507 lines
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507 lines
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<html>
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<head>
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<title>Belarusian-mini-HOWTO</title>
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<link rev="made" href="mailto:mikhailian@altern.org">
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[<a href="msg03762.html">Date Prev</a>][<a href="msg03764.html">Date Next</a>][<a href="msg03788.html">Thread Prev</a>][<a href="msg03775.html">Thread Next</a>][<a href="maillist.html#03763">Date Index</a>][<a href="threads.html#03763">Thread Index</a>]
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<h1>Belarusian-mini-HOWTO</h1>
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<ul>
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<li><em>To</em>: <A HREF="mailto:ldp-discuss@lists.linuxdoc.org">ldp-discuss@lists.linuxdoc.org</A></li>
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<li><em>Subject</em>: Belarusian-mini-HOWTO</li>
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<li><em>From</em>: Alexander Mikhailian <<A HREF="mailto:mikhailian@altern.org">mikhailian@altern.org</A>></li>
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<li><em>Date</em>: Tue, 29 Aug 2000 21:08:35 +0200</li>
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<li><em>Resent-date</em>: Tue, 29 Aug 2000 15:09:14 -0400 (EDT)</li>
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<li><em>Resent-from</em>: <A HREF="mailto:ldp-discuss@lists.debian.org">ldp-discuss@lists.debian.org</A></li>
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<li><em>Resent-message-id</em>: <NGsjzC.A.i_H.sqAr5@murphy></li>
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<li><em>Resent-sender</em>: <A HREF="mailto:ldp-discuss-request@lists.debian.org">ldp-discuss-request@lists.debian.org</A></li>
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<li><em>User-agent</em>: Mutt/1.2i</li>
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<pre>
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There were a lot of discussions over the Russian-speaking
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Internet about the old Cyrillic-HOWTO that should be moved
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to the unmaintained area and Evgenij Baldin even started
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a new version which includes a lot of info from various
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sources <<A HREF="http://www.inp.nsk.su/~baldin">http://www.inp.nsk.su/~baldin</A>>.
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However the old Cyrillic-HOWTO from Alexander L. Belikoff
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and the new one from Evgenij Baldin are actually aimed at
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Russian-speaking users and do not give a hint for Ukrainians,
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Belarusian, Bulgarians, etc.,
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I have had a Belarusian-mini-HOWTO for about 1 year
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but I never tried to submit it to the LDP for various
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reasons, mainly because there were very few Linux users
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that were interested in Belarusian language. But as I
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receive more and more letters about Belarusian in Linux
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now, I decided to present the Belarusian-mini-HOWTO to the
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LDP list.
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Unfortunately the HOWTO is still in the old linuxdoc format.
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--
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Alexander Mikhailian
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</pre>
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<pre>
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<!doctype linuxdoc system>
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<article>
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<title>Linux Belarusian mini-HOWTO <author>Alexander Mikhailian,
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mikhailian@altern.org <date>v.0.1.4, 25 June 2000
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<abstract>
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Short guide in setting up Belarusian language support in Linux
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console, X Window System, web-browsers, text editors, etc. Charsets
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described are windows-1251, iso-8859-5 and koi8-ru. Belarusian
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characters can also be found in koi8-ub, koi8-c and of course,
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Unicode. Although this HOWTO is Linux-specific, many advices are
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applicable to other UNIX-like systems.
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</abstract>
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<toc>
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<sect>Introduction
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<sect1> History
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<p>
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This document was started in September 15, 1999 by Alexander Mikhailian
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<sect1>Comments
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<p>
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Comments on this HOWTO may be directed to the author <htmlurl
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url="<A HREF="mailto:mikhailian@altern.org"">mailto:mikhailian@altern.org"</A>; name="mikhailian@altern.org">.
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<sect1>New Versions
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<p>
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The newest version can always be found on <htmlurl
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url="<A HREF="http://www.bellinux.f2s.com/"">http://www.bellinux.f2s.com/"</A>; name="<A HREF="http://www.bellinux.f2s.com"">http://www.bellinux.f2s.com"</A>;>
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<sect1>Copyright
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<p>
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This manual may be reproduced in whole or in part without restrictions.
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<sect1>Acknowledgements and Thanks
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<p>
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Thanks to everyone that gave comments as I was writing this.
