634 lines
28 KiB
HTML
634 lines
28 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
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<html>
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<head>
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<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
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<title>Debian Tutorial (Obsolete Documentation) - Removing and installing software</title>
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<link href="index.html" rel="start">
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<link href="ch-disks.html" rel="prev">
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<link href="ch-troubleshooting.html" rel="next">
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<link href="index.html#contents" rel="contents">
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<link href="index.html#copyright" rel="copyright">
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<link href="ch-about.html" rel="chapter" title="1 About this manual">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Introduction">
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<link href="ch-start.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Getting started">
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<link href="ch-basics.html" rel="chapter" title="4 The Basics">
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<link href="ch-docs.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Reading documentation and getting help">
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<link href="ch-shell.html" rel="chapter" title="6 Using the shell">
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<link href="ch-files.html" rel="chapter" title="7 More on files">
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<link href="ch-editor.html" rel="chapter" title="8 Creating and editing text files">
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<link href="ch-custom_shell.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Customizing the shell">
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<link href="ch-X.html" rel="chapter" title="10 The X Window System">
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<link href="ch-text_tools.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Text tools">
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<link href="ch-file_tools.html" rel="chapter" title="12 File tools">
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<link href="ch-disks.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Using disks">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Removing and installing software">
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<link href="ch-troubleshooting.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Troubleshooting">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html" rel="chapter" title="16 Advanced topics">
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<link href="ch-next.html" rel="chapter" title="17 Where to from here?">
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<link href="ch-helping.html" rel="chapter" title="18 Contributing to Debian: How can I help?">
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<link href="ap-apps_appendix.html" rel="appendix" title="A A brief survey of available applications">
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<link href="ap-components_appendix.html" rel="appendix" title="B Summary of GNU/Linux system components">
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<link href="ap-booting_appendix.html" rel="appendix" title="C Appendix C: Booting the system">
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<link href="ap-misc_appendix.html" rel="appendix" title="D Miscellaneous">
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<link href="ch-about.html#s-acknowldgements" rel="section" title="1.1 Acknowledgements">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html#s-introduction-debian" rel="section" title="2.1 What is Debian?">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html#s-introduction-DFSG" rel="section" title="2.2 What's free software?">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html#s-introduction-how" rel="section" title="2.3 How to Read This Book">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html#s-introduction-ldp" rel="section" title="2.4 The Linux Documentation Project">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-multi" rel="section" title="3.1 A multiuser, multitasking operating system">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-login" rel="section" title="3.2 Logging in">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-keys" rel="section" title="3.3 Keys">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-commandline" rel="section" title="3.4 Command history and editing the command line">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-root" rel="section" title="3.5 Logging in as root">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-VC" rel="section" title="3.6 Virtual consoles">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-shutdown" rel="section" title="3.7 Shutting down">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-commandline" rel="section" title="4.1 The command line and <samp>man</samp> pages">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-files" rel="section" title="4.2 Files and Directories">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-processes" rel="section" title="4.3 Processes">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-shell" rel="section" title="4.4 The shell">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-jobs" rel="section" title="4.5 Managing processes with Bash">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-bash" rel="section" title="4.6 A few Bash features">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-identity" rel="section" title="4.7 Managing your identity">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-sources" rel="section" title="5.1 Kinds of documentation">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-info" rel="section" title="5.2 Using info">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-textfiles" rel="section" title="5.3 Viewing text files with more and less">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-howtos" rel="section" title="5.4 HOWTOs">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-support" rel="section" title="5.5 Getting help from a person">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-sysinfo" rel="section" title="5.6 Getting information from the system">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-shell-variables" rel="section" title="6.1 Environment variables">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-shell-path" rel="section" title="6.2 Where commands live: the <samp>PATH</samp> variable">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-custom_shell-aliases" rel="section" title="6.3 Aliases and shell functions">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-shell-io" rel="section" title="6.4 Controlling input and output">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-shell-modifiers" rel="section" title="6.5 Specifying how and when to run commands">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-shell-wildcards" rel="section" title="6.6 Filename expansion ("Wildcards")">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s6.7" rel="section" title="6.7 Interactive/non-interactive">
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<link href="ch-files.html#s-files-permissions" rel="section" title="7.1 Permissions">
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<link href="ch-files.html#s-files-tour" rel="section" title="7.2 What files are on my system? Where can I put my own files?">
