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About this document
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Copyright and License
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This work is licensed under the
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Revision History
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17.1.2016
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v1.0 First draft written
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Jason Evans
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Contributions
\end_layout
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name "Jason Evans"
target "http://wiki.tldp.org/Jason%20Evans"
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(Original author and maintainer for TLDP)
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Feedback
\end_layout
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\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "feedback"
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Find something wrong with this document? (Or perhaps something right?) I
would love to hear from you.
Please email me at
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name "jsevans_at_youvegotthe.info"
target "jsevans_at_youvegotthe.info"
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About My Topic
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In the past, The Linux Documentation Project used CVS as a version control
system, however a few years ago it was moved to GitHub but there was no
accompanying documentation for adding new material to TLDP
\end_layout
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Basic Terminology and Commands
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Push
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Pull
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Commit
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Branch
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Repository
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Fork
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Clone
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Diff
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Fetch
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What is Git and GutHub?
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What is Git?
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What does GitHub do?
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Installing Git
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From Ubuntu or Debian
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$ sudo apt-get install git
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From Fedora, CentOS, or RHEL
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$ sudo yum install git
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From Fedora 23 or later
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$ sudo dnf install git
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From OpenSuSE or SLES
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$ sudo zypper install git
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Finding TLDP on GitHub
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TLDP's main GitHub url is
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LDP/users/Jason-Evans/Linux-Complete-Backup-and-Recovery-HOWTO.adoc → LDP/users/Jason-Evans/Linux-Complete-Backup-and-Recovery-HOWTO-REWRITE/Linux-Complete-Backup-and-Recovery-HOWTO.adoc
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<article lang="en_US">
<articleinfo>
<title>Package Management Basics: apt, yum, dnf, pkg</title>
</articleinfo><sect1>
<title>Introduction</title>
<sect2>
<title>Why was this document written?</title>
<para>Most modern Unix-like operating systems offer a centralized mechanism for finding and installing software. Software is usually distributed in the form of;packages, kept in;repositories. Working with packages is known as;package management. Packages provide the basic components of an operating system, along with shared libraries, applications, services, and documentation.</para>
<para>A package management system does much more than one-time installation of software. It also provides tools for upgrading already-installed packages. Package repositories help to ensure that code has been vetted for use on your system, and that the installed versions of software have been approved by developers and package maintainers.</para>
<para>When configuring servers or development environments, it's often necessary look beyond official repositories. Packages in the stable release of a distribution may be out of date, especially where new or rapidly-changing software is concerned. Nevertheless, package management is a vital skill for system administrators and developers, and the wealth of packaged software for major distributions is a tremendous resource.</para>
<para>This guide is intended as a quick reference for the fundamentals of finding, installing, and upgrading packages on a variety of distributions, and should help you translate that knowledge between systems.</para></sect2><sect2>
<title>Audience</title>
<para>For those new to Linux who need a basic understanding of package management.</para></sect2><sect2>
<title>Original version of this doc</title>
<para>The original version of this guide can be found at <ulink url="https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/package-management-basics-apt-yum-dnf-pkg">Digital Ocean</ulink>.</para></sect2><sect2>
<title>Revision History</title>
<informaltable><tgroup cols="3" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
<colspec colname="col0" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="col1" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="col2" align="center"/>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">15.1.2016</entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">v1.0 converted and edited for TLDP</entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Jason Evans</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable></sect2><sect2>
<title>Contributions</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para><ulink url="https://www.digitalocean.com/community/users/bpb">Brennen Bearnes</ulink> (original author).</para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="http://wiki.tldp.org/Jason%20Evans">Jason Evans</ulink> (editor and maintainer for TLDP)</para></listitem></itemizedlist></sect2><sect2>
<title>Feedback</title>
<para>Missing information, missing links, missing characters? Mail it to the maintainer of this document: <ulink url="mailto://jsevans at youvegotthe.info">jsevans at youvegotthe.info</ulink></para></sect2><sect2>
<title>Copyright information</title>
<para>This work is licensed under a <ulink url="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License</ulink>.</para></sect2><sect2>
<title>What do you need?</title>
<para>This guide covers Debian, Ubuntu, CentOS, Fedora, and FreeBSD and will require one of those distributions to be installed</para></sect2></sect1><sect1>
<title>Package Management Systems: A Brief Overview</title>
<para>Most package systems are built around collections of package files. A package file is usually an archive which contains compiled binaries and other resources making up the software, along with installation scripts. Packages also contain valuable metadata, including their;dependencies, a list of other packages required to install and run them.</para>
<para>While their functionality and benefits are broadly similar, packaging formats and tools vary by platform:</para>
