393 lines
21 KiB
HTML
393 lines
21 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
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<html>
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<head>
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<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
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<title>Debian Tutorial (Obsolete Documentation) - Footnotes</title>
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<link href="index.html" rel="start">
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<link href=".html" rel="prev">
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<link href=".html" rel="next">
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<link href="index.html#contents" rel="contents">
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<link href="index.html#copyright" rel="copyright">
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<link href="ch-about.html" rel="chapter" title="1 About this manual">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Introduction">
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<link href="ch-start.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Getting started">
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<link href="ch-basics.html" rel="chapter" title="4 The Basics">
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<link href="ch-docs.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Reading documentation and getting help">
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<link href="ch-shell.html" rel="chapter" title="6 Using the shell">
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<link href="ch-files.html" rel="chapter" title="7 More on files">
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<link href="ch-editor.html" rel="chapter" title="8 Creating and editing text files">
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<link href="ch-custom_shell.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Customizing the shell">
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<link href="ch-X.html" rel="chapter" title="10 The X Window System">
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<link href="ch-text_tools.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Text tools">
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<link href="ch-file_tools.html" rel="chapter" title="12 File tools">
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<link href="ch-disks.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Using disks">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Removing and installing software">
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<link href="ch-troubleshooting.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Troubleshooting">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html" rel="chapter" title="16 Advanced topics">
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<link href="ch-next.html" rel="chapter" title="17 Where to from here?">
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<link href="ch-helping.html" rel="chapter" title="18 Contributing to Debian: How can I help?">
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<link href="ap-apps_appendix.html" rel="appendix" title="A A brief survey of available applications">
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<link href="ap-components_appendix.html" rel="appendix" title="B Summary of GNU/Linux system components">
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<link href="ap-booting_appendix.html" rel="appendix" title="C Appendix C: Booting the system">
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<link href="ap-misc_appendix.html" rel="appendix" title="D Miscellaneous">
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<link href="ch-about.html#s-acknowldgements" rel="section" title="1.1 Acknowledgements">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html#s-introduction-debian" rel="section" title="2.1 What is Debian?">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html#s-introduction-DFSG" rel="section" title="2.2 What's free software?">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html#s-introduction-how" rel="section" title="2.3 How to Read This Book">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html#s-introduction-ldp" rel="section" title="2.4 The Linux Documentation Project">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-multi" rel="section" title="3.1 A multiuser, multitasking operating system">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-login" rel="section" title="3.2 Logging in">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-keys" rel="section" title="3.3 Keys">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-commandline" rel="section" title="3.4 Command history and editing the command line">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-root" rel="section" title="3.5 Logging in as root">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-VC" rel="section" title="3.6 Virtual consoles">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-shutdown" rel="section" title="3.7 Shutting down">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-commandline" rel="section" title="4.1 The command line and <samp>man</samp> pages">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-files" rel="section" title="4.2 Files and Directories">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-processes" rel="section" title="4.3 Processes">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-shell" rel="section" title="4.4 The shell">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-jobs" rel="section" title="4.5 Managing processes with Bash">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-bash" rel="section" title="4.6 A few Bash features">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-identity" rel="section" title="4.7 Managing your identity">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-sources" rel="section" title="5.1 Kinds of documentation">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-info" rel="section" title="5.2 Using info">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-textfiles" rel="section" title="5.3 Viewing text files with more and less">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-howtos" rel="section" title="5.4 HOWTOs">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-support" rel="section" title="5.5 Getting help from a person">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-sysinfo" rel="section" title="5.6 Getting information from the system">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-shell-variables" rel="section" title="6.1 Environment variables">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-shell-path" rel="section" title="6.2 Where commands live: the <samp>PATH</samp> variable">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-custom_shell-aliases" rel="section" title="6.3 Aliases and shell functions">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-shell-io" rel="section" title="6.4 Controlling input and output">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-shell-modifiers" rel="section" title="6.5 Specifying how and when to run commands">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-shell-wildcards" rel="section" title="6.6 Filename expansion ("Wildcards")">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s6.7" rel="section" title="6.7 Interactive/non-interactive">
