986 lines
13 KiB
HTML
986 lines
13 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
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<HTML
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>The Linux System Administrator's Guide</TITLE
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NAME="GENERATOR"
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CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7"><LINK
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REL="NEXT"
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TITLE="About This Book"
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HREF="preface.html"><META
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NAME="KEYWORD"
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CONTENT="Linux Documentation"><META
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NAME="KEYWORD"
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CONTENT="GFDL"><META
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CONTENT="Linux Documentation Project"></HEAD
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CLASS="BOOK"
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><A
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NAME="INDEX"
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><DIV
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CLASS="TITLEPAGE"
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><H1
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CLASS="TITLE"
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><A
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NAME="AEN3"
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></A
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>The Linux System Administrator's Guide</H1
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><H2
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CLASS="SUBTITLE"
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>Version 0.9</H2
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><H3
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CLASS="AUTHOR"
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><A
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NAME="AEN11"
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></A
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>Lars Wirzenius</H3
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><DIV
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CLASS="AFFILIATION"
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><DIV
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CLASS="ADDRESS"
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><P
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CLASS="ADDRESS"
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> <TT
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CLASS="EMAIL"
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><<A
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HREF="mailto:Email address removed by request"
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>Email address removed by request</A
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>></TT
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><br>
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</P
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></DIV
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></DIV
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><H3
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CLASS="AUTHOR"
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><A
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NAME="AEN17"
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></A
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>Joanna Oja</H3
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><DIV
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CLASS="AFFILIATION"
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><DIV
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CLASS="ADDRESS"
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><P
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CLASS="ADDRESS"
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> <TT
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CLASS="EMAIL"
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><<A
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HREF="mailto:Current email address unknown"
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>Current email address unknown</A
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>></TT
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><br>
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</P
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></DIV
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></DIV
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><H3
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CLASS="AUTHOR"
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><A
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NAME="AEN23"
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></A
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>Stephen Stafford</H3
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><DIV
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CLASS="AFFILIATION"
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><DIV
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CLASS="ADDRESS"
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><P
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CLASS="ADDRESS"
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> <TT
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CLASS="EMAIL"
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><<A
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HREF="mailto:stephen@clothcat.demon.co.uk.NOSPAM"
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>stephen@clothcat.demon.co.uk.NOSPAM</A
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>></TT
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><br>
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</P
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></DIV
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></DIV
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><H3
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CLASS="AUTHOR"
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><A
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NAME="AEN29"
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></A
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>Alex Weeks</H3
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><DIV
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CLASS="AFFILIATION"
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><DIV
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CLASS="ADDRESS"
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><P
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CLASS="ADDRESS"
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> <TT
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CLASS="EMAIL"
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><<A
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HREF="mailto:draxeman@gmail.com.NOSPAM"
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>draxeman@gmail.com.NOSPAM</A
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>></TT
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><br>
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</P