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<sect>System-wide setup
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<sect1>Choosing Charset
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<p>
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As for now, the best choice seems to be windows-1251. It gives the
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user compatibility with MS Windows which is a must-have for many
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of us. If you do not care about compatibility, iso-8859-5 is the best
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supported and easiest to set up.
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<p>
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Note that Belarusian support package from <htmlurl
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url="<A HREF="http://www.bellinux.f2s.com/"">http://www.bellinux.f2s.com/"</A>; name="<A HREF="http://www.bellinux.f2s.com"">http://www.bellinux.f2s.com"</A>;>
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contains all the files mentioned in the present HOWTO unless otherwise
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stated in the text.
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<sect1>Windows-1251 in the kernel
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<p>
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Windows-1251 support in the kernel is needed mostly to visualize MS
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Windows filenames in Cyrillic with the console and X Window system
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localized in windows-1251. As latest FAT file systems store filenames
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in Unicode, we have to define the output charset of the Virtual
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File System layer. To apply the windows-1251 patch to the kernel:
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<itemize>
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<item>
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<tscreen>
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<verb>
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cd /path_to_your_kernel_source_tree
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</verb>
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</tscreen>
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<item>
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<tscreen>
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<verb>
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patch -p0 &lt your_patch.patch
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</verb>
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</tscreen>
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<item>
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Recompile and reinstall the kernel. Refer to <em/Kernel-HOWTO/ about the details.
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<item>
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Add `codepage=866,iocharset=microsoft-cp1251' to your mount options in
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order to get the filenames in windows-1251.
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</itemize>
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<sect1>Setting locale
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<p>
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<itemize>
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<item>Do
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<tscreen>
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<verb>
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localedef -f CP1251 -i be_BY be_BY
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</verb>
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</tscreen>
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or
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<tscreen>
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<verb>
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localedef -f ISO8899-5 -i be_BY be_BY
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</verb>
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</tscreen>
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to compile the locale in windows-1251 encoding or iso-8859-5 encoding.
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<item> Check how it works by setting LANG=be_BY and running a
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locale-aware program like <em/date/ or <em/cal/.
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</itemize>
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<sect1>Belarusian in console<label id="Console">
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<sect2>Setting Belarusian with iso-8859-5
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<p>
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There are two ways to set up Belarusian with iso-8859-5
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<itemize>
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<item> Load iso-8859-5 font <item> Load <em/by2.kmap/ keymap or
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<em/by.kmap/ </itemize> Look at the scripts by.iso and by2.iso for an
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example. This method has one serious drawback - you will loose all
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pseudographic characters and, say, you Midnight Commander will look
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somewhat naked. The second method described below preserves all
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pseudographic characters:
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<itemize>
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<item>Load UniCyr font <item>Load <em/by2.kmap/ keymap or <em/by.kmap/
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<item>Load Application-Charset Map <em/iso05.acm/
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</itemize>
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Look at the scripts by.iso2 and by2.iso2 for an example. Also beware
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that different Linux distributions have different console-related
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packages - <em/console-tools/ or <em/kbd/. Abovementioned scripts are
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meant to work with <em/console-tools/ which is by far more popular.
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<sect2>Setting Belarusian with windows-1251
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<p>
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There is no windows-1251 console fonts and the only way to get it work
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is
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<itemize>
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<item> Load UniCyr font <item> Load <em/by2.kmap/ keymap or
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<em/by.kmap/ <item> Load Application-Charset Map <em/cp1251.acm/
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</itemize>
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Look at the script by2.win for an example.
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<sect2>Setting Belarusian with koi8-ru
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<p>
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There is no koi8-ru console fonts and the only way to get it work
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is
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<itemize>
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<item> Load UniCyr font
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<item> Load <em/by-stb.koi.kmap/ keymap or <em/byru-stb.koi.kmap/
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<item> Load Application-Charset Map <em/koi8-ru.acm/
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</itemize>
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Look at the scripts by-stb.koi and byru-stb.koi for an example.
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<sect1>Belarusian in X Window System<label id="X Window">
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<p>
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Dirty hack:
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<itemize>
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<item> Install Cyrillic fonts for X Windows. You can only use
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iso-8859-5, koi8-ru and microsoft-1251. BTW, there is a big difference
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between koi8-ru and koi8-r. The latest does not have CYRILLIC LETTER
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BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I and CYRILLIC LETTER SHORT U. <item> Make and
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install xruskb package which can be downloaded from <htmlurl
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url="<A HREF="http://www.bellinux.f2s.com"">http://www.bellinux.f2s.com"</A>; name="<A HREF="http://www.bellinux.f2s.com"">http://www.bellinux.f2s.com"</A>;>
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<item> Replace .xmm files in your xruskb directory by those found in
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the folder modified_keymaps of belarusian-0.1.tar.gz distribution.
