface may differ (consult
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the corresponding Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior),
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or the interface may not be implemented on Linux.
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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.SH NAME
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date \- write the date and time
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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.LP
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\fBdate\fP \fB[\fP\fB-u\fP\fB] [\fP\fB+\fP\fIformat\fP\fB]\fP\fB
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.br
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.sp
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\fP
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.LP
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\fBdate\fP \fB[\fP\fB-u\fP\fB]\fP
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\fImmddhhmm\fP\fB[[\fP\fIcc\fP\fB]\fP\fIyy\fP\fB]\fP\fB\fP
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\fB
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.br
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\fP
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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.LP
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The \fIdate\fP utility shall write the date and time to standard output
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\ or attempt
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to set the system date and time. By default, the current date and
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time shall be written. If an operand beginning with \fB'+'\fP is specified,
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the output format of \fIdate\fP shall be controlled
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by the conversion specifications and other text in the operand.
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.SH OPTIONS
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.LP
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The \fIdate\fP utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume
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of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines.
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.LP
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The following option shall be supported:
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.TP 7
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\fB-u\fP
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Perform operations as if the \fITZ\fP environment variable was set
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2007-09-20 06:36:16 +00:00
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to the string \fB"UTC0"\fP, or its equivalent
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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historical value of \fB"GMT0"\fP . Otherwise, \fIdate\fP shall use
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the timezone indicated by the \fITZ\fP environment variable
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or the system default if that variable is unset or null.
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.sp
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.SH OPERANDS
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.LP
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The following operands shall be supported:
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.TP 7
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+\fIformat\fP
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When the format is specified, each conversion specifier shall be replaced
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in the standard output by its corresponding value.
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All other characters shall be copied to the output without change.
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The output shall always be terminated with a
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<newline>.
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.sp
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.SS Conversion Specifications
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.TP 7
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\fB%a\fP
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Locale's abbreviated weekday name.
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.TP 7
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\fB%A\fP
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Locale's full weekday name.
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.TP 7
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\fB%b\fP
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Locale's abbreviated month name.
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.TP 7
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\fB%B\fP
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Locale's full month name.
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.TP 7
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\fB%c\fP
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Locale's appropriate date and time representation.
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.TP 7
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\fB%C\fP
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Century (a year divided by 100 and truncated to an integer) as a decimal
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number [00,99].
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.TP 7
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\fB%d\fP
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Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31].
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.TP 7
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\fB%D\fP
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Date in the format \fImm\fP/\fIdd\fP/\fIyy\fP.
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.TP 7
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\fB%e\fP
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Day of the month as a decimal number [1,31] in a two-digit field with
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leading space character fill.
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.TP 7
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\fB%h\fP
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A synonym for \fB%b\fP .
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.TP 7
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\fB%H\fP
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Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23].
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.TP 7
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\fB%I\fP
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Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12].
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.TP 7
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\fB%j\fP
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Day of the year as a decimal number [001,366].
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.TP 7
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\fB%m\fP
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Month as a decimal number [01,12].
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.TP 7
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\fB%M\fP
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Minute as a decimal number [00,59].
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.TP 7
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\fB%n\fP
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A <newline>.
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.TP 7
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\fB%p\fP
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Locale's equivalent of either AM or PM.
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.TP 7
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\fB%r\fP
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12-hour clock time [01,12] using the AM/PM notation; in the POSIX
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locale, this shall be equivalent to \fB%I\fP : \fB%M\fP
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: \fB%S\fP \fB%p\fP .
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.TP 7
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\fB%S\fP
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Seconds as a decimal number [00,60].
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.TP 7
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\fB%t\fP
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A <tab>.
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.TP 7
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\fB%T\fP
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24-hour clock time [00,23] in the format \fIHH\fP:\fIMM\fP:\fISS\fP.
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.TP 7
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\fB%u\fP
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Weekday as a decimal number [1,7] (1=Monday).