<informaltable><tgroup cols="3" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
<colspec colname="col0" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="col1" align="left"/>
<colspec colname="col2" align="center"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Operating System </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">Format </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Tool(s)</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Debian </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">.deb </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">apt, apt-cache, apt-get, dpkg</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Ubuntu </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">.deb </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">apt, apt-cache, apt-get, dpkg</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">CentOS </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">.rpm </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">yum</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Fedora </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">.rpm </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">dnf</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">FreeBSD </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">Ports,;.txz </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">make, pkg</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable>
<para>In Debian and systems based on it, like Ubuntu, Linux Mint, and Raspbian, the package format is the;.debfile. APT, the Advanced Packaging Tool, provides commands used for most common operations: Searching repositories, installing collections of packages and their dependencies, and managing upgrades. APT commands operate as a front-end to the lower-level;dpkg;utility, which handles the installation of individual;.deb;files on the local system, and is sometimes invoked directly.</para>
<para>CentOS, Fedora, and other members of the Red Hat family use RPM files. In CentOS,;yum;is used to interact with both individual package files and repositories.</para>
<para>In recent versions of Fedora,;yum;has been supplanted by;dnf, a modernized fork which retains most ofyum's interface.</para>
<para>FreeBSD's binary package system is administered with the;pkg;command. FreeBSD also offers the Ports Collection, a local directory structure and tools which allow the user to fetch, compile, and install packages directly from source using Makefiles. It's usually much more convenient to use;pkg, but occasionally a pre-compiled package is unavailable, or you may need to change compile-time options.</para><sect2>
<title>Update Package Lists</title>
<para>Most systems keep a local database of the packages available from remote repositories. It's best to update this database before installing or upgrading packages. As a partial exception to this pattern,;yumand;dnf;will check for updates before performing some operations, but you can ask them at any time whether updates are available.</para>
<informaltable><tgroup cols="2" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
<colspec colname="col0" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="col1" align="center"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">System </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Command</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Debian / Ubuntu </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">sudo apt-get update</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">CentOS </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">yum check-update</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Fedora </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">dnf check-update</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">FreeBSD Packages </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">sudo pkg update</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">FreeBSD Ports </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">sudo portsnap fetch update</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable></sect2><sect2>
<title>Upgrade Installed Packages</title>
<para>Making sure that all of the installed software on a machine stays up to date would be an enormous undertaking without a package system. You would have to track upstream changes and security alerts for hundreds of different packages. While a package manager doesn't solve every problem you'll encounter when upgrading software, it does enable you to maintain most system components with a few commands.</para>
<para>On FreeBSD, upgrading installed ports can introduce breaking changes or require manual configuration steps. It's best to read;/usr/ports/UPDATING;before upgrading with;portmaster.</para>
<informaltable><tgroup cols="3" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
<colspec colname="col0" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="col1" align="left"/>
<colspec colname="col2" align="center"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">System </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">Command </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Notes</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Debian / Ubuntu </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">sudo apt-get upgrade </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Only upgrades installed packages, where possible.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">sudo apt-get dist-upgrade </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">May add or remove packages to satisfy new dependencies.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">CentOS </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">sudo yum update </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Fedora </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">sudo dnf upgrade </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">FreeBSD Packages </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">sudo pkg upgrade </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">FreeBSD Ports </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">less /usr/ports/UPDATING </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Uses;less;to view update notes for ports (use arrow keys to scroll, pressq;to quit).</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">cd /usr/ports/ports-mgmt/portmaster &amp;&amp; sudo make install &amp;&amp; sudo portmaster -a </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Installs;portmaster;and uses it to update installed ports.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable></sect2><sect2>
<title>Find a Package</title>
<para>Most distributions offer a graphical or menu-driven front end to package collections. These can be a good way to browse by category and discover new software. Often, however, the quickest and most effective way to locate a package is to search with command-line tools.</para>
<informaltable><tgroup cols="3" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
<colspec colname="col0" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="col1" align="left"/>
