321 lines
20 KiB
HTML
321 lines
20 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
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<html>
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<head>
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<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
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<title>Debian Tutorial (Obsolete Documentation) - Customizing the shell</title>
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<link href="index.html" rel="start">
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<link href="ch-editor.html" rel="prev">
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<link href="ch-X.html" rel="next">
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<link href="index.html#contents" rel="contents">
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<link href="index.html#copyright" rel="copyright">
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<link href="ch-about.html" rel="chapter" title="1 About this manual">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Introduction">
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<link href="ch-start.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Getting started">
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<link href="ch-basics.html" rel="chapter" title="4 The Basics">
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<link href="ch-docs.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Reading documentation and getting help">
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<link href="ch-shell.html" rel="chapter" title="6 Using the shell">
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<link href="ch-files.html" rel="chapter" title="7 More on files">
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<link href="ch-editor.html" rel="chapter" title="8 Creating and editing text files">
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<link href="ch-custom_shell.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Customizing the shell">
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<link href="ch-X.html" rel="chapter" title="10 The X Window System">
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<link href="ch-text_tools.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Text tools">
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<link href="ch-file_tools.html" rel="chapter" title="12 File tools">
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<link href="ch-disks.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Using disks">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Removing and installing software">
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<link href="ch-troubleshooting.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Troubleshooting">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html" rel="chapter" title="16 Advanced topics">
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<link href="ch-next.html" rel="chapter" title="17 Where to from here?">
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<link href="ch-helping.html" rel="chapter" title="18 Contributing to Debian: How can I help?">
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<link href="ap-apps_appendix.html" rel="appendix" title="A A brief survey of available applications">
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<link href="ap-components_appendix.html" rel="appendix" title="B Summary of GNU/Linux system components">
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<link href="ap-booting_appendix.html" rel="appendix" title="C Appendix C: Booting the system">
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<link href="ap-misc_appendix.html" rel="appendix" title="D Miscellaneous">
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<link href="ch-about.html#s-acknowldgements" rel="section" title="1.1 Acknowledgements">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html#s-introduction-debian" rel="section" title="2.1 What is Debian?">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html#s-introduction-DFSG" rel="section" title="2.2 What's free software?">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html#s-introduction-how" rel="section" title="2.3 How to Read This Book">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html#s-introduction-ldp" rel="section" title="2.4 The Linux Documentation Project">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-multi" rel="section" title="3.1 A multiuser, multitasking operating system">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-login" rel="section" title="3.2 Logging in">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-keys" rel="section" title="3.3 Keys">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-commandline" rel="section" title="3.4 Command history and editing the command line">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-root" rel="section" title="3.5 Logging in as root">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-VC" rel="section" title="3.6 Virtual consoles">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-shutdown" rel="section" title="3.7 Shutting down">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-commandline" rel="section" title="4.1 The command line and <samp>man</samp> pages">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-files" rel="section" title="4.2 Files and Directories">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-processes" rel="section" title="4.3 Processes">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-shell" rel="section" title="4.4 The shell">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-jobs" rel="section" title="4.5 Managing processes with Bash">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-bash" rel="section" title="4.6 A few Bash features">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-identity" rel="section" title="4.7 Managing your identity">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-sources" rel="section" title="5.1 Kinds of documentation">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-info" rel="section" title="5.2 Using info">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-textfiles" rel="section" title="5.3 Viewing text files with more and less">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-howtos" rel="section" title="5.4 HOWTOs">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-support" rel="section" title="5.5 Getting help from a person">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-sysinfo" rel="section" title="5.6 Getting information from the system">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-shell-variables" rel="section" title="6.1 Environment variables">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-shell-path" rel="section" title="6.2 Where commands live: the <samp>PATH</samp> variable">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-custom_shell-aliases" rel="section" title="6.3 Aliases and shell functions">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-shell-io" rel="section" title="6.4 Controlling input and output">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-shell-modifiers" rel="section" title="6.5 Specifying how and when to run commands">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-shell-wildcards" rel="section" title="6.6 Filename expansion ("Wildcards")">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s6.7" rel="section" title="6.7 Interactive/non-interactive">
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<link href="ch-files.html#s-files-permissions" rel="section" title="7.1 Permissions">