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<link href="ch-files.html#s-file-manager" rel="section" title="7.3 Using a filemanager">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-textfile" rel="section" title="8.1 What's a text file?">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-editor" rel="section" title="8.2 Text editors">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi" rel="section" title="8.3 Creating and editing a text file with <code>vi</code>">
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<link href="ch-custom_shell.html#s-custom_shell-dotfiles" rel="section" title="9.1 .rc files and <samp>ls -a</samp>">
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<link href="ch-custom_shell.html#s-custom_shell-etc" rel="section" title="9.2 System-wide vs. user-specific configuration">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-starting" rel="section" title="10.1 Starting the X environment">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-intro" rel="section" title="10.2 Intro: What is X">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-basics" rel="section" title="10.3 Basic X operations">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-startup" rel="section" title="10.4 Customizing your X startup">
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<link href="ch-text_tools.html#s-text_tools-regexps" rel="section" title="11.1 Regular expressions">
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<link href="ch-file_tools.html#s-file_tools-backup" rel="section" title="12.1 Backup tools">
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<link href="ch-file_tools.html#s-file_tools-compression" rel="section" title="12.2 File compression with <samp>gzip</samp>">
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<link href="ch-file_tools.html#s-file_tools-split" rel="section" title="12.3 Splitting files into smaller pieces">
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<link href="ch-file_tools.html#s-file_tools-find" rel="section" title="12.4 Finding files">
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<link href="ch-file_tools.html#s-file_tools-file" rel="section" title="12.5 Determining a file's contents">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-disks-concepts" rel="section" title="13.1 Concepts">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-disks-mount" rel="section" title="13.2 <samp>mount</samp> and <samp>/etc/fstab</samp>">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-network-ppp" rel="section" title="13.3 PPP">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-dpkg" rel="section" title="14.1 The <code>dpkg</code> package utility">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-what" rel="section" title="14.2 What a package maintenance utility does">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-apt" rel="section" title="14.3 Apt">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-dselect" rel="section" title="14.4 Using dselect.">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-commandline" rel="section" title="14.5 Using dpkg manually">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-compiling" rel="section" title="14.6 Compiling software yourself">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-proprietary" rel="section" title="14.7 Proprietary software not in .deb format">
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<link href="ch-troubleshooting.html#s-troubleshooting-frozen" rel="section" title="15.1 Debian is frozen or crashed!">
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<link href="ch-troubleshooting.html#s-troubleshooting-termgarbage" rel="section" title="15.2 My terminal isn't behaving properly">
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<link href="ch-troubleshooting.html#s-troubleshooting-vi" rel="section" title="15.3 The computer beeps when I press a key, and my screen shows a text file and/or a lot of <samp>~</samp> symbols.">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-scripting" rel="section" title="16.1 Introduction to shell scripting">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files" rel="section" title="16.2 Advanced files">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-kernel" rel="section" title="16.3 Compiling the kernel">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-security" rel="section" title="16.4 A few words on security">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-programming" rel="section" title="16.5 Programming on Linux">
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<link href="ch-next.html#s-next-manuals" rel="section" title="17.1 Other Debian manuals to read">
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<link href="ch-next.html#s-next-resources" rel="section" title="17.2 Other resources">
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<link href="ch-helping.html#s-helping-bugs" rel="section" title="18.1 Submit bug reports">
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<link href="ch-helping.html#s-helping-other" rel="section" title="18.2 Other things">
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<link href="ap-apps_appendix.html#s-A_apps-whatever" rel="section" title="A.1 (Subheadings could copy the structure of the menu system)">
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<link href="ap-misc_appendix.html#s-unix-history" rel="section" title="D.1 Unix History">
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<link href="ap-misc_appendix.html#sD.2" rel="section" title="D.2 GNU/Linux History">
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<link href="ap-misc_appendix.html#sD.3" rel="section" title="D.3 The Linux kernel's version numbering">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html#s-introduction-debian-os" rel="subsection" title="2.1.1 What's an operating system, and what sort of operating system is Debian?">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html#s-introduction-debian-how" rel="subsection" title="2.1.2 Who creates Debian?">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-commandline-description" rel="subsection" title="4.1.1 Describing the command line">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-files-intro" rel="subsection" title="4.2.1 Introduction to files">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-files-using" rel="subsection" title="4.2.2 Using files: a tutorial">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-bash-completion" rel="subsection" title="4.6.1 Tab Completion">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-support-posting" rel="subsection" title="5.5.1 Dos and Don'ts of asking a question">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-shell-variables-parents" rel="subsection" title="6.1.1 Parent and child processes">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-interactive-shells" rel="subsection" title="6.7.1 Interactive shells">
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<link href="ch-files.html#s-files-permissions-groups" rel="subsection" title="7.1.1 File Ownership">
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<link href="ch-files.html#s-files-permissions-mode" rel="subsection" title="7.1.2 Mode">
