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>Region specific settings</TITLE
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>Introduction to Linux: </TH
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><DIV
CLASS="sect1"
><H1
CLASS="sect1"
><A
NAME="sect_07_05"
></A
>7.4. Region specific settings</H1
><DIV
CLASS="sect2"
><H2
CLASS="sect2"
><A
NAME="sect_07_05_01"
></A
>7.4.1. Keyboard setup</H2
><P
>Setting the keyboard layout is done using the <B
CLASS="command"
>loadkeys</B
> command for text consoles. Use your local X configuration tool or edit the <EM
>Keyboard</EM
> section in <TT
CLASS="filename"
>XF86Config</TT
> manually to configure the layout for graphical mode. The <TT
CLASS="varname"
>XkbdLayout</TT
> is the one you want to set:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13; XkbLayout "us"
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
>This is the default. Change it to your local settings by replacing the quoted value with any of the names listed in the subdirectories of your <TT
CLASS="filename"
>keymaps</TT
> directory. If you can't find the keymaps, try displaying their location on your system issuing the command</P
><P
><B
CLASS="command"
>locate <TT
CLASS="filename"
>keymaps</TT
></B
> </P
><P
>It is possible to combine layout settings, like in this example:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13;Xkblayout "us,ru"
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
>Make a backup of the <TT
CLASS="filename"
>/etc/X11/XF86Config</TT
> file before editing it! You will need to use the <EM
>root</EM
> account to do this.</P
><P
>Log out and reconnect in order to reload X settings.</P
><P
>The <SPAN
CLASS="application"
>Gnome Keyboard Applet</SPAN
> enables real-time switching between layouts; no special pemissions are needed for using this program. <SPAN
CLASS="application"
>KDE</SPAN
> has a similar tool for switching between keyboard layouts.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect2"
><H2
CLASS="sect2"
><A
NAME="sect_07_05_02"
></A
>7.4.2. Fonts</H2
><P
>Use the <B
CLASS="command"
>setfont</B
> tool to load fonts in text mode. Most systems come with a standard <TT
CLASS="filename"
>inputrc</TT
> file which enables combining of characters, such as the French <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"<22>"</SPAN
> (meta characters). The system admin should then add the line</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13;export INPUTRC="/etc/inputrc"
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
>to the <TT
CLASS="filename"
>/etc/bashrc</TT
> file.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect2"
><H2
CLASS="sect2"
><A
NAME="sect_07_05_03"
></A
>7.4.3. Date and time zone</H2
><P
>Setting time information is usually done at installation time. After that, it can be kept up to date using an <EM
>NTP</EM
> (Network Time Protocol) client. Most Linux systems run <B
CLASS="command"
>ntpd</B
> by default:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13;<TT
CLASS="prompt"
>debby:~&#62;</TT
> <B
CLASS="command"
>ps -ef | grep ntpd</B
>
ntp 24678 1 0 2002 ? 00:00:33 ntpd -U ntp
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
>You can run <B
CLASS="command"
>ntpdate</B
> manually to set the time, on condition that you can reach a time server. The <B
CLASS="command"
>ntpd</B
> daemon should not be running when you adjust the time using <B
CLASS="command"
>ntpdate</B
>. Use a time server as argument to the command:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13;<TT
CLASS="prompt"
>root@box:~# </TT
><B
CLASS="command"
>ntpdate <TT
CLASS="parameter"
><I
>10.2.5.200</I
></TT
></B
>
26 Oct 14:35:42 ntpdate[20364]: adjust time server 10.2.5.200 offset
-0.008049 sec
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
>See your system manual and the documentation that comes with the NTP package. Most desktop managers include tools to set the system time, providing that you have access to the system administrator's account.</P
><P
>For setting the time zone correct, you can use <B
CLASS="command"
>tzconfig</B
> or <B
CLASS="command"
>timezone</B
> commands. Timezone information is usually set during the installation of your machine. Many systems have distribution-specific tools to configure it, see your system documentation.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect2"
><H2
CLASS="sect2"
><A
NAME="sect_07_05_04"
></A
>7.4.4. Language</H2
><P
>If you'd rather get your messages from the system in Dutch or French, you may want to set the <TT
CLASS="varname"
>LANG</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="varname"
>LANGUAGE</TT
> environment variables, thus enabling locale support for the desired language and eventually the fonts related to character conventions in that language.</P
><P
>With most graphical login systems, such as <B
CLASS="command"
>gdm</B
> or <B
CLASS="command"
>kdm</B
>, you have the possibility to configure these language settings before logging in.</P
><P
>Note that on most systems, the default tends to be <EM
>en_US.UTF-8</EM
> these days. This is not a problem, because systems where this is the default, will also come with all the programs supporting this encoding. Thus, <B
CLASS="command"
>vi</B
> can edit all the files on your system, <B
CLASS="command"
>cat</B
> won't behave strange and so on.</P
><P
>Trouble starts when you connect to an older system not supporting this font encoding, or when you open a <EM
>UTF-8</EM
> encoded file on a system supporting only 1-byte character fonts. The <B
CLASS="command"
>recode</B
> utility might come in handy to convert files from one character set to another. Read the man pages for an overview of features and usage. Another solution might be to temporarily work with another encoding definition, by setting the <TT
CLASS="varname"
>LANG</TT
> environment variable:</P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>&#13;<TT
CLASS="prompt"
>debby:~&#62;</TT
> <B
CLASS="command"
>acroread /var/tmp/51434s.pdf</B
>
Warning: charset "UTF-8" not supported, using "ISO8859-1".
Aborted
<TT
CLASS="prompt"
>debby:~&#62;</TT
> <B
CLASS="command"
>set | grep UTF</B
>
LANG=en_US.UTF-8
<TT
CLASS="prompt"
>debby:~&#62;</TT
> <B
CLASS="command"
>export LANG=en_US</B
>
<TT
CLASS="prompt"
>debby:~&#62;</TT
> <B
CLASS="command"
>acroread /var/tmp/51434s.pdf</B
>
&#60;--new window opens--&#62;
</PRE
></FONT
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
><P
>Refer to the <A
HREF="http://www.mozilla.org/"
TARGET="_top"
>Mozilla</A
> web site for guidance on how to get <SPAN
CLASS="application"
>Firefox</SPAN
> in your language. The <A
HREF="http://www.openoffice.org/"
TARGET="_top"
>OpenOffice.org</A
> web site has information on localization of your <SPAN
CLASS="application"
>OpenOffice.org</SPAN
> suite.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect2"
><H2
CLASS="sect2"
><A
NAME="sect_07_05_06"
></A
>7.4.5. Country-specific Information</H2
><P
>The <A
HREF="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX/howtos.html"
TARGET="_top"
>list of HOWTOs</A
> contains references to Bangla, Belarusian, Chinese, Esperanto, Finnish, Francophone, Hebrew, Hellenic, Latvian, Polish, Portugese, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Thai and Turkish localization instructions.</P
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></TD
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></TD
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><TD
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>The graphical environment</TD
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