492 lines
24 KiB
HTML
492 lines
24 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
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<html>
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<head>
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<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
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<title>Debian Tutorial (Obsolete Documentation) - Miscellaneous</title>
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<link href="index.html" rel="start">
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<link href="ap-booting_appendix.html" rel="prev">
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<link href="index.html" rel="next">
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<link href="index.html#contents" rel="contents">
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<link href="index.html#copyright" rel="copyright">
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<link href="ch-about.html" rel="chapter" title="1 About this manual">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Introduction">
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<link href="ch-start.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Getting started">
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<link href="ch-basics.html" rel="chapter" title="4 The Basics">
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<link href="ch-docs.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Reading documentation and getting help">
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<link href="ch-shell.html" rel="chapter" title="6 Using the shell">
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<link href="ch-files.html" rel="chapter" title="7 More on files">
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<link href="ch-editor.html" rel="chapter" title="8 Creating and editing text files">
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<link href="ch-custom_shell.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Customizing the shell">
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<link href="ch-X.html" rel="chapter" title="10 The X Window System">
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<link href="ch-text_tools.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Text tools">
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<link href="ch-file_tools.html" rel="chapter" title="12 File tools">
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<link href="ch-disks.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Using disks">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Removing and installing software">
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<link href="ch-troubleshooting.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Troubleshooting">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html" rel="chapter" title="16 Advanced topics">
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<link href="ch-next.html" rel="chapter" title="17 Where to from here?">
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<link href="ch-helping.html" rel="chapter" title="18 Contributing to Debian: How can I help?">
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<link href="ap-apps_appendix.html" rel="appendix" title="A A brief survey of available applications">
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<link href="ap-components_appendix.html" rel="appendix" title="B Summary of GNU/Linux system components">
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<link href="ap-booting_appendix.html" rel="appendix" title="C Appendix C: Booting the system">
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<link href="ap-misc_appendix.html" rel="appendix" title="D Miscellaneous">
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<link href="ch-about.html#s-acknowldgements" rel="section" title="1.1 Acknowledgements">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html#s-introduction-debian" rel="section" title="2.1 What is Debian?">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html#s-introduction-DFSG" rel="section" title="2.2 What's free software?">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html#s-introduction-how" rel="section" title="2.3 How to Read This Book">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html#s-introduction-ldp" rel="section" title="2.4 The Linux Documentation Project">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-multi" rel="section" title="3.1 A multiuser, multitasking operating system">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-login" rel="section" title="3.2 Logging in">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-keys" rel="section" title="3.3 Keys">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-commandline" rel="section" title="3.4 Command history and editing the command line">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-root" rel="section" title="3.5 Logging in as root">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-VC" rel="section" title="3.6 Virtual consoles">
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<link href="ch-start.html#s-start-shutdown" rel="section" title="3.7 Shutting down">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-commandline" rel="section" title="4.1 The command line and <samp>man</samp> pages">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-files" rel="section" title="4.2 Files and Directories">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-processes" rel="section" title="4.3 Processes">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-shell" rel="section" title="4.4 The shell">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-jobs" rel="section" title="4.5 Managing processes with Bash">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-bash" rel="section" title="4.6 A few Bash features">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-identity" rel="section" title="4.7 Managing your identity">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-sources" rel="section" title="5.1 Kinds of documentation">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-info" rel="section" title="5.2 Using info">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-textfiles" rel="section" title="5.3 Viewing text files with more and less">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-howtos" rel="section" title="5.4 HOWTOs">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-support" rel="section" title="5.5 Getting help from a person">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-sysinfo" rel="section" title="5.6 Getting information from the system">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-shell-variables" rel="section" title="6.1 Environment variables">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-shell-path" rel="section" title="6.2 Where commands live: the <samp>PATH</samp> variable">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-custom_shell-aliases" rel="section" title="6.3 Aliases and shell functions">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-shell-io" rel="section" title="6.4 Controlling input and output">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-shell-modifiers" rel="section" title="6.5 Specifying how and when to run commands">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-shell-wildcards" rel="section" title="6.6 Filename expansion ("Wildcards")">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s6.7" rel="section" title="6.7 Interactive/non-interactive">
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<link href="ch-files.html#s-files-permissions" rel="section" title="7.1 Permissions">
