1010 lines
39 KiB
HTML
1010 lines
39 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
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<html>
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<head>
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<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
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<title>Debian Tutorial (Obsolete Documentation) - Using disks</title>
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<link href="index.html" rel="start">
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<link href="ch-file_tools.html" rel="prev">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html" rel="next">
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<link href="index.html#contents" rel="contents">
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<link href="index.html#copyright" rel="copyright">
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<link href="ch-about.html" rel="chapter" title="1 About this manual">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Introduction">
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<link href="ch-start.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Getting started">
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<link href="ch-basics.html" rel="chapter" title="4 The Basics">
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<link href="ch-docs.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Reading documentation and getting help">
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<link href="ch-shell.html" rel="chapter" title="6 Using the shell">
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<link href="ch-files.html" rel="chapter" title="7 More on files">
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<link href="ch-editor.html" rel="chapter" title="8 Creating and editing text files">
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<link href="ch-custom_shell.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Customizing the shell">
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<link href="ch-X.html" rel="chapter" title="10 The X Window System">
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<link href="ch-text_tools.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Text tools">
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<link href="ch-file_tools.html" rel="chapter" title="12 File tools">
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<link href="ch-disks.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Using disks">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Removing and installing software">
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<link href="ch-troubleshooting.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Troubleshooting">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html" rel="chapter" title="16 Advanced topics">
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<link href="ch-next.html" rel="chapter" title="17 Where to from here?">
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<link href="ch-helping.html" rel="chapter" title="18 Contributing to Debian: How can I help?">
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<link href="ap-apps_appendix.html" rel="appendix" title="A A brief survey of available applications">
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<link href="ap-components_appendix.html" rel="appendix" title="B Summary of GNU/Linux system components">
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<link href="ap-booting_appendix.html" rel="appendix" title="C Appendix C: Booting the system">
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<link href="ap-misc_appendix.html" rel="appendix" title="D Miscellaneous">
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<link href="ch-about.html#s-acknowldgements" rel="section" title="1.1 Acknowledgements">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html#s-introduction-debian" rel="section" title="2.1 What is Debian?">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html#s-introduction-DFSG" rel="section" title="2.2 What's free software?">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html#s-introduction-how" rel="section" title="2.3 How to Read This Book">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html#s-introduction-ldp" rel="section" title="2.4 The Linux Documentation Project">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-multi" rel="section" title="3.1 A multiuser, multitasking operating system">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-login" rel="section" title="3.2 Logging in">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-keys" rel="section" title="3.3 Keys">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-commandline" rel="section" title="3.4 Command history and editing the command line">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-root" rel="section" title="3.5 Logging in as root">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-VC" rel="section" title="3.6 Virtual consoles">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-shutdown" rel="section" title="3.7 Shutting down">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-commandline" rel="section" title="4.1 The command line and <samp>man</samp> pages">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-files" rel="section" title="4.2 Files and Directories">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-processes" rel="section" title="4.3 Processes">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-shell" rel="section" title="4.4 The shell">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-jobs" rel="section" title="4.5 Managing processes with Bash">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-bash" rel="section" title="4.6 A few Bash features">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-identity" rel="section" title="4.7 Managing your identity">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-sources" rel="section" title="5.1 Kinds of documentation">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-info" rel="section" title="5.2 Using info">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-textfiles" rel="section" title="5.3 Viewing text files with more and less">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-howtos" rel="section" title="5.4 HOWTOs">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-support" rel="section" title="5.5 Getting help from a person">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-sysinfo" rel="section" title="5.6 Getting information from the system">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-shell-variables" rel="section" title="6.1 Environment variables">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-shell-path" rel="section" title="6.2 Where commands live: the <samp>PATH</samp> variable">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-custom_shell-aliases" rel="section" title="6.3 Aliases and shell functions">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-shell-io" rel="section" title="6.4 Controlling input and output">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-shell-modifiers" rel="section" title="6.5 Specifying how and when to run commands">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-shell-wildcards" rel="section" title="6.6 Filename expansion ("Wildcards")">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s6.7" rel="section" title="6.7 Interactive/non-interactive">
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<link href="ch-files.html#s-files-permissions" rel="section" title="7.1 Permissions">