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></DIV
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></DIV
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><DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="ABSTRACT"
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><A
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NAME="AEN35"
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></A
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><P
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></P
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><P
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>An introduction to system administration of a
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Linux system for novices.</P
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><P
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></P
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></DIV
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></DIV
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><A
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HREF="LEGAL-NOTICE.html"
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>Legal Notice</A
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><HR></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="TOC"
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><DL
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><DT
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><B
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>Table of Contents</B
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></DT
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><DT
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><A
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HREF="preface.html"
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>About This Book</A
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></DT
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><DD
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><DL
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><DT
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>1. <A
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HREF="acknowledgements.html"
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>Acknowledgments</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>2. <A
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HREF="revision-hist.html"
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>Revision History</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>3. <A
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HREF="available-versions.html"
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>Source and pre-formatted versions available</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>4. <A
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HREF="typo-conventions.html"
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>Typographical Conventions</A
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></DT
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></DL
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></DD
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><DT
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>1. <A
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HREF="intro.html"
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>Introduction</A
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></DT
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><DD
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><DL
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><DT
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>1.1. <A
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HREF="gnu-or-not.html"
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>Linux or GNU/Linux, that is the question.</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>1.2. <A
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HREF="x186.html"
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>Trademarks</A
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></DT
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></DL
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></DD
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><DT
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>2. <A
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HREF="overview.html"
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>Overview of a Linux System</A
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></DT
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><DD
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><DL
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><DT
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>2.1. <A
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HREF="various-parts.html"
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>Various parts of an operating system</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>2.2. <A
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HREF="kernel-parts.html"
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>Important parts of the kernel</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>2.3. <A
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HREF="major-services.html"
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>Major services in a UNIX system</A
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></DT
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></DL
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></DD
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><DT
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>3. <A
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HREF="dir-tree-overview.html"
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>Overview of the Directory Tree</A
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></DT
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><DD
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><DL
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><DT
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>3.1. <A
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HREF="fs-background.html"
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>Background</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>3.2. <A
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HREF="root-fs.html"
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>The root filesystem</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>3.3. <A
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HREF="etc-fs.html"
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>The <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/etc</TT
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> directory</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>3.4. <A
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HREF="dev-fs.html"
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>The <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/dev</TT
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> directory</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>3.5. <A
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HREF="usr-fs.html"
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>The <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/usr</TT