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.TP 7
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\fB%U\fP
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Week of the year (Sunday as the first day of the week) as a decimal
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number [00,53]. All days in a new year preceding the first
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Sunday shall be considered to be in week 0.
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.TP 7
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\fB%V\fP
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Week of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) as a decimal
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number [01,53]. If the week containing January 1 has four
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or more days in the new year, then it shall be considered week 1;
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otherwise, it shall be the last week of the previous year, and
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the next week shall be week 1.
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.TP 7
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\fB%w\fP
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Weekday as a decimal number [0,6] (0=Sunday).
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.TP 7
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\fB%W\fP
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Week of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) as a decimal
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number [00,53]. All days in a new year preceding the first
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Monday shall be considered to be in week 0.
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.TP 7
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\fB%x\fP
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Locale's appropriate date representation.
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.TP 7
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\fB%X\fP
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Locale's appropriate time representation.
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.TP 7
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\fB%y\fP
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Year within century [00,99].
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.TP 7
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\fB%Y\fP
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Year with century as a decimal number.
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.TP 7
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\fB%Z\fP
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Timezone name, or no characters if no timezone is determinable.
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.TP 7
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\fB%%\fP
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A percent sign character.
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.sp
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.LP
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See the Base Definitions volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, Section
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7.3.5, LC_TIME for the conversion specifier values in the POSIX locale.
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.SS Modified Conversion Specifications
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.LP
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Some conversion specifiers can be modified by the \fBE\fP and \fBO\fP
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modifier characters to indicate a different format
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or specification as specified in the \fILC_TIME\fP locale description
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(see the Base Definitions volume of
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IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, Section 7.3.5, LC_TIME). If the
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corresponding keyword (see \fBera\fP, \fBera_year\fP, \fBera_d_fmt\fP,
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and \fBalt_digits\fP in the Base Definitions volume of
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IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, Section 7.3.5, LC_TIME) is not specified or
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not supported for the current locale, the unmodified conversion specifier
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value shall be used.
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.TP 7
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\fB%Ec\fP
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Locale's alternative appropriate date and time representation.
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.TP 7
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\fB%EC\fP
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The name of the base year (period) in the locale's alternative representation.
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.TP 7
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\fB%Ex\fP
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Locale's alternative date representation.
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.TP 7
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\fB%EX\fP
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Locale's alternative time representation.
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.TP 7
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\fB%Ey\fP
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Offset from \fB%EC\fP (year only) in the locale's alternative representation.
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.TP 7
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\fB%EY\fP
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Full alternative year representation.
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.TP 7
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\fB%Od\fP
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Day of month using the locale's alternative numeric symbols.
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.TP 7
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\fB%Oe\fP
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Day of month using the locale's alternative numeric symbols.
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.TP 7
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\fB%OH\fP
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Hour (24-hour clock) using the locale's alternative numeric symbols.
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.TP 7
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\fB%OI\fP
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Hour (12-hour clock) using the locale's alternative numeric symbols.
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.TP 7
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\fB%Om\fP
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Month using the locale's alternative numeric symbols.
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.TP 7
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\fB%OM\fP
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Minutes using the locale's alternative numeric symbols.
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.TP 7
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\fB%OS\fP
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Seconds using the locale's alternative numeric symbols.
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.TP 7
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\fB%Ou\fP
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Weekday as a number in the locale's alternative representation (Monday
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= 1).
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.TP 7
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\fB%OU\fP
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Week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the week) using
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the locale's alternative numeric symbols.
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.TP 7
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\fB%OV\fP
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Week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week, rules
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corresponding to \fB%V\fP ), using the locale's
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alternative numeric symbols.
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.TP 7
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\fB%Ow\fP
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Weekday as a number in the locale's alternative representation (Sunday
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= 0).
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.TP 7
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\fB%OW\fP
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Week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) using
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the locale's alternative numeric symbols.
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.TP 7
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\fB%Oy\fP
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Year (offset from \fB%C\fP ) in alternative representation.
