376 lines
20 KiB
HTML
376 lines
20 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
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<html>
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<head>
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<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
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<title>Debian GNU/Linux System Administrator's Manual (Obsolete Documentation) - Overview of a Debian GNU/Linux System</title>
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<link href="index.html" rel="start">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-intro.html" rel="prev">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-files.html" rel="next">
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<link href="index.html#contents" rel="contents">
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<link href="index.html#copyright" rel="copyright">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-intro.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Introduction">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-overview.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Overview of a Debian GNU/Linux System">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-files.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Files and Devices">
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<link href="ch4.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Programs and processes">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-directories.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Directory Structure">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-filesystems.html" rel="chapter" title="6 Filesystems and Storage Media">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-booting.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Boot and Shutdown">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-users.html" rel="chapter" title="8 Managing User Accounts">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-sessions.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Logging In and Out">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-printing.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Printing">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-accounting.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Accounting">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-backup.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Backup and Restore">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-X.html" rel="chapter" title="13 X Windows">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-security.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Security">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-config.html" rel="chapter" title="15 System Configuration">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-time.html" rel="chapter" title="16 Time">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-localisation.html" rel="chapter" title="17 Localisation">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-index.html" rel="chapter" title="18 Index">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-intro.html#s1.1" rel="section" title="1.1 About this manual">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-intro.html#s1.2" rel="section" title="1.2 Where to find newer versions">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-intro.html#s1.3" rel="section" title="1.3 Comments">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-overview.html#s2.1" rel="section" title="2.1 The main components of a system">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-files.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Files">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-files.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 Devices">
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<link href="ch4.html#s4.1" rel="section" title="4.1 Programs">
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<link href="ch4.html#s4.2" rel="section" title="4.2 Processes">
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<link href="ch4.html#s4.3" rel="section" title="4.3 The /proc filesystem">
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<link href="ch4.html#s4.4" rel="section" title="4.4 Tools for handling programs and processes">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-directories.html#s5.1" rel="section" title="5.1 Directories">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-directories.html#s5.2" rel="section" title="5.2 Permissions">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-directories.html#s5.3" rel="section" title="5.3 Links">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-directories.html#s5.4" rel="section" title="5.4 ACL - Access Control Lists">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-directories.html#s5.5" rel="section" title="5.5 Tools for managing directories">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-filesystems.html#s6.1" rel="section" title="6.1 Storage devices and media">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-filesystems.html#s6.2" rel="section" title="6.2 Types of filesystem">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-filesystems.html#s6.3" rel="section" title="6.3 Quotas">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-filesystems.html#s6.4" rel="section" title="6.4 Tools for managing filesystems">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-booting.html#s7.1" rel="section" title="7.1 Boot loaders">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-users.html#s8.1" rel="section" title="8.1 Concepts">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-users.html#s8.2" rel="section" title="8.2 Common tasks">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-users.html#s8.3" rel="section" title="8.3 Tools reference">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-users.html#s8.4" rel="section" title="8.4 Files reference">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-sessions.html#s9.1" rel="section" title="9.1 Starting a session - logging in">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-printing.html#s10.1" rel="section" title="10.1 Print devices">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-printing.html#s10.2" rel="section" title="10.2 Spooler">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-accounting.html#s11.1" rel="section" title="11.1 Concepts">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-backup.html#s12.1" rel="section" title="12.1 Why backup?">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-backup.html#s12.2" rel="section" title="12.2 What to backup?">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-backup.html#s12.3" rel="section" title="12.3 Backup devices and media">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-backup.html#s12.4" rel="section" title="12.4 Backup methods and software">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-backup.html#s12.5" rel="section" title="12.5 Types of backup">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-X.html#s13.1" rel="section" title="13.1 Overview of X">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-security.html#s14.1" rel="section" title="14.1 Threats">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-config.html#s15.1" rel="section" title="15.1 ???">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-time.html#s16.1" rel="section" title="16.1 Setting time, time zones and Daylight Saving">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-time.html#s16.2" rel="section" title="16.2 Setting and showing hardware clock">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-time.html#s-multiboot-with" rel="section" title="16.3 Multiboot with operating systems not understanding timezone">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-time.html#s-syncing-time" rel="section" title="16.4 Syncing time, rdate and NTP">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-time.html#s16.5" rel="section" title="16.5 Setting up an NTP server">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-time.html#s-radio-clocks" rel="section" title="16.6 Radio clocks">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-time.html#s16.7" rel="section" title="16.7 Timestamps">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-time.html#s16.8" rel="section" title="16.8 Time in cron">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-localisation.html#s17.1" rel="section" title="17.1 Environment variables">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-overview.html#s2.1.1" rel="subsection" title="2.1.1 The hardware">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-overview.html#s2.1.2" rel="subsection" title="2.1.2 The Linux kernel">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-overview.html#s2.1.3" rel="subsection" title="2.1.3 Devices">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-overview.html#s2.1.4" rel="subsection" title="2.1.4 Filesystems">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-files.