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<link href="ch-files.html#s-files-permissions-tutorial" rel="subsection" title="7.1.3 Permissions in practice">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-creating" rel="subsection" title="8.3.1 Creating a file">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-editing" rel="subsection" title="8.3.2 Editing an existing file">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-editing-movement" rel="subsection" title="8.3.2.1 Moving around in a file">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-editing-deletion" rel="subsection" title="8.3.2.2 Deleting text">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-editing-moremoving" rel="subsection" title="8.3.2.3 Sophisticated movement">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-editing-numbers" rel="subsection" title="8.3.2.4 Repeating commands">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-editing-advanced" rel="subsection" title="8.3.2.5 Advanced reference">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-basics-mouse" rel="subsection" title="10.3.1 The mouse">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-basics-clients" rel="subsection" title="10.3.2 X clients">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-basics-trouble" rel="subsection" title="10.3.3 Troubleshooting">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-basics-leaving" rel="subsection" title="10.3.4 Leaving the X environment">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-disks-mount-mounting" rel="subsection" title="13.2.1 Mounting a filesystem">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-disks-mount-cdromexample" rel="subsection" title="13.2.2 Example: Mounting a CD-ROM">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-disks-mount-fstab" rel="subsection" title="13.2.3 <samp>/etc/fstab</samp>: Automating the mount process">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-disks-mount-removable" rel="subsection" title="13.2.4 Removable disks (floppies, Zip disks, etc.)">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-network-ppp-introduction" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Introduction">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-network-ppp-preparation" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Preparation">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-network-ppp-wvdial" rel="subsection" title="13.3.3 The Easy Way: <samp>wvdial</samp>">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-network-ppp-pppd" rel="subsection" title="13.3.4 Doing It Manually">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-apt-config" rel="subsection" title="14.3.1 Configuring Apt">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-apt-usage" rel="subsection" title="14.3.2 Using apt-get.">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-scripting-why" rel="subsection" title="16.1.1 What and why">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-scripting-example" rel="subsection" title="16.1.2 A simple example">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-hardlinks" rel="subsection" title="16.2.1 The real nature of files: hard links and inodes">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-types" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2 Types of files">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-types-symlinks" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2.1 Symbolic links">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-files-misc-types-devices" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2.2 Device files">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-types-devices-null" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2.2.1 <samp>/dev/null</samp>">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-types-pipes" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2.3 Named pipes (FIFOs)">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-types-sockets" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2.4 Sockets">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-proc" rel="subsection" title="16.2.3 The <samp>proc</samp> filesystem">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-permissions" rel="subsection" title="16.2.4 Advanced aspects of file permissions">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-permissions-absolute" rel="subsection" title="16.2.4.1 Using numeric arguments with <samp>chmod</samp>">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-chattr" rel="subsection" title="16.2.5 chattr">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-copying" rel="subsection" title="16.2.6 Large-scale copying">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-undocumented" rel="subsection" title="16.2.7 Other concepts not yet covered, but should be">
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</head>
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<body>
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<p><a name="ch-dpkg"></a></p>
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<hr>
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<p>
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[ <a href="ch-disks.html">previous</a> ]
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[ <a href="index.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-about.html">1</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-introduction.html">2</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-start.html">3</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-basics.html">4</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-docs.html">5</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-shell.html">6</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-files.html">7</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-editor.html">8</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-custom_shell.html">9</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-X.html">10</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-text_tools.html">11</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-file_tools.html">12</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-disks.html">13</a> ]
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[ 14 ]
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[ <a href="ch-troubleshooting.html">15</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-advanced.html">16</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-next.html">17</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-helping.html">18</a> ]
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[ <a href="ap-apps_appendix.html">A</a> ]
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[ <a href="ap-components_appendix.html">B</a> ]
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[ <a href="ap-booting_appendix.html">C</a> ]
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[ <a href="ap-misc_appendix.html">D</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-troubleshooting.html">next</a> ]
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</p>
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<hr>
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<h1>
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Debian Tutorial (Obsolete Documentation)
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<br>Chapter 14 - Removing and installing software
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</h1>
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<hr>
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<h2><a name="s-dpkg-dpkg"></a>14.1 The <code>dpkg</code> package utility</h2>
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<hr>
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<h2><a name="s-dpkg-what"></a>14.2 What a package maintenance utility does</h2>
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<p>
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An application or utility program usually involves quite a few files. It might
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involve libraries, data files like game scenarios or icons, configuration
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files, manual pages and documentation. When you install the program, you want
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to make sure you have all the files you need in the right place.
