2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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.\" Copyright Andries Brouwer, Ragnar Hojland Espinosa and A. Wik, 1998.
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.\"
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.\" This file may be copied under the conditions described
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.\" in the LDP GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE, Version 1, September 1998
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.\" that should have been distributed together with this file.
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.\"
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.TH LS 1 1998-11 "GNU fileutils 4.0"
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.SH NAME
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ls, dir, vdir \- list directory contents
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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.BI "ls [" options "] [" file... ]
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.br
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.BI "dir [" file... ]
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.br
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.BI "vdir [" file... ]
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.sp
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POSIX options:
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.BI "[\-CFRacdilqrtu1] [\-\-]"
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.sp
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GNU options (shortest form):
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.B [\-1abcdfghiklmnopqrstuvwxABCDFGHLNQRSUX]
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.BI "[\-w " cols ]
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.BI "[\-T " cols ]
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.BI "[\-I " pattern ]
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.B [\-\-full\-time]
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.B [\-\-show\-control\-chars]
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.BI "[\-\-block\-size=" size ]
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.B [\-\-format={long,verbose,commas,across,vertical,single\-column}]
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.B [\-\-sort={none,time,size,extension}]
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.B [\-\-time={atime,access,use,ctime,status}]
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.B [\-\-color[={none,auto,always}]]
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.B "[\-\-help] [\-\-version] [\-\-]"
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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The program
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.B ls
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lists first its non-directory
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.I file
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arguments, and then for each directory argument all listable files
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contained within that directory. If no non-option arguments are present,
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a default argument `.' (the current directory) is assumed.
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The \-d option causes directories to be treated as non-directory arguments.
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A file is listable when either its name does not start with `.',
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or the \-a option is given.
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.PP
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Each of the lists of files (that of non-directory files, and for
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each directory the list of files inside) is sorted separately
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according to the collating sequence in the current locale.
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When the \-l option is given, each list is preceded by a summary
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line giving the total size of all files in the list, measured
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in 512-byte or 1024-byte blocks.
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.\" POSIX: 512, GNU: 1024
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.\" rumoured: early AIX 3.1: 1024, later AIX: 512
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.PP
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The output is to stdout, one entry per line, unless multicolumn
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output is requested by the \-C option. However, for output to a
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terminal, it is undefined whether the output will be single-column
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or multi-column. The options \-1 and \-C can be used to force
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single-column and multi-column output, respectively.
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.SH "POSIX OPTIONS"
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.TP
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.B "\-C"
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List files in columns, sorted vertically.
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.TP
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.B "\-F"
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Suffix each directory name with `/', each FIFO name with `|', and
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each name of an executable with `*'.
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.TP
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.B "\-R"
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Recursively list subdirectories encountered.
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.TP
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.B "\-a"
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Include files with a name starting with `.' in the listing.
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.TP
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.B "\-c"
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Use the status change time instead of the modification time
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for sorting (with \-t) or listing (with \-l).
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.TP
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.B "\-d"
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List names of directories like other files, rather than
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listing their contents.
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.TP
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.B "\-i"
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Precede the output for the file by the file serial number (i-node number).
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.TP
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.B "\-l"
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Write (in single-column format) the file mode, the number of links
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to the file, the owner name, the group name, the size of the file (in bytes),
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the timestamp, and the filename. The summary line uses 512-byte units.
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The file types are as follows:
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.B \-
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for an ordinary file,
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.B d
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for a directory,
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.B b
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for a block special device,
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.B c
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for a character special device,
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.B l
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for a symbolic link,
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.B p
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for a fifo,
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.B s
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for a socket.
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By default, the timestamp shown is that of the last modification; the
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options \-c and \-u select the other two timestamps.
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For device special files the size field is commonly replaced
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by the major and minor device numbers.
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.TP
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.B "\-q"
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Output nonprintable characters in a filename as question marks.
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(This is permitted to be the default for output to a terminal.)