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<item> Add the following lines in your ~/.Xdefaults file
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<tscreen>
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<verb> xrus*modeButton1.labelString: BEL xrus*modeButton1.label: BEL
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</verb>
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</tscreen>
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<item>Run
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<tscreen>
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<verb>xrus jcuken-cp1251</verb>
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</tscreen>
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or
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<tscreen>
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<verb>xrus jcuken-iso5</verb>
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</tscreen>
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to start keyboard switcher.
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</itemize>
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<p>
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Right solution:
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A patch to XFree 3.3.5 and 4.0 from Aleksey Novodvorsky that allows
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the use of windows-1251 with XKB. The original location is at <htmlurl
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url=" ftp.logic.ru/pub/logic/linux/be-locale" name="
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ftp.logic.ru/pub/logic/linux/be-locale"> but it is also available in
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Belarusian support package from <htmlurl url="<A HREF="http://www.bellinux.f2s.com/"">http://www.bellinux.f2s.com/"</A>;
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name="<A HREF="http://www.bellinux.f2s.com"">http://www.bellinux.f2s.com"</A>;>. Lucky users of Linux-Mandrake RE
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get a patched XFree86 out of box.
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<sect> Editing texts
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<sect1> Emacs <label id="Emacs">
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<p>
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For most Linux distributions, emacs is able to display Belarusian
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characters out of box. However, the following conditions should
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satisfy:
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<itemize>
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<item>
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Cyrillic iso-8859-5 fonts should be properly installed.
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<item>
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Emacs-mule package should be installed.
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</itemize>
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<p>
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The user may want to change the default keyboard layout (&quot;input
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method&quot; in emacs slang) to jcuken. This feature is provided by
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<em/belarusian.el/ along with some other goodies. Read the comments
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in the beginning of <em/belarusian.el/ for details.
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<sect1>Spell-checking<label id="Spell-checking"> <p>
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<itemize>
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<item> If you do not have ispell 3.1.20, install it from any Linux
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distribution CD. <item> Download the package belspell.tar.gz.
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Unpack it and run
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<tscreen>
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<verb>
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buildhash belarusian.sml belarusian.aff belarusian.hash
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</verb>
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</tscreen>
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<item> Copy belarusian.hash to /usr/lib/ispell or wherever your ispell
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hash tables are. <item> in order to spell-check a file, type
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<tscreen>
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<verb>
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ispell -d belarusian yourfile.txt
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</verb>
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</tscreen>
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</itemize>
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<p>
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Getting belarusian ispell dictionary working with emacs is a bit
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tricky.
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<itemize>
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<item> Copy <em/ispell.el/ and <em/ispell.elc/ into your
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`$EMACSBIN/../lisp' directory. <item> Copy temporarily
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`$EMACSBIN/../lisp/loaddefs.el' to
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`/usr/src/emacs-XX.X/lisp/loaddefs.el' where XX.X stand for emacs
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version number.<item> Do `M-x
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update-file-autoloads RET' and enter the path to the ispell.el.
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<item> Copy back <em/loaddefs.el/ <item> Restart emacs
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</itemize>
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<sect1> TeX
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<p>
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from Aleksey Novodvorsky:
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<p>
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You need TeX + babel + T2, e.g. teTeX >= 1.0. in order to get partial
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support for Belarusian,
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<itemize>
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<item>put <em/babel.sty/, <em/belarusianb.ldf/ and
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<em/belarusianb.sty/ into
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&quot;/usr/share/texmf/tex/generic/babel&quot; <item> run
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&quot;texhash&quot; <item> To use Belarusian in LaTeX: add the
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following lines in the preamble:
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<tscreen>
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<verb>
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\documentclass[belarusian]{article} \usepackage[cp1251]{inputenc}
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\usepackage{babel}
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</verb>
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</tscreen>
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or
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<tscreen>
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<verb>
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\documentclass[belarusian]{article} \usepackage[iso88595]{inputenc}
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\usepackage{babel}
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</verb>
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</tscreen>
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</itemize>
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<sect>Browsers
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<sect1>Netscape
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<p>
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It is often a problem to correctly visualize Belarusian-specific
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characters with Netscape. This is due to that last versions of
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Netscape look for <em/any/ koi8-r font and, if they find one, they
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refuse to use other fonts for displaying Cyrillic pages.
