648 lines
16 KiB
HTML
648 lines
16 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
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<HTML
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><HEAD
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><TITLE
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>System Resources</TITLE
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><META
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NAME="GENERATOR"
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CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7"><LINK
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REL="HOME"
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TITLE="Linux System Administrators Guide"
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HREF="index.html"><LINK
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REL="UP"
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TITLE="System Monitoring"
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HREF="system-monitoring.html"><LINK
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REL="PREVIOUS"
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TITLE="System Monitoring"
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HREF="system-monitoring.html"><LINK
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REL="NEXT"
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TITLE="Filesystem Usage"
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HREF="fs-usage.html"></HEAD
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><BODY
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CLASS="SECT1"
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BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
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TEXT="#000000"
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LINK="#0000FF"
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VLINK="#840084"
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ALINK="#0000FF"
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><DIV
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CLASS="NAVHEADER"
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><TABLE
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SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
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WIDTH="100%"
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BORDER="0"
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CELLPADDING="0"
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CELLSPACING="0"
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><TR
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><TH
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COLSPAN="3"
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ALIGN="center"
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>Linux System Administrators Guide: </TH
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></TR
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><TR
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><TD
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WIDTH="10%"
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ALIGN="left"
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VALIGN="bottom"
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><A
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HREF="system-monitoring.html"
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ACCESSKEY="P"
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>Prev</A
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></TD
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><TD
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WIDTH="80%"
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ALIGN="center"
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VALIGN="bottom"
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>Chapter 7. System Monitoring</TD
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><TD
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WIDTH="10%"
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ALIGN="right"
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VALIGN="bottom"
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><A
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HREF="fs-usage.html"
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ACCESSKEY="N"
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>Next</A
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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><HR
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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WIDTH="100%"></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="SECT1"
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><H1
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CLASS="SECT1"
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><A
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NAME="SYSTEM-RESOURCES"
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></A
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>7.1. System Resources</H1
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><P
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>Being able to monitor the performance of your system
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is essential. If system resources become to low it can cause a lot of
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problems. System resources can be taken up by individual users, or by
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services your system may host such as email or web pages. The ability to
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know what is happening can help determine whether system upgrades are needed,
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or if some services need to be moved to another machine.</P
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><DIV
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CLASS="SECT2"
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><H2
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CLASS="SECT2"
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><A
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NAME="TOP"
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></A
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>7.1.1. The <B
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CLASS="COMMAND"
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>top</B
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> command.</H2
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><P
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>The most common of these commands is <B
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CLASS="COMMAND"
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>top</B
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>.
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The <B
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CLASS="COMMAND"
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>top</B
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> will display a continually updating report
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of system resource usage.
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<TABLE
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BORDER="1"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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><TT
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CLASS="PROMPT"
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>#</TT
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> <TT
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CLASS="USERINPUT"
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><B
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>top</B
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></TT
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>
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<TT
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CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
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> 12:10:49 up 1 day, 3:47, 7 users, load average: 0.23, 0.19, 0.10
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125 processes: 105 sleeping, 2 running, 18 zombie, 0 stopped
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CPU states: 5.1% user 1.1% system 0.0% nice 0.0% iowait 93.6% idle
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Mem: 512716k av, 506176k used, 6540k free, 0k shrd, 21888k buff
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Swap: 1044216k av, 161672k used, 882544k free 199388k cached
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PID USER PRI NI SIZE RSS SHARE STAT %CPU %MEM TIME CPU COMMAND
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2330 root 15 0 161M 70M 2132 S 4.9 14.0 1000m 0 X
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2605 weeksa 15 0 8240 6340 3804 S 0.3 1.2 1:12 0 kdeinit
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3413 weeksa 15 0 6668 5324 3216 R 0.3 1.0 0:20 0 kdeinit
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18734 root 15 0 1192 1192 868 R 0.3 0.2 0:00 0 top
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1619 root 15 0 776 608 504 S 0.1 0.1 0:53 0 dhclient
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1 root 15 0 480 448 424 S 0.0 0.0 0:03 0 init
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2 root 15 0 0 0 0 SW 0.0 0.0 0:00 0 keventd
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3 root 15 0 0 0 0 SW 0.0 0.0 0:00 0 kapmd
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4 root 35 19 0 0 0 SWN 0.0 0.0 0:00 0 ksoftirqd_CPU0
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9 root 25 0 0 0 0 SW 0.0 0.0 0:00 0 bdflush