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<link href="ch-files.html#s-files-tour" rel="section" title="7.2 What files are on my system? Where can I put my own files?">
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<link href="ch-files.html#s-file-manager" rel="section" title="7.3 Using a filemanager">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-textfile" rel="section" title="8.1 What's a text file?">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-editor" rel="section" title="8.2 Text editors">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi" rel="section" title="8.3 Creating and editing a text file with <code>vi</code>">
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<link href="ch-custom_shell.html#s-custom_shell-dotfiles" rel="section" title="9.1 .rc files and <samp>ls -a</samp>">
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<link href="ch-custom_shell.html#s-custom_shell-etc" rel="section" title="9.2 System-wide vs. user-specific configuration">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-starting" rel="section" title="10.1 Starting the X environment">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-intro" rel="section" title="10.2 Intro: What is X">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-basics" rel="section" title="10.3 Basic X operations">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-startup" rel="section" title="10.4 Customizing your X startup">
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<link href="ch-text_tools.html#s-text_tools-regexps" rel="section" title="11.1 Regular expressions">
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<link href="ch-file_tools.html#s-file_tools-backup" rel="section" title="12.1 Backup tools">
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<link href="ch-file_tools.html#s-file_tools-compression" rel="section" title="12.2 File compression with <samp>gzip</samp>">
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<link href="ch-file_tools.html#s-file_tools-split" rel="section" title="12.3 Splitting files into smaller pieces">
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<link href="ch-file_tools.html#s-file_tools-find" rel="section" title="12.4 Finding files">
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<link href="ch-file_tools.html#s-file_tools-file" rel="section" title="12.5 Determining a file's contents">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-disks-concepts" rel="section" title="13.1 Concepts">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-disks-mount" rel="section" title="13.2 <samp>mount</samp> and <samp>/etc/fstab</samp>">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-network-ppp" rel="section" title="13.3 PPP">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-dpkg" rel="section" title="14.1 The <code>dpkg</code> package utility">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-what" rel="section" title="14.2 What a package maintenance utility does">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-apt" rel="section" title="14.3 Apt">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-dselect" rel="section" title="14.4 Using dselect.">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-commandline" rel="section" title="14.5 Using dpkg manually">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-compiling" rel="section" title="14.6 Compiling software yourself">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-proprietary" rel="section" title="14.7 Proprietary software not in .deb format">
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<link href="ch-troubleshooting.html#s-troubleshooting-frozen" rel="section" title="15.1 Debian is frozen or crashed!">
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<link href="ch-troubleshooting.html#s-troubleshooting-termgarbage" rel="section" title="15.2 My terminal isn't behaving properly">
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<link href="ch-troubleshooting.html#s-troubleshooting-vi" rel="section" title="15.3 The computer beeps when I press a key, and my screen shows a text file and/or a lot of <samp>~</samp> symbols.">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-scripting" rel="section" title="16.1 Introduction to shell scripting">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files" rel="section" title="16.2 Advanced files">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-kernel" rel="section" title="16.3 Compiling the kernel">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-security" rel="section" title="16.4 A few words on security">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-programming" rel="section" title="16.5 Programming on Linux">
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<link href="ch-next.html#s-next-manuals" rel="section" title="17.1 Other Debian manuals to read">
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<link href="ch-next.html#s-next-resources" rel="section" title="17.2 Other resources">
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<link href="ch-helping.html#s-helping-bugs" rel="section" title="18.1 Submit bug reports">
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<link href="ch-helping.html#s-helping-other" rel="section" title="18.2 Other things">
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<link href="ap-apps_appendix.html#s-A_apps-whatever" rel="section" title="A.1 (Subheadings could copy the structure of the menu system)">
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<link href="ap-misc_appendix.html#s-unix-history" rel="section" title="D.1 Unix History">
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<link href="ap-misc_appendix.html#sD.2" rel="section" title="D.2 GNU/Linux History">
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<link href="ap-misc_appendix.html#sD.3" rel="section" title="D.3 The Linux kernel's version numbering">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html#s-introduction-debian-os" rel="subsection" title="2.1.1 What's an operating system, and what sort of operating system is Debian?">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html#s-introduction-debian-how" rel="subsection" title="2.1.2 Who creates Debian?">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-commandline-description" rel="subsection" title="4.1.1 Describing the command line">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-files-intro" rel="subsection" title="4.2.1 Introduction to files">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-files-using" rel="subsection" title="4.2.2 Using files: a tutorial">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-bash-completion" rel="subsection" title="4.6.1 Tab Completion">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-support-posting" rel="subsection" title="5.5.1 Dos and Don'ts of asking a question">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-shell-variables-parents" rel="subsection" title="6.1.1 Parent and child processes">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-interactive-shells" rel="subsection" title="6.7.1 Interactive shells">
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<link href="ch-files.html#s-files-permissions-groups" rel="subsection" title="7.1.1 File Ownership">
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<link href="ch-files.html#s-files-permissions-mode" rel="subsection" title="7.1.2 Mode">
