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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
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<title>Preface</title>
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<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2">
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<link rel="next" href="ch01.en.html" title="Chapter 1. GNU/Linux tutorials">
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<link rel="preface" href="pr01.en.html" title="Preface">
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<link rel="chapter" href="ch01.en.html" title="Chapter 1. GNU/Linux tutorials">
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<link rel="chapter" href="ch02.en.html" title="Chapter 2. Debian package management">
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<link rel="chapter" href="ch03.en.html" title="Chapter 3. The system initialization">
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<link rel="chapter" href="ch04.en.html" title="Chapter 4. Authentication">
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<link rel="chapter" href="ch05.en.html" title="Chapter 5. Network setup">
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<link rel="chapter" href="ch06.en.html" title="Chapter 6. Network applications">
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<link rel="chapter" href="ch07.en.html" title="Chapter 7. The X Window System">
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<link rel="chapter" href="ch08.en.html" title="Chapter 8. I18N and L10N">
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<link rel="chapter" href="ch09.en.html" title="Chapter 9. System tips">
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<link rel="chapter" href="ch10.en.html" title="Chapter 10. Data management">
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<link rel="chapter" href="ch11.en.html" title="Chapter 11. Data conversion">
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<link rel="chapter" href="ch12.en.html" title="Chapter 12. Programming">
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<link rel="appendix" href="apa.en.html" title="Appendix A. Appendix">
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<link rel="section" href="pr01.en.html#_disclaimer" title="1. Disclaimer">
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<link rel="section" href="pr01.en.html#_what_is_debian" title="2. What is Debian">
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<link rel="section" href="pr01.en.html#_about_this_document" title="3. About this document">
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<link rel="section" href="pr01.en.html#_some_quotes_for_new_users" title="4. Some quotes for new users">
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<table width="100%" summary="Navigation header">
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<tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Preface</th></tr>
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<div class="preface">
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
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<a name="_preface"></a>Preface</h2></div></div></div>
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<div class="toc">
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<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
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<dl>
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<dt><span class="section"><a href="pr01.en.html#_disclaimer">1. Disclaimer</a></span></dt>
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<dt><span class="section"><a href="pr01.en.html#_what_is_debian">2. What is Debian</a></span></dt>
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<dt><span class="section"><a href="pr01.en.html#_about_this_document">3. About this document</a></span></dt>
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<dd><dl>
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<dt><span class="section"><a href="pr01.en.html#_guiding_rules">3.1. Guiding rules</a></span></dt>
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<dt><span class="section"><a href="pr01.en.html#_prerequisites">3.2. Prerequisites</a></span></dt>
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<dt><span class="section"><a href="pr01.en.html#_conventions">3.3. Conventions</a></span></dt>
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<dt><span class="section"><a href="pr01.en.html#_the_popcon">3.4. The popcon</a></span></dt>
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<dt><span class="section"><a href="pr01.en.html#_the_package_size">3.5. The package size</a></span></dt>
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<dt><span class="section"><a href="pr01.en.html#_bug_reports_on_this_document">3.6. Bug reports on this document</a></span></dt>
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</dl></dd>
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<dt><span class="section"><a href="pr01.en.html#_some_quotes_for_new_users">4. Some quotes for new users</a></span></dt>
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</dl>
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</div>
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<p>This <a class="ulink" href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-reference/" target="_top">Debian Reference (version 2)</a> (2012-07-11 04:20:12 UTC) is intended to provide a broad overview of Debian system administration as a post-installation user guide.</p>
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<p>The target reader is someone who is willing to learn shell scripts but who is not ready to read all the C sources to figure out how the <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" target="_top">GNU</a>/<a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" target="_top">Linux</a> system works.</p>
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<div class="section">
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
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<a name="_disclaimer"></a>1. Disclaimer</h2></div></div></div>
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<p>All warranties are disclaimed. All trademarks are property of their respective trademark owners.</p>
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<p>The Debian system itself is a moving target. This makes its documentation difficult to be current and correct. Although the current unstable version of Debian system was used as the basis for writing this, some contents may be already outdated by the time you read this.</p>
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<p>Please treat this document as the secondary reference. This document does not replace any authoritative guides. The author and contributors do not take responsibility for consequences of errors, omissions or ambiguity in this document.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section">
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
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<a name="_what_is_debian"></a>2. What is Debian</h2></div></div></div>