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.TP
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.B "\-r"
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Reverse the order of the sort.
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.TP
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.B "\-t"
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Sort by the timestamp shown.
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.TP
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.B "\-u"
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Use the time of last access instead of the modification time
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for sorting (with \-t) or listing (with \-l).
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.TP
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.B "\-1"
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For single-column output.
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.TP
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.B "\-\-"
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Terminate option list.
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.SH "GNU DETAILS"
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If standard output is a terminal, the output is in columns (sorted vertically).
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.PP
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.B dir
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(also installed as
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.BR d )
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is equivalent to `ls\ \-C\ \-b'; that is, files are by default listed
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in columns, sorted vertically.
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.B vdir
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(also installed as
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.BR v )
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is equivalent to `ls\ \-l\ \-b'; that is, files are by default listed
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in long format.
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.SH "GNU OPTIONS"
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.TP
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.B "\-1, \-\-format=single\-column"
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List one file per line. This is the default for when standard output is
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not a terminal.
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.TP
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.B "\-a, \-\-all"
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List all files in directories, including all files that start with `.'.
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.TP
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.B "\-b, \-\-escape, \-\-quoting\-style=escape"
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2006-02-12 22:23:18 +00:00
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Quote nongraphic characters in filenames using alphabetic and octal
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backslash sequences like those used in C. This option is the same as
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.B "\-Q"
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except that filenames are not surrounded by double\-quotes.
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.TP
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.B "\-c, \-\-time=ctime, \-\-time=status"
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Sort directory contents according to the files' status change time (the
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`ctime' in the inode). If the long listing format is being
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.RB "used (" \-l )
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print the status change time instead of the modification time.
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.TP
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.B "\-d, \-\-directory"
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List names of directories like other files, rather than listing their contents.
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.TP
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.B "\-f"
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Do not sort directory contents; list them in whatever order they are
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stored on the disk.
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Also enables
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.B \-a
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and
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.BR \-U
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and disables
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.BR \-l ,
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.BR \-\-color ,
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.BR \-s ,
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and
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.B \-t
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if they were specified before the
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.BR \-f .
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.TP
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.B \-g
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Ignored; for Unix compatibility.
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.TP
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.B "\-h, \-\-human\-readable"
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Append a size letter, such as
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.B M
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for binary megabytes (`mebibytes'), to each size.
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(New in file\%utils-4.0.)
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.TP
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.B "\-i, \-\-inode"
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Print the inode number (also called the file serial number and index
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2006-02-12 22:23:18 +00:00
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number) of each file to the left of the filename. (This number uniquely
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identifies each file within a particular filesystem)
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.TP
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.B "\-k, \-\-kilobytes"
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If file sizes are being listed, print them in kilobytes.
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.TP
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.B "\-l, \-\-format=long, \-\-format=verbose"
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In addition to the name of each file, print the file type,
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permissions, number of hard links, owner name, group name, size in
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bytes, and timestamp (the modification time unless other times are
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selected). For files with a time that is more than 6 months old or
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more than 1 hour into the future, the timestamp contains the year
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instead of the time of day.
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For each directory that is listed, preface the files with a line
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`total
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.IR blocks "', where " blocks " is the total disk space used by all"
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files in that directory. By default, 1024-byte blocks are used;
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if the environment variable
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.B POSIXLY_CORRECT
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is set, 512-byte blocks are used (unless the
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.B \-k
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.RI "option is given). The " blocks
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computed counts each hard link separately; this is arguably a deficiency.
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The permissions listed are similar to symbolic mode specifications but
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.B ls
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combines multiple bits into the third character of each set of permissions
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.RS
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.TP
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.B s
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2005-07-18 14:25:42 +00:00
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If the set-user-ID or set-group-ID bit and the corresponding
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executable bit are both set.
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.TP
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.B S
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2005-07-18 14:25:42 +00:00
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If the set-user-ID or set-group-ID bit is set
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but the corresponding executable bit is not set.