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<link href="ch-files.html#s-files-tour" rel="section" title="7.2 What files are on my system? Where can I put my own files?">
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<link href="ch-files.html#s-file-manager" rel="section" title="7.3 Using a filemanager">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-textfile" rel="section" title="8.1 What's a text file?">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-editor" rel="section" title="8.2 Text editors">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi" rel="section" title="8.3 Creating and editing a text file with <code>vi</code>">
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<link href="ch-custom_shell.html#s-custom_shell-dotfiles" rel="section" title="9.1 .rc files and <samp>ls -a</samp>">
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<link href="ch-custom_shell.html#s-custom_shell-etc" rel="section" title="9.2 System-wide vs. user-specific configuration">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-starting" rel="section" title="10.1 Starting the X environment">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-intro" rel="section" title="10.2 Intro: What is X">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-basics" rel="section" title="10.3 Basic X operations">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-startup" rel="section" title="10.4 Customizing your X startup">
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<link href="ch-text_tools.html#s-text_tools-regexps" rel="section" title="11.1 Regular expressions">
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<link href="ch-file_tools.html#s-file_tools-backup" rel="section" title="12.1 Backup tools">
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<link href="ch-file_tools.html#s-file_tools-compression" rel="section" title="12.2 File compression with <samp>gzip</samp>">
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<link href="ch-file_tools.html#s-file_tools-split" rel="section" title="12.3 Splitting files into smaller pieces">
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<link href="ch-file_tools.html#s-file_tools-find" rel="section" title="12.4 Finding files">
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<link href="ch-file_tools.html#s-file_tools-file" rel="section" title="12.5 Determining a file's contents">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-disks-concepts" rel="section" title="13.1 Concepts">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-disks-mount" rel="section" title="13.2 <samp>mount</samp> and <samp>/etc/fstab</samp>">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-network-ppp" rel="section" title="13.3 PPP">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-dpkg" rel="section" title="14.1 The <code>dpkg</code> package utility">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-what" rel="section" title="14.2 What a package maintenance utility does">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-apt" rel="section" title="14.3 Apt">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-dselect" rel="section" title="14.4 Using dselect.">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-commandline" rel="section" title="14.5 Using dpkg manually">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-compiling" rel="section" title="14.6 Compiling software yourself">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-proprietary" rel="section" title="14.7 Proprietary software not in .deb format">
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<link href="ch-troubleshooting.html#s-troubleshooting-frozen" rel="section" title="15.1 Debian is frozen or crashed!">
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<link href="ch-troubleshooting.html#s-troubleshooting-termgarbage" rel="section" title="15.2 My terminal isn't behaving properly">
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<link href="ch-troubleshooting.html#s-troubleshooting-vi" rel="section" title="15.3 The computer beeps when I press a key, and my screen shows a text file and/or a lot of <samp>~</samp> symbols.">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-scripting" rel="section" title="16.1 Introduction to shell scripting">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files" rel="section" title="16.2 Advanced files">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-kernel" rel="section" title="16.3 Compiling the kernel">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-security" rel="section" title="16.4 A few words on security">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-programming" rel="section" title="16.5 Programming on Linux">
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<link href="ch-next.html#s-next-manuals" rel="section" title="17.1 Other Debian manuals to read">
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<link href="ch-next.html#s-next-resources" rel="section" title="17.2 Other resources">
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<link href="ch-helping.html#s-helping-bugs" rel="section" title="18.1 Submit bug reports">
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<link href="ch-helping.html#s-helping-other" rel="section" title="18.2 Other things">
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<link href="ap-apps_appendix.html#s-A_apps-whatever" rel="section" title="A.1 (Subheadings could copy the structure of the menu system)">
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<link href="ap-misc_appendix.html#s-unix-history" rel="section" title="D.1 Unix History">
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<link href="ap-misc_appendix.html#sD.2" rel="section" title="D.2 GNU/Linux History">
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<link href="ap-misc_appendix.html#sD.3" rel="section" title="D.3 The Linux kernel's version numbering">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html#s-introduction-debian-os" rel="subsection" title="2.1.1 What's an operating system, and what sort of operating system is Debian?">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html#s-introduction-debian-how" rel="subsection" title="2.1.2 Who creates Debian?">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-commandline-description" rel="subsection" title="4.1.1 Describing the command line">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-files-intro" rel="subsection" title="4.2.1 Introduction to files">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-files-using" rel="subsection" title="4.2.2 Using files: a tutorial">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-bash-completion" rel="subsection" title="4.6.1 Tab Completion">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-support-posting" rel="subsection" title="5.5.1 Dos and Don'ts of asking a question">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-shell-variables-parents" rel="subsection" title="6.1.1 Parent and child processes">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-interactive-shells" rel="subsection" title="6.7.1 Interactive shells">
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<link href="ch-files.html#s-files-permissions-groups" rel="subsection" title="7.1.1 File Ownership">
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<link href="ch-files.html#s-files-permissions-mode" rel="subsection" title="7.1.2 Mode">