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5 root 15 0 0 0 0 SW 0.0 0.0 0:00 0 kswapd
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10 root 15 0 0 0 0 SW 0.0 0.0 0:00 0 kupdated
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11 root 25 0 0 0 0 SW 0.0 0.0 0:00 0 mdrecoveryd
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15 root 15 0 0 0 0 SW 0.0 0.0 0:01 0 kjournald
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81 root 25 0 0 0 0 SW 0.0 0.0 0:00 0 khubd
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1188 root 15 0 0 0 0 SW 0.0 0.0 0:00 0 kjournald
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1675 root 15 0 604 572 520 S 0.0 0.1 0:00 0 syslogd
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1679 root 15 0 428 376 372 S 0.0 0.0 0:00 0 klogd
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1707 rpc 15 0 516 440 436 S 0.0 0.0 0:00 0 portmap
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1776 root 25 0 476 428 424 S 0.0 0.0 0:00 0 apmd
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1813 root 25 0 752 528 524 S 0.0 0.1 0:00 0 sshd
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1828 root 25 0 704 548 544 S 0.0 0.1 0:00 0 xinetd
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1847 ntp 15 0 2396 2396 2160 S 0.0 0.4 0:00 0 ntpd
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1930 root 24 0 76 4 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00 0 rpc.rquotad</TT
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></PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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></P
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><P
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>The top portion of the report lists information such as
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the system time, uptime, CPU usage, physical ans swap memory usage,
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and number of processes. Below that is a list of the processes sorted
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by CPU utilization.</P
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><P
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>You can modify the output of <B
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CLASS="COMMAND"
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>top</B
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> while
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is is running. If you hit an <TT
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CLASS="OPTION"
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>i</TT
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>, top will no longer
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display idle processes. Hit <TT
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CLASS="OPTION"
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>i</TT
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> again to see them
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again. Hitting <TT
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CLASS="OPTION"
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>M</TT
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> will sort by memory usage,
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<TT
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CLASS="OPTION"
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>S</TT
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> will sort by how long they processes have been
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running, and <TT
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CLASS="OPTION"
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>P</TT
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> will sort by CPU usage again.</P
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><P
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>In addition to viewing options, you can also modify processes
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from within the <B
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CLASS="COMMAND"
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>top</B
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> command. You can use
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<TT
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CLASS="OPTION"
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>u</TT
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> to view processes owned by a specific user,
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<TT
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CLASS="OPTION"
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>k</TT
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> to kill processes, and <TT
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CLASS="OPTION"
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>r</TT
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> to
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renice them.</P
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><P
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>For more in-depth information about processes you can look in
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the <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/proc</TT
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> filesystem. In the <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/proc</TT
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>
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filesystem you will find a series of sub-directories with numeric names.
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These directories are associated with the processes ids of currently
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running processes. In each directory you will find a series of files
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containing information about the process.</P
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><P
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>YOU MUST TAKE EXTREME CAUTION TO NOT MODIFY THESE FILES, DOING
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SO MAY CAUSE SYSTEM PROBLEMS!</P
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></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="SECT2"
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><H2
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CLASS="SECT2"
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><A
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NAME="IOSTAT"
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></A
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>7.1.2. The <B
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CLASS="COMMAND"
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>iostat</B
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> command.</H2
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><P
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>The <B
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CLASS="COMMAND"
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>iostat</B
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> will display the current CPU load
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average and disk I/O information. This is a great command to monitor
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your disk I/O usage.
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<TABLE
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BORDER="1"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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><TT
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CLASS="PROMPT"
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>#</TT
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> <TT
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CLASS="USERINPUT"
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><B
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>iostat</B
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></TT
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>
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<TT
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CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
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>Linux 2.4.20-24.9 (myhost) 12/23/2003
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avg-cpu: %user %nice %sys %idle
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62.09 0.32 2.97 34.62
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Device: tps Blk_read/s Blk_wrtn/s Blk_read Blk_wrtn
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dev3-0 2.22 15.20 47.16 1546846 4799520</TT
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></PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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>
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For 2.4 kernels the devices is names using the device's major
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and minor number. In this case the device listed is <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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> /dev/hda</TT
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>. To have <B
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CLASS="COMMAND"
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>iostat</B
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> print this
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out for you, use the <TT
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CLASS="OPTION"
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>-x</TT
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>.