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.TP
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.B t
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If the sticky bit and the other-executable bit are both set.
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.TP
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.B T
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If the sticky bit is set but the other-executable bit is not set.
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.TP
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.B x
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If the executable bit is set and none of the above apply.
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.TP
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.B \-
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Otherwise.
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.RE
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.TP
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.B "\-m, \-\-format=commas"
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List files horizontally, with as many as will fit on each line,
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each separated by a comma and a space.
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.TP
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.B "\-n, \-\-numeric\-uid\-gid"
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List the numeric UID and GID instead of the names.
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.TP
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.B \-o
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Produce long format directory listings, but don't display group
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information. It is equivalent to using
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.BR "\-\-format=long \-\-no\-group" .
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This option is provided for compatibility with other versions of
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.BR ls .
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.TP
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.B "\-p, \-\-file\-type, \-\-indicator\-style=file\-type"
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2006-02-12 22:23:18 +00:00
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Append a character to each filename indicating the file type. This is like
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.B \-F
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except that executables aren't marked.
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(In fact fileutils-4.0 treats the \-\-file\-type option like \-\-classify.)
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.TP
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.B "\-q, \-\-hide\-control\-chars"
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2006-02-12 22:23:18 +00:00
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Print question marks instead of nongraphic characters in filenames. This
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is the default.
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.TP
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.B "\-r, \-\-reverse"
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Sort directory contents in reverse order.
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.TP
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.B "\-s, \-\-size"
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Print the size of each file in 1024-byte blocks to the left of the filename.
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If the environment variable
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.B POSIXLY_CORRECT
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is set, 512-byte blocks are used instead, unless the
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.B \-k
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option is given.
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.TP
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.B "\-t, \-\-sort=time"
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Sort by modification time (the `mtime' in the inode) instead of
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alphabetically, with the newest files listed first.
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.TP
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.B "\-u, \-\-time=atime, \-\-time=access, \-\-time=use"
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Sort directory contents according to the files' last access time
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instead of the modification time (the `atime' in the inode). If the long
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listing format is being used, print the last access time instead of the
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modification time.
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.TP
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.B "\-v"
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Sort directory contents according to the files' version. This takes into
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account the fact that filenames frequently include indices or version
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numbers. Standard sorting functions usually do not produce the ordering
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that people expect because comparisons are made on a
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character\-by\-character basis. The version sort addresses this problem,
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and is especially useful when browsing directories that contain many
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files with indices/version numbers in their names. For example:
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.nf
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2005-07-06 12:57:38 +00:00
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> ls \-1 > ls \-1v
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foo.zml\-1.gz foo.zml\-1.gz
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foo.zml\-100.gz foo.zml\-12.gz
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foo.zml\-12.gz foo.zml\-25.gz
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foo.zml\-25.gz foo.zml\-100.gz
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.fi
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Note also that numeric parts with leading zeroes are considered as
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fractional:
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.nf
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2005-07-06 12:57:38 +00:00
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> ls \-1 > ls \-1v
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abc\-1.007.tgz abc\-1.007.tgz
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abc\-1.012b.tgz abc\-1.01a.tgz
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abc\-1.01a.tgz abc\-1.012b.tgz
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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.fi
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2005-07-06 12:57:38 +00:00
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(New in file\%utils\-4.0.)
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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.TP
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.BI "\-w, \-\-width " cols
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Assume the screen is
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.I cols
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columns wide. The default is taken from the terminal driver if
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possible; otherwise the environment variable
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.B COLUMNS
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is used if it is set; otherwise the default is 80.
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.TP
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.B "\-x, \-\-format=across, \-\-format=horizontal"
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List the files in columns, sorted horizontally.
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.TP
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.B "\-A, \-\-almost\-all"
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List all files in directories, except for `.' and `..'.