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<link href="ch-files.html#s-files-permissions-tutorial" rel="subsection" title="7.1.3 Permissions in practice">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-creating" rel="subsection" title="8.3.1 Creating a file">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-editing" rel="subsection" title="8.3.2 Editing an existing file">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-editing-movement" rel="subsection" title="8.3.2.1 Moving around in a file">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-editing-deletion" rel="subsection" title="8.3.2.2 Deleting text">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-editing-moremoving" rel="subsection" title="8.3.2.3 Sophisticated movement">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-editing-numbers" rel="subsection" title="8.3.2.4 Repeating commands">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-editing-advanced" rel="subsection" title="8.3.2.5 Advanced reference">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-basics-mouse" rel="subsection" title="10.3.1 The mouse">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-basics-clients" rel="subsection" title="10.3.2 X clients">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-basics-trouble" rel="subsection" title="10.3.3 Troubleshooting">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-basics-leaving" rel="subsection" title="10.3.4 Leaving the X environment">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-disks-mount-mounting" rel="subsection" title="13.2.1 Mounting a filesystem">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-disks-mount-cdromexample" rel="subsection" title="13.2.2 Example: Mounting a CD-ROM">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-disks-mount-fstab" rel="subsection" title="13.2.3 <samp>/etc/fstab</samp>: Automating the mount process">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-disks-mount-removable" rel="subsection" title="13.2.4 Removable disks (floppies, Zip disks, etc.)">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-network-ppp-introduction" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Introduction">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-network-ppp-preparation" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Preparation">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-network-ppp-wvdial" rel="subsection" title="13.3.3 The Easy Way: <samp>wvdial</samp>">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-network-ppp-pppd" rel="subsection" title="13.3.4 Doing It Manually">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-apt-config" rel="subsection" title="14.3.1 Configuring Apt">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-apt-usage" rel="subsection" title="14.3.2 Using apt-get.">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-scripting-why" rel="subsection" title="16.1.1 What and why">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-scripting-example" rel="subsection" title="16.1.2 A simple example">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-hardlinks" rel="subsection" title="16.2.1 The real nature of files: hard links and inodes">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-types" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2 Types of files">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-types-symlinks" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2.1 Symbolic links">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-files-misc-types-devices" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2.2 Device files">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-types-devices-null" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2.2.1 <samp>/dev/null</samp>">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-types-pipes" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2.3 Named pipes (FIFOs)">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-types-sockets" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2.4 Sockets">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-proc" rel="subsection" title="16.2.3 The <samp>proc</samp> filesystem">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-permissions" rel="subsection" title="16.2.4 Advanced aspects of file permissions">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-permissions-absolute" rel="subsection" title="16.2.4.1 Using numeric arguments with <samp>chmod</samp>">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-chattr" rel="subsection" title="16.2.5 chattr">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-copying" rel="subsection" title="16.2.6 Large-scale copying">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-undocumented" rel="subsection" title="16.2.7 Other concepts not yet covered, but should be">
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</head>
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<body>
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<p><a name="ch-custom_shell"></a></p>
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<hr>
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<p>
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[ <a href="ch-editor.html">previous</a> ]
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[ <a href="index.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-about.html">1</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-introduction.html">2</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-start.html">3</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-basics.html">4</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-docs.html">5</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-shell.html">6</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-files.html">7</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-editor.html">8</a> ]
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[ 9 ]
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[ <a href="ch-X.html">10</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-text_tools.html">11</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-file_tools.html">12</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-disks.html">13</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-dpkg.html">14</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-troubleshooting.html">15</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-advanced.html">16</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-next.html">17</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-helping.html">18</a> ]
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[ <a href="ap-apps_appendix.html">A</a> ]
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[ <a href="ap-components_appendix.html">B</a> ]
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[ <a href="ap-booting_appendix.html">C</a> ]
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[ <a href="ap-misc_appendix.html">D</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-X.html">next</a> ]
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</p>
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<hr>
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<h1>
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Debian Tutorial (Obsolete Documentation)
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<br>Chapter 9 - Customizing the shell
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</h1>
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<hr>
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<h2><a name="s-custom_shell-dotfiles"></a>9.1 .rc files and <samp>ls -a</samp></h2>
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<p>
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When you type <samp>ls</samp>, files beginning with a dot are not listed.
