823 lines
19 KiB
HTML
823 lines
19 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
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<HTML
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><HEAD
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><TITLE
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>Getting help</TITLE
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><META
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NAME="GENERATOR"
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CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7"><LINK
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REL="HOME"
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TITLE="Introduction to Linux"
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HREF="index.html"><LINK
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REL="UP"
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TITLE="Quickstart"
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HREF="chap_02.html"><LINK
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REL="PREVIOUS"
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TITLE="Absolute basics"
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HREF="sect_02_02.html"><LINK
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REL="NEXT"
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TITLE="Summary"
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HREF="sect_02_04.html"></HEAD
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><BODY
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CLASS="sect1"
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BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
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TEXT="#000000"
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LINK="#0000FF"
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VLINK="#840084"
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ALINK="#0000FF"
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><DIV
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CLASS="NAVHEADER"
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><TABLE
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SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
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WIDTH="100%"
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BORDER="0"
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CELLPADDING="0"
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CELLSPACING="0"
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><TR
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><TH
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COLSPAN="3"
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ALIGN="center"
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>Introduction to Linux: </TH
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></TR
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><TR
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><TD
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WIDTH="10%"
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ALIGN="left"
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VALIGN="bottom"
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><A
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HREF="sect_02_02.html"
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ACCESSKEY="P"
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>Prev</A
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></TD
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><TD
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WIDTH="80%"
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ALIGN="center"
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VALIGN="bottom"
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>Chapter 2. Quickstart</TD
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><TD
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WIDTH="10%"
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ALIGN="right"
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VALIGN="bottom"
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><A
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HREF="sect_02_04.html"
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ACCESSKEY="N"
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>Next</A
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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><HR
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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WIDTH="100%"></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="sect1"
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><H1
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CLASS="sect1"
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><A
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NAME="sect_02_03"
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></A
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>2.3. Getting help</H1
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><DIV
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CLASS="sect2"
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><H2
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CLASS="sect2"
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><A
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NAME="sect_02_03_01"
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></A
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>2.3.1. Be warned</H2
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><P
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>GNU/Linux is all about becoming more self-reliant. And as usual with this system, there are several ways to achieve the goal. A common way of getting help is finding someone who knows, and however patient and peace-loving the Linux-using community will be, almost everybody will expect you to have tried one or more of the methods in this section before asking them, and the ways in which this viewpoint is expressed may be rather harsh if you prove not to have followed this basic rule.</P
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></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="sect2"
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><H2
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CLASS="sect2"
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><A
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NAME="sect_02_03_02"
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></A
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>2.3.2. The man pages</H2
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><P
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>A lot of beginning users fear the man (manual) pages, because they are an overwhelming source of documentation. They are, however, very structured, as you will see from the example below on: <B
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CLASS="command"
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>man <TT
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CLASS="option"
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>man</TT
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></B
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>.</P
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><P
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>Reading man pages is usually done in a terminal window when in graphical mode, or just in text mode if you prefer it. Type the command like this at the prompt, followed by <B
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CLASS="keycap"
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>Enter</B
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>:</P
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="screen"
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> <TT
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CLASS="prompt"
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>yourname@yourcomp ~></TT
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> <B
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CLASS="command"
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>man <TT
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CLASS="parameter"
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><I
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>man</I
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></TT
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></B
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>
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</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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><P
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>The documentation for <B
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CLASS="command"
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>man</B
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> will be displayed on your screen after you press <B
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CLASS="keycap"
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>Enter</B
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>:</P
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="screen"
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> man(1) man(1)
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NAME
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man - format and display the on-line manual pages
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manpath - determine user's search path for man pages
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SYNOPSIS
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man [-acdfFhkKtwW] [--path] [-m system] [-p string] [-C config_file]
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[-M pathlist] [-P pager] [-S section_list] [section] name ...
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DESCRIPTION
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man formats and displays the on-line manual pages. If you specify
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section, man only looks in that section of the manual.
