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LDP/faq/docbook/Linux-FAQ.sgml
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@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V3.1//EN" [
]>
<article>
@ -13,7 +14,7 @@
<revhistory>
<revision>
<revnumber>1.3</revnumber>
<date>04 Mar, 2001</date>
<date>06 Apr, 2001</date>
<authorinitials>rk</authorinitials>
<revremark>
</revremark>
@ -169,7 +170,7 @@ special local and national needs. Many of them are archived at
</sect2>
<sect2 label="1.3">
<title id="what-software-does-linux-support">
Software that Linux Supports.</title>
What Software does Linux Support?</title>
<para>
All of the standard open source utilities, like GCC, XEmacs, the
X Window System, all the standard Unix utilities, TCP/IP (including
@ -508,7 +509,7 @@ suite, will claim 1&ndash;1.5 GB of disk space, approximately.
<sect2 label="1.8">
<title id="how-much-memory-does-linux-need">
Minimum and Maximum Memory Requirements</title>
Minimum and Maximum Memory Requirements.</title>
<para>
At least 4MB, and then you will need to use special installation
procedures until the disk swap space is installed. Linux will run
@ -678,7 +679,7 @@ from <citetitle>Linux Today.</citetitle>
<sect2 label="2.2">
<title id="kernel-2.4.0">
What Are the Reasons to Upgrade to the Version 2.4 Kernel.
What Are the Reasons to Upgrade to the Version 2.4 Kernel?
</title>
<para>
The kernel 2.4 source code, the product of countless hours of
@ -809,7 +810,7 @@ software.
<title>Network Sources and Resources</title>
<sect2 label="3.1">
<title id="where-can-i-get-the-latest-kernel-version">
Where Can Is the Latest Kernel Version on the Internet?</title>
Where Is the Latest Kernel Version on the Internet?</title>
<para>
Make that versions. The 2.0 series kernels are still available for
older machines. The latest production kernel series is 2.2.x. The
@ -857,7 +858,7 @@ There is a story about the features of the 2.4 series kernels at
<sect2 label="3.2">
<title id="howtos-and-other-documentation">
Where Are the Web and Archive Sites of the HOWTO's and Other Documentation?</title>
Where Is the Documentation?</title>
<para>
Look in the following places, and the sites that mirror them.
</para>
@ -1330,8 +1331,10 @@ the Subject: send giveaway_list.</para>
<para>
Searching for ``<literal>Linux</literal>'' on Web Search Engines, like
Yahoo! (<ulink url="http://www.yahoo.com/">
<literal>http://www.yahoo.com/</literal></ulink>) or Google (<ulink
url="http://www.google.com/">
<literal>http://www.yahoo.com/</literal></ulink>), Altavista
(<ulink url="http://www.altavista.com/">
<literal>http://www.altavista.com/</literal></ulink>),
or Google (<ulink url="http://www.google.com/">
<literal>http://www.google.com/</literal></ulink>) will provide
copious references to Linux Web sites. Further information about
about Web search engines is in the <citetitle>Web and Internet Search
@ -1512,8 +1515,8 @@ there is <citetitle>it.comp.linux</citetitle>.
</para>
<para>
A search of
<ulink url="http://www.deja.com/">
<literal>http://www.deja.com/</literal></ulink> can provide
<ulink url="http://groups.google.com/">
<literal>http://groups.google.com/</literal></ulink> can provide
an up-to-date list of News groups.
</para>
<para>
@ -1537,10 +1540,13 @@ url="ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/">
<literal>ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/</literal></ulink>.
</para>
<para>
The <citetitle>Internet FAQ Consortium</citetitle>, a private Web
site, provides a searchable archive: <ulink
The <citetitle>Internet FAQ Consortium</citetitle>
provides a searchable archive at: <ulink
url="http://www.faqs.org/">
<literal>http://www.faqs.org/</literal></ulink>.
<literal>http://www.faqs.org/</literal></ulink>. The
site also maintains a current archive of Internet Request For
Comment (RFC), Best Current Practices (BCP), and For
Your Information (FYI) documents.
</para>
<para>
Here are some FAQ's and documents that might be especially useful, and their
@ -1594,6 +1600,12 @@ http://www.lerner.co.il/emacs/faq-body.shtml.</para>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>O'Reilly &amp; Associates Openbook Project:
<ulink url="http://www.oreilly.com/openbook/">
<literal>http://www.oreilly.com/openbook/</literal></ulink>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><application>Sendmail</application>:
<ulink url="http://www.sendmail.org/faq/">
<literal>http://www.sendmail.org/faq/</literal></ulink>.