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<p>The <a class="ulink" href="http://www.debian.org" target="_top">Debian Project</a> is an association of individuals who have made common cause to create a free operating system. It's distribution is characterized by the following.</p>
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<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
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<li class="listitem"><p>
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Commitment to the software freedom: <a class="ulink" href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract" target="_top">Debian Social Contract and Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG)</a>
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</p></li>
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<li class="listitem"><p>
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Internet based distributed unpaid volunteer effort: <a class="ulink" href="http://www.debian.org" target="_top">http://www.debian.org</a>
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</p></li>
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<li class="listitem"><p>
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Large number of pre-compiled high quality softwares
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</p></li>
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<li class="listitem"><p>
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Focus on stability and security with easy access to the security updates
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</p></li>
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<li class="listitem"><p>
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Focus on smooth upgrade to latest softwares with <code class="literal">unstable</code> and <code class="literal">testing</code> archives
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</p></li>
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<li class="listitem"><p>
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Large number of supported hardware architectures
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</p></li>
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</ul></div>
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<p>Free Software pieces in Debian come from <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" target="_top">GNU</a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" target="_top">Linux</a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" target="_top">BSD</a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System" target="_top">X</a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Systems_Consortium" target="_top">ISC</a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Software_Foundation" target="_top">Apache</a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostscript" target="_top">Ghostscript</a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Unix_Printing_System" target="_top">Common Unix Printing System </a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_(software)" target="_top">Samba</a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME" target="_top">GNOME</a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE" target="_top">KDE</a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla" target="_top">Mozilla</a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice.org" target="_top">OpenOffice.org</a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vim_(text_editor)" target="_top">Vim</a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeX" target="_top">TeX</a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaTeX" target="_top">LaTeX</a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DocBook" target="_top">DocBook</a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl" target="_top">Perl</a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" target="_top">Python</a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl" target="_top">Tcl</a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" target="_top">Java</a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" target="_top">Ruby</a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP" target="_top">PHP</a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_DB" target="_top">Berkeley DB</a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" target="_top">MySQL</a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostgreSQL" target="_top">PostgreSQL</a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exim" target="_top">Exim</a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postfix_(software)" target="_top">Postfix</a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutt_(e-mail_client)" target="_top">Mutt</a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD" target="_top">FreeBSD</a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBSD" target="_top">OpenBSD</a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" target="_top">Plan 9</a> and many more independent free software projects. Debian integrates this diversity of Free Software into one system.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section">
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
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<a name="_about_this_document"></a>3. About this document</h2></div></div></div>
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<div class="section">
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
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<a name="_guiding_rules"></a>3.1. Guiding rules</h3></div></div></div>
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<p>Following guiding rules are followed while compiling this document.</p>
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<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
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<li class="listitem"><p>
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Provide overview and skip corner cases. (<span class="strong"><strong>Big Picture</strong></span>)
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</p></li>
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<li class="listitem"><p>
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Keep It Short and Simple. (<span class="strong"><strong>KISS</strong></span>)
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</p></li>
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<li class="listitem"><p>
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Do not reinvent the wheel. (Use pointers to <span class="strong"><strong>the existing references</strong></span>)
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</p></li>
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<li class="listitem"><p>
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Focus on non-GUI tools and consoles. (Use <span class="strong"><strong>shell examples</strong></span>)
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</p></li>
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<li class="listitem"><p>
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Be objective. (Use <a class="ulink" href="http://popcon.debian.org/" target="_top">popcon</a> etc.)