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> filesystem.</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>3.6. <A
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HREF="var-fs.html"
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>The <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/var</TT
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> filesystem</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>3.7. <A
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HREF="proc-fs.html"
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>The <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/proc</TT
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> filesystem</A
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></DT
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></DL
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></DD
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><DT
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>4. <A
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HREF="device-list.html"
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>Hardware, Devices, and Tools</A
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></DT
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><DD
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><DL
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><DT
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>4.1. <A
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HREF="hwutils.html"
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>Hardware Utilities</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>4.2. <A
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HREF="x1926.html"
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>Kernel Modules</A
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></DT
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></DL
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></DD
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><DT
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>5. <A
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HREF="disk-usage.html"
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>Using Disks and Other Storage Media</A
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></DT
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><DD
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><DL
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><DT
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>5.1. <A
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HREF="block-char-dev.html"
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>Two kinds of devices</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>5.2. <A
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HREF="hard-disk.html"
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>Hard disks</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>5.3. <A
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HREF="san.html"
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>Storage Area Networks - Draft</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>5.4. <A
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HREF="net-attached.html"
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>Network Attached Storage - Draft</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>5.5. <A
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HREF="floppies.html"
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>Floppies</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>5.6. <A
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HREF="cdrom.html"
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>CD-ROMs</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>5.7. <A
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HREF="tapes.html"
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>Tapes</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>5.8. <A
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HREF="formatting.html"
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>Formatting</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>5.9. <A
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HREF="partitions.html"
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>Partitions</A
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></DT
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><DT
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>5.10. <A
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HREF="filesystems.html"
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>Filesystems</A
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></DT
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><DT
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|
>5.11. <A
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HREF="disk-no-fs.html"
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>Disks without filesystems</A
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></DT
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><DT
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|
>5.12. <A
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|
HREF="alloc-disk.html"
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|
>Allocating disk space</A
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></DT
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></DL
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></DD
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><DT
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|
>6. <A
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|
HREF="memory-management.html"
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|
>Memory Management</A
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></DT
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><DD
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|
><DL
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|
><DT
|
|
>6.1. <A
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|
HREF="vm-intro.html"
|
|
>What is virtual memory?</A
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|
></DT
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|
><DT
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|
>6.2. <A
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|
HREF="swap-space.html"
|
|
>Creating a swap space</A
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|
></DT
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|
><DT
|
|
>6.3. <A
|
|
HREF="using-swap.html"
|
|
>Using a swap space</A
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|
></DT
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|
><DT
|
|
>6.4. <A
|
|
HREF="sharing-swap.html"
|
|
>Sharing swap spaces with other operating systems</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>6.5. <A
|
|
HREF="swap-allocation.html"
|
|
>Allocating swap space</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>6.6. <A
|
|
HREF="buffer-cache.html"
|
|
>The buffer cache</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
></DL
|
|
></DD
|
|
><DT
|
|
>7. <A
|
|
HREF="system-monitoring.html"
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|
>System Monitoring</A
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></DT
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><DD
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><DL
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><DT