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.sp
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.sp
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.TP 7
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\fImmddhhmm\fP\fB[[\fP\fIcc\fP\fB]\fP\fIyy\fP\fB]\fP
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.sp
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Attempt to set the system date and time from the value given in the
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operand. This is only possible if the user has appropriate
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privileges and the system permits the setting of the system date and
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time. The first \fImm\fP is the month (number); \fIdd\fP is
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the day (number); \fIhh\fP is the hour (number, 24-hour system); the
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second \fImm\fP is the minute (number); \fIcc\fP is the
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century and is the first two digits of the year (this is optional);
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\fIyy\fP is the last two digits of the year and is optional.
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If century is not specified, then values in the range [69,99] shall
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refer to years 1969 to 1999 inclusive, and values in the range
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[00,68] shall refer to years 2000 to 2068 inclusive. The current year
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is the default if \fIyy\fP is omitted.
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.TP 7
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\fBNote:\fP
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.RS
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It is expected that in a future version of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001
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the default century inferred from a 2-digit year will
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change. (This would apply to all commands accepting a 2-digit year
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as input.)
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.RE
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.sp
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.sp
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.SH STDIN
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.LP
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Not used.
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.SH INPUT FILES
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.LP
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None.
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.SH ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
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.LP
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The following environment variables shall affect the execution of
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\fIdate\fP:
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.TP 7
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\fILANG\fP
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Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that
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are unset or null. (See the Base Definitions volume of
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IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, Section 8.2, Internationalization Variables
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for
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the precedence of internationalization variables used to determine
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the values of locale categories.)
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.TP 7
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\fILC_ALL\fP
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If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the
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other internationalization variables.
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.TP 7
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\fILC_CTYPE\fP
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Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes
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of text data as characters (for example, single-byte as
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opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments).
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.TP 7
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\fILC_MESSAGES\fP
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Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and
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contents of diagnostic messages written to standard
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error.
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.TP 7
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\fILC_TIME\fP
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Determine the format and contents of date and time strings written
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by \fIdate\fP.
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.TP 7
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\fINLSPATH\fP
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Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of \fILC_MESSAGES
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\&.\fP
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.TP 7
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\fITZ\fP
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Determine the timezone in which the time and date are written, unless
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the \fB-u\fP option is specified. If the \fITZ\fP
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variable is unset or null and \fB-u\fP is not specified, an unspecified
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system default timezone is used.
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.sp
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.SH ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
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.LP
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Default.
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.SH STDOUT
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.LP
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When no formatting operand is specified, the output in the POSIX locale
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shall be equivalent to specifying:
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.sp
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.RS
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.nf
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\fBdate "+%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y"
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\fP
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.fi
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.RE
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.SH STDERR
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.LP
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The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.
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.SH OUTPUT FILES
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.LP
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None.
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.SH EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
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.LP
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None.
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.SH EXIT STATUS
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.LP
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The following exit values shall be returned:
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.TP 7
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\ 0
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The date was written successfully.
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.TP 7
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>0
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An error occurred.
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.sp
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.SH CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
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.LP
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Default.
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.LP
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\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
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.SH APPLICATION USAGE
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.LP
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Conversion specifiers are of unspecified format when not in the POSIX
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locale. Some of them can contain <newline>s in some
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locales, so it may be difficult to use the format shown in standard
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output for parsing the output of \fIdate\fP in those
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locales.
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.LP
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The range of values for \fB%S\fP extends from 0 to 60 seconds to accommodate
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the occasional leap second.
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.LP
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Although certain of the conversion specifiers in the POSIX locale
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(such as the name of the month) are shown with initial capital
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letters, this need not be the case in other locales. Programs using
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these fields may need to adjust the capitalization if the
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output is going to be used at the beginning of a sentence.
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.LP
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The date string formatting capabilities are intended for use in Gregorian-style
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calendars, possibly with a different starting
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year (or years). The \fB%x\fP and \fB%c\fP conversion specifications,
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however, are intended for local representation; these
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may be based on a different, non-Gregorian calendar.