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<link href="ch-files.html#s-files-tour" rel="section" title="7.2 What files are on my system? Where can I put my own files?">
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<link href="ch-files.html#s-file-manager" rel="section" title="7.3 Using a filemanager">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-textfile" rel="section" title="8.1 What's a text file?">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-editor" rel="section" title="8.2 Text editors">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi" rel="section" title="8.3 Creating and editing a text file with <code>vi</code>">
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<link href="ch-custom_shell.html#s-custom_shell-dotfiles" rel="section" title="9.1 .rc files and <samp>ls -a</samp>">
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<link href="ch-custom_shell.html#s-custom_shell-etc" rel="section" title="9.2 System-wide vs. user-specific configuration">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-starting" rel="section" title="10.1 Starting the X environment">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-intro" rel="section" title="10.2 Intro: What is X">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-basics" rel="section" title="10.3 Basic X operations">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-startup" rel="section" title="10.4 Customizing your X startup">
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<link href="ch-text_tools.html#s-text_tools-regexps" rel="section" title="11.1 Regular expressions">
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<link href="ch-file_tools.html#s-file_tools-backup" rel="section" title="12.1 Backup tools">
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<link href="ch-file_tools.html#s-file_tools-compression" rel="section" title="12.2 File compression with <samp>gzip</samp>">
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<link href="ch-file_tools.html#s-file_tools-split" rel="section" title="12.3 Splitting files into smaller pieces">
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<link href="ch-file_tools.html#s-file_tools-find" rel="section" title="12.4 Finding files">
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<link href="ch-file_tools.html#s-file_tools-file" rel="section" title="12.5 Determining a file's contents">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-disks-concepts" rel="section" title="13.1 Concepts">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-disks-mount" rel="section" title="13.2 <samp>mount</samp> and <samp>/etc/fstab</samp>">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-network-ppp" rel="section" title="13.3 PPP">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-dpkg" rel="section" title="14.1 The <code>dpkg</code> package utility">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-what" rel="section" title="14.2 What a package maintenance utility does">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-apt" rel="section" title="14.3 Apt">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-dselect" rel="section" title="14.4 Using dselect.">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-commandline" rel="section" title="14.5 Using dpkg manually">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-compiling" rel="section" title="14.6 Compiling software yourself">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-dpkg-proprietary" rel="section" title="14.7 Proprietary software not in .deb format">
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<link href="ch-troubleshooting.html#s-troubleshooting-frozen" rel="section" title="15.1 Debian is frozen or crashed!">
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<link href="ch-troubleshooting.html#s-troubleshooting-termgarbage" rel="section" title="15.2 My terminal isn't behaving properly">
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<link href="ch-troubleshooting.html#s-troubleshooting-vi" rel="section" title="15.3 The computer beeps when I press a key, and my screen shows a text file and/or a lot of <samp>~</samp> symbols.">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-scripting" rel="section" title="16.1 Introduction to shell scripting">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files" rel="section" title="16.2 Advanced files">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-kernel" rel="section" title="16.3 Compiling the kernel">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-security" rel="section" title="16.4 A few words on security">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-programming" rel="section" title="16.5 Programming on Linux">
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<link href="ch-next.html#s-next-manuals" rel="section" title="17.1 Other Debian manuals to read">
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<link href="ch-next.html#s-next-resources" rel="section" title="17.2 Other resources">
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<link href="ch-helping.html#s-helping-bugs" rel="section" title="18.1 Submit bug reports">
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<link href="ch-helping.html#s-helping-other" rel="section" title="18.2 Other things">
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<link href="ap-apps_appendix.html#s-A_apps-whatever" rel="section" title="A.1 (Subheadings could copy the structure of the menu system)">
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<link href="ap-misc_appendix.html#s-unix-history" rel="section" title="D.1 Unix History">
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<link href="ap-misc_appendix.html#sD.2" rel="section" title="D.2 GNU/Linux History">
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<link href="ap-misc_appendix.html#sD.3" rel="section" title="D.3 The Linux kernel's version numbering">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html#s-introduction-debian-os" rel="subsection" title="2.1.1 What's an operating system, and what sort of operating system is Debian?">
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<link href="ch-introduction.html#s-introduction-debian-how" rel="subsection" title="2.1.2 Who creates Debian?">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-commandline-description" rel="subsection" title="4.1.1 Describing the command line">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-files-intro" rel="subsection" title="4.2.1 Introduction to files">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-files-using" rel="subsection" title="4.2.2 Using files: a tutorial">
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<link href="ch-basics.html#s-basics-bash-completion" rel="subsection" title="4.6.1 Tab Completion">
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<link href="ch-docs.html#s-docs-support-posting" rel="subsection" title="5.5.1 Dos and Don'ts of asking a question">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-shell-variables-parents" rel="subsection" title="6.1.1 Parent and child processes">
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<link href="ch-shell.html#s-interactive-shells" rel="subsection" title="6.7.1 Interactive shells">
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<link href="ch-files.html#s-files-permissions-groups" rel="subsection" title="7.1.1 File Ownership">
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<link href="ch-files.html#s-files-permissions-mode" rel="subsection" title="7.1.2 Mode">