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.TP
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.B "\-B, \-\-ignore\-backups"
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Do not list files that end with `~', unless they are given on the
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command line.
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.TP
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.B "\-C, \-\-format=vertical"
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List files in columns, sorted vertically. This is the default if standard
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output is a terminal. It is always the default for
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.BR dir " and " d .
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.TP
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.B "\-D, \-\-dired"
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With the long listing
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.RB ( \-l )
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format, print an additional line after the main output:
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.br
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.B //DIRED//
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.I BEG1 END1 BEG2 END2 ...
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.br
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The
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.IR BEGn " and " ENDn
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are unsigned integers which record the byte position of
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2006-02-12 22:23:18 +00:00
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the beginning and end of each filename in the output. This makes it easy
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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for Emacs to find the names, even when they contain unusual characters
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such as space or newline, without fancy searching.
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If directories are being listed recursively
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.RB ( \-R ),
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output a similar line after each subdirectory:
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.br
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.B //SUBDIRED//
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.I BEG1 END1 ...
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.TP
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.B "\-F, \-\-classify, \-\-indicator\-style=classify"
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2006-02-12 22:23:18 +00:00
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Append a character to each filename indicating the file type. For
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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regular files that are executable, append a `*'. The file type
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indicators are `/' for directories, `@' for symbolic links, `|' for
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FIFOs, `=' for sockets, and nothing for regular files.
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.TP
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.B "\-G, \-\-no\-group"
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Inhibit display of group information in a long format directory listing.
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.TP
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.B "\-H, \-\-si"
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Do the same as for
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.BR \-h ,
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but use the official SI units (with powers of 1000 instead of 1024,
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so that M stands for 1000000 instead of 1048576).
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(New in fileutils-4.0.)
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.TP
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.BI "\-I, \-\-ignore=" pattern
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Do not list files whose names match the shell pattern
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.I pattern
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(not regular expression) unless they are given on the command line. As
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in the shell, an initial `.' in a filename does not match a wildcard at
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the start of
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.IR pattern .
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For simple-minded root-kits: add LS_OPTIONS="$LS_OPTIONS \-I mystuff"
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in /etc/profile or so, to hide your directories.
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.TP
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.B "\-L, \-\-dereference"
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List the file information corresponding to the referrents of symbolic
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links rather for the links themselves.
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.TP
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.B "\-N, \-\-literal"
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Do not quote filenames.
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.TP
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.B "\-Q, \-\-quote\-name, \-\-quoting\-style=c"
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Enclose filenames in double quotes and quote nongraphic characters as
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in C.
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.TP
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.B "\-R, \-\-recursive"
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List the contents of all directories recursively.
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.TP
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.B "\-S, \-\-sort=size"
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Sort directory contents by file size instead of alphabetically, with
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the largest files listed first.
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.TP
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.BI "\-T, \-\-tabsize " cols
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Assume that each tabstop is
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.I cols
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columns wide. The default is 8 and can be overridden by
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the environment variable TABSIZE when POSIXLY_CORRECT is not set.
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.B ls
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uses tabs where possible in the output, for efficiency. If
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.I cols
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is zero, do not use tabs at all.
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.TP
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.B "\-U, \-\-sort=none"
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Do not sort directory contents; list them in whatever order they are
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stored on the disk. (The difference between
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.BR \-U " and " \-f
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is that the former doesn't disable or enable options.) This is especially
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useful when listing very large directories, since not doing any sorting
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can be noticeably faster.
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.TP
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.B "\-X, \-\-sort=extension"
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Sort directory contents alphabetically by file extension (characters
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after the last `.'); files with no extension are sorted first.
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.TP
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.BI "\-\-block\-size=" size
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Print sizes in blocks of
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.I size
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bytes.
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(New in file\%utils-4.0.)
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.TP
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.BI "\-\-color[=" when ]
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Specify whether to use color for distinguishing file types.
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Colors are specified using the LS_COLORS environment variable.