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.LP
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The \fB%C\fP conversion specification was introduced to allow a fallback
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for the \fB%EC\fP (alternative year format base
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year); it can be viewed as the base of the current subdivision in
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the Gregorian calendar. The century number is calculated as the
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year divided by 100 and truncated to an integer; it should not be
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confused with the use of ordinal numbers for centuries (for
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example, "twenty-first century".) Both the \fB%Ey\fP and \fB%y\fP
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can then be viewed as the offset from \fB%EC\fP and
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2007-09-20 06:36:16 +00:00
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\fB%C\fP, respectively.
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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.LP
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The \fBE\fP and \fBO\fP modifiers modify the traditional conversion
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specifiers, so that they can always be used, even if
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the implementation (or the current locale) does not support the modifier.
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.LP
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The \fBE\fP modifier supports alternative date formats, such as the
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Japanese Emperor's Era, as long as these are based on the
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Gregorian calendar system. Extending the \fBE\fP modifiers to other
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date elements may provide an implementation-defined
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extension capable of supporting other calendar systems, especially
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in combination with the \fBO\fP modifier.
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.LP
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The \fBO\fP modifier supports time and date formats using the locale's
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alternative numerical symbols, such as Kanji or Hindi
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digits or ordinal number representation.
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.LP
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Non-European locales, whether they use Latin digits in computational
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items or not, often have local forms of the digits for use
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in date formats. This is not totally unknown even in Europe; a variant
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of dates uses Roman numerals for the months: the third day
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of September 1991 would be written as 3.IX.1991. In Japan, Kanji digits
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are regularly used for dates; in Arabic-speaking countries,
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2007-09-20 17:56:19 +00:00
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Hindi digits are used. The \fB%d\fP, \fB%e\fP, \fB%H\fP, \fB%I\fP,
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\fB%m\fP, \fB%S\fP, \fB%U\fP,
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2007-09-20 06:36:16 +00:00
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\fB%w\fP, \fB%W\fP, and \fB%y\fP conversion specifications always
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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return the date and time field in Latin digits (that
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is, 0 to 9). The \fB%O\fP modifier was introduced to support the use
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for display purposes of non-Latin digits. In the
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\fILC_TIME\fP category in \fIlocaledef\fP, the optional \fBalt_digits\fP
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keyword is
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intended for this purpose. As an example, assume the following (partial)
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\fIlocaledef\fP
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source:
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.sp
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.RS
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.nf
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\fBalt_digits "";"I";"II";"III";"IV";"V";"VI";"VII";"VIII" \\
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"IX";"X";"XI";"XII"
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d_fmt "%e.%Om.%Y"
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\fP
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.fi
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.RE
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.LP
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With the above date, the command:
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.sp
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.RS
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.nf
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\fBdate "+%x"
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\fP
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.fi
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.RE
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.LP
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would yield 3.IX.1991. With the same \fBd_fmt\fP, but without the
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\fBalt_digits\fP, the command would yield 3.9.1991.
