398 lines
14 KiB
HTML
398 lines
14 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
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<html>
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<head>
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<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
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<title>Debian Euro HOWTO (Obsolete Documentation) - Introduction</title>
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<link href="index.en.html" rel="start">
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<link href="index.en.html" rel="prev">
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<link href="ch-auto-config.en.html" rel="next">
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<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents">
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<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright">
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<link href="ch-intro.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Introduction">
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<link href="ch-auto-config.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Automatic configuration">
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<link href="ch-configure.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Configuring euro support">
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<link href="ch-applications.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Euro support in applications">
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<link href="ch-FAQ.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Frequently Asked Questions">
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<link href="ch-about.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 About this document">
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<link href="ap-latex-enc.en.html" rel="appendix" title="A File definitions for LaTeX">
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<link href="ch-intro.en.html#s1.1" rel="section" title="1.1 Why euro support?">
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<link href="ch-intro.en.html#s1.2" rel="section" title="1.2 What is the euro symbol?">
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<link href="ch-intro.en.html#s1.3" rel="section" title="1.3 Why all this fuss for just one character?">
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<link href="ch-intro.en.html#s1.4" rel="section" title="1.4 Standards">
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<link href="ch-intro.en.html#s1.5" rel="section" title="1.5 Is Debian euro-ready?">
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<link href="ch-auto-config.en.html#s2.1" rel="section" title="2.1 The language-env package">
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<link href="ch-auto-config.en.html#s2.2" rel="section" title="2.2 The euro-support package">
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<link href="ch-auto-config.en.html#s2.3" rel="section" title="2.3 The user-euro-XXX packages">
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<link href="ch-configure.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Initial considerations">
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<link href="ch-configure.en.html#s-localisation" rel="section" title="3.2 Localisation issues">
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<link href="ch-configure.en.html#s3.3" rel="section" title="3.3 Configuring the Console">
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<link href="ch-configure.en.html#s3.4" rel="section" title="3.4 Configuring the X environment">
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<link href="ch-applications.en.html#s4.1" rel="section" title="4.1 Why talk about applications?">
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<link href="ch-applications.en.html#s4.2" rel="section" title="4.2 Applications with known euro support">
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<link href="ch-applications.en.html#s4.3" rel="section" title="4.3 Applications that do not support the euro character">
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<link href="ch-FAQ.en.html#s5.1" rel="section" title="5.1 I see a strange character instead of the euro">
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<link href="ch-FAQ.en.html#s5.2" rel="section" title="5.2 The euro character gets lost when switching from X to console">
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<link href="ch-FAQ.en.html#s5.3" rel="section" title="5.3 How do I see if my keyboard is properly configured?">
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<link href="ch-FAQ.en.html#s5.4" rel="section" title="5.4 How do I see if I can represent euros properly?">
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<link href="ch-FAQ.en.html#s5.5" rel="section" title="5.5 I'm using framebuffer, can I represent euros on console?">
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<link href="ch-FAQ.en.html#s5.6" rel="section" title="5.6 I can input the euro character when running 'euro-test' but this behaviour is lost when X is restarted.">
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<link href="ch-FAQ.en.html#s5.7" rel="section" title="5.7 What is the longterm solution for this issue?">
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<link href="ch-about.en.html#s6.1" rel="section" title="6.1 Why this document?">
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<link href="ch-about.en.html#s-references" rel="section" title="6.2 References">
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<link href="ch-about.en.html#s6.3" rel="section" title="6.3 Changelog/History">
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<link href="ch-about.en.html#s-pending" rel="section" title="6.4 Pending issues">
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<link href="ch-about.en.html#s-acknowledge" rel="section" title="6.5 Acknowledgements">
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<link href="ap-latex-enc.en.html#sA.1" rel="section" title="A.1 Latin9.def">
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<link href="ap-latex-enc.en.html#sA.2" rel="section" title="A.2 latin10.def">
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<link href="ch-auto-config.en.html#s2.2.1" rel="subsection" title="2.2.1 The euro-test program">
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<link href="ch-configure.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 Locales in Debian 3.0">
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<link href="ch-configure.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 Locales in Debian 2.2">
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<link href="ch-configure.en.html#s3.3.1" rel="subsection" title="3.3.1 Configuring the console keyboard">
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<link href="ch-configure.en.html#s3.3.2" rel="subsection" title="3.3.2 How the keyboard is loaded in Debian">
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<link href="ch-configure.en.html#s3.3.3" rel="subsection" title="3.3.3 Configuring the console fonts">
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<link href="ch-configure.en.html#s3.4.1" rel="subsection" title="3.4.1 Keyboard configuration">
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<link href="ch-configure.en.html#s3.4.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.4.1.1 Xfree in Debian 3.0">
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<link href="ch-configure.en.html#s3.4.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.4.1.2 Xfree in Debian 2.2">
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<link href="ch-configure.en.html#s-xfree86-fonts" rel="subsection" title="3.4.2 Font configuration">
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<link href="ch-configure.en.html#s-potato" rel="subsection" title="3.4.2.1 Potato, XFree86 3.X">
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<link href="ch-applications.en.html#s4.2.1" rel="subsection" title="4.2.1 XTerm and its derivatives">
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<link href="ch-applications.en.html#s4.2.2" rel="subsection" title="4.2.2 GNOME Terminal">
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<link href="ch-applications.en.html#s4.2.3" rel="subsection" title="4.2.3 RXVT and its derivatives">
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<link href="ch-applications.en.html#s4.2.4" rel="subsection" title="4.2.4 Eterm">