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<link href="ch-files.html#s-files-permissions" rel="section" title="7.1 Permissions">
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<link href="ch-files.html#s-files-tour" rel="section" title="7.2 What files are on my system? Where can I put my own files?">
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<link href="ch-files.html#s-file-manager" rel="section" title="7.3 Using a filemanager">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-textfile" rel="section" title="8.1 What's a text file?">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-editor" rel="section" title="8.2 Text editors">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi" rel="section" title="8.3 Creating and editing a text file with <code>vi</code>">
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<link href="ch-custom_shell.html#s-custom_shell-dotfiles" rel="section" title="9.1 .rc files and <samp>ls -a</samp>">
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<link href="ch-custom_shell.html#s-custom_shell-etc" rel="section" title="9.2 System-wide vs. user-specific configuration">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-starting" rel="section" title="10.1 Starting the X environment">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-intro" rel="section" title="10.2 Intro: What is X">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-basics" rel="section" title="10.3 Basic X operations">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-startup" rel="section" title="10.4 Customizing your X startup">
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<link href="ch-text_tools.html#s-text_tools-regexps" rel="section" title="11.1 Regular expressions">
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<link href="ch-file_tools.html#s-file_tools-backup" rel="section" title="12.1 Backup tools">
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<link href="ch-file_tools.html#s-file_tools-compression" rel="section" title="12.2 File compression with <samp>gzip</samp>">
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<link href="ch-file_tools.html#s-file_tools-split" rel="section" title="12.3 Splitting files into smaller pieces">
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<link href="ch-file_tools.html#s-file_tools-find" rel="section" title="12.4 Finding files">
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<link href="ch-file_tools.html#s-file_tools-file" rel="section" title="12.5 Determining a file's contents">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-disks-concepts" rel="section" title="13.1 Concepts">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-disks-mount" rel="section" title="13.2 <samp>mount</samp> and <samp>/etc/fstab</samp>">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-network-ppp" rel="section" title="13.3 PPP">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-dpkg" rel="section" title="14.1 The <code>dpkg</code> package utility">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-what" rel="section" title="14.2 What a package maintenance utility does">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-apt" rel="section" title="14.3 Apt">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-dselect" rel="section" title="14.4 Using dselect.">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-commandline" rel="section" title="14.5 Using dpkg manually">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-compiling" rel="section" title="14.6 Compiling software yourself">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-proprietary" rel="section" title="14.7 Proprietary software not in .deb format">
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<link href="ch-troubleshooting.html#s-troubleshooting-frozen" rel="section" title="15.1 Debian is frozen or crashed!">
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<link href="ch-troubleshooting.html#s-troubleshooting-termgarbage" rel="section" title="15.2 My terminal isn't behaving properly">
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<link href="ch-troubleshooting.html#s-troubleshooting-vi" rel="section" title="15.3 The computer beeps when I press a key, and my screen shows a text file and/or a lot of <samp>~</samp> symbols.">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-scripting" rel="section" title="16.1 Introduction to shell scripting">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files" rel="section" title="16.2 Advanced files">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-kernel" rel="section" title="16.3 Compiling the kernel">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-security" rel="section" title="16.4 A few words on security">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-programming" rel="section" title="16.5 Programming on Linux">
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<link href="ch-next.html#s-next-manuals" rel="section" title="17.1 Other Debian manuals to read">
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<link href="ch-next.html#s-next-resources" rel="section" title="17.2 Other resources">
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<link href="ch-helping.html#s-helping-bugs" rel="section" title="18.1 Submit bug reports">
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<link href="ch-helping.html#s-helping-other" rel="section" title="18.2 Other things">
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<link href="ap-apps_appendix.html#s-A_apps-whatever" rel="section" title="A.1 (Subheadings could copy the structure of the menu system)">
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<link href="ap-misc_appendix.html#s-unix-history" rel="section" title="D.1 Unix History">
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<link href="ap-misc_appendix.html#sD.2" rel="section" title="D.2 GNU/Linux History">
