453 lines
7.0 KiB
HTML
453 lines
7.0 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
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<HTML
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><HEAD
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><TITLE
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>Filesystem Usage</TITLE
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><META
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NAME="GENERATOR"
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CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7"><LINK
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REL="HOME"
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TITLE="Linux System Administrators Guide"
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HREF="index.html"><LINK
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REL="UP"
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TITLE="System Monitoring"
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HREF="system-monitoring.html"><LINK
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REL="PREVIOUS"
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TITLE="System Resources"
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HREF="system-resources.html"><LINK
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REL="NEXT"
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TITLE="Monitoring Users"
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HREF="monitoring-users.html"></HEAD
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><TR
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><TH
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ALIGN="center"
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>Linux System Administrators Guide: </TH
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></TR
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><TR
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><TD
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WIDTH="10%"
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ALIGN="left"
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VALIGN="bottom"
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><A
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HREF="system-resources.html"
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ACCESSKEY="P"
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>Prev</A
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></TD
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><TD
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WIDTH="80%"
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ALIGN="center"
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VALIGN="bottom"
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>Chapter 7. System Monitoring</TD
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><TD
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WIDTH="10%"
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ALIGN="right"
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VALIGN="bottom"
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><A
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HREF="monitoring-users.html"
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ACCESSKEY="N"
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>Next</A
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></TD
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><HR
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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WIDTH="100%"></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="SECT1"
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><H1
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CLASS="SECT1"
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><A
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NAME="FS-USAGE"
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></A
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>7.2. Filesystem Usage</H1
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><P
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>Many reports are currently talking about how cheap storage has
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gotten, but if you're like most of us it isn't cheap enough. Most of
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us have a limited amount of space, and need to be able to monitor it
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and control how it's used.</P
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><DIV
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CLASS="SECT2"
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><H2
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CLASS="SECT2"
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><A
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NAME="DF"
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></A
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>7.2.1. The df command</H2
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><P
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>The <B
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CLASS="COMMAND"
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>df</B
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> is the simplest tool available to
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view disk usage. Simply type in <B
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CLASS="COMMAND"
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>df</B
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> and you'll
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be shown disk usage for all your mounted filesystems in 1K blocks
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<TABLE
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BORDER="1"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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><TT
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CLASS="PROMPT"
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>user@server:~> </TT
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><TT
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CLASS="PROMPT"
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></TT
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><TT
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CLASS="USERINPUT"
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><B
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>df</B
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></TT
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>
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<TT
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CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
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>Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
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/dev/hda3 5242904 759692 4483212 15% /
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tmpfs 127876 8 127868 1% /dev/shm
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/dev/hda1 127351 33047 87729 28% /boot
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/dev/hda9 10485816 33508 10452308 1% /home
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/dev/hda8 5242904 932468 4310436 18% /srv
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/dev/hda7 3145816 32964 3112852 2% /tmp
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/dev/hda5 5160416 474336 4423928 10% /usr
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/dev/hda6 3145816 412132 2733684 14% /var</TT
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></PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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></P
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><P
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>You can also use the <B
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CLASS="COMMAND"
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>-h</B
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> to see the output in
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"human-readable" format. This will be in K, Megs, or Gigs depending
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on the size of the filesystem. Alternately, you can also use the
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<B
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CLASS="COMMAND"
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>-B</B
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> to specify block size.</P
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><P
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>In addition to space usage, you could use the
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<B
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CLASS="COMMAND"
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>-i</B
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> option to view the number of used and available
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inodes.