<colspec colname="col2" align="center"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">System </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">Command </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Notes</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Debian / Ubuntu </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">apt-cache search;search_string </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">CentOS </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">yum search;search_string </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">yum search all;search_string </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Searches all fields, including description.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Fedora </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">dnf search;search_string </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">dnf search all;search_string </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Searches all fields, including description.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">FreeBSD Packages </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">pkg search;search_string </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Searches by name.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">pkg search -f;search_string </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Searches by name, returning full descriptions.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">pkg search -D;search_string </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Searches description.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">FreeBSD Ports </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">cd /usr/ports &amp;&amp; make search name=package </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Searches by name.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">cd /usr/ports &amp;&amp; make search key=search_string </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Searches comments, descriptions, and dependencies.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable></sect2><sect2>
<title>View Info About a Specific Package</title>
<para>When deciding what to install, it's often helpful to read detailed descriptions of packages. Along with human-readable text, these often include metadata like version numbers and a list of the package's dependencies.</para>
<informaltable><tgroup cols="3" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
<colspec colname="col0" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="col1" align="left"/>
<colspec colname="col2" align="center"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">System </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">Command </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Notes</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Debian / Ubuntu </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">apt-cache show;package </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Shows locally-cached info about a package.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">dpkg -s;package </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Shows the current installed status of a package.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">CentOS </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">yum info;package </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">yum deplist;package </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Lists dependencies for a package.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Fedora </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">dnf info;package </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">dnf repoquery -\/-requires;package </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Lists dependencies for a package.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">FreeBSD Packages </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">pkg info;package </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Shows info for an installed package.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">FreeBSD Ports </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">cd /usr/ports/category/port;&amp;&amp; cat pkg-descr </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable></sect2><sect2>
<title>Install a Package from Repositories</title>
<para>Once you know the name of a package, you can usually install it and its dependencies with a single command. In general, you can supply multiple packages to install simply by listing them all.</para>
<informaltable><tgroup cols="3" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
<colspec colname="col0" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="col1" align="left"/>
<colspec colname="col2" align="center"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">System </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">Command </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Notes</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Debian / Ubuntu </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">sudo apt-get install;package </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">sudo apt-get install;package1 package2 ... </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Installs all listed packages.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">sudo apt-get install -y;package </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Assumes "yes" where;apt;would usually prompt to continue.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">CentOS </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">sudo yum install;package </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">sudo yum install;package1 package2 ... </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Installs all listed packages.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">sudo yum install -y;package </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Assumes "yes" where;yum;would usually prompt to continue.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Fedora </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">sudo dnf install;package </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">sudo dnf install;package1 package2 ... </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Installs all listed packages.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">sudo dnf install -y;package </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Assumes "yes" where;dnf;would usually prompt to continue.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">FreeBSD Packages </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">sudo pkg install;package </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">sudo pkg install;package1 package2 ... </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Installs all listed packages.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">FreeBSD Ports </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">cd /usr/ports/category/port;&amp;&amp; sudo make install </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Builds and installs a port from source.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable></sect2><sect2>
<title>Install a Package from the Local Filesystem</title>
<para>Sometimes, even though software isn't officially packaged for a given operating system, a developer or vendor will offer package files for download. You can usually retrieve these with your web browser, or viacurl;on the command line. Once a package is on the target system, it can often be installed with a single command.</para>
<para>On Debian-derived systems,;dpkg;handles individual package files. If a package has unmet dependencies,;gdebi;can often be used to retrieve them from official repositories.</para>
<para>On CentOS and Fedora systems,;yum;and;dnf;are used to install individual files, and will also handle needed dependencies.</para>
