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<link href="ap-apps_appendix.html" rel="appendix" title="A A brief survey of available applications">
<link href="ap-components_appendix.html" rel="appendix" title="B Summary of GNU/Linux system components">
<link href="ap-booting_appendix.html" rel="appendix" title="C Appendix C: Booting the system">
<link href="ap-misc_appendix.html" rel="appendix" title="D Miscellaneous">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html#s-introduction-how" rel="section" title="2.3 How to Read This Book">
<link href="ch-introduction.html#s-introduction-ldp" rel="section" title="2.4 The Linux Documentation Project">
<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-multi" rel="section" title="3.1 A multiuser, multitasking operating system">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-jobs" rel="section" title="4.5 Managing processes with Bash">
<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-bash" rel="section" title="4.6 A few Bash features">
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<link href="ch-file_tools.html#s-file_tools-find" rel="section" title="12.4 Finding files">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-apt" rel="section" title="14.3 Apt">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-kernel" rel="section" title="16.3 Compiling the kernel">
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<link href="ch-next.html#s-next-manuals" rel="section" title="17.1 Other Debian manuals to read">
<link href="ch-next.html#s-next-resources" rel="section" title="17.2 Other resources">
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<link href="ch-helping.html#s-helping-other" rel="section" title="18.2 Other things">
<link href="ap-apps_appendix.html#s-A_apps-whatever" rel="section" title="A.1 (Subheadings could copy the structure of the menu system)">
<link href="ap-misc_appendix.html#s-unix-history" rel="section" title="D.1 Unix History">
<link href="ap-misc_appendix.html#sD.2" rel="section" title="D.2 GNU/Linux History">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-editing-moremoving" rel="subsection" title="8.3.2.3 Sophisticated movement">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-basics-trouble" rel="subsection" title="10.3.3 Troubleshooting">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-disks-mount-mounting" rel="subsection" title="13.2.1 Mounting a filesystem">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-disks-mount-fstab" rel="subsection" title="13.2.3 <samp>/etc/fstab</samp>: Automating the mount process">
<link href="ch-disks.html#s-disks-mount-removable" rel="subsection" title="13.2.4 Removable disks (floppies, Zip disks, etc.)">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-network-ppp-preparation" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Preparation">
<link href="ch-disks.html#s-network-ppp-wvdial" rel="subsection" title="13.3.3 The Easy Way: <samp>wvdial</samp>">
<link href="ch-disks.html#s-network-ppp-pppd" rel="subsection" title="13.3.4 Doing It Manually">
<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-apt-config" rel="subsection" title="14.3.1 Configuring Apt">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-scripting-example" rel="subsection" title="16.1.2 A simple example">
<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-hardlinks" rel="subsection" title="16.2.1 The real nature of files: hard links and inodes">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-types-symlinks" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2.1 Symbolic links">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-types-devices-null" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2.2.1 <samp>/dev/null</samp>">
<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-types-pipes" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2.3 Named pipes (FIFOs)">
<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-types-sockets" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2.4 Sockets">
<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-proc" rel="subsection" title="16.2.3 The <samp>proc</samp> filesystem">
<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-permissions" rel="subsection" title="16.2.4 Advanced aspects of file permissions">
<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-permissions-absolute" rel="subsection" title="16.2.4.1 Using numeric arguments with <samp>chmod</samp>">
<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-chattr" rel="subsection" title="16.2.5 chattr">
<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-copying" rel="subsection" title="16.2.6 Large-scale copying">
<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-undocumented" rel="subsection" title="16.2.7 Other concepts not yet covered, but should be">
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<h1>
Debian Tutorial (Obsolete Documentation)
<br>Footnotes</h1>
<h2><a href="ch-start.html#fr1" name="f1">1</a></h2>
<p>
(A terminal is just a keyboard and a screen, connected to the computer through
the network, over a modem, or directly. Your keyboard and monitor form a
terminal which is directly attached to the computer: this special terminal is
often called the <em>console</em>.)
</p>
<h2><a href="ch-start.html#fr2" name="f2">2</a></h2>
<p>
The solution to this problem is fairly technical. You have to boot with a
rescue disk, mount your normal root partition, and edit
<samp>/etc/passwd</samp> to remove the old root password. Ask for help if this
doesn't make sense to you (see <a href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-support">Getting
help from a person, Section 5.5</a>).
</p>
<h2><a href="ch-start.html#fr3" name="f3">3</a></h2>
<p>
To avoid possibly weakening some hardware components, only turn off the
computer when you're done for the day. Power up and power down are the two
greatest contributors to wear and tear on computer components. Turning the
computer on and off once a day is probably the best compromise between your
electric bill and your computer's lifespan.
</p>
<h2><a href="ch-basics.html#fr4" name="f4">4</a></h2>
<p>
<em>Syntax</em> means the correct ways to combine various options and
arguments.
</p>
<h2><a href="ch-basics.html#fr5" name="f5">5</a></h2>
<p>
While you <em>can</em> use almost any letters or symbols in a file name, in
practice it's a bad idea. It is better to avoid any characters that often have
special meanings on the command line, including: <samp>{ } ( ) [ ] ' ` &quot; \
/ &gt; &lt; | ; ! # &amp; ^ * % @</samp>
</p>
<p>
Also avoid putting spaces in filenames. If you want to separate words in a
name, good choices are the period, hyphen, and underscore. You could also
capitalize each word, <samp>LikeThis</samp>.