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For information on how to set this variable, see
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.BR dircolors (1).
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.I when
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may be omitted, or one of:
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.RS
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.TP
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.B none
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Do not use color at all. This is the default.
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.TP
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.B auto
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Only use color if standard output is a terminal.
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.TP
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.B always
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Always use color. Specifying
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.B \-\-color
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and no
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.I when
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is equivalent to
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.BR "\-\-color=always" .
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.RE
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.TP
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.B "\-\-full\-time"
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List times in full, rather than using the standard abbreviation
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heuristics. The format is the same as
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.BR date (1)'s
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default; it's not possible to change this, but you can extract out the
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date string with
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.BR cut (1)
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and then pass the result to `date \-d'.
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This is most useful because the time output includes the seconds.
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(Unix filesystems store file timestamps only to the nearest
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second, so this option shows all the information there is.) For
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example, this can help when you have a Makefile that is not
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regenerating files properly.
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.TP
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.BI "\-\-quoting\-style=" word
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Use style
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.I word
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to quote output names. The
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.I word
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should be one of the following:
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.RS
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.TP
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.B literal
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Output names as\-is. This is the default behavior of
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.BR ls .
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.TP
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.B shell
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Quote names for the shell if they contain shell metacharacters or
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would cause ambiguous output.
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.TP
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.B "shell\-always"
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Quote names for the shell, even if they would normally not
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require quoting.
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.TP
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.B c
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Quote names as for a C language string; this is the same as the
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.B "\-Q"
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option.
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.TP
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.B escape
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Quote as with
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.I c
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except omit the surrounding double\-quote characters; this is the same
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as the
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.B "\-b"
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option.
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.PD
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.PP
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A default value for this option can be specified with the environment
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variable QUOTING_STYLE. (See
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.B ENVIRONMENT
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below.)
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.RE
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.TP
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.B "\-\-show\-control\-chars"
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Print nongraphic characters as-is in filenames. This is the
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default unless the output is a terminal and the program is
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.BR ls .
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.SH "GNU STANDARD OPTIONS"
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.TP
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.B "\-\-help"
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Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully.
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.TP
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.B "\-\-version"
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Print version information on standard output, then exit successfully.
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.TP
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.B "\-\-"
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Terminate option list.
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.SH ENVIRONMENT
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The variable POSIXLY_CORRECT determines the choice of unit.
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If it is not set, then the variable TABSIZE determines the
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number of chars per tab stop.
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The variable COLUMNS (when it contains the representation of a decimal
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integer) determines the output column width (for use with the \-C option).
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Filenames must not be truncated to make them fit a multi-column output.
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.PP
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The variables LANG, LC_ALL, LC_COLLATE, LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES and LC_TIME
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have the usual meaning.
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The variable TZ gives the time zone for time strings written by
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.BR ls .
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The variable LS_COLORS is used to specify the colors used.
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The variable LS_OPTIONS gives default options.
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.\" Since which ls version?
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.PP
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The variable QUOTING_STYLE is used to specify the default value for the
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.B "\-\-quoting\-style"
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option. It currently defaults to
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.BR literal ,
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though the authors have warned that this default may change to
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.B shell
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in some future version of
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.BR ls .
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.SH BUGS
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On BSD systems, the
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.B "\-s"
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option reports sizes that are half the correct values for files that are
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NFS-mounted from HP-UX systems. On HP-UX systems,
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.B ls
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reports sizes that
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are twice the correct values for files that are NFS-mounted from BSD
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systems. This is due to a flaw in HP-UX; it also affects the HP-UX
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.B ls
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program.
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.SH "CONFORMING TO"
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2006-08-03 13:57:13 +00:00
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POSIX.2
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2004-11-03 13:51:07 +00:00
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.SH "SEE ALSO"
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.BR dircolors (1)
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.SH NOTES
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This page describes
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.B ls
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as found in the fileutils-4.0 package;
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other versions may differ slightly.
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