diff --git a/LDP/faq/docbook/Linux-FAQ.sgml b/LDP/faq/docbook/Linux-FAQ.sgml index 24c950c1..9e415fb7 100644 --- a/LDP/faq/docbook/Linux-FAQ.sgml +++ b/LDP/faq/docbook/Linux-FAQ.sgml @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +
@@ -13,7 +14,7 @@ 1.3 - 04 Mar, 2001 + 06 Apr, 2001 rk @@ -169,7 +170,7 @@ special local and national needs. Many of them are archived at -Software that Linux Supports. +What Software does Linux Support? All of the standard open source utilities, like GCC, XEmacs, the X Window System, all the standard Unix utilities, TCP/IP (including @@ -508,7 +509,7 @@ suite, will claim 1–1.5 GB of disk space, approximately. -Minimum and Maximum Memory Requirements +Minimum and Maximum Memory Requirements. At least 4MB, and then you will need to use special installation procedures until the disk swap space is installed. Linux will run @@ -678,7 +679,7 @@ from Linux Today. -What Are the Reasons to Upgrade to the Version 2.4 Kernel. +What Are the Reasons to Upgrade to the Version 2.4 Kernel? The kernel 2.4 source code, the product of countless hours of @@ -809,7 +810,7 @@ software. Network Sources and Resources -Where Can Is the Latest Kernel Version on the Internet? +Where Is the Latest Kernel Version on the Internet? Make that versions. The 2.0 series kernels are still available for older machines. The latest production kernel series is 2.2.x. The @@ -857,7 +858,7 @@ There is a story about the features of the 2.4 series kernels at -Where Are the Web and Archive Sites of the HOWTO's and Other Documentation? +Where Is the Documentation? Look in the following places, and the sites that mirror them. @@ -1330,8 +1331,10 @@ the Subject: send giveaway_list. Searching for ``Linux'' on Web Search Engines, like Yahoo! ( -http://www.yahoo.com/) or Google ( +http://www.yahoo.com/), Altavista +( +http://www.altavista.com/), +or Google ( http://www.google.com/) will provide copious references to Linux Web sites. Further information about about Web search engines is in the Web and Internet Search @@ -1512,8 +1515,8 @@ there is it.comp.linux. A search of - -http://www.deja.com/ can provide + +http://groups.google.com/ can provide an up-to-date list of News groups. @@ -1537,10 +1540,13 @@ url="ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/"> ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/. -The Internet FAQ Consortium, a private Web -site, provides a searchable archive: Internet FAQ Consortium +provides a searchable archive at: -http://www.faqs.org/. +http://www.faqs.org/. The +site also maintains a current archive of Internet Request For +Comment (RFC), Best Current Practices (BCP), and For +Your Information (FYI) documents. Here are some FAQ's and documents that might be especially useful, and their @@ -1594,6 +1600,12 @@ http://www.lerner.co.il/emacs/faq-body.shtml. +O'Reilly & Associates Openbook Project: + +http://www.oreilly.com/openbook/. + + + Sendmail: http://www.sendmail.org/faq/. @@ -1635,7 +1647,7 @@ XTERM—Frequently Asked Questions. -Where Can Are the Linux FTP Archives? +Where Are the Linux FTP Archives? There are three main archive sites for Linux: @@ -1945,7 +1957,7 @@ have material not available on the ``source'' sites. -I Don't Have FTP Access. Where Do I Get Linux? +How To Get Linux without FTP Access. The easiest thing is probably to find a friend with FTP access. If there is a Linux user's group near you, they may be able to help. @@ -1974,7 +1986,7 @@ ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/Distribution-HOWTO -I Don't Have Usenet Access. Where Do I Get Information? +How To Get Information without Usenet Access. A digest of comp.os.linux.announce is available by mailing the word "subscribe" (without the quotes) as the body of a message to @@ -2061,7 +2073,7 @@ with the word "help" in the body of the message to -Where Can I Find Out About Unmaintained Free Software? +Sources of Information for Unmaintained Free Software