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 Concepts">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-files.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Inodes">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-files.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 Links">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-files.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 Permissions">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-files.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 Device drivers">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-files.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 Device nodes">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-files.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 Kernel modules">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-directories.html#s5.3.1" rel="subsection" title="5.3.1 Hard links">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-directories.html#s5.3.2" rel="subsection" title="5.3.2 Symbolic links">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-users.html#s8.1.1" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 Usernames and User IDs">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-users.html#s8.1.2" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 Groups and Group IDs">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-users.html#s8.1.3" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 Passwords">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-users.html#s8.1.4" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 Quotas">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-users.html#s8.2.1" rel="subsection" title="8.2.1 Adding new users">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-users.html#s8.2.2" rel="subsection" title="8.2.2 Changing or editing user information and settings">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-users.html#s8.2.3" rel="subsection" title="8.2.3 Removing user accounts">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-users.html#s8.2.4" rel="subsection" title="8.2.4 Changing user passwords">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-users.html#s8.2.5" rel="subsection" title="8.2.5 Setting and changing password expiry times">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-users.html#s8.2.6" rel="subsection" title="8.2.6 Creating groups">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-users.html#s8.2.7" rel="subsection" title="8.2.7 Editing groups">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-users.html#s8.2.8" rel="subsection" title="8.2.8 Deleting groups">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-users.html#s8.2.9" rel="subsection" title="8.2.9 Setting up quotas">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-users.html#s8.2.10" rel="subsection" title="8.2.10 Using shadow passwords">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-users.html#s8.3.1" rel="subsection" title="8.3.1 Command-line tools">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-users.html#s8.3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="8.3.1.1 adduser, addgroup">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-users.html#s8.3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="8.3.1.2 chage">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-users.html#s8.3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="8.3.1.3 chfn">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-users.html#s8.3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="8.3.1.4 chsh">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-users.html#s8.3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="8.3.1.5 passwd">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-users.html#s8.3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="8.3.1.6 userdel">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-users.html#s8.3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="8.3.1.7 vipw, vigr">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-users.html#s8.3.2" rel="subsection" title="8.3.2 Graphical tools">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-users.html#s8.4.1" rel="subsection" title="8.4.1 /etc/passwd">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-users.html#s8.4.2" rel="subsection" title="8.4.2 /etc/group">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-users.html#s8.4.3" rel="subsection" title="8.4.3 /etc/shadow">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-printing.html#s10.2.1" rel="subsection" title="10.2.1 Lp">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-printing.html#s10.2.2" rel="subsection" title="10.2.2 LPrng">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-backup.html#s-sect-floppy" rel="subsection" title="12.3.1 Floppy">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-backup.html#s12.3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="12.3.1.1 Backup example 1, suitable for disk media">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-backup.html#s12.3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="12.3.1.2 Backup example 2, suitable for tape media">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-backup.html#s12.3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="12.3.1.3 Backup example 3, suitable for disk media with DOS file system">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-backup.html#s12.3.2" rel="subsection" title="12.3.2 High Capacity Floppies">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-backup.html#s12.3.3" rel="subsection" title="12.3.3 CD-R and CD-RW">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-backup.html#s12.3.4" rel="subsection" title="12.3.4 Tapes">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-backup.html#s12.4.1" rel="subsection" title="12.4.1 Network backups">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-backup.html#s12.4.1.1" rel="subsection" title="12.4.1.1 Installing EMC NetWorker Client">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-backup.html#s12.4.1.2" rel="subsection" title="12.4.1.2 Setting up and Configuring">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-backup.html#s12.4.2" rel="subsection" title="12.4.2 Tar et al">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-backup.html#s12.4.3" rel="subsection" title="12.4.3 Backup software">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-time.html#s-tzconfig" rel="subsection" title="16.1.1 Changing the timezone after installation">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-time.html#s16.1.2" rel="subsection" title="16.1.2 Setting the TZ environment variable.">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-time.html#s16.4.1" rel="subsection" title="16.4.1 Setting time at system boot">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-time.html#s16.4.2" rel="subsection" title="16.4.2 Setting time using NTP">
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<link href="ch-sysadmin-time.html#s16.4.3" rel="subsection" title="16.4.3 Other methods">
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</head>
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<body>