</p>
<h2><a href="ch-basics.html#fr6" name="f6">6</a></h2>
<p>
There is also another use for the word &quot;path&quot; . The intended meaning
is usually clear from the context.
</p>
<h2><a href="ch-basics.html#fr7" name="f7">7</a></h2>
<p>
daemon originally means Disks And Extensions MONitor
</p>
<h2><a href="ch-basics.html#fr8" name="f8">8</a></h2>
<p>
In technical terms, <samp>kill</samp> simply sends a signal. By default it
sends a signal which requests termination (<samp>TERM</samp>, or signal 15);
but you can also specify a signal, and signal 9 (<samp>KILL</samp>) is the
signal which forces termination. The command name <samp>kill</samp> is not
necessarily appropriate to the signal sent; for example, sending the
<samp>TSTP</samp> (terminal stop) signal suspends the process but allows it to
be continued later.
</p>
<h2><a href="ch-docs.html#fr9" name="f9">9</a></h2>
<p>
Debian have packages for the German, French, Spanish, Italian, Japanese,
Korean, Polish, Swedish and Chinese versions of the HOWTOs; usually available
in the package <var>doc-linux-languagecode</var>, with <var>languagecode</var>
being <samp>fr</samp> for French, <samp>es</samp> for Spanish, etc...
</p>
<h2><a href="ch-shell.html#fr10" name="f10">10</a></h2>
<p>
You may see a chicken and egg problem here. There is an original process that
starts all the others; it's process number 1, <samp>init</samp>. You can see
it running by typing <samp>ps u 1</samp>.
</p>
<h2><a href="ch-shell.html#fr11" name="f11">11</a></h2>
<p>
If you're running a C Shell derivative, the equivalent builtin to
<samp>type</samp> is <samp>which</samp>.
</p>
<h2><a href="ch-shell.html#fr12" name="f12">12</a></h2>
<p>
Actually, files beginning with <samp>.</samp> are not included in the expansion
of <samp>*</samp>
</p>
<h2><a href="ch-editor.html#fr13" name="f13">13</a></h2>
<p>
The keyboard of some very old terminals (from the 60s) had no BackSpace or
Delete key
</p>
<h2><a href="ch-X.html#fr14" name="f14">14</a></h2>
<p>
It's also sometimes called X11 or X Window. Please note that &quot;X
Windows&quot; is <em>not</em> correct and you're likely to offend the purists
if you use this incorrect term.
</p>
<h2><a href="ch-X.html#fr15" name="f15">15</a></h2>
<p>
You can see how Debian's X startup works in the file
<samp>/etc/X11/Xsession</samp>. Note that the behavior of
<samp>/etc/X11/Xsession</samp> can be changed by modifying the file
<samp>/etc/X11/config</samp>, which specifies a few system-wide preferences.
</p>
<h2><a href="ch-text_tools.html#fr16" name="f16">16</a></h2>
<p>
The single quotes are not always needed, but they never hurt.
</p>
<h2><a href="ch-disks.html#fr17" name="f17">17</a></h2>
<p>
Some people spell it as two words, i.e. &quot;file system&quot;. A quick poll
of man pages (<samp>man -k filesystem</samp>, <samp>man -k 'file
system'</samp>) reveals about an even split. So I'm spelling it as one word.
</p>
<h2><a href="ch-disks.html#fr18" name="f18">18</a></h2>
<p>
This isn't a comprehensive list. Generally the documentation for a particular
device or program will tell you what device name you want to use. There are
hundreds of different device names. A pretty complete (through not very
detailed) list should be on your system in the file
<samp>/usr/src/linux/Documentation/devices.txt</samp>.
</p>
<h2><a href="ch-disks.html#fr19" name="f19">19</a></h2>
<p>
SCSI devices have a more complicated naming scheme than IDE devices, mostly
because SCSI has more uses. The partitions of a SCSI disk have the form
<samp>/dev/sda[1-9a-f]</samp>, that is, <samp>/dev/sda</samp> (or
<samp>sdb</samp> or <samp>sdc</samp>, etc.) followed by a number or letter from
<samp>1--9</samp> or <samp>a--f</samp>. <samp>/dev/scd0</samp> is the first
SCSI CDROM device; general devices such as scanners might look like
<samp>/dev/sg0</samp>; <samp>/dev/st0</samp> is a SCSI tape drive.
</p>
<h2><a href="ch-disks.html#fr20" name="f20">20</a></h2>
<p>
If you have SCSI hard disks in your system, you'll have to change
<samp>sda</samp> by <samp>sdb</samp> or <samp>sdc</samp>, etc... in the
example above.
</p>
<h2><a href="#fr21" name="f21">21</a></h2>
<p>
&quot;Assembly language&quot; is a very basic computer language that is tied to
a particular type of computer. It is usually considered a challenge to program
in.
</p>
<h2><a href="#fr22" name="f22">22</a></h2>
<p>
Previously, USL was owned by AT&amp; T and later Novell
</p>
<h2><a href="#fr23" name="f23">23</a></h2>
<p>
A cryptic way of saying &quot;System Five, Release Four&quot;.
</p>
<h2><a href="#fr24" name="f24">24</a></h2>
<p>
The <em>source code</em> of a program is what the human programmer reads and
writes. It is later translated into machine code that the computer interprets.
</p>
<hr>
<p>
Debian Tutorial (Obsolete Documentation)
</p>
<address>
29 Dezember 2009<br>
<br>
Havoc Pennington <code><a href="mailto:hp@debian.org">hp@debian.org</a></code><br>
<br>
</address>
<hr>
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