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<link href="ch-files.html#s-files-permissions-tutorial" rel="subsection" title="7.1.3 Permissions in practice">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-creating" rel="subsection" title="8.3.1 Creating a file">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-editing" rel="subsection" title="8.3.2 Editing an existing file">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-editing-movement" rel="subsection" title="8.3.2.1 Moving around in a file">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-editing-deletion" rel="subsection" title="8.3.2.2 Deleting text">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-editing-moremoving" rel="subsection" title="8.3.2.3 Sophisticated movement">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-editing-numbers" rel="subsection" title="8.3.2.4 Repeating commands">
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<link href="ch-editor.html#s-editor-vi-editing-advanced" rel="subsection" title="8.3.2.5 Advanced reference">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-basics-mouse" rel="subsection" title="10.3.1 The mouse">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-basics-clients" rel="subsection" title="10.3.2 X clients">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-basics-trouble" rel="subsection" title="10.3.3 Troubleshooting">
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<link href="ch-X.html#s-X-basics-leaving" rel="subsection" title="10.3.4 Leaving the X environment">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-disks-mount-mounting" rel="subsection" title="13.2.1 Mounting a filesystem">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-disks-mount-cdromexample" rel="subsection" title="13.2.2 Example: Mounting a CD-ROM">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-disks-mount-fstab" rel="subsection" title="13.2.3 <samp>/etc/fstab</samp>: Automating the mount process">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-disks-mount-removable" rel="subsection" title="13.2.4 Removable disks (floppies, Zip disks, etc.)">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-network-ppp-introduction" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Introduction">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-network-ppp-preparation" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Preparation">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-network-ppp-wvdial" rel="subsection" title="13.3.3 The Easy Way: <samp>wvdial</samp>">
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<link href="ch-disks.html#s-network-ppp-pppd" rel="subsection" title="13.3.4 Doing It Manually">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-apt-config" rel="subsection" title="14.3.1 Configuring Apt">
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<link href="ch-dpkg.html#s-apt-usage" rel="subsection" title="14.3.2 Using apt-get.">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-scripting-why" rel="subsection" title="16.1.1 What and why">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-scripting-example" rel="subsection" title="16.1.2 A simple example">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-hardlinks" rel="subsection" title="16.2.1 The real nature of files: hard links and inodes">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-types" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2 Types of files">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-types-symlinks" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2.1 Symbolic links">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-files-misc-types-devices" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2.2 Device files">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-types-devices-null" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2.2.1 <samp>/dev/null</samp>">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-types-pipes" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2.3 Named pipes (FIFOs)">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-types-sockets" rel="subsection" title="16.2.2.4 Sockets">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-proc" rel="subsection" title="16.2.3 The <samp>proc</samp> filesystem">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-permissions" rel="subsection" title="16.2.4 Advanced aspects of file permissions">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-permissions-absolute" rel="subsection" title="16.2.4.1 Using numeric arguments with <samp>chmod</samp>">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-chattr" rel="subsection" title="16.2.5 chattr">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-copying" rel="subsection" title="16.2.6 Large-scale copying">
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<link href="ch-advanced.html#s-advanced-files-undocumented" rel="subsection" title="16.2.7 Other concepts not yet covered, but should be">
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</head>
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<body>
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<p><a name="ap-misc_appendix"></a></p>
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<hr>
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<p>
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[ <a href="ap-booting_appendix.html">previous</a> ]
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[ <a href="index.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-about.html">1</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-introduction.html">2</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-start.html">3</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-basics.html">4</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-docs.html">5</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-shell.html">6</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-files.html">7</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-editor.html">8</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-custom_shell.html">9</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-X.html">10</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-text_tools.html">11</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-file_tools.html">12</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-disks.html">13</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-dpkg.html">14</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-troubleshooting.html">15</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-advanced.html">16</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-next.html">17</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-helping.html">18</a> ]
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[ <a href="ap-apps_appendix.html">A</a> ]
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[ <a href="ap-components_appendix.html">B</a> ]
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[ <a href="ap-booting_appendix.html">C</a> ]
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[ D ]
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[ <a href="index.html">next</a> ]
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</p>
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<hr>
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<h1>
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Debian Tutorial (Obsolete Documentation)
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<br>Appendix D - Miscellaneous</h1>
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<hr>
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<p>
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This chapter contains interesting information that didn't fit in the rest of
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the manual, such as historical notes. It may be moved to another manual in the
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future, or made into a coherent chapter.