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<p><a name="ch-sysadmin-overview"></a></p>
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<hr>
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<p>
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-intro.html">previous</a> ]
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[ <a href="index.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-intro.html">1</a> ]
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[ 2 ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-files.html">3</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch4.html">4</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-directories.html">5</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-filesystems.html">6</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-booting.html">7</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-users.html">8</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-sessions.html">9</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-printing.html">10</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-accounting.html">11</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-backup.html">12</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-X.html">13</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-security.html">14</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-config.html">15</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-time.html">16</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-localisation.html">17</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-index.html">18</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-files.html">next</a> ]
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</p>
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<hr>
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<h1>
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Debian GNU/Linux System Administrator's Manual (Obsolete Documentation)
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<br>Chapter 2 - Overview of a Debian GNU/Linux System
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</h1>
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<hr>
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<p>
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author = Oliver Elphick
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</p>
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<p>
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topics = Linux Kernel, Devices, Filesystems, Users
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</p>
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<hr>
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<h2><a name="s2.1"></a>2.1 The main components of a system</h2>
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<p>
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A Debian system comprises a computer, with devices to enable it to communicate
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with the outside world, temporary and permanent storage, and the software to
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make it all work.
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</p>
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<p>
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Linux is available for a number of different types of computer. The original
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Linux kernel was written for the Intel 80386, and descendants of this processor
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power the majority of Linux systems at present. However, there are also
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versions of Linux for DEC Alpha, Motorola, Power PC, ARM, Amiga, MIPS, Sun
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SPARC and others.
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</p>
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<p>
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Debian has distributions for x86, DEC Alpha, ARM, Motorola 68k, MIPS,
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Motorola/IBM PowerPC, Sun SPARC, Sun UltraSPARC and GNU/Hurd. (The last-named
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is not a machine but a new operating system from the Free Software Foundation.)
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</p>
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<hr>
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<h3><a name="s2.1.1"></a>2.1.1 The hardware</h3>
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<p>
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The minimum needed for any computer system is a <strong>processor</strong> (or
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<strong>CPU</strong>), some permanent storage (whether modifiable or not), some
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working memory, an input device (usually a keyboard) and an output device
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(usually a screen, but it could be a printer or even an array of lights). The
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usual configuration of a PC is a box containing a <strong>CPU</strong>, a small
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amount of Read Only Memory (<strong>ROM</strong>) and from 4 to 256 Megabytes
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of Random Access Memory (<strong>RAM</strong>). These are mounted on a
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motherboard, which also contains components such as a clock and interfaces to
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various kinds of input and output (<strong>I/O</strong>) devices. The
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motherboard also contains a <strong>BIOS</strong> chip which contains the
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program which starts the computer working when it is reset or powered up.
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</p>
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<p>
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Inside the computer box, with the motherboard there are usually one or more
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disk drives, either removable or permanent, and there may well be a CD/ROM
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drive. Special "cards" are plugged into the motherboard to manage
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networking, video display, sound and so on. Some motherboards may include
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these functions and not need extra cards.
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</p>
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<p>
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Outside the computer box will be peripheral devices of various kinds. These
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will almost always include a video monitor and a keyboard. There will probably
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also be a mouse. Systems with a soundcard will have speakers. There may be a
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modem, printers, graphics pad, music keyboard, scanner, external disk drives,
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and so on; the list is almost endless.
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</p>
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<p>
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All these devices are controlled by software; first by the
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<strong>BIOS</strong>, then by the boot loader which is run by the
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<strong>BIOS</strong> and finally by the <strong>operating system</strong>. In
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Debian's case, that operating system is the Linux <strong>kernel</strong>.