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<link href="ch-files.html#s-files-permissions-tutorial" rel="subsection" title="7.1.3 Permissions in practice">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-creating" rel="subsection" title="8.3.1 Creating a file">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-editing" rel="subsection" title="8.3.2 Editing an existing file">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-editing-movement" rel="subsection" title="8.3.2.1 Moving around in a file">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-editing-deletion" rel="subsection" title="8.3.2.2 Deleting text">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-editing-moremoving" rel="subsection" title="8.3.2.3 Sophisticated movement">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-editing-numbers" rel="subsection" title="8.3.2.4 Repeating commands">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-editing-advanced" rel="subsection" title="8.3.2.5 Advanced reference">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-basics-mouse" rel="subsection" title="10.3.1 The mouse">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-basics-clients" rel="subsection" title="10.3.2 X clients">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-basics-trouble" rel="subsection" title="10.3.3 Troubleshooting">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-basics-leaving" rel="subsection" title="10.3.4 Leaving the X environment">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-disks-mount-mounting" rel="subsection" title="13.2.1 Mounting a filesystem">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-disks-mount-cdromexample" rel="subsection" title="13.2.2 Example: Mounting a CD-ROM">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-disks-mount-fstab" rel="subsection" title="13.2.3 <samp>/etc/fstab</samp>: Automating the mount process">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-disks-mount-removable" rel="subsection" title="13.2.4 Removable disks (floppies, Zip disks, etc.)">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-network-ppp-introduction" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Introduction">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-network-ppp-preparation" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Preparation">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-network-ppp-wvdial" rel="subsection" title="13.3.3 The Easy Way: <samp>wvdial</samp>">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-network-ppp-pppd" rel="subsection" title="13.3.4 Doing It Manually">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-apt-config" rel="subsection" title="14.3.1 Configuring Apt">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-apt-usage" rel="subsection" title="14.3.2 Using apt-get.">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-scripting-why" rel="subsection" title="16.1.1 What and why">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-scripting-example" rel="subsection" title="16.1.2 A simple example">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-hardlinks" rel="subsection" title="16.2.1 The real nature of files: hard links and inodes">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-types" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2 Types of files">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-types-symlinks" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2.1 Symbolic links">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-files-misc-types-devices" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2.2 Device files">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-types-devices-null" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2.2.1 <samp>/dev/null</samp>">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-types-pipes" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2.3 Named pipes (FIFOs)">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-types-sockets" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2.4 Sockets">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-proc" rel="subsection" title="16.2.3 The <samp>proc</samp> filesystem">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-permissions" rel="subsection" title="16.2.4 Advanced aspects of file permissions">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-permissions-absolute" rel="subsection" title="16.2.4.1 Using numeric arguments with <samp>chmod</samp>">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-chattr" rel="subsection" title="16.2.5 chattr">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-copying" rel="subsection" title="16.2.6 Large-scale copying">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-undocumented" rel="subsection" title="16.2.7 Other concepts not yet covered, but should be">
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</head>
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<body>
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<p><a name="ch-disks"></a></p>
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<hr>
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<p>
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[ <a href="ch-file_tools.html">previous</a> ]
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[ <a href="index.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-about.html">1</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-introduction.html">2</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-start.html">3</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-basics.html">4</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-docs.html">5</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-shell.html">6</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-files.html">7</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-editor.html">8</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-custom_shell.html">9</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-X.html">10</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-text_tools.html">11</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-file_tools.html">12</a> ]
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[ 13 ]
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[ <a href="ch-dpkg.html">14</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-troubleshooting.html">15</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-advanced.html">16</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-next.html">17</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-helping.html">18</a> ]
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[ <a href="ap-apps_appendix.html">A</a> ]
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[ <a href="ap-components_appendix.html">B</a> ]
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[ <a href="ap-booting_appendix.html">C</a> ]
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[ <a href="ap-misc_appendix.html">D</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-dpkg.html">next</a> ]
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</p>
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<hr>
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<h1>
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Debian Tutorial (Obsolete Documentation)
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<br>Chapter 13 - Using disks
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</h1>
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<hr>
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<h2><a name="s-disks-concepts"></a>13.1 Concepts</h2>
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<p>
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It's probably a good idea to explain a little theory before discussing the
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mechanics of using disks. In particular, the concept of a <em>filesystem</em>.