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|
>7.1. <A
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|
HREF="system-resources.html"
|
|
>System Resources</A
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|
></DT
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|
><DT
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|
>7.2. <A
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|
HREF="fs-usage.html"
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|
>Filesystem Usage</A
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|
></DT
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><DT
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|
>7.3. <A
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|
HREF="monitoring-users.html"
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|
>Monitoring Users</A
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|
></DT
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|
></DL
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></DD
|
|
><DT
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|
>8. <A
|
|
HREF="boots-and-shutdowns.html"
|
|
>Boots And Shutdowns</A
|
|
></DT
|
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><DD
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><DL
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><DT
|
|
>8.1. <A
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|
HREF="boot-overview.html"
|
|
>An overview of boots and shutdowns</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>8.2. <A
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|
HREF="boot-process.html"
|
|
>The boot process in closer look</A
|
|
></DT
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|
><DT
|
|
>8.3. <A
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HREF="shutdown.html"
|
|
>More about shutdowns</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>8.4. <A
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|
HREF="rebooting.html"
|
|
>Rebooting</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>8.5. <A
|
|
HREF="single-user.html"
|
|
>Single user mode</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>8.6. <A
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HREF="emerg-boot-floppy.html"
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|
>Emergency boot floppies</A
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|
></DT
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|
></DL
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></DD
|
|
><DT
|
|
>9. <A
|
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HREF="init-intro.html"
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|
><B
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CLASS="COMMAND"
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|
>init</B
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|
></A
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></DT
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><DD
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><DL
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><DT
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|
>9.1. <A
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|
HREF="init-process.html"
|
|
><B
|
|
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
|
>init</B
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|
> comes first</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>9.2. <A
|
|
HREF="config-init.html"
|
|
>Configuring <B
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|
CLASS="COMMAND"
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|
>init</B
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|
> to start
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|
<B
|
|
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
|
>getty</B
|
|
>: the
|
|
<TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>/etc/inittab</TT
|
|
> file</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>9.3. <A
|
|
HREF="run-levels-intro.html"
|
|
>Run levels</A
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|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>9.4. <A
|
|
HREF="inittab.html"
|
|
>Special configuration in
|
|
<TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>/etc/inittab</TT
|
|
></A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>9.5. <A
|
|
HREF="boot-single-user.html"
|
|
>Booting in single user mode</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
></DL
|
|
></DD
|
|
><DT
|
|
>10. <A
|
|
HREF="log-in-and-out.html"
|
|
>Logging In And Out</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DD
|
|
><DL
|
|
><DT
|
|
>10.1. <A
|
|
HREF="login-via-terminal.html"
|
|
>Logins via terminals</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>10.2. <A
|
|
HREF="login-via-network.html"
|
|
>Logins via the network</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>10.3. <A
|
|
HREF="what-login-does.html"
|
|
>What <B
|
|
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
|
>login</B
|
|
> does</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>10.4. <A
|
|
HREF="x-xdm.html"
|
|
>X and xdm</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>10.5. <A
|
|
HREF="access-control.html"
|
|
>Access control</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>10.6. <A
|
|
HREF="shell-startup.html"
|
|
>Shell startup</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
></DL
|
|
></DD
|
|
><DT
|
|
>11. <A
|
|
HREF="managing-users.html"
|
|
>Managing user accounts</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DD
|
|
><DL
|
|
><DT
|
|
>11.1. <A
|
|
HREF="account.html"
|
|
>What's an account?</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>11.2. <A
|
|
HREF="adduser.html"
|
|
>Creating a user</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>11.3. <A
|
|
HREF="user-properties.html"
|
|
>Changing user properties</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>11.4. <A
|
|
HREF="deluser.html"
|
|
>Removing a user</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>11.5. <A
|
|
HREF="disable-user.html"
|
|
>Disabling a user temporarily</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
></DL
|
|
></DD
|
|
><DT
|
|
>12. <A
|
|
HREF="backups-intro.html"
|
|
>Backups</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DD
|
|
><DL
|
|
><DT
|
|
>12.1. <A
|
|
HREF="backups.html"
|
|
>On the importance of being backed up</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>12.2. <A
|
|
HREF="backup-media.html"
|
|
>Selecting the backup medium</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>12.3. <A
|
|
HREF="backup-tools.html"
|
|
>Selecting the backup tool</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>12.4. <A
|
|
HREF="simple-backups.html"
|
|
>Simple backups</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>12.5. <A
|
|
HREF="multi-level-backups.html"
|
|
>Multilevel backups</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>12.6. <A
|
|
HREF="what-to-backup.html"
|
|
>What to back up</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>12.7. <A
|
|
HREF="compressed-backups.html"
|
|
>Compressed backups</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
></DL
|
|
></DD
|
|
><DT
|
|
>13. <A
|
|
HREF="task-automation.html"
|
|
>Task Automation --To Be Added</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>14. <A
|
|
HREF="keeping-time.html"
|
|
>Keeping Time</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DD
|
|
><DL
|
|
><DT
|
|
>14.1. <A
|
|
HREF="localtime.html"
|
|