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<link href="ap-misc_appendix.html#sD.3" rel="section" title="D.3 The Linux kernel's version numbering">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html#s-introduction-debian-os" rel="subsection" title="2.1.1 What's an operating system, and what sort of operating system is Debian?">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html#s-introduction-debian-how" rel="subsection" title="2.1.2 Who creates Debian?">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-commandline-description" rel="subsection" title="4.1.1 Describing the command line">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-files-intro" rel="subsection" title="4.2.1 Introduction to files">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-files-using" rel="subsection" title="4.2.2 Using files: a tutorial">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-bash-completion" rel="subsection" title="4.6.1 Tab Completion">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-support-posting" rel="subsection" title="5.5.1 Dos and Don'ts of asking a question">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-shell-variables-parents" rel="subsection" title="6.1.1 Parent and child processes">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-interactive-shells" rel="subsection" title="6.7.1 Interactive shells">
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<link href="ch-files.html#s-files-permissions-groups" rel="subsection" title="7.1.1 File Ownership">
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<link href="ch-files.html#s-files-permissions-mode" rel="subsection" title="7.1.2 Mode">
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<link href="ch-files.html#s-files-permissions-tutorial" rel="subsection" title="7.1.3 Permissions in practice">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-creating" rel="subsection" title="8.3.1 Creating a file">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-editing" rel="subsection" title="8.3.2 Editing an existing file">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-editing-movement" rel="subsection" title="8.3.2.1 Moving around in a file">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-editing-deletion" rel="subsection" title="8.3.2.2 Deleting text">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-editing-moremoving" rel="subsection" title="8.3.2.3 Sophisticated movement">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-editing-numbers" rel="subsection" title="8.3.2.4 Repeating commands">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-editing-advanced" rel="subsection" title="8.3.2.5 Advanced reference">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-basics-mouse" rel="subsection" title="10.3.1 The mouse">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-basics-clients" rel="subsection" title="10.3.2 X clients">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-basics-trouble" rel="subsection" title="10.3.3 Troubleshooting">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-basics-leaving" rel="subsection" title="10.3.4 Leaving the X environment">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-disks-mount-mounting" rel="subsection" title="13.2.1 Mounting a filesystem">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-disks-mount-cdromexample" rel="subsection" title="13.2.2 Example: Mounting a CD-ROM">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-disks-mount-fstab" rel="subsection" title="13.2.3 <samp>/etc/fstab</samp>: Automating the mount process">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-disks-mount-removable" rel="subsection" title="13.2.4 Removable disks (floppies, Zip disks, etc.)">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-network-ppp-introduction" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Introduction">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-network-ppp-preparation" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Preparation">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-network-ppp-wvdial" rel="subsection" title="13.3.3 The Easy Way: <samp>wvdial</samp>">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-network-ppp-pppd" rel="subsection" title="13.3.4 Doing It Manually">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-apt-config" rel="subsection" title="14.3.1 Configuring Apt">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-apt-usage" rel="subsection" title="14.3.2 Using apt-get.">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-scripting-why" rel="subsection" title="16.1.1 What and why">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-scripting-example" rel="subsection" title="16.1.2 A simple example">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-hardlinks" rel="subsection" title="16.2.1 The real nature of files: hard links and inodes">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-types" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2 Types of files">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-types-symlinks" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2.1 Symbolic links">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-files-misc-types-devices" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2.2 Device files">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-types-devices-null" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2.2.1 <samp>/dev/null</samp>">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-types-pipes" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2.3 Named pipes (FIFOs)">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-types-sockets" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2.4 Sockets">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-proc" rel="subsection" title="16.2.3 The <samp>proc</samp> filesystem">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-permissions" rel="subsection" title="16.2.4 Advanced aspects of file permissions">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-permissions-absolute" rel="subsection" title="16.2.4.1 Using numeric arguments with <samp>chmod</samp>">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-chattr" rel="subsection" title="16.2.5 chattr">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-copying" rel="subsection" title="16.2.6 Large-scale copying">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-undocumented" rel="subsection" title="16.2.7 Other concepts not yet covered, but should be">
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</head>
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<body>
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<hr>
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<h1>
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Debian Tutorial (Obsolete Documentation)
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<br>Footnotes</h1>
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<h2><a href="ch-start.html#fr1" name="f1">1</a></h2>
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<p>
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(A terminal is just a keyboard and a screen, connected to the computer through
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the network, over a modem, or directly. Your keyboard and monitor form a
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terminal which is directly attached to the computer: this special terminal is
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often called the <em>console</em>.)