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</p></li>
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</ul></div>
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<div class="tip" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><table border="0" summary="Tip">
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<tr>
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<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Tip]" src="images/tip.png"></td>
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<th align="left">Tip</th>
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</tr>
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>I tried to elucidate hierarchical aspects and lower levels of the system.</p></td></tr>
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</table></div>
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</div>
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<div class="section">
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
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<a name="_prerequisites"></a>3.2. Prerequisites</h3></div></div></div>
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<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><table border="0" summary="Warning">
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<tr>
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<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Warning]" src="images/warning.png"></td>
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<th align="left">Warning</th>
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</tr>
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>You are expected to make good efforts to seek answers by yourself beyond this documentation. This document only gives efficient starting points.</p></td></tr>
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</table></div>
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<p>You must seek solution by yourself from primary sources.</p>
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<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
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<li class="listitem"><p>
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The Debian site at <a class="ulink" href="http://www.debian.org" target="_top">http://www.debian.org</a> for the general information
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</p></li>
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<li class="listitem"><p>
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The documentation under the "<code class="literal">/usr/share/doc/<package_name></code>" directory
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</p></li>
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<li class="listitem"><p>
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The Unix style <span class="strong"><strong>manpage</strong></span>: "<code class="literal">dpkg -L <package_name> |grep '/man/man.*/'</code>"
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</p></li>
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<li class="listitem"><p>
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The GNU style <span class="strong"><strong>info page</strong></span>: "<code class="literal">dpkg -L <package_name> |grep '/info/'</code>"
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</p></li>
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<li class="listitem"><p>
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The bug report: <a class="ulink" href="http://bugs.debian.org/" target="_top">http://bugs.debian.org/<package_name></a>
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</p></li>
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<li class="listitem"><p>
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The Debian Wiki at <a class="ulink" href="http://wiki.debian.org/" target="_top">http://wiki.debian.org/</a> for the moving and specific topics
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</p></li>
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<li class="listitem"><p>
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The HOWTOs from The Linux Documentation Project (TLDP) at <a class="ulink" href="http://tldp.org/" target="_top">http://tldp.org/</a>
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</p></li>
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<li class="listitem"><p>
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The Single UNIX Specification from the Open Group's The UNIX System Home Page at <a class="ulink" href="http://www.unix.org/" target="_top">http://www.unix.org/</a>
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</p></li>
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<li class="listitem"><p>
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The free encyclopedia from Wikipedia at <a class="ulink" href="http://www.wikipedia.org/" target="_top">http://www.wikipedia.org/</a>
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</p></li>
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</ul></div>
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<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><table border="0" summary="Note">
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<tr>
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<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="images/note.png"></td>
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<th align="left">Note</th>
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</tr>
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>For detailed documentation, you may need to install the corresponding documentation package named with "<code class="literal">-doc</code>" as its suffix.</p></td></tr>
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</table></div>
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</div>
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<div class="section">
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
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<a name="_conventions"></a>3.3. Conventions</h3></div></div></div>
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<p>This document provides information through the following simplified presentation style with <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">bash</span>(1)</span> shell command examples.</p>
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<pre class="screen"># <command in root account>
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$ <command in user account></pre>
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<p>These shell prompts distinguish account used and correspond to set environment variables as: "<code class="literal">PS1='\$'</code>" and "<code class="literal">PS2=' '</code>". These values are chosen for the sake of readability of this document and are not typical on actual installed system.</p>