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name is normally the name of the manual page, which is typically the
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name of a command, function, or file. However, if name contains a
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slash (/) then man interprets it as a file specification, so that you
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can do man ./foo.5 or even man /cd/foo/bar.1.gz.
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See below for a description of where man looks for the manual
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page files.
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OPTIONS
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-C config_file
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lines 1-27
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</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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><P
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>Browse to the next page using the space bar. You can go back to the previous page using the b-key. When you reach the end, <B
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CLASS="command"
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>man</B
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> will usually quit and you get the prompt back. Type <B
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CLASS="keycap"
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>q</B
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> if you want to leave the man page before reaching the end, or if the viewer does not quit automatically at the end of the page.</P
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><DIV
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CLASS="note"
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><P
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></P
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><TABLE
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CLASS="note"
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WIDTH="100%"
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BORDER="0"
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><TR
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><TD
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WIDTH="25"
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ALIGN="CENTER"
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VALIGN="TOP"
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><IMG
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SRC="../images/note.gif"
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HSPACE="5"
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ALT="Note"></TD
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><TH
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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VALIGN="CENTER"
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><B
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>Pagers</B
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></TH
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></TR
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><TR
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><TD
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> </TD
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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VALIGN="TOP"
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><P
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>The available key combinations for manipulating the man pages depend on the <EM
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>pager</EM
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> used in your distribution. Most distributions use <B
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CLASS="command"
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>less</B
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> to view the man pages and to scroll around. See <A
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HREF="sect_03_03.html#sect_03_03_04_02"
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>Section 3.3.4.2</A
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> for more info on pagers.</P
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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></DIV
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><P
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>Each man page usually contains a couple of standard sections, as we can see from the <B
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CLASS="command"
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>man <TT
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CLASS="option"
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>man</TT
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></B
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> example:</P
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><P
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></P
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><UL
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><LI
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><P
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>The first line contains the name of the command you are reading about, and the id of the section in which this man page is located. The man pages are ordered in chapters. Commands are likely to have multiple man pages, for example the man page from the user section, the man page from the system admin section, and the man page from the programmer section.</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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>The name of the command and a short description are given, which is used for building an index of the man pages. You can look for any given search string in this index using the <B
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CLASS="command"
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>apropos</B
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> command.</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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>The synopsis of the command provides a technical notation of all the options and/or arguments this command can take. You can think of an option as a way of executing the command. The argument is what you execute it on. Some commands have no options or no arguments. Optional options and arguments are put in between <SPAN
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CLASS="QUOTE"
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>"["</SPAN
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> and <SPAN
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CLASS="QUOTE"
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>"]"</SPAN
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> to indicate that they can be left out.</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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>A longer description of the command is given.</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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>Options with their descriptions are listed. Options can usually be combined. If not so, this section will tell you about it.</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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>Environment describes the shell variables that influence the behavior of this command (not all commands have this).</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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>Sometimes sections specific to this command are provided.</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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>A reference to other man pages is given in the <SPAN
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CLASS="QUOTE"
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>"SEE ALSO"</SPAN
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> section. In between parentheses is the number of the man page section in which to find this command. Experienced users often switch to the <SPAN
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CLASS="QUOTE"
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>"SEE ALSO"</SPAN
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> part using the <B
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CLASS="command"
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>/</B
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> command followed by the search string <TT
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CLASS="literal"
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>SEE</TT
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> and press <B
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CLASS="keycap"
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>Enter</B