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</p>
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<p>
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You'd also like to be able to uninstall the program. When you uninstall, you
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want to be sure all the associated files are deleted. However, if a program
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you still have on the system needs those files, you want to be sure you keep
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them.
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</p>
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<p>
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Finally, you'd like to be able to upgrade a program. When you upgrade, you
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want to delete obsolete files and add new ones, without breaking any part of
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the system.
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</p>
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<p>
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The Debian package system solves these problems. It allows you to install,
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remove, and upgrade software <em>packages</em>, which are neat little bundles
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containing the program files and information that helps the computer manage
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them properly. Debian packages have filenames ending in the extension
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<samp>.deb</samp>, and they're available on the ftp site or on your official
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Debian CD-ROM.
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</p>
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<hr>
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<h2><a name="s-dpkg-apt"></a>14.3 Apt</h2>
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<hr>
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<h3><a name="s-apt-config"></a>14.3.1 Configuring Apt</h3>
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<p>
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Debian now supplies a tool named Apt (for "A Package Tool") to help
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the administrators to add or remove software more easily. Your first task will
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be to customize the <samp>/etc/apt/sources.list</samp> configuration file.
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This package resource list is used to locate archives of the package
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distribution system in use on the system. The source list is designed to
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support any number of active sources and a variety of source media. The file
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lists one source per line, with the most preferred source listed first. The
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format of a <samp>sources.list</samp> entry is:
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</p>
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<pre>
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deb uri distribution [component1] [component2] [...]
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</pre>
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<p>
|
||
The URI for the deb type must specify the base of the Debian distribution, from
|
||
which APT will find the information it needs. distribution can specify an
|
||
exact path, in which case the components must be omitted and distribution must
|
||
end with a slash (/). This is useful for when only a particular sub-section of
|
||
the archive denoted by the URI is of interest. If distribution does not
|
||
specify an exact path, at least one component must be present. The currently
|
||
recognized URI types are cdrom, file, http, and ftp.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<dl>
|
||
<dt><samp>file</samp></dt>
|
||
<dd>
|
||
<p>
|
||
The file scheme allows an arbitrary directory in the file system to be
|
||
considered an archive. This is useful for NFS mounts and local mirrors or
|
||
archives.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<dl>
|
||
<dt><samp>cdrom</samp></dt>
|
||
<dd>
|
||
<p>
|
||
The cdrom scheme allows APT to use a local CDROM drive with media swapping.
|
||
Use the apt-cdrom(8) program to create cdrom entires in the source list.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<dl>
|
||
<dt><samp>http</samp></dt>
|
||
<dd>
|
||
<p>
|
||
The http scheme specifies an HTTP server for the archive. If an environment
|
||
variable $http_proxy is set with the format http://server:port/, the proxy
|
||
server specified in $http_proxy will be used. Users of authenticated HTTP/1.1
|
||
proxies may use a string of the format http://user:pass@server:port/. Note
|
||
that this is an insecure method of authentication.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<dl>
|
||
<dt><samp>ftp</samp></dt>
|
||
<dd>
|
||
<p>
|
||
The ftp scheme specifies an FTP server for the archive. APT<50>s FTP behavior is
|
||
highly configurable; for more information see the apt.conf(5) manual page.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<dl>
|
||
<dt><samp>copy</samp></dt>
|
||
<dd>
|
||
<p>
|
||
The copy scheme is identical to the file scheme except that packages are copied
|
||
into the cache directory instead of used directly at their location. This is
|
||
usefull for people using a zip disk to copy files around with APT.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
A few examples:
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<pre>
|
||
deb http://www.debian.org/archive stable main contrib
|
||
</pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
Uses HTTP to access the archive at www.debian.org, and uses the stable/main and
|
||
stable/contrib areas.
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<pre>
|
||
deb ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian unstable main contrib non-free
|
||
</pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
Uses FTP to access the archive at ftp.debian.org, under the /debian directory,
|
||
and uses the unstable/main, unstable/contrib and unsunstable/non-free areas.
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<pre>
|
||
deb ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian stable main
|
||
</pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
Uses FTP to access the archive at ftp.debian.org, under the /debian directory,
|
||
and uses the stable/main area.