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.SH EXAMPLES
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.IP " 1." 4
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The following are input/output examples of \fIdate\fP used at arbitrary
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times in the POSIX locale:
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.sp
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.RS
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.nf
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\fB$\fP \fBdate
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\fP\fBTue Jun 26 09:58:10 PDT 1990
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.sp
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$\fP \fBdate "+DATE: %m/%d/%y%nTIME: %H:%M:%S"
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\fP\fBDATE: 11/02/91
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TIME: 13:36:16
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.sp
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$\fP \fBdate "+TIME: %r"
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\fP\fBTIME: 01:36:32 PM\fP
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.fi
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.RE
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.LP
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.IP " 2." 4
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Examples for Denmark, where the default date and time format is \fB%a\fP
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\fB%d\fP \fB%b\fP \fB%Y\fP \fB%T\fP
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\fB%Z\fP :
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.sp
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.RS
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.nf
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\fB$\fP \fBLANG=da_DK.iso_8859-1 date
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\fP\fBons 02 okt 1991 15:03:32 CET
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.sp
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$\fP \fBLANG=da_DK.iso_8859-1 \\
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date "+DATO: %A den %e. %B %Y%nKLOKKEN: %H:%M:%S"
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\fP\fBDATO: onsdag den 2. oktober 1991
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KLOKKEN: 15:03:56\fP
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.fi
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.RE
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.LP
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.IP " 3." 4
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Examples for Germany, where the default date and time format is \fB%a\fP
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\fB%d\fP . \fB%h\fP . \fB%Y\fP,
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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\fB%T\fP \fB%Z\fP :
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.sp
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.RS
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.nf
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\fB$\fP \fBLANG=De_DE.88591 date
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\fP\fBMi 02.Okt.1991, 15:01:21 MEZ
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.sp
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$\fP \fBLANG=De_DE.88591 date "+DATUM: %A, %d. %B %Y%nZEIT: %H:%M:%S"
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\fP\fBDATUM: Mittwoch, 02. Oktober 1991
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ZEIT: 15:02:02\fP
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.fi
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.RE
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.LP
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.IP " 4." 4
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Examples for France, where the default date and time format is \fB%a\fP
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\fB%d\fP \fB%h\fP \fB%Y\fP \fB%Z\fP
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\fB%T\fP :
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.sp
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.RS
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.nf
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\fB$\fP \fBLANG=Fr_FR.88591 date
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\fP\fBMer 02 oct 1991 MET 15:03:32
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.sp
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$\fP \fBLANG=Fr_FR.88591 date "+JOUR: %A %d %B %Y%nHEURE: %H:%M:%S"
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\fP\fBJOUR: Mercredi 02 octobre 1991
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HEURE: 15:03:56\fP
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.fi
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.RE
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.LP
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.SH RATIONALE
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.LP
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Some of the new options for formatting are from the ISO\ C standard.
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The \fB-u\fP option was introduced to allow portable
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access to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). The string \fB"GMT0"\fP
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is allowed as an equivalent \fITZ\fP value to be compatible
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with all of the systems using the BSD implementation, where this option
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originated.
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.LP
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The \fB%e\fP format conversion specification (adopted from System
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V) was added because the ISO\ C standard conversion
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specifications did not provide any way to produce the historical default
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\fIdate\fP output during the first nine days of any
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month.
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.LP
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There are two varieties of day and week numbering supported (in addition
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to any others created with the locale-dependent
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\fB%E\fP and \fB%O\fP modifier characters):
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.IP " *" 3
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The historical variety in which Sunday is the first day of the week
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and the weekdays preceding the first Sunday of the year are
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considered week 0. These are represented by \fB%w\fP and \fB%U\fP
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2007-09-20 06:36:16 +00:00
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\&. A variant of this is \fB%W\fP, using Monday as the
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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first day of the week, but still referring to week 0. This view of
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the calendar was retained because so many historical
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applications depend on it and the ISO\ C standard \fIstrftime\fP()
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function, on which
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many \fIdate\fP implementations are based, was defined in this way.
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.LP
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.IP " *" 3
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The international standard, based on the ISO\ 8601:2000 standard where
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Monday is the first weekday and the algorithm for the
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first week number is more complex: If the week (Monday to Sunday)
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containing January 1 has four or more days in the new year, then
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it is week 1; otherwise, it is week 53 of the previous year, and the
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next week is week 1. These are represented by the new
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conversion specifications \fB%u\fP and \fB%V\fP, added as a result
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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of international comments.
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.LP
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.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
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.LP
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None.
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.SH SEE ALSO
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.LP
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The System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fIprintf\fP(),
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\fIstrftime\fP()
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.SH COPYRIGHT
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Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
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from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
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-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
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Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
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Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
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event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
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The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
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is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
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http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .
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