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<link href="ch-applications.en.html#s4.2.5" rel="subsection" title="4.2.5 gVim">
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<link href="ch-applications.en.html#s4.2.6" rel="subsection" title="4.2.6 Emacs, XEmacs">
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<link href="ch-applications.en.html#s4.2.7" rel="subsection" title="4.2.7 GNOME and GTK+">
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<link href="ch-applications.en.html#s4.2.8" rel="subsection" title="4.2.8 KDE">
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<link href="ch-applications.en.html#s4.2.9" rel="subsection" title="4.2.9 Apache">
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<link href="ch-applications.en.html#s4.2.9.1" rel="subsection" title="4.2.9.1 Apache">
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<link href="ch-applications.en.html#s4.2.10" rel="subsection" title="4.2.10 Mutt">
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<link href="ch-applications.en.html#s4.2.11" rel="subsection" title="4.2.11 LaTeX">
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<link href="ch-applications.en.html#s4.2.12" rel="subsection" title="4.2.12 Kword">
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<link href="ch-applications.en.html#s4.2.13" rel="subsection" title="4.2.13 LyX">
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<link href="ch-applications.en.html#s4.2.14" rel="subsection" title="4.2.14 groff (nroff, troff, grotty)">
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<link href="ch-applications.en.html#s4.2.15" rel="subsection" title="4.2.15 Debiandoc-sgml">
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<link href="ch-applications.en.html#s4.2.16" rel="subsection" title="4.2.16 Tgif">
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<link href="ch-applications.en.html#s4.2.17" rel="subsection" title="4.2.17 Perl">
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</head>
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<body>
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<p><a name="ch-intro"></a></p>
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<hr>
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<p>
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[ <a href="index.en.html">previous</a> ]
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[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
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[ 1 ]
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[ <a href="ch-auto-config.en.html">2</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-configure.en.html">3</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-applications.en.html">4</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-FAQ.en.html">5</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-about.en.html">6</a> ]
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[ <a href="ap-latex-enc.en.html">A</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-auto-config.en.html">next</a> ]
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</p>
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<hr>
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<h1>
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Debian Euro HOWTO (Obsolete Documentation)
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<br>Chapter 1 - Introduction
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</h1>
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<hr>
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<h2><a name="s1.1"></a>1.1 Why euro support?</h2>
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<p>
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As of January 1st 2002, twelve European Union countries, and several others,
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are starting to use the <strong>euro</strong> as the only official currency.
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Thus, all the prices will be shown in euros and all the monetary transactions
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will use it. Euro is expected to become a common currency throughout Europe
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and even some other continents.
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</p>
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<p>
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Computers, of course, need to correctly represent the euro in order for users
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to make their own documents (invoices, spreadsheets or whatever) using this
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currency, and read others' documents that use it. As the <code><a
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href="http://europa.eu.int/euro/">European Comission guidelines</a></code>
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state, operating systems need to be ready to represent this character.
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</p>
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<p>
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The euro is a currency but also the name of a symbol. Since the Unicode
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Standard 2.1 version (dated 1998) the EURO SIGN is added, so it's also an
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Unicode character that can be represented (interpreted) with different glyphs
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(different fonts can change height or width).
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</p>
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<hr>
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<h2><a name="s1.2"></a>1.2 What is the euro symbol?</h2>
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<p>
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The euro symbol resembles the letter "e" -- it looks like a 'c' with
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two parallel horizontal lines that go through the middle of it. Some of the
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people will understand it better if we say it looks like the Quake symbol
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rotated 90 degrees clockwise :-)
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</p>
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<p>
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The symbol is inspired by the Greek letter epsilon and also denotes the first
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letter of the word "Europe". The two parallel lines are meant to
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refer to the stability inside the euro area.
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</p>
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<p>
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The official (ISO-compliant) abbreviature for the euro is EUR and can be used
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as representation for the currency.
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</p>
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<hr>
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<h2><a name="s1.3"></a>1.3 Why all this fuss for just one character?</h2>
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<p>
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The problem is that changing the character involves a change in the font map
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used by the user. The font map is the list of character representations used
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by the system. Currently, most users in the euro-zone use the latin1 font map.
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The font map, however, is limited to 256 characters. The euro character is
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introduced by removing another character from the font map and calling this
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replacement a new font map. Latin9 (ISO-8859-15 or codepage 924 for IBM,
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usually shortened to latin0) replaces Latin1 (ISO-8859-1), and Latin10
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(ISO-8859-16) replaces Latin2 (however Czech is not fully covered in Latin10 so
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it's not a full replacement, and it does cover Romanian which Latin2 didn't).