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
If this line appears as well as the one in the previous example in
|
||
<samp>sources.list</samp>, a single FTP session will be used for both resource
|
||
lines.
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<pre>
|
||
deb file:/home/vincent/debian stable main contrib non-free
|
||
</pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
Uses the archive stored locally (or NFS mounted) at /home/vincent/debian for
|
||
stable/main, stable/contrib, and stable/non-free.
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<hr>
|
||
|
||
<h3><a name="s-apt-usage"></a>14.3.2 Using apt-get.</h3>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
<samp>apt-get</samp> is the command-line tool for handling packages, and may be
|
||
considered the user's "back-end" to apt. <samp>apt-get</samp> is
|
||
very straightforward to use.
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<pre>
|
||
apt-get [options] [command] [package ...]
|
||
</pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
Where <em>command</em> is one of:
|
||
</p>
|
||
<dl>
|
||
<dt><samp>update</samp></dt>
|
||
<dd>
|
||
<p>
|
||
update is used to resynchronize the package overview files from their sources.
|
||
The overviews of available packages are fetched from the location(s) specified
|
||
in <samp>/etc/apt/sources.list</samp>. For example, when using a Debian
|
||
archive, this command retrieves and scans the Packages.gz files, so that
|
||
information about new and updated packages is available. An update should
|
||
always be performed before an <samp>upgrade dist-upgrade</samp>.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<dl>
|
||
<dt><samp>upgrade</samp></dt>
|
||
<dd>
|
||
<p>
|
||
upgrade is used to install the newest versions of all packages currently
|
||
installed on the system from the sources enumerated in
|
||
<samp>/etc/apt/sources.list</samp>. Packages currently installed with new
|
||
versions available are retrieved and upgraded; under no circumstances are
|
||
currently installed packages removed, or packages not already installed
|
||
retrieved and installed. New versions of currently installed packages that
|
||
cannot be upgraded without changing the install status of another package will
|
||
be left at their current version. An <samp>apt-get update</samp> must be
|
||
performed first so that apt-get knows that new versions of packages are
|
||
available.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<dl>
|
||
<dt><samp>dist-upgrade</samp></dt>
|
||
<dd>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<em>dist-upgrade</em>, in addition to performing the function of
|
||
<em>upgrade</em>, also intelligently handles changing dependencies with new
|
||
versions of packages; apt-get has a "smart" conflict resolution
|
||
system, and it will attempt to upgrade the most important packages at the
|
||
expense of less important ones if necessary. The
|
||
<samp>/etc/apt/sources.list</samp> file contains a list of locations from which
|
||
to retrieve desired package files.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<dl>
|
||
<dt><samp>install</samp></dt>
|
||
<dd>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<em>install</em> is followed by one or more packages desired for installation.
|
||
Each package is a package name, not a fully qualified filename (for instance in
|
||
a Debian GNU/Linux system, <em>lsdo</em> would be the argument provided, not
|
||
<em>ldso_1.9.6-2.deb</em>). All packages required by the package(s) specified
|
||
for installation will also be retrieved and installed. The
|
||
<samp>/etc/apt/sources.list</samp> file is used to locate the desired packages.
|
||
If a hyphen is appended to the package name (with no intervening space), the
|
||
identified package will be removed if it is installed. This latter feature may
|
||
be used to override decisions made by <em>apt-get</em>'s conflict resolution
|
||
system.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<dl>
|
||
<dt><samp>remove</samp></dt>
|
||
<dd>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<em>remove</em> is identical to install except that packages are removed
|
||
instead of installed. If a plus sign is appended to the package name (with no
|
||
intervening space), the identified package will be installed.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<dl>
|
||
<dt><samp>check</samp></dt>
|
||
<dd>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<em>check</em> is a diagnostic tool; it updates the package cache and checks
|
||
for broken packages.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<dl>
|
||
<dt><samp>clean</samp></dt>
|
||
<dd>
|
||
<p>
|
||
<em>clean</em> clears out the local repository of retrieved package files. It
|
||
removes everything but the lock file from <samp>/var/cache/apt/archives/</samp>
|
||
and <samp>/var/cache/apt/archives/partial/</samp>.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
The most usefull options are:
|
||
</p>
|
||
<dl>
|
||
<dt><samp>-m</samp></dt>
|
||
<dd>
|
||
<p>
|
||
Ignore the missing packages if any.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<dl>
|
||
<dt><samp>-d</samp></dt>
|
||
<dd>
|
||
<p>
|
||
Only downloads the necessary packages, but don't install them.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<dl>
|
||
<dt><samp>-f</samp></dt>
|
||
<dd>
|
||
<p>
|
||
Fix broken dependancies; Run <samp>apt-get -f install</samp> to just
|
||
automagically repair the dependancy problems on your system.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
|
||
<hr>
|
||
|
||
<h2><a name="s-dpkg-dselect"></a>14.4 Using dselect.</h2>
|
||
|
||
<hr>
|
||
|
||
<h2><a name="s-dpkg-commandline"></a>14.5 Using dpkg manually</h2>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
The simplest way to install a single package you've downloaded is the command
|
||
<samp>dpkg -i</samp> (short for <samp>dpkg --install</samp>). Say you've
|
||
downloaded the package <samp>icewm_0.8.12-1.deb</samp> and you'd like to
|
||
install it. First log on as root, then type:
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<pre>
|
||
dpkg -i icewm_0.8.12-1.deb
|
||
</pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
and icewm version 0.8.12 will be installed. If you already had an older
|
||
version, dpkg will upgrade it rather than installing both versions at once.