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</p>
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<hr>
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<h2><a name="s-unix-history"></a>D.1 Unix History</h2>
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<p>
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In 1969, Bell Telephone Laboratories (Bell Labs, a division of AT& T) was
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working with General Electric and Project MAC of MIT to write an operating
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system called Multics. To make a long story slightly shorter, Bell Labs
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decided the project wasn't going anywhere and broke out of the group. This
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left Bell Labs without a good operating system.
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</p>
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<p>
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Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie decided to sketch out an operating system that
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would meet their needs. Bell Labs had an unused PDP-7 computer that Thompson
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wanted to put to use, so he implemented the system they had designed on that
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machine. As a pun on Multics, Brian Kernighan, another Bell Labs researcher,
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gave the system the name Unix. The group was able to get funding to buy a
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better computer, a PDP-11, by proposing a plan to write a word processing
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system. Rather than write the word processor from scratch, they made it an
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application that ran under Unix, which they ported to the PDP-11.
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</p>
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<p>
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Later, Dennis Ritchie invented the "C" programming language. In
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1973, Unix was rewritten in C instead of the original assembly language.[<a
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href="footnotes.html#f21" name="fr21">21</a>] In 1977, Unix was moved to a new
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machine through a process called <em>porting</em> away from the PDP machines it
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had run on previously. This was aided by the fact Unix was written in C since
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much of the code could simply be recompiled and didn't have to be rewritten.
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</p>
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<p>
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In the late 1970's, AT& T was forbidden from competing in the computing
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industry, so it licensed Unix to various colleges and universities very
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cheaply. It was slow to catch on outside of academic institutions but was
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eventually popular with businesses as well. The Unix of today is different
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from the Unix of 1970. It has two major variations: System V, from Unix System
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Laboratories (USL), a subsidiary of SCO[<a href="footnotes.html#f22"
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name="fr22">22</a>], and the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). The USL
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version is now up to its forth release, or SVR4[<a href="footnotes.html#f23"
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name="fr23">23</a>], while BSD's latest version is 4.4. However, there are
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many different versions of Unix besides these two. Most proprietary versions
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of Unix derive from one of the two groupings. The versions of Unix that are
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actually used usually incorporate features from both variations.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Current proprietary versions of Unix for Intel PCs cost between $500 and $2000,
|
|
with the exception of Solaris x86 which has been crushed by free Unix clones
|
|
and forced to lower prices.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
|
|
<h2><a name="sD.2"></a>D.2 GNU/Linux History</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Debian traces its roots to the founding of the GNU project in 1984 by Richard
|
|
M. Stallman. GNU (GNU's Not Unix) is a project of the Free Software
|
|
Foundation; their goal was and is to replace the Unix operating system with
|
|
free software. They had written almost an entire operating system by the early
|
|
1990s, but the kernel was missing. Fortunately, Linux appeared to fill this
|
|
gap.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The primary author of the Linux kernel is Linus Torvalds. Since his original
|
|
versions, it has been improved by countless numbers of people around the world.
|
|
It is a clone, written entirely from scratch, of the Unix operating system.