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[<a href="footnotes.html#f17" name="fr17">17</a>] This is confusing, because it
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has several meanings.
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</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>
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<em>The</em> filesystem refers to the whole directory tree, starting with the
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root directory <samp>/</samp>, as described above.
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</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>
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A "filesystem" in general means any organization of files and
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directories on a particular physical device. "Organization" means
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the hierarchical directory structure, and any other information about files one
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might want to keep track of: their size, who has permission to change them,
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etc. So you might have one filesystem on your hard disk, and another one on
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each floppy disk.
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</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>
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"Filesystem" is also used to mean a <em>type</em> of filesystem. For
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example, MS-DOS and Windows 3.1 organize files in a particular way, with
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particular rules: filenames can only have 8 characters, for example, and no
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permissions information is stored. Linux calls this the <samp>msdos</samp>
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filesystem. Linux also has its own filesystem, called the <samp>ext2</samp>
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filesystem (version two of the <samp>ext</samp> filesystem). You'll use the
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<samp>ext2</samp> filesystem pretty much all the time, unless you're accessing
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files from another operating system or have other special needs.
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</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<p>
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Any physical device you wish to use for storing files must have at least one
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filesystem on it. This means a filesystem in the second sense - a hierarchy of
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files and directories, along with information about them. Of course, any
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filesystem has a type, so the third sense will come into play as well. If you
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have more than one filesystem on a single device, each filesystem can have a
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different type --- for example, you might have both a DOS partition and a Linux
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partition on your hard disk.
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</p>
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<p>
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It's important to distinguish the filesystem from the low-level format of the
|
|
disk. In the DOS and Macintosh worlds, the filesystem is called the high-level
|
|
format. When you format a disk using one of those operating systems, generally
|
|
you both perform a low-level format and create a file system (high-level
|
|
format). On GNU and Unix systems, one generally says simply "format"
|
|
to mean low-level format, and "making a filesystem" to mean
|
|
high-level format.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Formatting has to do with the particulars of the physical device, such as the
|
|
exact physical location of your data on a floppy disk (on the edge or near the
|
|
center of the disk for example). The filesystem is the level of organization
|
|
you have to worry about --- names of directories and files, their sizes, etc.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
|
|
<h2><a name="s-disks-mount"></a>13.2 <samp>mount</samp> and <samp>/etc/fstab</samp></h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
This section describes how to mount a floppy or Zip disk, the <samp>/dev</samp>
|
|
directory, and distributing the directory tree over multiple physical devices
|
|
or partitions.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="s-disks-mount-mounting"></a>13.2.1 Mounting a filesystem</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
On a GNU/Linux system there's no necessary correspondence between directories
|
|
and physical devices, as there is in Windows where each drive has its own
|
|
directory tree beginning with a letter (such as <samp>C:\</samp>).
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Instead, each physical device such as a hard disk or floppy disk has one or
|
|
more filesystems on it. In order to make a filesystem accessible, it's
|
|
assigned to a particular directory in another filesystem. To avoid
|
|
circularity, the root filesystem (which contains the root directory
|
|
<samp>/</samp>) is not contained by any other filesystem --- you have access to
|
|
it automatically when you boot Debian.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
A directory in one filesystem which contains another filesystem is known as a
|
|
<em>mount point</em>. A mount point is a directory in a first filesystem on
|
|
one device (such as your hard disk) which "contains" a second
|
|
filesystem, perhaps on another device (such as a floppy disk). To access a
|
|
filesystem, you must mount it at some mount point.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
So, for example, you might mount a CD at the mount point <samp>/cdrom</samp>.
|
|
This means that if you look in the directory <samp>/cdrom</samp>, you'll see
|
|
the contents of the CD. The <samp>/cdrom</samp> directory itself is actually
|
|
on your hard disk. For all practical purposes the contents of the CD become a
|
|
part of the root filesystem, and when typing commands and using programs it
|
|
doesn't make any difference what the actual physical location of the files is.