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<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><table border="0" summary="Note">
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<tr>
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<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="images/note.png"></td>
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<th align="left">Note</th>
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</tr>
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>See the meaning of the "<code class="literal">$PS1</code>" and "<code class="literal">$PS2</code>" environment variables in <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">bash</span>(1)</span>.</p></td></tr>
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</table></div>
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<p><span class="strong"><strong>Action</strong></span> required by the system administrator is written in the imperative sentence, e.g. "Type Enter-key after typing each command string to the shell."</p>
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<p>The <span class="strong"><strong>description</strong></span> column and similar ones in the table may contain a <span class="strong"><strong>noun phrase</strong></span> following <a class="ulink" href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/developers-reference/best-pkging-practices#bpp-desc-basics" target="_top">the package short description convention</a> which drops leading articles such as "a" and "the". They may alternatively contain an infinitive phrase as a <span class="strong"><strong>noun phrase</strong></span> without leading "to" following the short command description convention in manpages. These may look funny to some people but are my intentional choices of style to keep this documentation as simple as possible. These <span class="strong"><strong>Noun phrases</strong></span> do not capitalize their starting nor end with periods following these short description convention.</p>
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<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><table border="0" summary="Note">
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<tr>
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<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="images/note.png"></td>
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<th align="left">Note</th>
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</tr>
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<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>Proper nouns including command names keeps their case irrespective of their location.</p></td></tr>
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</table></div>
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<p>A <span class="strong"><strong>command snippet</strong></span> quoted in a text paragraph is referred by the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<code class="literal">aptitude safe-upgrade</code>".</p>
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<p>A <span class="strong"><strong>text data</strong></span> from a configuration file quoted in a text paragraph is referred by the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<code class="literal">deb-src</code>".</p>
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<p>A <span class="strong"><strong>command</strong></span> is referred by its name in the typewriter font optionally followed by its manpage section number in parenthesis, such as <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">bash</span>(1)</span>. You are encouraged to obtain information by typing the following.</p>
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<pre class="screen">$ man 1 bash</pre>
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<p>A <span class="strong"><strong>manpage</strong></span> is referred by its name in the typewriter font followed by its manpage section number in parenthesis, such as <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">sources.list</span>(5)</span>. You are encouraged to obtain information by typing the following.</p>
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<pre class="screen">$ man 5 sources.list</pre>
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<p>An <span class="strong"><strong>info page</strong></span> is referred by its command snippet in the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<code class="literal">info make</code>". You are encouraged to obtain information by typing the following.</p>
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<pre class="screen">$ info make</pre>
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<p>A <span class="strong"><strong>filename</strong></span> is referred by the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<code class="literal">/etc/passwd</code>". For configuration files, you are encouraged to obtain information by typing the following.</p>
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<pre class="screen">$ sensible-pager "/etc/passwd"</pre>
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<p>A <span class="strong"><strong>directory name</strong></span> is referred by the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<code class="literal">/etc/init.d/</code>". You are encouraged to explore its contents by typing the following.</p>
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<pre class="screen">$ mc "/etc/init.d/"</pre>
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<p>A <span class="strong"><strong>package name</strong></span> is referred by its name in the typewriter font, such as <code class="literal">vim</code>. You are encouraged to obtain information by typing the following.</p>
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<pre class="screen">$ dpkg -L vim
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$ apt-cache show vim
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$ aptitude show vim</pre>
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<p>A <span class="strong"><strong>documentation</strong></span> may indicate its location by the filename in the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<code class="literal">/usr/share/doc/sysv-rc/README.runlevels.gz</code>" and "<code class="literal">/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</code>"; or by its <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" target="_top">URL</a>, such as <a class="ulink" href="http://www.debian.org" target="_top">http://www.debian.org</a>. You are encouraged to read the documentation by typing the following.</p>
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<pre class="screen">$ zcat "/usr/share/doc/sysv-rc/README.runlevels.gz" | sensible-pager
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$ sensible-browser "/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html"