|
|
Neither USL, nor the University of California, Berkeley, were involved in
|
|
writing Linux. One of the more interesting facts about Linux is that
|
|
development occurs simultaneously around the world. People from Australia to
|
|
Finland contributed to Linux and will hopefully continue to do so.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Linux began with a project to explore the 386 chip. One of Linus's earlier
|
|
projects was a program that would switch between printing <samp>AAAA</samp> and
|
|
<samp>BBBB</samp>. This later evolved into Linux.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Linux has been copyrighted under the terms of the GNU General Public License
|
|
(GPL). This is a license written by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) that is
|
|
designed to keep software free. In brief, it says that although you can charge
|
|
as much as you'd like for a copy, you can't prevent the person you sold it to
|
|
from selling it, giving it away, or modifying it. It also means that the
|
|
source code[<a href="footnotes.html#f24" name="fr24">24</a>] must also be
|
|
available. This is useful for programmers. Anybody can modify Linux and even
|
|
distribute their modifications, provided that they keep the code under the same
|
|
copyright --- the GPL.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Debian is called GNU/Linux because it is a product of two massive efforts, the
|
|
Linux kernel and the GNU project. Still, focusing on only these two
|
|
contributions leaves out tens of thousands of contributors. It's impossible to
|
|
keep track of everyone who's made Debian what it is today.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The following two lists, of leaders and release milestones, are copyrighted by
|
|
Software in the Public Interest and may be redistributed but not modified.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Debian has had several leaders since its beginnings in 1993.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Ian Murdock founded Debian in August 1993 and led it until March 1996. This
|
|
effort was sponsored by the FSF's GNU project for one year (November 1994 to
|
|
November 1995).
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Bruce Perens led Debian from April 1996 until December 1997
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Ian Jackson led Debian from January 1998 until February 1999.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Wichert Akkerman is the current Debian leader since February 1999.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Here are a few of the major Debian release milestones:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
0.01-0.90 were released between August 1993 and December 1993
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
0.91 released January 1994 (around 30 developers, primitive packager)
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
0.93R5 released in March 1995 (dpkg makes its first appearance)
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
0.93R6 released in November 1995 (around 60 developers, a.out, first dselect)
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
1.0 was never released. It later became version 1.1
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
1.1 'Buzz' released June 1996 (474 packages, 2.0 kernel, fully ELF, dpkg)
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
1.2 'Rex' released December 1996 (848 packages, 120 developers)
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
1.3 'Bo' released July 1997 (974 packages, 200 developers)
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
2.0 'Hamm' released July 1998 (1500+ packages, 400+ developers, glibc2)
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
2.1 'Slink' is scheduled for release in early March 1999.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
|
|
<h2><a name="sD.3"></a>D.3 The Linux kernel's version numbering</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The first number in Linux's version number indicates truly huge revisions.
|
|
These change very slowly: right now version 2 is the latest. The second number
|
|
indicates less major revisions. Even second numbers signify more stable,
|
|
dependable versions of Linux while odd numbers are developer's versions that
|
|
are more prone to bugs. The final version number is the minor release
|
|
number---every time a new version is released that may just fix small problems
|
|
or add minor features, that number is increased by one. Right now the stable
|
|
kernel is 2.0, and the developer's kernel is 2.1. When 2.1 is ready, it will
|
|
become stable kernel 2.2. The latest version of the stable kernel is currently
|
|
2.0.35, though that may well change by the time you read this. The 2.2 stable
|
|
release is expected soon.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
[ <a href="ap-booting_appendix.html">previous</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="index.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-about.html">1</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-introduction.html">2</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-start.html">3</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-basics.html">4</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-docs.html">5</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-shell.html">6</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-files.html">7</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-editor.html">8</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-custom_shell.html">9</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-X.html">10</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-text_tools.html">11</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-file_tools.html">12</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-disks.html">13</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-dpkg.html">14</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-troubleshooting.html">15</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-advanced.html">16</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-next.html">17</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ch-helping.html">18</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ap-apps_appendix.html">A</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ap-components_appendix.html">B</a> ]
|
|
[ <a href="ap-booting_appendix.html">C</a> ]
|
|
[ D ]
|
|
[ <a href="index.html">next</a> ]
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Debian Tutorial (Obsolete Documentation)
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<address>
|
|
29 Dezember 2009<br>
|
|
<br>
|
|
Havoc Pennington <code><a href="mailto:hp@debian.org">hp@debian.org</a></code><br>
|
|
<br>
|
|
</address>
|
|
<hr>
|
|
|
|
</body>
|
|
|
|
</html>
|
|
|