|
|
You could have created a directory on your hard disk called
|
|
<samp>/cdrom</samp>, and put some files in it, and everything would behave in
|
|
exactly the same way. Once you mount a filesystem, there's no need to pay any
|
|
attention to physical devices.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
However, before mounting a filesystem, or to actually create a filesystem on a
|
|
disk that doesn't have one yet, it's necessary to refer to the devices
|
|
themselves. All devices have names, and these are located in the
|
|
<samp>/dev</samp> directory. If you type <samp>ls /dev</samp> now, you'll see
|
|
a pretty lengthy list of every possible device you could have on your Debian
|
|
system.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Possible devices include: [<a href="footnotes.html#f18" name="fr18">18</a>]
|
|
</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<samp>/dev/hda</samp> is IDE drive A. In general, this will be a hard drive.
|
|
IDE refers to the type of drive - if you don't know what it means, you probably
|
|
have this kind of drive, because it's the most common. Your DOS/Windows
|
|
<samp>C:\</samp> partition is likely to be on this drive.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<samp>/dev/hdb</samp> is IDE drive B, as you might guess. This could be a
|
|
second hard drive, or perhaps a CD-ROM drive. Drives A and B are the first and
|
|
second (master and slave) drives on the primary IDE controller. Drives C and D
|
|
are the first and second drives on the secondary controller.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<samp>/dev/hda1</samp> is the first <em>partition</em> of IDE drive A, usually
|
|
called <samp>C:\</samp> on a DOS or Windows system. Notice that different
|
|
drives are lettered, while specific partitions of those drives are numbered as
|
|
well.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<samp>/dev/sda</samp> is SCSI disk A. SCSI is like IDE, only if you don't know
|
|
what it is you probably <em>don't</em> have one of these drives. They're not
|
|
very common in home Intel PC's, though they're often used in servers and
|
|
Macintoshes often have SCSI disks. [<a href="footnotes.html#f19"
|
|
name="fr19">19</a>]
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<samp>/dev/fd0</samp> is the first floppy drive, generally <samp>A:\</samp>
|
|
under DOS. Since floppy disks don't have partitions, they only have numbers,
|
|
rather than the letter-number scheme used for hard drives. However, for floppy
|
|
drives the numbers refer to the drive, and for hard drives the numbers refer to
|
|
the partitions.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<samp>/dev/ttyS0</samp> is the first of your serial ports (<samp>COM1:</samp>
|
|
under DOS). <samp>/dev</samp> contains the names of many devices, not just
|
|
disk drives.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
To mount a filesystem, we want to tell Linux to associate whatever filesystem
|
|
it finds on a particular device with a particular mount point. In the process,
|
|
we might have to tell Linux what kind of filesystem to look for.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="s-disks-mount-cdromexample"></a>13.2.2 Example: Mounting a CD-ROM</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
As a simple demonstration, we'll go through mounting a CD-ROM, such as the one
|
|
you may have used to install Debian. You'll need to be root to do this, so be
|
|
careful; whenever you're root you have the power to mess up the whole system,
|
|
rather than just your own files. Also, these commands assume there's a CD in
|
|
your drive; you should put one in the drive now.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<ol type="1" start="1" >
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<samp>su</samp>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
If you haven't already, you need to either log in as root or gain root
|
|
privileges with the <samp>su</samp> (super user) command. If you use
|
|
<samp>su</samp>, enter the root password when prompted.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
<ol type="1" start="2" >
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<samp>ls /cdrom</samp>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
See what's in the <samp>/cdrom</samp> directory before you start. If you don't
|
|
have a <samp>/cdrom</samp> directory, you may have to make one using
|
|
<samp>mkdir /cdrom</samp>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
<ol type="1" start="3" >
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<samp>mount</samp>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Typing simply <samp>mount</samp> with no arguments lists the currently mounted
|
|
filesystems.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
<ol type="1" start="4" >
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<samp>mount -t iso9660 <var>CD device</var> /cdrom</samp>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
For this command, you should substitute the name of your CD-ROM device for
|
|
<samp><var>CD device</var></samp> in the above command line. If you aren't
|
|
sure, <samp>/dev/cdrom</samp> is a good guess since the install process should
|
|
have created this symbolic link on the system. If that fails, try the
|
|
different IDE devices: <samp>/dev/hdc</samp>, etc. You should see a message
|
|
like:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
mount: block device /dev/hdc is write-protected, mounting read-only
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The <samp>-t</samp> option specifies the type of the filesystem, in this case
|
|
<samp>iso9660</samp>. Most CDs are <samp>iso9660</samp>. The next argument is
|
|
the name of the device to mount, and the final argument is the mount point.