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</p>
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<hr>
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<h3><a name="s2.1.2"></a>2.1.2 The Linux kernel</h3>
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<p>
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The Linux kernel is a program that is running all the time from the moment that
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a Debian system is booted. It is responsible for servicing all running
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programs when they make `system calls', which are requests to run part of the
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kernel code - for instance, reading from a device. No program can operate
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without calling on the kernel for some services.
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</p>
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<p>
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The kernel consists of the base kernel itself and a number of modules, which
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can be loaded on demand. Once loaded, these modules become part of the kernel
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itself, and can be called on in the same way. However, when they are no longer
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required they can be unloaded, thus saving memory.
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</p>
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<p>
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Each Debian distribution comes with a pre-built kernel and modules that handle
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most devices you are likely to have. However, you can rebuild the kernel to
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match your own particular setup, either to accommodate unusual devices or to
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save space by removing support for devices you do not have.
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</p>
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<p>
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Linux kernel development is continually in progress. Kernel version numbers
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indicate how up-to-date the kernel is. At the time of writing (September
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1998), the current stable kernel is 2.0.35 and the development kernel is
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2.1.119. Development kernels have an odd number in the second part of their
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version numbers. When 2.1 is thought sufficiently stable, it will be renamed
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2.2 and will become the new stable release.
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</p>
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<p>
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The current stable Linux kernel should always be available as a Debian package,
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and there is also a package called kernel-package which you can use to make
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your own customised version of the kernel without conflicting with Debian's
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packaging system.
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</p>
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<hr>
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<h3><a name="s2.1.3"></a>2.1.3 Devices</h3>
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<p>
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Every computer has a number of devices, ranging from its own memory to external
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hardware. These devices are controlled by device drivers which are either
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built into the kernel or loaded from kernel modules. (It is possible, but
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unusual, for device drivers to be user programs rather than kernel code.)
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</p>
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<p>
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Devices are accessed through device nodes, which are stored in the
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<samp>/dev</samp> directory. Most operations can be done through these device
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nodes. For device-specific actions, <strong><samp>ioctl</samp></strong> calls
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can be made to the device driver. Retensioning a tape, for example, is done
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through an <strong><samp>ioctl</samp></strong> call.
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</p>
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<hr>
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<h3><a name="s2.1.4"></a>2.1.4 Filesystems</h3>
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<p>
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Disk devices support filesystems, in which all the information available to the
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computer is stored. Filesystems are organised as directory trees.
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</p>
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<p>
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Every Unix computer has at least one filesystem available at all times: this is
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|
the <strong>root</strong> filesystem, which is under the directory
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`<strong>/</strong>'. All other filesystems that may be available are mounted
|
|
under the root filesystem, so that all the filesystems appear as a unified
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|
whole. Filesystems on other machines can be mounted, and even these appear as
|
|
if they were under the root.
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</p>
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<hr>
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<p>
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-intro.html">previous</a> ]
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[ <a href="index.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-intro.html">1</a> ]
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[ 2 ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-files.html">3</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch4.html">4</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-directories.html">5</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-filesystems.html">6</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-booting.html">7</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-users.html">8</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-sessions.html">9</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-printing.html">10</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-accounting.html">11</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-backup.html">12</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-X.html">13</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-security.html">14</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-config.html">15</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-time.html">16</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-localisation.html">17</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-index.html">18</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-sysadmin-files.html">next</a> ]
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</p>
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<hr>
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|
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<p>
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Debian GNU/Linux System Administrator's Manual (Obsolete Documentation)
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</p>
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<address>
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This manual is OBSOLETE and DEPRECATED since 2006, 29 Dezember 2009. Instead see http://www.de.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#quick-reference.<br>
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<br>
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|
Ardo van Rangelrooij <code><a href="mailto:ardo.van.rangelrooij@tip.nl">ardo.van.rangelrooij@tip.nl</a></code><br>
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Tapio Lehtonen <code><a href="mailto:Tapio.Lehtonen@IKI.FI">Tapio.Lehtonen@IKI.FI</a></code><br>
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Oliver Elphick - Previous maintainer<br>
|
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<br>
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</address>
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<hr>
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</body>
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</html>
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