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$ sensible-browse "http://www.debian.org"</pre>
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<p>An <span class="strong"><strong>environment variable</strong></span> is referred by its name with leading "<code class="literal">$</code>" in the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<code class="literal">$TERM</code>". You are encouraged to obtain its current value by typing the following.</p>
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<pre class="screen">$ echo "$TERM"</pre>
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</div>
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<div class="section">
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
|
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<a name="_the_popcon"></a>3.4. The popcon</h3></div></div></div>
|
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<p>The <a class="ulink" href="http://popcon.debian.org/" target="_top">popcon</a> data is presented as the objective measure for the popularity of each package. It was downloaded on 2012-03-25 12:46:39 UTC and contains the total submission of reports over 0 binary packages and 0 architectures.</p>
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<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><table border="0" summary="Note">
|
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<tr>
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<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="images/note.png"></td>
|
||
<th align="left">Note</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>Please note that the <code class="literal">amd64</code> <code class="literal">unstable</code> archive contains only 37617 packages currently. The popcon data contains reports from many old system installations.</p></td></tr>
|
||
</table></div>
|
||
<p>The popcon number preceded with "V:" for "votes" is calculated by "100 * (the popcon submissions for the package executed recently on the PC)/(the total popcon submissions)".</p>
|
||
<p>The popcon number preceded with "I:" for "installs" is calculated by "100 * (the popcon submissions for the package installed on the PC)/(the total popcon submissions)".</p>
|
||
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><table border="0" summary="Note">
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="images/note.png"></td>
|
||
<th align="left">Note</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>The popcon figures should not be considered as absolute measures of the importance of packages. There are many factors which can skew statistics. For example, some system participating popcon may have mounted directories such as "<code class="literal">/bin</code>" with "<code class="literal">noatime</code>" option for system performance improvement and effectively disabled "vote" from such system.</p></td></tr>
|
||
</table></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="section">
|
||
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
|
||
<a name="_the_package_size"></a>3.5. The package size</h3></div></div></div>
|
||
<p>The package size data is also presented as the objective measure for each package. It is based on the "<code class="literal">Installed-Size:</code>" reported by "<code class="literal">apt-cache show</code>" or "<code class="literal">aptitude show</code>" command (currently on <code class="literal">amd64</code> architecture for the <code class="literal">unstable</code> release). The reported size is in KiB (<a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibibyte" target="_top">Kibibyte</a> = unit for 1024 bytes).</p>
|
||
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><table border="0" summary="Note">
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="images/note.png"></td>
|
||
<th align="left">Note</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>A package with a small numerical package size may indicate that the package in the <code class="literal">unstable</code> release is a dummy package which installs other packages with significant contents by the dependency. The dummy package enables a smooth transition or split of the package.</p></td></tr>
|
||
</table></div>
|
||
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><table border="0" summary="Note">
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="images/note.png"></td>
|
||
<th align="left">Note</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>A package size followed by "(*)" indicates that the package in the <code class="literal">unstable</code> release is missing and the package size for the <code class="literal">experimental</code> release is used instead.</p></td></tr>
|
||
</table></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="section">
|
||
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
|
||
<a name="_bug_reports_on_this_document"></a>3.6. Bug reports on this document</h3></div></div></div>
|
||
<p>Please file bug reports on the <code class="literal">debian-reference</code> package using <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">reportbug</span>(1)</span> if you find any issues on this document. Please include correction suggestion by "<code class="literal">diff -u</code>" to the plain text version or to the source.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="section">
|
||
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
|
||
<a name="_some_quotes_for_new_users"></a>4. Some quotes for new users</h2></div></div></div>
|
||
<p>Here are some interesting quotes from the Debian mailing list which may help enlighten new users.</p>
|
||
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
|
||
<li class="listitem"><p>
|
||
"This is Unix. It gives you enough rope to hang yourself." --- Miquel van Smoorenburg <code class="literal"><miquels at cistron.nl></code>
|
||
</p></li>
|
||
<li class="listitem"><p>
|
||
"Unix IS user friendly… It's just selective about who its friends are." --- Tollef Fog Heen <code class="literal"><tollef at add.no></code>
|
||
</p></li>
|
||
</ul></div>
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<td width="20%" align="center"> </td>
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<td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ch01.en.html"><img src="images/next.gif" alt="Next"></a>
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<tr>
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<td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Debian Reference </td>
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<td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.en.html"><img src="images/home.gif" alt="Home"></a></td>
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<td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 1. GNU/Linux tutorials</td>
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