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
If you want to remove a package, you have two options. The first is most
|
||
intuitive:
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<pre>
|
||
dpkg -r icewm
|
||
</pre>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
This will remove the icewm package (<samp>-r</samp> is short for
|
||
<samp>--remove</samp>). Note that you give only the 'icewm' for
|
||
<samp>--remove</samp>, while <samp>--install</samp> requires the entire
|
||
<samp>.deb</samp> filename.
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
<samp>--remove</samp> will leave configuration files for the package on your
|
||
system. A configuration file is defined as any file you might have edited in
|
||
order to customize the program for your system or your preferences. This way,
|
||
if you later reinstall the package, you won't have to set everything up a
|
||
second time.
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
However, you might want to erase the configuration files too, so dpkg also
|
||
provides a <samp>--purge</samp> option. <samp>dpkg --purge icewm</samp> will
|
||
permanently delete every last file associated with the icewm package.
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<hr>
|
||
|
||
<h2><a name="s-dpkg-compiling"></a>14.6 Compiling software yourself</h2>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
You'll have to have -dev packages installed.
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
Put it in /usr/local, /opt, or your home directory.
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
The configure --prefix; make; make install routine.
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<hr>
|
||
|
||
<h2><a name="s-dpkg-proprietary"></a>14.7 Proprietary software not in .deb format</h2>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
What to do with this annoying stuff (wrapper packages, /usr/local)
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<hr>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
[ <a href="ch-disks.html">previous</a> ]
|
||
[ <a href="index.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
|
||
[ <a href="ch-about.html">1</a> ]
|
||
[ <a href="ch-introduction.html">2</a> ]
|
||
[ <a href="ch-start.html">3</a> ]
|
||
[ <a href="ch-basics.html">4</a> ]
|
||
[ <a href="ch-docs.html">5</a> ]
|
||
[ <a href="ch-shell.html">6</a> ]
|
||
[ <a href="ch-files.html">7</a> ]
|
||
[ <a href="ch-editor.html">8</a> ]
|
||
[ <a href="ch-custom_shell.html">9</a> ]
|
||
[ <a href="ch-X.html">10</a> ]
|
||
[ <a href="ch-text_tools.html">11</a> ]
|
||
[ <a href="ch-file_tools.html">12</a> ]
|
||
[ <a href="ch-disks.html">13</a> ]
|
||
[ 14 ]
|
||
[ <a href="ch-troubleshooting.html">15</a> ]
|
||
[ <a href="ch-advanced.html">16</a> ]
|
||
[ <a href="ch-next.html">17</a> ]
|
||
[ <a href="ch-helping.html">18</a> ]
|
||
[ <a href="ap-apps_appendix.html">A</a> ]
|
||
[ <a href="ap-components_appendix.html">B</a> ]
|
||
[ <a href="ap-booting_appendix.html">C</a> ]
|
||
[ <a href="ap-misc_appendix.html">D</a> ]
|
||
[ <a href="ch-troubleshooting.html">next</a> ]
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<hr>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
Debian Tutorial (Obsolete Documentation)
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<address>
|
||
29 Dezember 2009<br>
|
||
<br>
|
||
Havoc Pennington <code><a href="mailto:hp@debian.org">hp@debian.org</a></code><br>
|
||
<br>
|
||
</address>
|
||
<hr>
|
||
|
||
</body>
|
||
|
||
</html>
|
||
|