|
|
There are many other arguments to <samp>mount</samp>; see the manual page for
|
|
details.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Once a CD is mounted, you may find that your drive tray will not open. You
|
|
must unmount the CD before removing it.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
<ol type="1" start="5" >
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<samp>ls /cdrom</samp>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Confirm that <samp>/cdrom</samp> now contains whatever is on the CD in your
|
|
drive.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
<ol type="1" start="6" >
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<samp>mount</samp>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Look at the list of filesystems again, noticing that your CD drive is now
|
|
mounted.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
<ol type="1" start="7" >
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<samp>umount /cdrom</samp>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
This unmounts the CD. It's now safe to remove the CD from the drive. Notice
|
|
that the command is <samp>umount</samp> with no "n", even though it's
|
|
used to u<em>n</em>mount the filesystem.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
<ol type="1" start="8" >
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<samp>exit</samp>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Don't leave yourself logged on as root. Log out immediately, just to be safe.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="s-disks-mount-fstab"></a>13.2.3 <samp>/etc/fstab</samp>: Automating the mount process</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The file <samp>/etc/fstab</samp> (it stands for "file system table")
|
|
contains descriptions of filesystems that you mount often. These filesystems
|
|
can then be mounted with a shorter command, such as <samp>mount /cdrom</samp>.
|
|
You can also configure filesystems to mount automatically when the system
|
|
boots. You'll probably want to mount all of your hard disk filesystems when
|
|
you boot.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Look at this file now, by typing <samp>more /etc/fstab</samp>. It will have
|
|
two or more entries that were configured automatically when you installed the
|
|
system. It probably looks something like this:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
|
|
#
|
|
# <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump > <pass>
|
|
/dev/hda1 / ext2 defaults 0 1
|
|
/dev/hda3 none swap sw 0 0
|
|
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
|
|
|
|
/dev/hda5 /tmp ext2 defaults 0 2
|
|
/dev/hda6 /home ext2 defaults 0 2
|
|
/dev/hda7 /usr ext2 defaults 0 2
|
|
|
|
/dev/hdc /cdrom iso9660 ro,noauto 0 0
|
|
/dev/fd0 /floppy auto noauto,sync 0 0
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The first column lists the device the filesystem resides on. The second lists
|
|
the mount point, the third the filesystem type. The line beginning by
|
|
<samp>proc</samp> is a special filesystem . Notice that the swap partition
|
|
(<samp>/dev/hda3</samp> in the example) has no mount point, so the mount point
|
|
column contains <samp>none</samp>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The last three columns may require some explanation.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The fifth column is used by the <samp>dump</samp> utility to decide when to
|
|
back up the filesystem. In most cases you can put <samp>0</samp> here.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The sixth column is used by <samp>fsck</samp> to decide in what order to check
|
|
filesystems when you boot the system. The root filesystem should have a
|
|
<samp>1</samp> in this field, filesystems which don't need to be checked (such
|
|
as the swap partition) should have a <samp>0</samp>, and all other filesystems
|
|
should have a <samp>2</samp>. It's worth noting that the swap partition isn't
|
|
exactly a filesystem in the sence that it does not contain files and
|
|
directories, but is just used by the Linux kernel as secondary memory.
|
|
However, for historical reasons, the swap partitions are still listed in the
|
|
same file than the filesystems.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Column four contains one or more options to use when mounting the filesystem.
|
|
Here's a brief summary (some of these probably won't make much sense yet ---
|
|
they're here for future reference):
|
|
</p>
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt><samp>async</samp> and <samp>sync</samp></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Do I/O synchronously or asynchronously. Synchronous I/O writes changes to
|
|
files immediately, while asynchronous I/O may keep data in buffers and write it
|
|
later, for efficiency reasons.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt><samp>ro</samp> and <samp>rw</samp></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Mount the filesystem read-only or read-write. If you don't need to make any
|
|
changes to the filesystem, it's a good idea to mount it read-only so you don't
|
|
accidentally mess something up. Also, read-only devices (such as CD-ROM drives
|
|
and floppy disks with write protection tabs) should be mounted read-only.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt><samp>auto</samp> and <samp>noauto</samp></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
When the system boots, or whenever you type <samp>mount -a</samp>,
|
|
<samp>mount</samp> tries to mount all the filesystems listed in
|
|
<samp>/etc/fstab</samp>. If you don't want it to automatically mount a
|
|
filesystem, you should use the <samp>noauto</samp> option. It's probably a
|
|
good idea to use <samp>noauto</samp> with removable media such as floppy disks,
|
|
because there may or may not be a disk in the drive. You'll want to mount
|
|
these filesystems manually after you put in a disk.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt><samp>dev</samp> and <samp>nodev</samp></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Use or ignore device files on this filesystem. You might use
|
|
<samp>nodev</samp> if you mount the root directory of another system on your
|
|
system --- you don't want your system to try to use the devices on the other
|
|
machine.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt><samp>user</samp> and <samp>nouser</samp></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Permit or forbid ordinary users to mount the filesystem. <samp>nouser</samp>
|
|
means that only root can mount the filesystem. This is the normal arrangement.