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>.</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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>Usually there is also information about known bugs (anomalies) and where to report new bugs you may find.</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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>There might also be author and copyright information.</P
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></LI
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></UL
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><P
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>Some commands have multiple man pages. For instance, the <B
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CLASS="command"
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>passwd</B
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> command has a man page in section 1 and another in section 5. By default, the man page with the lowest number is shown. If you want to see another section than the default, specify it after the <B
|
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CLASS="command"
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>man</B
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> command:</P
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><P
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><B
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CLASS="command"
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>man <TT
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CLASS="option"
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>5</TT
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> <TT
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CLASS="parameter"
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><I
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>passwd</I
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></TT
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></B
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> </P
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><P
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>If you want to see all man pages about a command, one after the other, use the <TT
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CLASS="option"
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>-a</TT
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> to man:</P
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><P
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><B
|
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CLASS="command"
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>man <TT
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CLASS="option"
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>-a</TT
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> <TT
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CLASS="parameter"
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><I
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>passwd</I
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></TT
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></B
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> </P
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><P
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>This way, when you reach the end of the first man page and press <B
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CLASS="keycap"
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|
>SPACE</B
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> again, the man page from the next section will be displayed.</P
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></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="sect2"
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><H2
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CLASS="sect2"
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><A
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NAME="sect_02_03_03"
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></A
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>2.3.3. More info</H2
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><DIV
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CLASS="sect3"
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><H3
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CLASS="sect3"
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><A
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NAME="sect_02_03_03_01"
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></A
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>2.3.3.1. The Info pages</H3
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><P
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>In addition to the man pages, you can read the Info pages about a command, using the <B
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CLASS="command"
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>info</B
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> command. These usually contain more recent information and are somewhat easier to use. The man pages for some commands refer to the Info pages.</P
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><P
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>Get started by typing <B
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CLASS="command"
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>info <TT
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CLASS="parameter"
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><I
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>info</I
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></TT
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></B
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> in a terminal window:</P
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="screen"
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> File: info.info, Node: Top, Next: Getting Started, Up: (dir)
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Info: An Introduction
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*********************
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Info is a program, which you are using now, for reading
|
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documentation of computer programs. The GNU Project distributes most
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of its on-line manuals in the Info format, so you need a program called
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"Info reader" to read the manuals. One of such programs you are using
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now.
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If you are new to Info and want to learn how to use it, type the
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command `h' now. It brings you to a programmed instruction sequence.
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To learn advanced Info commands, type `n' twice. This brings you to
|
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`Info for Experts', skipping over the `Getting Started' chapter.
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* Menu:
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* Getting Started:: Getting started using an Info reader.
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* Advanced Info:: Advanced commands within Info.
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* Creating an Info File:: How to make your own Info file.
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--zz-Info: (info.info.gz)Top, 24 lines --Top-------------------------------
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Welcome to Info version 4.2. Type C-h for help, m for menu item.
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</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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><P
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>Use the arrow keys to browse through the text and move the cursor on a line starting with an asterisk, containing the keyword about which you want info, then hit <B
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CLASS="keycap"
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>Enter</B
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>. Use the <B
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CLASS="keycap"
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>P</B
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> and <B
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CLASS="keycap"
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>N</B
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> keys to go to the previous or next subject. The space bar will move you one page further, no matter whether this starts a new subject or an Info page for another command. Use <B
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CLASS="keycap"
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>Q</B
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> to quit. The <B
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CLASS="command"