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Traditionally, files which contain configuration information, user preferences,
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and so on begin with a dot; these are hidden and out of your way while you do
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you day-to-day work. Sample dotfiles are <samp>~/.emacs</samp>,
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<samp>~/.newsrc</samp>, <samp>~/.bashrc</samp>, <samp>~/.xsession</samp>,
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<samp>~/.fvwmrc</samp>, etc... These are used by Emacs, newsreaders, the Bash
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shell, the X Window System, and the <code>fvwm</code> window manager,
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respectively. It is conventional to end the dotfile name with <samp>rc</samp>,
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but some programs don't. There are also directories beginning with a dot, such
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as <samp>~/.gimp</samp> and <samp>~/.netscape</samp>, which store preferences
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for the Gimp and Netscape.
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</p>
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<p>
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Sometimes a program will create a dotfile automatically; for example, Netscape
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allows you to edit your preferences with a graphical dialog and then it saves
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your choices. Other times you will create them yourself using a text editor;
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this is the traditional way to do it, but you have to learn the peculiar format
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of each file --- inconvenient at first, but it can give you a lot of power.
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</p>
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<p>
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To see dotfiles, you must use the <samp>-a</samp> option to <samp>ls</samp>.
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The long form of <samp>-a</samp> is <samp>--all</samp>, if you find that easier
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to remember. You can also use <samp>-A</samp> or <samp>--almost-all</samp>,
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which includes all dotfiles except <samp>.</samp> and <samp>..</samp> ---
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remember that <samp>.</samp> is the current directory, and <samp>..</samp> is
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the parent of the current directory; since these are guaranteed to be in every
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directory, there is no real reason to list them with <samp>ls</samp>. You
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already know they are there.
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</p>
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<hr>
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<h2><a name="s-custom_shell-etc"></a>9.2 System-wide vs. user-specific configuration</h2>
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<p>
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It's important to remember that there are two different kinds of configuration
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on a Debian system. <em>System-wide configuration</em> affects all users.
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System-wide settings are made in the <samp>/etc</samp> directory. You might
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configure the way the system connects to the internet, for example; or have web
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|
browsers on the system always start on the company home page. Since you want
|
|
these settings to apply to all users, you make the changes in
|
|
<samp>/etc</samp>. Sample configuration files in <samp>/etc</samp> include
|
|
<samp>/etc/X11/XF86Config</samp>, <samp>/etc/lynx.cfg</samp>, and
|
|
<samp>/etc/ppp/options</samp>. In fact nearly all the files in
|
|
<samp>/etc</samp> are configuration files.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Normally you must be root to change system-wide settings.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>User configuration</em> affects only a single user. Dotfiles are used for
|
|
user configuration. For example, the file <samp>~/.newsrc</samp> stores a list
|
|
of which Usenet (discussion group) articles you have read, and which groups you
|
|
are subscribed to. This allows newsreaders such as <samp>trn</samp> or
|
|
Netscape to display unread articles in the groups you're interested in. This
|
|
information will be different for every user on the system, so each user has
|
|
their own <samp>.newsrc</samp> file in their home directory.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
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<p>
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|
[ <a href="ch-editor.html">previous</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="index.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
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|
[ <a href="ch-about.html">1</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-introduction.html">2</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-start.html">3</a> ]
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|
[ <a href="ch-basics.html">4</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-docs.html">5</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-shell.html">6</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-files.html">7</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-editor.html">8</a> ]
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[ 9 ]
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[ <a href="ch-X.html">10</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-text_tools.html">11</a> ]
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|
[ <a href="ch-file_tools.html">12</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-disks.html">13</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-dpkg.html">14</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-troubleshooting.html">15</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-advanced.html">16</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-next.html">17</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-helping.html">18</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ap-apps_appendix.html">A</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ap-components_appendix.html">B</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ap-booting_appendix.html">C</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ap-misc_appendix.html">D</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-X.html">next</a> ]
|
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</p>
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|
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|
<hr>
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|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Debian Tutorial (Obsolete Documentation)
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<address>
|
|
29 Dezember 2009<br>
|
|
<br>
|
|
Havoc Pennington <code><a href="mailto:hp@debian.org">hp@debian.org</a></code><br>
|
|
<br>
|
|
</address>
|
|
<hr>
|
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</body>
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</html>
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