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<TABLE
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BORDER="1"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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><TT
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CLASS="PROMPT"
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>#</TT
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> <TT
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CLASS="USERINPUT"
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><B
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>iostat -x</B
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></TT
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>
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<TT
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CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
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>Linux 2.4.20-24.9 (myhost) 12/23/2003
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avg-cpu: %user %nice %sys %idle
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62.01 0.32 2.97 34.71
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Device: rrqm/s wrqm/s r/s w/s rsec/s wsec/s rkB/s wkB/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz await svctm %util
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/dev/hdc 0.00 0.00 .00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.35 0.00 0.00 14.71
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/dev/hda 1.13 4.50 .81 1.39 15.18 47.14 7.59 23.57 28.24 1.99 63.76 70.48 15.56
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/dev/hda1 1.08 3.98 .73 1.27 14.49 42.05 7.25 21.02 28.22 0.44 21.82 4.97 1.00
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/dev/hda2 0.00 0.51 .07 0.12 0.55 5.07 0.27 2.54 30.35 0.97 52.67 61.73 2.99
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/dev/hda3 0.05 0.01 .02 0.00 0.14 0.02 0.07 0.01 8.51 0.00 12.55 2.95 0.01</TT
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></PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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>
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</P
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><P
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>The <B
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CLASS="COMMAND"
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>iostat</B
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> man page contains a detailed
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explanation of what each of these columns mean.</P
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></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="SECT2"
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><H2
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CLASS="SECT2"
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><A
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NAME="PS"
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></A
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>7.1.3. The <B
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CLASS="COMMAND"
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>ps</B
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> command</H2
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><P
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>The <B
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CLASS="COMMAND"
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>ps</B
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> will provide you a list of
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processes currently running. There is a wide variety of options
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that this command gives you.</P
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><P
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>A common use would be to list all processes currently running.
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To do this you would use the <B
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CLASS="COMMAND"
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>ps -ef</B
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> command.
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(Screen output from this command is too large to include, the following
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is only a partial output.)
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<TABLE
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BORDER="1"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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>UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD
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root 1 0 0 Dec22 ? 00:00:03 init
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root 2 1 0 Dec22 ? 00:00:00 [keventd]
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root 3 1 0 Dec22 ? 00:00:00 [kapmd]
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root 4 1 0 Dec22 ? 00:00:00 [ksoftirqd_CPU0]
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root 9 1 0 Dec22 ? 00:00:00 [bdflush]
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root 5 1 0 Dec22 ? 00:00:00 [kswapd]
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root 6 1 0 Dec22 ? 00:00:00 [kscand/DMA]
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root 7 1 0 Dec22 ? 00:01:28 [kscand/Normal]
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root 8 1 0 Dec22 ? 00:00:00 [kscand/HighMem]
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root 10 1 0 Dec22 ? 00:00:00 [kupdated]
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root 11 1 0 Dec22 ? 00:00:00 [mdrecoveryd]
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root 15 1 0 Dec22 ? 00:00:01 [kjournald]
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root 81 1 0 Dec22 ? 00:00:00 [khubd]
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root 1188 1 0 Dec22 ? 00:00:00 [kjournald]
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root 1675 1 0 Dec22 ? 00:00:00 syslogd -m 0
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root 1679 1 0 Dec22 ? 00:00:00 klogd -x
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rpc 1707 1 0 Dec22 ? 00:00:00 portmap
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root 1813 1 0 Dec22 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/sshd
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ntp 1847 1 0 Dec22 ? 00:00:00 ntpd -U ntp
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root 1930 1 0 Dec22 ? 00:00:00 rpc.rquotad
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root 1934 1 0 Dec22 ? 00:00:00 [nfsd]
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root 1942 1 0 Dec22 ? 00:00:00 [lockd]
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root 1943 1 0 Dec22 ? 00:00:00 [rpciod]
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root 1949 1 0 Dec22 ? 00:00:00 rpc.mountd
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root 1961 1 0 Dec22 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/vsftpd /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
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root 2057 1 0 Dec22 ? 00:00:00 /usr/bin/spamd -d -c -a
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root 2066 1 0 Dec22 ? 00:00:00 gpm -t ps/2 -m /dev/psaux
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bin 2076 1 0 Dec22 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/cannaserver -syslog -u bin
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root 2087 1 0 Dec22 ? 00:00:00 crond
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daemon 2195 1 0 Dec22 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/atd
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root 2215 1 0 Dec22 ? 00:00:11 /usr/sbin/rcd
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weeksa 3414 3413 0 Dec22 pts/1 00:00:00 /bin/bash
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weeksa 4342 3413 0 Dec22 pts/2 00:00:00 /bin/bash
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weeksa 19121 18668 0 12:58 pts/2 00:00:00 ps -ef</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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></P
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><P
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>The first column shows who owns the process. The second
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column is the process ID. The Third column is the parent process
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ID. This is the process that generated, or started, the process.