Projects. There are Web pages at: @@ -2081,10 +2093,8 @@ a license on the package. Are the News Groups Archived Anywhere? The Usenet Linux news groups are archived at - -http://www.deja.com/, and - -http://altavista.digital.com/. + +http://groups.google.com/. @@ -2101,7 +2111,7 @@ archives comp.os.linux, -Where Can I Find Out About Security Related Issues? +Where To Find Information About Security Related Issues. There's a page of Linux related security information at: @@ -2113,11 +2123,17 @@ Another site is: http://www.rootshell.com/, which has information about Internet security and privacy issues. + +For information about the Weekly Linux Security +Digest email newsletter and numerous security +related databases, look at +http://securityportal.com/. + -Where Can I Find Linux System Specifications? +Where To Find Linux System Specifications. As a start, look at the Linux Standards Base, @@ -2135,7 +2151,7 @@ system organization, and shared library naming conventions. Compatibility with Other Operating Systems -Can Linux Share My Disk with DOS? OS/2? 386BSD? Win95? +Can Linux Use the Same Hard Drive as MS-DOS? OS/2? 386BSD? Win95? Yes. Linux uses the standard MS-DOS partitioning scheme, so it can share your disk with other operating systems. @@ -2201,7 +2217,7 @@ support compression as a standard feature. -How Do I Access Files on My DOS Partition or Floppy? +How To Access Files on a MS-DOS Partition or Floppy. Use the DOS file system, type, for example: @@ -2284,7 +2300,7 @@ use. It is located at -Can I Use My Stacked/DBLSPC/Etc. DOS Drive? +Can Linux Use Stacked/DBLSPC/Etc. DOS Drives? Until recently, not very easily. You can access DOS 6.X volumes from the DOS emulator ("What software does Linux support? "), but @@ -2304,7 +2320,7 @@ module. Look at -Can I Access OS/2 HPFS Partitions from Linux? +Can Linux Access OS/2 HPFS Partitions? Yes, but Linux access to HPFS partitions is read-only. HPFS file system access is available as an option when compiling the kernel or @@ -2401,7 +2417,7 @@ Access to the newer, HFS+ file systems is still under development. -Can I Run Microsoft Windows Programs under Linux? +Can Linux Run Microsoft Windows Programs? WINE, a MS Windows emulator for Linux, is still not ready for general distribution. If you want to contribute to its development, look for @@ -2453,7 +2469,7 @@ to need it). -Where Can I Get Information about NFS Compatibility? +Where Is Information about NFS Compatibility? This information is partly taken from Nicolai Langfeldt's excellent NFS HOWTO, and is current as of 10/1/1999. @@ -2522,7 +2538,7 @@ changing rapidly. -Can I Use True Type Fonts with Linux? +Can Linux Use True Type Fonts? Yes. There are a number of True Type font servers for the X Window System. One of them is xfsft. Its home page is @@ -2543,7 +2559,7 @@ details. -How Can I Boot Linux from MS-DOS? +Can Linux Boot from MS-DOS? If LILO doesn't work, and if the machine has MS-DOS or Microsoft Windows, you may be left with a computer that won't boot. This can @@ -2588,7 +2604,7 @@ as LILO, and options are just passed to the kernel, anyhow. -How Can I Boot Linux from OS/2's Boot Manager? +How Can Linux Boot from OS/2's Boot Manager? Create a partition using OS/2's @@ -2645,7 +2661,7 @@ LDP Home Page, File Systems, Disks, and Drives -How Can I Get Linux to Work with My Disk? +How To Get Linux to Work with a Disk. If your disk is an IDE or EIDE drive, you should read the file /usr/src/linux/drivers/block/README.ide @@ -2660,7 +2676,7 @@ SCSI disks are accessed by linear block numbers. The BIOS invents some `logical' cylinder/head/sector fiction to support DOS. -An IBM PC-compatible BIOS will usually not be able to access +Older IBM PC-compatible BIOS's will usually not be able to access partitions which extend beyond 1024 logical cylinders, and will make booting a Linux kernel from such partitions using LILO problematic at best. @@ -2686,7 +2702,7 @@ get 8 