|
|
You might use the <samp>user</samp> option to access the floppy drive without
|
|
having to be root.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt><samp>exec</samp> and <samp>noexec</samp></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Allow or do not allow the execution of files on this filesystem. Probably you
|
|
won't need these options.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt><samp>suid</samp> and <samp>nosuid</samp></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Allow or do not allow the suid bit to take effect. Probably you won't need
|
|
these options.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
<dl>
|
|
<dt><samp>defaults</samp></dt>
|
|
<dd>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Equivalent to: <samp>rw</samp>, <samp>dev</samp>, <samp>suid</samp>,
|
|
<samp>exec</samp>, <samp>auto</samp>, <samp>nouser</samp>, <samp>async</samp>.
|
|
You can specify <samp>defaults</samp> followed by other options to override
|
|
specific aspects of <samp>defaults</samp>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</dd>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="s-disks-mount-removable"></a>13.2.4 Removable disks (floppies, Zip disks, etc.)</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Add the following lines to your <samp>/etc/fstab</samp> file:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
/dev/sda1 /mnt/zip ext2 noauto,user 0 0
|
|
/dev/sda4 /mnt/dos msdos noauto,user 0 0
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
From then on, you'll be able to mount the DOS formated Zip disks with the
|
|
command <samp>mount /mnt/dos</samp>, and Linux formated Zip disks with the
|
|
command <samp>mount /mnt/zip</samp>. [<a href="footnotes.html#f20"
|
|
name="fr20">20</a>]
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
|
|
<h2><a name="s-network-ppp"></a>13.3 PPP</h2>
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="s-network-ppp-introduction"></a>13.3.1 Introduction</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
If you connect to the internet over a phone line, you'll want to use PPP
|
|
(Point-To-Point Protocol). This is the standard connection method offered by
|
|
ISPs (Internet Service Providers). In addition to using PPP to dial your ISP,
|
|
you can have your computer listen for incoming connections --- this lets you
|
|
dial your computer from a remote location.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
This section is a quick-start no-frills guide to setting up PPP on Debian. If
|
|
it turns out that you need more details, see the excellent <code><a
|
|
href="http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/PPP-HOWTO.html">PPP HOWTO</a></code>
|
|
from the Linux Documentation Project. The HOWTO goes into much more detail if
|
|
you're interested or have unique needs.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="s-network-ppp-preparation"></a>13.3.2 Preparation</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Configuring PPP on GNU/Linux is straightforward once you have all the
|
|
information you'll need. Debian makes things even easier with its simple
|
|
configuration tools.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Before you start, be sure you have all the information provided by your ISP.
|
|
This might include:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Username or login
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Password
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Your static IP (Internet Protocol) address, if any (these look like
|
|
<samp>209.81.8.242</samp>)
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Bitmask (this will look something like <samp>255.255.255.248</samp>)
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The IP addresses of your ISPs name server (or DNS).
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Any special login procedure required by the ISP.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Next, you'll want to investigate your hardware setup: whether your modem works
|
|
with GNU/Linux, and which serial port it's connected to.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
There's a simple rule which determines whether your modem will work. If it's a
|
|
"WinModem" or "host-based modem", it won't work. These
|
|
modems are cheap because they have very little functionality, and require the
|
|
computer to make up for their shortcomings. Unfortunately, this means they are
|
|
complex to program, and manufacturers generally do not make the specifications
|
|
available for developers.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
If you have a modem with its own on-board circuitry, you should have no trouble
|
|
at all.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
On GNU/Linux systems, the serial ports are referred to as
|
|
<samp>/dev/ttyS0</samp>, <samp>/dev/ttyS1</samp>, and so on. Your modem is
|
|
almost certainly connected to either port 0 or port 1, equivalent to
|
|
<samp>COM1:</samp> and <samp>COM2:</samp> under Windows. If you don't know
|
|
which your modem is connected to, <samp>wvdialconf</samp> can try to detect it
|
|
(see below); otherwise just try both and see which works.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
If you want to talk to your modem or dial your ISP without using PPP, you can
|
|
use the <samp>minicom</samp> program. You may need to install the minicom
|
|
package before the program is available.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="s-network-ppp-wvdial"></a>13.3.3 The Easy Way: <samp>wvdial</samp></h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The simplest way to get PPP running is with the <samp>wvdial</samp> program.