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<TABLE
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BORDER="1"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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><TT
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CLASS="PROMPT"
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>user@server:~> </TT
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><TT
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CLASS="USERINPUT"
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><B
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>df -i</B
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></TT
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>
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<TT
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CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
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>Filesystem Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Mounted on
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/dev/hda3 0 0 0 - /
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tmpfs 31969 5 31964 1% /dev/shm
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/dev/hda1 32912 47 32865 1% /boot
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/dev/hda9 0 0 0 - /home
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/dev/hda8 0 0 0 - /srv
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/dev/hda7 0 0 0 - /tmp
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/dev/hda5 656640 26651 629989 5% /usr
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/dev/hda6 0 0 0 - /var</TT
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></PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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></P
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></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="SECT2"
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><H2
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CLASS="SECT2"
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><A
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NAME="DU"
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></A
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>7.2.2. The du command</H2
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><P
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>Now that you know how much space has been used on a filesystem
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how can you find out where that data is? To view usage by a directory
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or file you can use <B
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CLASS="COMMAND"
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>du</B
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>. Unless you specify a
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filename <B
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CLASS="COMMAND"
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>du</B
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> will act recursively. For example:
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<TABLE
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BORDER="1"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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><TT
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CLASS="PROMPT"
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>user@server:~> </TT
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><TT
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CLASS="USERINPUT"
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><B
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>du file.txt</B
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></TT
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>
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<TT
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CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
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>1300 file.txt</TT
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></PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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>
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Or like the <B
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CLASS="COMMAND"
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>df</B
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> I can use the <B
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CLASS="COMMAND"
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>-h</B
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>
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and get the same output in "human-readable" form.
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<TABLE
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BORDER="1"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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><TT
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CLASS="PROMPT"
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>user@server:~> </TT
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><TT
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CLASS="USERINPUT"
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><B
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>du -h file.txt</B
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></TT
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>
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<TT
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CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
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>1.3M file.txt</TT
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></PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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></P
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><P
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>Unless you specify a filename <B
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CLASS="COMMAND"
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>du</B
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> will act
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recursively.
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<TABLE
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BORDER="1"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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><TT
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CLASS="PROMPT"
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>user@server:~> </TT
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><TT
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CLASS="USERINPUT"
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><B
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>du -h /usr/local</B
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></TT
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>
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<TT
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CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
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>4.0K /usr/local/games
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16K /usr/local/include/nessus/net
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180K /usr/local/include/nessus
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208K /usr/local/include
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62M /usr/local/lib/nessus/plugins/.desc
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97M /usr/local/lib/nessus/plugins
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164K /usr/local/lib/nessus/plugins_factory
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97M /usr/local/lib/nessus
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12K /usr/local/lib/pkgconfig
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2.7M /usr/local/lib/ladspa
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104M /usr/local/lib
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112K /usr/local/man/man1
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4.0K /usr/local/man/man2
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4.0K /usr/local/man/man3
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4.0K /usr/local/man/man4
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16K /usr/local/man/man5
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4.0K /usr/local/man/man</TT
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></PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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></P
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><P
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>If you just want a summary of that directory you can use the
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<B
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CLASS="COMMAND"
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>-s</B
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> option.
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<TABLE
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BORDER="1"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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><TT
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CLASS="PROMPT"
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>user@server:~> </TT
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><TT
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CLASS="USERINPUT"
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><B
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>du -hs /usr/local</B
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></TT
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>
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<TT
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CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
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>210M /usr/local</TT
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></PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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></P
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></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="SECT2"
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><H2
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CLASS="SECT2"
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><A
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NAME="QUOTAS"
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></A
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>7.2.3. Quotas</H2
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><P
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>For more information about quotas you can read
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<A
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HREF="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Quota.html"
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TARGET="_top"
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>The Quota HOWTO
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</A
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>.</P
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></DIV
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></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
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><HR
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
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WIDTH="33%"
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ALIGN="left"
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VALIGN="top"
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HREF="system-resources.html"
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ACCESSKEY="P"
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>Prev</A
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HREF="index.html"
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>Home</A
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VALIGN="top"
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HREF="monitoring-users.html"
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ACCESSKEY="N"
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>Next</A
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WIDTH="33%"
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ALIGN="left"
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VALIGN="top"
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>System Resources</TD
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><TD
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WIDTH="34%"
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ALIGN="center"
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VALIGN="top"
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VALIGN="top"
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>Monitoring Users</TD
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