>The concept of localtime</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>14.2. <A
|
|
HREF="hw-sw-clocks.html"
|
|
>The hardware and software clocks</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>14.3. <A
|
|
HREF="showing-setting-time.html"
|
|
>Showing and setting time</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>14.4. <A
|
|
HREF="clock-wrong.html"
|
|
>When the clock is wrong</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>14.5. <A
|
|
HREF="ntp.html"
|
|
>NTP - Network Time Protocol</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>14.6. <A
|
|
HREF="basic-ntp-config.html"
|
|
>Basic NTP configuration</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>14.7. <A
|
|
HREF="ntp-toolkit.html"
|
|
>NTP Toolkit</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>14.8. <A
|
|
HREF="ntp-servers.html"
|
|
>Some known NTP servers</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>14.9. <A
|
|
HREF="ntp-links.html"
|
|
>NTP Links</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
></DL
|
|
></DD
|
|
><DT
|
|
>15. <A
|
|
HREF="system-logs.html"
|
|
>System Logs --To Be Added</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>16. <A
|
|
HREF="system-updates.html"
|
|
>System Updates --To Be Added</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>17. <A
|
|
HREF="kernel.html"
|
|
>The Linux Kernel Source</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>18. <A
|
|
HREF="finding-help.html"
|
|
>Finding Help</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DD
|
|
><DL
|
|
><DT
|
|
>18.1. <A
|
|
HREF="newsgroups-mailling-lists.html"
|
|
>Newsgroups and Mailing Lists</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>18.2. <A
|
|
HREF="irc.html"
|
|
>IRC</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
></DL
|
|
></DD
|
|
><DT
|
|
>A. <A
|
|
HREF="gfdl1.2.html"
|
|
>GNU Free Documentation License</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DD
|
|
><DL
|
|
><DT
|
|
>A.1. <A
|
|
HREF="gfdl-0.html"
|
|
>PREAMBLE</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>A.2. <A
|
|
HREF="gfdl-1.html"
|
|
>APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>A.3. <A
|
|
HREF="gfdl-2.html"
|
|
>VERBATIM COPYING</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>A.4. <A
|
|
HREF="gfdl-3.html"
|
|
>COPYING IN QUANTITY</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>A.5. <A
|
|
HREF="gfdl-4.html"
|
|
>MODIFICATIONS</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>A.6. <A
|
|
HREF="gfdl-5.html"
|
|
>COMBINING DOCUMENTS</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>A.7. <A
|
|
HREF="gfdl-6.html"
|
|
>COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>A.8. <A
|
|
HREF="gfdl-7.html"
|
|
>AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>A.9. <A
|
|
HREF="gfdl-8.html"
|
|
>TRANSLATION</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>A.10. <A
|
|
HREF="gfdl-9.html"
|
|
>TERMINATION</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>A.11. <A
|
|
HREF="gfdl-10.html"
|
|
>FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>A.12. <A
|
|
HREF="gfdl-addendum.html"
|
|
>ADDENDUM: How to use this License for
|
|
your documents</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
></DL
|
|
></DD
|
|
><DT
|
|
><A
|
|
HREF="glossary.html"
|
|
>Glossary (DRAFT, but not for long hopefully)</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
><A
|
|
HREF="bookindex.html"
|
|
>Index-Draft</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
></DL
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="LOT"
|
|
><DL
|
|
CLASS="LOT"
|
|
><DT
|
|
><B
|
|
>List of Tables</B
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>5-1. <A
|
|
HREF="filesystems.html#AEN2790"
|
|
>Comparing Filesystem Features</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>5-2. <A
|
|
HREF="filesystems.html#AEN2949"
|
|
>Sizes</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>5-3. <A
|
|
HREF="alloc-disk.html#AEN3270"
|
|
>My Partitions</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>9-1. <A
|
|
HREF="run-levels-intro.html#RUN-LEVELS-TABLE"
|
|
>Run level numbers</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>12-1. <A
|
|
HREF="multi-level-backups.html#EFFICIENT-BACKUP-LEVELS"
|
|
>Efficient backup scheme using many backup levels</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
></DL
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="LOT"
|
|
><DL
|
|
CLASS="LOT"
|
|
><DT
|
|
><B
|
|
>List of Figures</B
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>2-1. <A
|
|
HREF="kernel-parts.html#KERNELOVERVIEW"
|
|
>Some of the more important parts of the Linux kernel</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>3-1. <A
|
|
HREF="fs-background.html#FSTREE"
|
|
>Parts of a Unix
|
|
directory tree. Dashed lines indicate partition
|
|
limits.</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>5-1. <A
|
|
HREF="hard-disk.html#HD-SCHEMATIC"
|
|
>A schematic picture of a hard disk.</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>5-2. <A
|
|
HREF="partitions.html#HARD-DISK-LAYOUT"
|
|
>A sample hard disk partitioning.</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>5-3. <A
|
|
HREF="filesystems.html#HD-MOUNT-ROOT"
|
|
>Three separate filesystems.</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>5-4. <A
|
|
HREF="filesystems.html#HD-MOUNT-ALL"
|
|
><TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>/home</TT
|
|
> and <TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>/usr</TT
|
|
>
|
|
have been
|
|
mounted.</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>10-1. <A
|
|
HREF="login-via-terminal.html#TERMINAL-LOGINS-TABLE"
|
|
>Logins via terminals: the interaction of
|
|
<B
|
|
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
|
>init</B
|
|
>,
|
|
<B
|
|
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
|
>getty</B
|
|
>, <B
|
|
CLASS="COMMAND"
|
|
>login</B
|
|
>, and the
|
|
shell.</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
><DT
|
|
>12-1. <A
|
|
HREF="multi-level-backups.html#BACKUP-HISTORY-TIMELINE"
|
|
>A sample multilevel backup schedule.</A
|
|
></DT
|
|
></DL
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
|
|
><HR
|
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
|
|
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
CELLPADDING="0"
|
|
CELLSPACING="0"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="33%"
|
|
ALIGN="left"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
> </TD
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="34%"
|
|
ALIGN="center"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
> </TD
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="33%"
|
|
ALIGN="right"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
><A
|
|
HREF="preface.html"
|
|
ACCESSKEY="N"
|
|
>Next</A
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="33%"
|
|
ALIGN="left"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
> </TD
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="34%"
|
|
ALIGN="center"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
> </TD
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="33%"
|
|
ALIGN="right"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
>About This Book</TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
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></DIV
|
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></BODY
|
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></HTML
|
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> |