|
|
It makes some reasonable guesses and tries to set things up for you. If it
|
|
works, you're in luck. If it guesses wrong, you'll have to do things manually.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Be sure you have the following packages installed:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<samp>ppp</samp>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<samp>ppp-pam</samp>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<samp>wvdial</samp>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
When you install the <samp>wvdial</samp> package, you may be given the
|
|
opportunity to configure it. Otherwise, to set up <samp>wvdial</samp>, follow
|
|
these simple steps:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<ol type="1" start="1" >
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Login as root, using <samp>su</samp> as described in an earlier chapter
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
<ol type="1" start="2" >
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<samp>touch /etc/wvdial.conf</samp>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<samp>touch</samp> will create an empty file if the file doesn't exist --- the
|
|
configuration program requires an existing file.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
<ol type="1" start="3" >
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<samp>wvdialconf /etc/wvdial.conf</samp>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
This means you're creating a configuration file, <samp>/etc/wvdial.conf</samp>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
<ol type="1" start="4" >
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Answer any questions that appear on the screen. <samp>wvdialconf</samp> will
|
|
also scan for your modem and tell you which serial port it's on; you may want
|
|
to make a note of this for future reference.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
<ol type="1" start="5" >
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<samp>/etc/wvdial.conf</samp> should look something like this now:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
[Dialer Defaults]
|
|
Modem = /dev/ttyS1
|
|
Baud = 115200
|
|
Init1 = ATZ
|
|
Init2 = ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 S11=55 +FCLASS=0
|
|
; Phone = [Target Phone Number]
|
|
; Username = [Your Login Name]
|
|
; Password = [Your Password]
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Just replace the information in brackets with the proper information and remove
|
|
the semicolons from the beginning of those lines and you're done! Here is what
|
|
a completed <samp>wvdial.conf</samp> file should look like:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
[Dialer Defaults]
|
|
Modem = /dev/ttyS1
|
|
Baud = 115200
|
|
Init1 = ATZ
|
|
Init2 = ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 S11=55 +FCLASS=0
|
|
Phone = 5551212
|
|
Username = beavis
|
|
Password = password
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Now that <samp>wvdial.conf</samp> is set up, to connect to your ISP just type
|
|
<samp>wvdial</samp>. If it doesn't work, you'll probably have to delve into
|
|
manual PPP configuration.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
|
|
<h3><a name="s-network-ppp-pppd"></a>13.3.4 Doing It Manually</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
This still isn't all that difficult, though it's slightly harder than
|
|
<samp>wvdial</samp>. The quick-and-easy summary: type <samp>pppconfig</samp>
|
|
as root, answer the questions, then type <samp>pon</samp> to log on, and
|
|
<samp>poff</samp> to log off. We'll go into a little more detail though.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
[ <a href="ch-file_tools.html">previous</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="index.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-about.html">1</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-introduction.html">2</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-start.html">3</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-basics.html">4</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-docs.html">5</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-shell.html">6</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-files.html">7</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-editor.html">8</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-custom_shell.html">9</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-X.html">10</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-text_tools.html">11</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-file_tools.html">12</a> ]
|
|
[ 13 ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-dpkg.html">14</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-troubleshooting.html">15</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-advanced.html">16</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-next.html">17</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-helping.html">18</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ap-apps_appendix.html">A</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ap-components_appendix.html">B</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ap-booting_appendix.html">C</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ap-misc_appendix.html">D</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-dpkg.html">next</a> ]
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Debian Tutorial (Obsolete Documentation)
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<address>
|
|
29 Dezember 2009<br>
|
|
<br>
|
|
Havoc Pennington <code><a href="mailto:hp@debian.org">hp@debian.org</a></code><br>
|
|
<br>
|
|
</address>
|
|
<hr>
|
|
|
|
</body>
|
|
|
|
</html>
|
|
|