@ -1635,7 +1647,7 @@ XTERM&mdash;Frequently Asked Questions.
<sect2 label="3.6">
<title id="get-linux-material-by-ftp">
Where Can Are the Linux FTP Archives?</title>
Where Are the Linux FTP Archives?</title>
<para>
There are three main archive sites for Linux:
</para>
@ -1945,7 +1957,7 @@ have material not available on the ``source'' sites.
<sect2 label="3.7">
<title id="i-dont-have-ftp-access">
I Don't Have FTP Access. Where Do I Get Linux?</title>
How To Get Linux without FTP Access.</title>
<para>
The easiest thing is probably to find a friend with FTP access. If
there is a Linux user's group near you, they may be able to help.
@ -1974,7 +1986,7 @@ ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/Distribution-HOWTO</literal>
<sect2 label="3.8">
<title id="i-dont-have-usenet-access">
I Don't Have Usenet Access. Where Do I Get Information?</title>
How To Get Information without Usenet Access.</title>
<para>
A digest of comp.os.linux.announce is available by mailing the word
"subscribe" (without the quotes) as the body of a message to
@ -2061,7 +2073,7 @@ with the word "help" in the body of the message to
<sect2 label="3.11">
<title id="free-software-projects">
Where Can I Find Out About Unmaintained Free Software?</title>
Sources of Information for Unmaintained Free Software Projects.</title>
<para>
There are Web pages at:
<ulink url="http://unmaintained.sourceforge.net">
@ -2081,10 +2093,8 @@ a license on the package.
Are the News Groups Archived Anywhere?</title>
<para>
The Usenet Linux news groups are archived at
<ulink url="http://www.deja.com/">
<literal>http://www.deja.com/</literal></ulink>, and
<ulink url="http://altavista.digital.com/">
<literal>http://altavista.digital.com/</literal></ulink>.
<ulink url="http://groups.google.com/">
<literal>http://groups.google.com/</literal></ulink>.
</para>
<para>
<ulink url="ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/linux-announce.archive">
@ -2101,7 +2111,7 @@ archives <citetitle>comp.os.linux</citetitle>,
<sect2 label="3.13">
<title id="about-security-related-issues">
Where Can I Find Out About Security Related Issues?</title>
Where To Find Information About Security Related Issues.</title>
<para>
There's a page of Linux related security information at:
<ulink url="http://www.linuxsecurity.com/">
@ -2113,11 +2123,17 @@ Another site is:
<literal>http://www.rootshell.com/</literal></ulink>, which has
information about Internet security and privacy issues.
</para>
<para>
For information about the <citetitle>Weekly Linux Security
Digest</citetitle> email newsletter and numerous security
related databases, look at <ulink url="http://securityportal.com/">
<literal>http://securityportal.com/</literal></ulink>.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 label="3.14">
<title id="linux-standards">
Where Can I Find Linux System Specifications?</title>
Where To Find Linux System Specifications.</title>
<para>
As a start, look at the Linux Standards Base,
<ulink url="http://www.linuxbase.org/">
@ -2135,7 +2151,7 @@ system organization, and shared library naming conventions.
<title>Compatibility with Other Operating Systems</title>
<sect2 label="4.1">
<title id="can-linux-share-my-disk-with-dos">
Can Linux Share My Disk with DOS? OS/2? 386BSD? Win95?</title>
Can Linux Use the Same Hard Drive as MS-DOS? OS/2? 386BSD? Win95?</title>
<para>
Yes. Linux uses the standard MS-DOS partitioning scheme, so it can
share your disk with other operating systems.
@ -2201,7 +2217,7 @@ support compression as a standard feature.
<sect2 label="4.2">
<title id="how-do-i-access-files-on-my-dos-partition">
How Do I Access Files on My DOS Partition or Floppy?</title>
How To Access Files on a MS-DOS Partition or Floppy.</title>
<para>
Use the DOS file system, type, for example:
</para>
@ -2284,7 +2300,7 @@ use. It is located at
<sect2 label="4.4">
<title id="can-i-use-my-stacked">
Can I Use My Stacked/DBLSPC/Etc. DOS Drive?</title>
Can Linux Use Stacked/DBLSPC/Etc. DOS Drives?</title>
<para>
Until recently, not very easily. You can access DOS 6.X volumes from
the DOS emulator ("What software does Linux support? "), but
@ -2304,7 +2320,7 @@ module. Look at
<sect2 label="4.5">
<title id="can-i-access-os2-hpfs">
Can I Access OS/2 HPFS Partitions from Linux?</title>
Can Linux Access OS/2 HPFS Partitions?</title>
<para>
Yes, but Linux access to HPFS partitions is read-only. HPFS file
system access is available as an option when compiling the kernel or
@ -2401,7 +2417,7 @@ Access to the newer, HFS+ file systems is still under development.