<informaltable><tgroup cols="3" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
<colspec colname="col0" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="col1" align="left"/>
<colspec colname="col2" align="center"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">System </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">Command </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Notes</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Debian / Ubuntu </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">sudo dpkg -i;package.deb </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">sudo apt-get install -ygdebi &amp;&amp; sudo gdebipackage.deb </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Installs and uses gdebi to install package.deb and retrieve any missing dependencies.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">CentOS </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">sudo yum install;package.rpm </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Fedora </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">sudo dnf install;package.rpm </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">FreeBSD Packages </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">sudo pkg add;package.txz </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">sudo pkg add -f;package.txz </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Installs package even if already installed.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable></sect2><sect2>
<title>Remove One or More Installed Packages</title>
<para>Since a package manager knows what files are provided by a given package, it can usually remove them cleanly from a system if the software is no longer needed.</para>
<informaltable><tgroup cols="3" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
<colspec colname="col0" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="col1" align="left"/>
<colspec colname="col2" align="center"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">System </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">Command </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Notes</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Debian / Ubuntu </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">sudo apt-get remove;package </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">sudo apt-get autoremove </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Removes unneeded packages.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">CentOS </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">sudo yum remove;package </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Fedora </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">sudo dnf erase;package </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">FreeBSD Packages </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">sudo pkg delete;package </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">sudo pkg autoremove </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Removes unneeded packages.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">FreeBSD Ports </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">sudo pkg delete;package </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">cd /usr/ports/path_to_port;&amp;&amp; make deinstall </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">De-installs an installed port.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable></sect2><sect2>
<title>Get Help</title>
<para>In addition to web-based documentation, keep in mind that Unix manual pages (usually referred to as;man pages) are available for most commands from the shell. To read a page, use man:</para><screen>
<![CDATA[$ man page
]]></screen><para>In man, you can navigate with the arrow keys. Press / to search for text within the page, and q to quit.</para>
<informaltable><tgroup cols="3" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
<colspec colname="col0" align="center"/>
<colspec colname="col1" align="left"/>
<colspec colname="col2" align="center"/>
<thead>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">System </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">Command </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Notes</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Debian / Ubuntu </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">man apt-get </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Updating the local package database and working with packages.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">man apt-cache </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Querying the local package database.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">man dpkg </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Working with individual package files and querying installed packages.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">CentOS </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">man yum </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Fedora </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">man dnf </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top"></entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">FreeBSD Packages </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">man pkg </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Working with pre-compiled binary packages.</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry align="center" valign="top">FreeBSD Ports </entry>
<entry align="left" valign="top">man ports </entry>
<entry align="center" valign="top">Working with the Ports Collection.</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup></informaltable></sect2></sect1><sect1>
<title>Conclusion and Further Reading</title>
<para>This guide provides an overview of basic operations that can be cross-referenced between systems, but only scratches the surface of a complex topic. For greater detail on a given system, you can consult the following resources:</para><orderedlist>
<listitem><para><ulink url="https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/ubuntu-and-debian-package-management-essentials">This guide</ulink> covers Ubuntu and Debian package management in detail. </para></listitem><listitem><para>There's an <ulink url="https://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/yum/">official CentOS guide to managing software with~</ulink><ulink url="https://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/yum/">yum</ulink>. </para></listitem><listitem><para>There's a <ulink url="https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Dnf">Fedora wiki page about~</ulink><ulink url="https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Dnf">dnf</ulink>, and an <ulink url="https://dnf.readthedocs.org/en/latest/index.html">official manual for~</ulink><ulink url="https://dnf.readthedocs.org/en/latest/index.html">dnf</ulink><ulink url="https://dnf.readthedocs.org/en/latest/index.html">~itself</ulink>. </para></listitem><listitem><para><ulink url="https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-manage-packages-on-freebsd-10-1-with-pkg">This guide</ulink> covers FreeBSD package management using pkg. </para></listitem><listitem><para>The <ulink url="https://www.freebsd.org/doc/handbook/">FreeBSD Handbook</ulink>;contains a;<ulink url="https://www.freebsd.org/doc/handbook/ports-using.html">section on using the Ports Collection</ulink>. </para></listitem></orderedlist></sect1></article>

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#!/bin/bash
date=`date +%D-%T`
git pull
git commit -a -m $DATE
git push