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The problem is solved by removing koi8-r fonts from everywhere - X
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Window System font path and font server path.Then install koi8-ru,
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iso-8859-5 or windows-1251 and run
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<tscreen>
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<verb>
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xset fp rehash
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</verb>
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</tscreen>
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or restart X server. You will probably have to delete <em/preferences/
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and <em/preferences.js/ from the Netscape home directory
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<em/.netscape/ and even then you are not guaranteed to have Netscape
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work right. Netscape's handling of fonts has always been an obscure
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issue.
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Links to koi8-ru, iso-8859-5 and windows-1251 cyrillic fonts for X
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Window System can be found at
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<htmlurl url="<A HREF="http://www.bellinux.f2s.com"">http://www.bellinux.f2s.com"</A>;
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name="<A HREF="http://www.bellinux.f2s.com"">http://www.bellinux.f2s.com"</A>;>
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<sect1>Lynx
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<p>
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In order to view Belarusian sites, you have to set up you console to
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handle the encoding you need. See section <ref id="Console"> for more
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details.
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<p>
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Add the following lines to your <em/.linxrc/ file.
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<tscreen>
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<verb>
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character_set=Cyrillic (windows-1251) preferred_language=be
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preferred_charset=windows-1251
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</verb>
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</tscreen>
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or
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<tscreen>
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<verb>
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character_set=Cyrillic (ISO-8859-5) preferred_language=be
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preferred_charset=iso-8859-5
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</verb>
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</tscreen>
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<p>
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If the page you are browsing does not have an explicit charset
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declaration, press &quot;o&quot; and set the document charset
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manually.
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<sect> Mailers
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<sect1> Netscape Messenger
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<p>
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Netscape Messenger can not handle belarusian texts properly. The same
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applies to Mozilla.
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<sect1> Mutt
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<p>
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Mutt handles a multitude of charsets and encodings with ease. If your
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console has windows-1251 support, add the following lines to your
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<em/.muttrc/:
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<tscreen>
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<verb>
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charset-hook &quot;windows-1251&quot; &quot;cp1251&quot; set
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charset=&quot;windows-1251&quot;
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</verb>
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</tscreen>
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<p>
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Mutt automatically converts all incoming messages for the screen
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output. It can also convert outgoing messages basing itself on a
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versatile pattern matching mechanism, e.g. the following line in
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<em/.muttrc/ will force mutt to convert all messages sent to
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be-locale@iatp.unibel.by to <em/koi8-r/.
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<tscreen>
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<verb>
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send-hook '~t ^be-locale@iatp\.unibel\.by$' 'set
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send_charset=&quot;koi8-r&quot;'
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</verb>
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</tscreen>
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<sect> Further support
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<p>
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A mailing list devoted entirely to Belarusian language support is
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available at <htmlurl url="<A HREF="mailto:be-locale@iatp.unibel.by"">mailto:be-locale@iatp.unibel.by"</A>;
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name="be-locale@iatp.unibel.by">. To subscribe, send a message to
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<htmlurl url="<A HREF="mailto:majordomo@iatp.unibel.by"">mailto:majordomo@iatp.unibel.by"</A>;
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name="majordomo@iatp.unibel.by"> with the string &quot;subscribe
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be-locale youremailaddress&quot; in the body of the message
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<p>
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Another mailing list that treats mostly linguistic issues is available
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at <htmlurl url="<A HREF="mailto:movaznaustva@egroups.com"">mailto:movaznaustva@egroups.com"</A>;
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name="movaznaustva@egroups.com">. To subscribe to it, send a message
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with empty body to <htmlurl
|
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url="<A HREF="mailto:movaznaustva-subscribe@egroups.com"">mailto:movaznaustva-subscribe@egroups.com"</A>;
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name="movaznaustva-subscribe@egroups.com">.
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</article>
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</pre>
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<li><strong><a name="03775" href="msg03775.html">Re: Belarusian-mini-HOWTO</a></strong>
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<ul><li><em>From:</em> abel@vallinor4.com (Alexander L. Belikoff)</li></ul></li>
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