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</p>
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<h2><a href="ch-start.html#fr2" name="f2">2</a></h2>
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<p>
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The solution to this problem is fairly technical. You have to boot with a
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rescue disk, mount your normal root partition, and edit
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<samp>/etc/passwd</samp> to remove the old root password. Ask for help if this
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doesn't make sense to you (see <a href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-support">Getting
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help from a person, Section 5.5</a>).
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</p>
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<h2><a href="ch-start.html#fr3" name="f3">3</a></h2>
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<p>
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To avoid possibly weakening some hardware components, only turn off the
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computer when you're done for the day. Power up and power down are the two
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greatest contributors to wear and tear on computer components. Turning the
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computer on and off once a day is probably the best compromise between your
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electric bill and your computer's lifespan.
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</p>
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<h2><a href="ch-basics.html#fr4" name="f4">4</a></h2>
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<p>
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<em>Syntax</em> means the correct ways to combine various options and
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arguments.
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</p>
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<h2><a href="ch-basics.html#fr5" name="f5">5</a></h2>
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<p>
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While you <em>can</em> use almost any letters or symbols in a file name, in
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practice it's a bad idea. It is better to avoid any characters that often have
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special meanings on the command line, including: <samp>{ } ( ) [ ] ' ` " \
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/ > < | ; ! # & ^ * % @</samp>
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</p>
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<p>
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Also avoid putting spaces in filenames. If you want to separate words in a
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name, good choices are the period, hyphen, and underscore. You could also
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capitalize each word, <samp>LikeThis</samp>.
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</p>
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<h2><a href="ch-basics.html#fr6" name="f6">6</a></h2>
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<p>
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There is also another use for the word "path" . The intended meaning
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is usually clear from the context.
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</p>
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<h2><a href="ch-basics.html#fr7" name="f7">7</a></h2>
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<p>
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daemon originally means Disks And Extensions MONitor
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</p>
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<h2><a href="ch-basics.html#fr8" name="f8">8</a></h2>
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<p>
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In technical terms, <samp>kill</samp> simply sends a signal. By default it
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sends a signal which requests termination (<samp>TERM</samp>, or signal 15);
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but you can also specify a signal, and signal 9 (<samp>KILL</samp>) is the
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signal which forces termination. The command name <samp>kill</samp> is not
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necessarily appropriate to the signal sent; for example, sending the
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<samp>TSTP</samp> (terminal stop) signal suspends the process but allows it to
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be continued later.
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</p>
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<h2><a href="ch-docs.html#fr9" name="f9">9</a></h2>
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<p>
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Debian have packages for the German, French, Spanish, Italian, Japanese,
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Korean, Polish, Swedish and Chinese versions of the HOWTOs; usually available
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in the package <var>doc-linux-languagecode</var>, with <var>languagecode</var>
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being <samp>fr</samp> for French, <samp>es</samp> for Spanish, etc...
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</p>
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<h2><a href="ch-shell.html#fr10" name="f10">10</a></h2>
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<p>
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You may see a chicken and egg problem here. There is an original process that
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starts all the others; it's process number 1, <samp>init</samp>. You can see
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it running by typing <samp>ps u 1</samp>.