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The forth column is the CPU usage (in
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percent). The fifth column is the start time, of date if the process
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has been running long enough. The sixth column is the tty associated
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with the process, if applicable. The seventh column is the cumulitive
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CPU usage (total amount of CPU time is has used while running). The
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eighth column is the command itself.</P
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><P
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>With this information you can see exacly what is running on
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your system and kill run-away processes, or those that are causing
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problems.</P
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></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="SECT2"
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><H2
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CLASS="SECT2"
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><A
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NAME="VMSTAT"
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></A
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>7.1.4. The <B
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CLASS="COMMAND"
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>vmstat</B
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> command</H2
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><P
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>The <B
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CLASS="COMMAND"
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>vmstat</B
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> command will provide a report
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showing statistics for system processes, memory, swap,
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I/O, and the CPU. These statistics are generated using data from the
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last time the command was run to the present. In the case of the
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command never being run, the data will be from the last reboot until
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the present.</P
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><P
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> <TABLE
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BORDER="1"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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><TT
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CLASS="PROMPT"
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>#</TT
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> <TT
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CLASS="USERINPUT"
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><B
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>vmstat</B
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></TT
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>
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<TT
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CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
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> procs memory swap io system cpu
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r b w swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id
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0 0 0 181604 17000 26296 201120 0 2 8 24 149 9 61 3 36</TT
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></PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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></P
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><P
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>The following was taken from the
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<B
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CLASS="COMMAND"
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>vmstat</B
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> man page.</P
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><A
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NAME="AEN3528"
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></A
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><BLOCKQUOTE
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CLASS="BLOCKQUOTE"
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><P
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><P
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CLASS="LITERALLAYOUT"
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>FIELD DESCRIPTIONS<br>
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Procs<br>
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r: The number of processes waiting for run time.<br>
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b: The number of processes in uninterruptable sleep.<br>
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w: The number of processes swapped out but otherwise runnable. This<br>
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field is calculated, but Linux never desperation swaps.<br>
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<br>
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Memory<br>
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swpd: the amount of virtual memory used (kB).<br>
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free: the amount of idle memory (kB).<br>
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buff: the amount of memory used as buffers (kB).<br>
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<br>
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Swap<br>
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si: Amount of memory swapped in from disk (kB/s).<br>
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so: Amount of memory swapped to disk (kB/s).<br>
|
|
<br>
|
|
IO<br>
|
|
bi: Blocks sent to a block device (blocks/s).<br>
|
|
bo: Blocks received from a block device (blocks/s).<br>
|
|
<br>
|
|
System<br>
|
|
in: The number of interrupts per second, including the clock.<br>
|
|
cs: The number of context switches per second.<br>
|
|
<br>
|
|
CPU<br>
|
|
These are percentages of total CPU time.<br>
|
|
us: user time<br>
|
|
sy: system time<br>
|
|
id: idle time</P
|
|
></P
|
|
></BLOCKQUOTE
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
|
><H2
|
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="LSOF"
|
|
></A
|
|
>7.1.5. The <B
|
|
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
|
>lsof</B
|
|
> command</H2
|
|
><P
|
|
>The <B
|
|
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
|
>lsof</B
|
|
> command will print out a list of
|
|
every file that is in use. Since Linux considers everythihng a file,
|
|
this list can be very long. However, this command
|
|
can be useful in diagnosing problems. An example of this is if you wish
|
|
to unmount a filesystem, but you are being told that it is in use. You
|
|
could use this command and <B
|
|
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
|
>grep</B
|
|
> for the name of the
|
|
filesystem to see who is using it.</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>Or suppose you want to see all files in use by a particular process.
|
|
To do this you would use <B
|
|
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
|
>lsof -p -processid-</B
|
|
>.</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
|
><H2
|
|
CLASS="SECT2"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="MORE-UTILS"
|
|
></A
|
|
>7.1.6. Finding More Utilities</H2
|
|
><P
|
|
>To learn more about what command line tools are available, Chris
|
|
Karakas has wrote a reference guide titled <A
|
|
HREF="http://www.karakas-online.de/gnu-linux-tools-summary/"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
> GNU/Linux
|
|
Command-Line Tools Summary</A
|
|
>. It's a good resource for learning
|
|
what tools are out there and how to do a number of tasks.</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
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