to 12 Gig drives for $200 to $300 it's no wonder. -How Can I Undelete Files? +How To Undelete Files. In general, this is very hard to do on unices because of their multitasking nature. Undelete functionality for the @@ -2726,7 +2742,7 @@ with a text editor. -How Do I Make Backups? +How To Make Backups. You can back up a directory hierarchy or complete file system to any media using GNU tar or @@ -2752,7 +2768,7 @@ included in commercial distributions. -How Do I Resize a Partition (Non-Destructively)? +How To Resize a Partition (Non-Destructively). Use the FIPS.EXE program, included with most Linux distributions,under MS-DOS. @@ -2780,7 +2796,7 @@ software, like Partition Magic. -Is There a Defragmenter for Ext2fs, Etc.? +Is There a Defragmenter for Ext2fs? Yes. There is defrag, a Linux file system defragmenter for ext2, @@ -2800,7 +2816,7 @@ fragmentation reduced even in very full file systems. -How Do I Format and Create a File System on a Floppy? +How To Create a File System on a Floppy. To format a 3.5-inch, high density floppy: @@ -2870,7 +2886,7 @@ Yes. One file system, ppdd, is archived at -I Get Nasty Messages about Inodes, Blocks, and the Like. +Linux Prints Nasty Messages about Inodes, Blocks, and the Like. You may have a corrupted file system, probably caused by not shutting Linux down properly before turning off the power or resetting. You @@ -2961,7 +2977,7 @@ enabling it with swapon. -How Do I Add Temporary Swap Space? +How To Add Temporary Swap Space. In addition to a swap partition, Linux can also use a swap file. Some programs, like g++, can use huge amounts of @@ -3005,7 +3021,7 @@ endterm="more-than-128mb-of-swap">'') -How Do I Remove LILO So My System Boots DOS Again? +How To Remove LILO So My System Boots DOS Again? The lilo program (not the complete LILO package), uses the command @@ -3040,6 +3056,13 @@ have DR-DOS 6.0, go into Re-write Master Boot Record option. +If you create a boot floppy during the Windows installation process, +make sure that it contains the programs +FDISK.EXE, FORMAT.COM, +and SYS.COM, and use that to re-install +MS-DOS on the hard disk. + + If you don't have MS-DOS or DR-DOS, you need to have the boot sector that LILO saved when you first installed it. You did keep that file, didn't you? It's probably called @@ -3139,17 +3162,17 @@ a file, the kernel does memory reads. The AHA1542C Doesn't Work with Linux. -The option to allow disks with more than 1024 cylinders is only -required as a workaround for a PC-compatible BIOS misfeature and -should be turned `off' under Linux. For older Linux kernels you need -to turn off most of the `advanced BIOS' options—all but the one about -scanning the bus for bootable devices. +The option to allow disks with more than 1024 cylinders, which the +AHA1542C card can recognize, is only required as a workaround for a +PC-compatible BIOS misfeature and should be turned `off' under Linux. +For older Linux kernels you need to turn off most of the `advanced BIOS' +options—all but the one about scanning the bus for bootable devices. -Where Do I Find the Journalling File System? +Where Is the Journalling File System on the Net? The journalling file system, named Reiserfs has just been released @@ -3917,7 +3940,7 @@ them may already be installed on your system. Try looking for adjtimex (corrects for drift), Network Time Protocol clients like netdate, getdate, -and xntp, or NTP client-server suite such as +and xntp, or NTP client-server suite like chrony. Refer to: ``.'' @@ -4325,9 +4348,9 @@ something like that. Get a recent version. -How Do I Get LILO to Boot the Kernel Image? +How To Get LILO to Boot the Kernel Image. -From kernel versions 1.1.80 on, the compressed kernel image, which is +>From kernel versions 1.1.80 on, the compressed kernel image, which is what LILO needs to find, is in arch/i386/boot/zImage, or arch/i386/boot/bzImage when it is built, and is normally stored in the @@ -4343,8 +4366,8 @@ several different processors from one source tree. -How Do I Make Sure My System Boots after Re-Installing -the Operating System? +<title>How To Make Sure the System Boots after Re-Installing +the Operating System. This should work whether you're re-installing Linux or some other, @@ -4387,7 +4410,7 @@ the MBR with the command: /sbin/lilo. -I Upgraded the Kernel and Now My PCMCIA Card Doesn't Work. +The PCMCIA Card Doesn't Work after Upgrading the Kernel. The PCMCIA Card Services modules, which are located in /lib/modules/version/pcmcia, @@ -4567,8 +4590,8 @@ and Modprobe can't locate module, "XXX," and similar messages. -How Do I Remove (Or Change) the Colors in the -<application>ls</application> Display? +How To Remove (Or Change) the Colors in the +<application>ls</application> Display. The shell command, ``unalias ls,'' should @@ -4641,7 +4664,7 @@ A mailing list for Linux on IBM Thinkpads has its home page at Another Thinkpad mailing list is hosted by http://www.bm-soft.com/. -Send E-mail with the word ``help'' in the +Send email with the word ``help'' in the body of the message to majordomo@www.bm-soft.com. @@ -4926,7 +4949,7 @@ by reducing the total number of VC's. See -How Do I Get E-mail to Work? +How To Get Email to Work. For sending mail via SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) and receiving mail from an ISP's POP (Post Office Protocol) server, you @@ -4942,7 +4965,8 @@ secondary name servers. If you have a traditional MTA (Mail Transport Agent) like Sendmail, -Smail, or Exim, +Smail, qmail, +or Exim, you'll need to follow the instructions in each package. Basically, configuration entails determining which host machine, either on your local LAN or via dial-up Internet, is the @@ -6958,27 +6982,57 @@ init: Id "x" respawning too fast: disabled for 5 minutes .'' -This means, generally, that the system is booting by default into -runlevel 5, which enables a graphical login via -xdm/kdm/ -gdm/whatever program, and can't locate it. +In most distributions this means that the system is booting by default +into runlevel 5, which is supposed to respawn (re-start again +after it's been exited) a graphical login via +xdm, +kdm, +gdm, or whatever, +and the system can't locate the program. -In other situations, ``Id'' might indicate -the absence of another program. +However, ``Id'' can also indicate the absence +or misconfiguration of another program, like +mingetty, if init +tries to respawn itself more than 10 times in 2 minutes. -The temporary solution in this case is to switch to runlevel 3, a -standard text-mode login, by typing ``telinit 3.'' -To make the change permanent, set the correct runlevel (1,2,3, or 5) -in the initdefault line of -/etc/inittab. +Id ``x'' is the number in the leftmost column of the +/etc/inittab file: + + + # Run gettys in standard runlevels + 1:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty1 + 2:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty2 + 3:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty3 + 4:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty4 + 5:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty5 + 6:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty6 + + +Commenting the offending line out and then fixing the errant program and +testing on the command line will allow you to see any error messages +that go to standard error output (console) if the errors are not +going to the system log file. Uncomment the line and restart +init with +``kill -SIGHUP 1'' or +``telinit q'' to cause +init to reinitialize and reread the +/etc/inittab file. Some systems, however, rewrite /etc/inittab when booting. In that case, refer to the init man page, and/or the settings in /etc/sysconfig/init. + +Refer to the init and +/etc/inittab man pages for detailed +information. + + +[Carl King] + @@ -7581,8 +7635,3 @@ as educators and learners.
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