<sect2 label="4.10">
<title id="microsoft-windows-programs-underlinux">
Can I Run Microsoft Windows Programs under Linux?</title>
Can Linux Run Microsoft Windows Programs?</title>
<para>
WINE, a MS Windows emulator for Linux, is still not ready for general
distribution. If you want to contribute to its development, look for
@ -2453,7 +2469,7 @@ to need it).
<sect2 label="4.11">
<title id="information0about-nfs-compatibility">
Where Can I Get Information about NFS Compatibility?</title>
Where Is Information about NFS Compatibility?</title>
<para>
This information is partly taken from Nicolai Langfeldt's excellent
NFS HOWTO, and is current as of 10/1/1999.
@ -2522,7 +2538,7 @@ changing rapidly.
<sect2 label="4.12">
<title id="true-type-fonts-with-linux">
Can I Use True Type Fonts with Linux?</title>
Can Linux Use True Type Fonts?</title>
<para>
Yes. There are a number of True Type font servers for the X Window
System. One of them is <command>xfsft</command>. Its home page is
@ -2543,7 +2559,7 @@ details.
<sect2 label="4.13">
<title id="boot-linux-from-ms-dos">
How Can I Boot Linux from MS-DOS?</title>
Can Linux Boot from MS-DOS?</title>
<para>
If LILO doesn't work, and if the machine has MS-DOS or Microsoft
Windows, you may be left with a computer that won't boot. This can
@ -2588,7 +2604,7 @@ as LILO, and options are just passed to the kernel, anyhow.
<sect2 label="4.14">
<title id="boot-linux-from-os2s-boot">
How Can I Boot Linux from OS/2's Boot Manager?</title>
How Can Linux Boot from OS/2's Boot Manager?</title>
<para>
<orderedlist numeration="Arabic">
<listitem><para> Create a partition using OS/2's
@ -2645,7 +2661,7 @@ LDP Home Page,
<title>File Systems, Disks, and Drives</title>
<sect2 label="5.1">
<title id="linux-to-work-with-my-disk">
How Can I Get Linux to Work with My Disk?</title>
How To Get Linux to Work with a Disk.</title>
<para>
If your disk is an IDE or EIDE drive, you should read the file
<filename>/usr/src/linux/drivers/block/README.ide</filename>
@ -2660,7 +2676,7 @@ SCSI disks are accessed by linear block numbers. The BIOS invents some
`logical' cylinder/head/sector fiction to support DOS.
</para>
<para>
An IBM PC-compatible BIOS will usually not be able to access
Older IBM PC-compatible BIOS's will usually not be able to access
partitions which extend beyond 1024 logical cylinders, and will make
booting a Linux kernel from such partitions using LILO problematic at
best.
@ -2686,7 +2702,7 @@ get 8 to 12 Gig drives for $200 to $300 it's no wonder.
</sect2>
<sect2 label="5.2">
<title id="undelete-files">How Can I Undelete Files?</title>
<title id="undelete-files">How To Undelete Files.</title>
<para>
In general, this is very hard to do on unices because of their
multitasking nature. Undelete functionality for the
@ -2726,7 +2742,7 @@ with a text editor.
</sect2>
<sect2 label="5.3">
<title id="how-do-i-make-backups">How Do I Make Backups?</title>
<title id="how-do-i-make-backups">How To Make Backups.</title>
<para>
You can back up a directory hierarchy or complete file system to any
media using GNU <command>tar</command> or
@ -2752,7 +2768,7 @@ included in commercial distributions.
<sect2 label="5.4">
<title id="resize-a-partition-non-destructively">
How Do I Resize a Partition (Non-Destructively)?</title>
How To Resize a Partition (Non-Destructively).</title>
<para>
Use the <command>FIPS.EXE</command> program, included with
most Linux distributions,under MS-DOS.
@ -2780,7 +2796,7 @@ software, like <application>Partition Magic</application>.
<sect2 label="5.5">
<title id="defragmenter-for-ext2fs-etc">
Is There a Defragmenter for Ext2fs, Etc.?</title>
Is There a Defragmenter for Ext2fs?</title>
<para>
Yes. There is <application>defrag</application>, a Linux file
system defragmenter for <citetitle>ext2</citetitle>,
@ -2800,7 +2816,7 @@ fragmentation reduced even in very full file systems.