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</p>
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<h2><a href="ch-shell.html#fr11" name="f11">11</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
If you're running a C Shell derivative, the equivalent builtin to
|
|
<samp>type</samp> is <samp>which</samp>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h2><a href="ch-shell.html#fr12" name="f12">12</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Actually, files beginning with <samp>.</samp> are not included in the expansion
|
|
of <samp>*</samp>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h2><a href="ch-editor.html#fr13" name="f13">13</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The keyboard of some very old terminals (from the 60s) had no BackSpace or
|
|
Delete key
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h2><a href="ch-X.html#fr14" name="f14">14</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
It's also sometimes called X11 or X Window. Please note that "X
|
|
Windows" is <em>not</em> correct and you're likely to offend the purists
|
|
if you use this incorrect term.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h2><a href="ch-X.html#fr15" name="f15">15</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
You can see how Debian's X startup works in the file
|
|
<samp>/etc/X11/Xsession</samp>. Note that the behavior of
|
|
<samp>/etc/X11/Xsession</samp> can be changed by modifying the file
|
|
<samp>/etc/X11/config</samp>, which specifies a few system-wide preferences.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h2><a href="ch-text_tools.html#fr16" name="f16">16</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The single quotes are not always needed, but they never hurt.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h2><a href="ch-disks.html#fr17" name="f17">17</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Some people spell it as two words, i.e. "file system". A quick poll
|
|
of man pages (<samp>man -k filesystem</samp>, <samp>man -k 'file
|
|
system'</samp>) reveals about an even split. So I'm spelling it as one word.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h2><a href="ch-disks.html#fr18" name="f18">18</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
This isn't a comprehensive list. Generally the documentation for a particular
|
|
device or program will tell you what device name you want to use. There are
|
|
hundreds of different device names. A pretty complete (through not very
|
|
detailed) list should be on your system in the file
|
|
<samp>/usr/src/linux/Documentation/devices.txt</samp>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h2><a href="ch-disks.html#fr19" name="f19">19</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
SCSI devices have a more complicated naming scheme than IDE devices, mostly
|
|
because SCSI has more uses. The partitions of a SCSI disk have the form
|
|
<samp>/dev/sda[1-9a-f]</samp>, that is, <samp>/dev/sda</samp> (or
|
|
<samp>sdb</samp> or <samp>sdc</samp>, etc.) followed by a number or letter from
|
|
<samp>1--9</samp> or <samp>a--f</samp>. <samp>/dev/scd0</samp> is the first
|
|
SCSI CDROM device; general devices such as scanners might look like
|
|
<samp>/dev/sg0</samp>; <samp>/dev/st0</samp> is a SCSI tape drive.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h2><a href="ch-disks.html#fr20" name="f20">20</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
If you have SCSI hard disks in your system, you'll have to change
|
|
<samp>sda</samp> by <samp>sdb</samp> or <samp>sdc</samp>, etc... in the
|
|
example above.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h2><a href="#fr21" name="f21">21</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
"Assembly language" is a very basic computer language that is tied to
|
|
a particular type of computer. It is usually considered a challenge to program
|
|
in.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h2><a href="#fr22" name="f22">22</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Previously, USL was owned by AT& T and later Novell
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h2><a href="#fr23" name="f23">23</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
A cryptic way of saying "System Five, Release Four".
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h2><a href="#fr24" name="f24">24</a></h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The <em>source code</em> of a program is what the human programmer reads and
|
|
writes. It is later translated into machine code that the computer interprets.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Debian Tutorial (Obsolete Documentation)
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<address>
|
|
29 Dezember 2009<br>
|
|
<br>
|
|
Havoc Pennington <code><a href="mailto:hp@debian.org">hp@debian.org</a></code><br>
|
|
<br>
|
|
</address>
|
|
<hr>
|
|
|
|
</body>
|
|
|
|
</html>
|
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|