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Keep in mind that the font map is limited to 256 characters (see
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<code>charsets(7)</code>)
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</p>
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<p>
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Latin9 differs from Latin1 in eight positions:
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</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>
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0xA4 (U+20AC): EURO SIGN,
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</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>
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0xA6 (U+0160): LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CARON,
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</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>
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0xA8 (U+0161): LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON,
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</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>
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0xB4 (U+017D): LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH CARON,
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</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>
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0xB8 (U+017E): LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH CARON,
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</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>
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0xBC (U+0152): LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE OE,
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</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>
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0xBD (U+0153): LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE
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</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>
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0xBE (U+0178): LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS.
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</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<p>
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Of course, users already using UTF-8 fonts are not affected by this problem
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since unicode is a superset of all ISO 8859 sets plus the characters required
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to represent practically all known languages (see <code>unicode(7)</code>).
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However, Unicode support is currently far from complete. For more information
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read <code><a
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href="ftp://ftp.ilog.fr/pub/Users/haible/utf8/Unicode-HOWTO.html">The Unicode
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HOWTO</a></code> and/or <code><a
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href="http://www.cs.usyd.edu.au/~matty/">Unicode in X-Windows</a></code>.
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</p>
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<hr>
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<h2><a name="s1.4"></a>1.4 Standards</h2>
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<p>
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The euro definition is part of some <code><a
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href="http://www.isoc.org/">ISO</a></code> standards:
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</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>
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The EUR currency code (numeric code 978) is a part of the ISO-4217 standard.
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</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>
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For 8-bit systems, the ISO/IEC defines the new charset 8859-15 (also known as
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latin 9) and 8859-16 (also known as latin 10) where the euro symbol replaces
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the international currency symbol in the position 164 (hex A4).
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</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>
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The <code><a href="http://www.unicode.org/">Unicode</a></code> system uses a 16
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bit symbol, the euro has been assigned 8364 (hex 20AC) as part of
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ISO/IEC-10646-1
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</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>
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The screen representation (font) for the euro is part of the ISO/IEC-10036
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standard. The glyph is the real representation (bit pattern) of the character.
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The euro is assigned the 8059 glyph.
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</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>
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The World Wide Web Consortium uses &euro; as the representation for the
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symbol in HTML 4.0 (See <code><a
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href="http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/sgml/entities.html#h-24.4.1">http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/sgml/entities.html#h-24.4.1</a></code>)
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</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<p>
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The European Comission has published in its <code><a
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href="http://europa.eu.int/euro/">official recommendations</a></code> both
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short term and long term fixes for the euro character. The short term solution
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is fixed by having keyboards input the euro character through the AltGr+E
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combination (AltGr is the 'Alt' key to the right of the spacebar), the long
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term solution considers using a new key for the euro character. Most keyboard
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manufacturers have only implemented the short-term solution by including a euro
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representation under the 'E' key. The operating system must take this input
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and convert it into the euro symbol internally. However:
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</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>
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The international US keyboard and the greek latin use AltGr+5 and Ctrl+Alt+5
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for euro representation.
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</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>
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The greek keyboard uses AltGr+? for euro representation.
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</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>
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The english and irish keyboards use the combinations AltGr+4 and Ctrl+Alt+4
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</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>
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The hungarian and polish keyboards use the AltGr+U combination.
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</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<p>
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In this document, however, most examples will assume that the euro symbol will
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be generated by typing AltGr+E (the <samp>euro-test</samp> program assumes this
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too).
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</p>
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<hr>
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<h2><a name="s1.5"></a>1.5 Is Debian euro-ready?</h2>
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<p>
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The Debian operating system can be properly configured to show the euro
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character, both in console and in the X windowing system since the 2000 release
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Debian 2.2 (aka 'potato'). However, many users have not properly configured
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that support since then, and there are some caveats in configuration that have
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not been completely fixed until Debian 3.0.
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</p>
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<p>
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In any case, some problems might arise from programs defaulting to ISO-8859-1
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or even ASCII-US, and some even can't be configured properly to use ISO-8859-15
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(bug reports through the <code><a href="http://bugs.debian.org/">Bug Tracking
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System</a></code> should/will be filed against them).
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</p>
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<hr>
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<p>
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[ <a href="index.en.html">previous</a> ]
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||
[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
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||
[ 1 ]
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[ <a href="ch-auto-config.en.html">2</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-configure.en.html">3</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-applications.en.html">4</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-FAQ.en.html">5</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-about.en.html">6</a> ]
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[ <a href="ap-latex-enc.en.html">A</a> ]
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[ <a href="ch-auto-config.en.html">next</a> ]
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</p>
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<hr>
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<p>
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Debian Euro HOWTO (Obsolete Documentation)
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</p>
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<address>
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version 1.2, june 4th 2003.<br>
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<br>
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Javier Fern<72>ndez-Sanguino Pe<50>a <code><a href="mailto:jfs@computer.org">jfs@computer.org</a></code><br>
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<br>
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</address>
|
||
<hr>
|
||
|
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</body>
|
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|
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</html>
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