<sect2 label="5.6">
<title id="create-file-system-on-a-floppy">
How Do I Format and Create a File System on a Floppy?</title>
How To Create a File System on a Floppy.</title>
<para>
To format a 3.5-inch, high density floppy:
</para>
@ -2870,7 +2886,7 @@ Yes. One file system, ppdd, is archived at
<sect2 label="5.9">
<title id="nasty-messages-about-inodes">
I Get Nasty Messages about Inodes, Blocks, and the Like.</title>
Linux Prints Nasty Messages about Inodes, Blocks, and the Like.</title>
<para>
You may have a corrupted file system, probably caused by not shutting
Linux down properly before turning off the power or resetting. You
@ -2961,7 +2977,7 @@ enabling it with <command>swapon</command>.
<sect2 label="5.11">
<title id="add-temporary-swap-space">
How Do I Add Temporary Swap Space?</title>
How To Add Temporary Swap Space.</title>
<para>
In addition to a swap partition, Linux can also use a swap file. Some
programs, like <application>g++</application>, can use huge amounts of
@ -3005,7 +3021,7 @@ endterm="more-than-128mb-of-swap">'')
<sect2 label="5.12">
<title id="remove-lilo-so-my-system-boots">
How Do I Remove LILO So My System Boots DOS Again?</title>
How To Remove LILO So My System Boots DOS Again?</title>
<para>
The <command>lilo</command> program (not the complete
<application>LILO</application> package), uses the command
@ -3040,6 +3056,13 @@ have <application>DR-DOS 6.0</application>, go into
<literal>Re-write Master Boot Record</literal> option.
</para>
<para>
If you create a boot floppy during the Windows installation process,
make sure that it contains the programs
<application>FDISK.EXE</application>, <application>FORMAT.COM</application>,
and <application>SYS.COM</application>, and use that to re-install
MS-DOS on the hard disk.
</para>
<para>
If you don't have MS-DOS or DR-DOS, you need to have the boot sector
that LILO saved when you first installed
it. You did keep that file, didn't you? It's probably called
@ -3139,17 +3162,17 @@ a file, the kernel does memory reads.
<title id="AHA1542C-doesnt-work">
The AHA1542C Doesn't Work with Linux.</title>
<para>
The option to allow disks with more than 1024 cylinders is only
required as a workaround for a PC-compatible BIOS misfeature and
should be turned `off' under Linux. For older Linux kernels you need
to turn off most of the `advanced BIOS' options&mdash;all but the one about
scanning the bus for bootable devices.
The option to allow disks with more than 1024 cylinders, which the
AHA1542C card can recognize, is only required as a workaround for a
PC-compatible BIOS misfeature and should be turned `off' under Linux.
For older Linux kernels you need to turn off most of the `advanced BIOS'
options&mdash;all but the one about scanning the bus for bootable devices.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 label="5.18">
<title id="find-the-journalling-file-system">
Where Do I Find the Journalling File System?</title>
Where Is the Journalling File System on the Net?</title>
<para>
The journalling file system, named <application>Reiserfs</application>
has just been released
@ -3917,7 +3940,7 @@ them may already be installed on your system. Try looking for
<command>adjtimex</command>
(corrects for drift), Network Time Protocol clients like
<command>netdate</command>, <command>getdate</command>,
and <command>xntp</command>, or NTP client-server suite such as
and <command>xntp</command>, or NTP client-server suite like
<command>chrony</command>. Refer to:
``<xref linkend="ported-compiled-written-xxx"
endterm="ported-compiled-written-xxx">.''
@ -4325,9 +4348,9 @@ something like that. Get a recent version.
<sect2 label="7.20">
<title id="lilo-boot-kernel-image">
How Do I Get LILO to Boot the Kernel Image?</title>
How To Get LILO to Boot the Kernel Image.</title>
<para>
From kernel versions 1.1.80 on, the compressed kernel image, which is
>From kernel versions 1.1.80 on, the compressed kernel image, which is
what LILO needs to find, is in <filename>arch/i386/boot/zImage</filename>, or
<filename>arch/i386/boot/bzImage</filename> when it is built,
and is normally stored in the
@ -4343,8 +4366,8 @@ several different processors from one source tree.
</sect2>
<sect2 label="7.21">
<title>How Do I Make Sure My System Boots after Re-Installing
the Operating System?
<title>How To Make Sure the System Boots after Re-Installing
the Operating System.
</title>
<para>
This should work whether you're re-installing Linux or some other,
@ -4387,7 +4410,7 @@ the MBR with the command: <filename>/sbin/lilo</filename>.
<sect2 label="7.22">
<title id="upgraded-kernel-pcmcia-doesnt-work">
I Upgraded the Kernel and Now My PCMCIA Card Doesn't Work.</title>
The PCMCIA Card Doesn't Work after Upgrading the Kernel.</title>
<para>
The PCMCIA Card Services modules, which are located in
<filename>/lib/modules/</filename><emphasis>version</emphasis><filename>/pcmcia</filename>,
@ -4567,8 +4590,8 @@ and Modprobe can't locate module, "XXX," and similar messages.
<sect2 label="7.23">
<title id="ls-colors">
How Do I Remove (Or Change) the Colors in the
<application>ls</application> Display?
How To Remove (Or Change) the Colors in the
<application>ls</application> Display.
</title>
<para>
The shell command, ``<literal>unalias ls</literal>,'' should
@ -4641,7 +4664,7 @@ A mailing list for Linux on IBM Thinkpads has its home page at
Another Thinkpad mailing list is hosted by
<ulink url="http://www.bm-soft.com/">
<literal>http://www.bm-soft.com/</literal></ulink>.
Send E-mail with the word ``<literal>help</literal>'' in the
Send email with the word ``<literal>help</literal>'' in the
body of the message to
<ulink url="mailto:majordomo@www.bm-soft.com">
<literal>majordomo@www.bm-soft.com</literal></ulink>.
@ -4926,7 +4949,7 @@ by reducing the total number of VC's. See
</sect2>
<sect2 label="8.7">
<title id="e-mail-to-work">How Do I Get E-mail to Work?</title>
<title id="e-mail-to-work">How To Get Email to Work.</title>
<para>
For sending mail via SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) and
receiving mail from an ISP's POP (Post Office Protocol) server, you
@ -4942,7 +4965,8 @@ secondary name servers.
<para>
If you have a traditional MTA (Mail Transport Agent) like
<application>Sendmail</application>,
<application>Smail</application>, or <application>Exim</application>,
<application>Smail</application>, <application>qmail</application>,
or <application>Exim</application>,
you'll need to follow the instructions in each
package. Basically, configuration entails determining which host
machine, either on your local LAN or via dial-up Internet, is the
@ -6958,27 +6982,57 @@ init: Id "x" respawning too fast: disabled for 5 minutes
</literal>.''
</title>
<para>
This means, generally, that the system is booting by default into
runlevel 5, which enables a graphical login via
<application>xdm</application>/<application>kdm</application>/
<application>gdm</application>/whatever program, and can't locate it.
In most distributions this means that the system is booting by default
into runlevel 5, which is supposed to respawn (re-start again
after it's been exited) a graphical login via
<application>xdm</application>,
<application>kdm</application>,
<application>gdm</application>, or whatever,
and the system can't locate the program.
</para>
<para>
In other situations, ``<literal>Id</literal>'' might indicate
the absence of another program.
However, ``<literal>Id</literal>'' can also indicate the absence
or misconfiguration of another program, like
<application>mingetty</application>, if <application>init</application>
tries to respawn itself more than 10 times in 2 minutes.
</para>
<para>
The temporary solution in this case is to switch to runlevel 3, a
standard text-mode login, by typing ``<literal>telinit 3</literal>.''
To make the change permanent, set the correct runlevel (1,2,3, or 5)
in the <literal>initdefault</literal> line of
<filename>/etc/inittab</filename>.
Id ``x'' is the number in the leftmost column of the
<filename>/etc/inittab</filename> file:
</para>
<para><screen>
# Run gettys in standard runlevels
1:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty1
2:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty2
3:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty3
4:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty4
5:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty5
6:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty6
</screen></para>
<para>
Commenting the offending line out and then fixing the errant program and
testing on the command line will allow you to see any error messages
that go to standard error output (console) if the errors are not
going to the system log file. Uncomment the line and restart
<application>init</application> with
``<literal>kill -SIGHUP 1</literal>'' or
``<application>telinit q</application>'' to cause
<application>init</application> to reinitialize and reread the
<filename>/etc/inittab</filename> file.
</para>
<para>
Some systems, however, rewrite <filename>/etc/inittab</filename> when
booting. In that case, refer to the <literal>init</literal> man
page, and/or the settings in <filename>/etc/sysconfig/init</filename>.
</para>
<para>
Refer to the <application>init</application> and
<filename>/etc/inittab</filename> man pages for detailed
information.
</para>
<para>
&lsqb;Carl King&rsqb;
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 label="10.25">
@ -7581,8 +7635,3 @@ as educators and learners.
</article>
___________________________________
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