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>info</B
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> program has more information.</P
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></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="sect3"
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><H3
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CLASS="sect3"
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><A
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NAME="sect_02_03_03_02"
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></A
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>2.3.3.2. The whatis and apropos commands</H3
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><P
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>A short index of explanations for commands is available using the <B
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CLASS="command"
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>whatis</B
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> command, like in the examples below:</P
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="screen"
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> <TT
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|
CLASS="prompt"
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|
>[your_prompt]</TT
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> <B
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|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>whatis ls</B
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|
>
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ls (1) - list directory contents
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</PRE
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></FONT
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|
></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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><P
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>This displays short information about a command, and the first section in the collection of man pages that contains an appropriate page.</P
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><P
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|
>If you don't know where to get started and which man page to read, <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
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|
>apropos</B
|
|
> gives more information. Say that you don't know how to start a browser, then you could enter the following command:</P
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="screen"
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> <TT
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|
CLASS="prompt"
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|
>another prompt></TT
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> <B
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|
CLASS="command"
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|
>apropos browser</B
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|
>
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Galeon [galeon](1) - gecko-based GNOME web browser
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|
lynx (1) - a general purpose distributed information browser
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|
for the World Wide Web
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|
ncftp (1) - Browser program for the File Transfer Protocol
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|
opera (1) - a graphical web browser
|
|
pilot (1) - simple file system browser in the style of the
|
|
Pine Composer
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|
pinfo (1) - curses based lynx-style info browser
|
|
pinfo [pman] (1) - curses based lynx-style info browser
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|
viewres (1x) - graphical class browser for Xt
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|
</PRE
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></FONT
|
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
|
|
><P
|
|
>After pressing <B
|
|
CLASS="keycap"
|
|
>Enter</B
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|
> you will see that a lot of browser related stuff is on your machine: not only web browsers, but also file and FTP browsers, and browsers for documentation. If you have development packages installed, you may also have the accompanying man pages dealing with writing programs having to do with browsers. Generally, a command with a man page in section one, so one marked with <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="QUOTE"
|
|
>"(1)"</SPAN
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|
>, is suitable for trying out as a user. The user who issued the above <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
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|
>apropos</B
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|
> might consequently try to start the commands <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>galeon</B
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|
>, <B
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|
CLASS="command"
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|
>lynx</B
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> or <B
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|
CLASS="command"
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|
>opera</B
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>, since these clearly have to do with browsing the world wide web.</P
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></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="sect3"
|
|
><H3
|
|
CLASS="sect3"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="sect_02_03_03_03"
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></A
|
|
>2.3.3.3. The --help option</H3
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|
><P
|
|
>Most GNU commands support the <TT
|
|
CLASS="option"
|
|
>--help</TT
|
|
>, which gives a short explanation about how to use the command and a list of available options. Below is the output of this option with the <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>cat</B
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|
> command:</P
|
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="screen"
|
|
> <TT
|
|
CLASS="prompt"
|
|
>userprompt@host:</TT
|
|
> <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>cat --help</B
|
|
>
|
|
Usage: cat [OPTION] [FILE]...
|
|
Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output.
|
|
|
|
-A, --show-all equivalent to -vET
|
|
-b, --number-nonblank number nonblank output lines
|
|
-e equivalent to -vE
|
|
-E, --show-ends display $ at end of each line
|
|
-n, --number number all output lines
|
|
-s, --squeeze-blank never more than one single blank line
|
|
-t equivalent to -vT
|
|
-T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I
|
|
-u (ignored)
|
|
-v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation,
|
|
except for LFD and TAB
|
|
--help display this help and exit
|
|
--version output version information and exit
|
|
|
|
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
|
|
|
|
Report bugs to <bug-textutils@gnu.org>.
|
|
</PRE
|
|
></FONT
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="sect3"
|
|
><H3
|
|
CLASS="sect3"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="sect_02_03_04"
|
|
></A
|
|
>2.3.3.4. Graphical help</H3
|
|
><P
|
|
>Don't despair if you prefer a graphical user interface. <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="application"
|
|
>Konqueror</SPAN
|
|
>, the default <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="application"
|
|
>KDE</SPAN
|
|
> file manager, provides painless and colourful access to the man and <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="application"
|
|
>Info</SPAN
|
|
> pages. You may want to try <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="QUOTE"
|
|
>"info:info"</SPAN
|
|
> in the <EM
|
|
>Location</EM
|
|
> address bar, and you will get a browsable Info page about the <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>info</B
|
|
> command. Similarly, <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="QUOTE"
|
|
>"man:ls"</SPAN
|
|
> will present you with the man page for the <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>ls</B
|
|
> command. You even get command name completion: you will see the man pages for all the commands starting with <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="QUOTE"
|
|
>"ls"</SPAN
|
|
> in a scroll-down menu. Entering <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="QUOTE"
|
|
>"info:/dir"</SPAN
|
|
> in the address location toolbar displays all the Info pages, arranged in utility categories. Excellent <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="guimenu"
|
|
>Help</SPAN
|
|
> content, including the Konqueror Handbook. Start up from the menu or by typing the command <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>konqueror</B
|
|
> in a terminal window, followed by <B
|
|
CLASS="keycap"
|
|
>Enter</B
|
|
>; see the screenshot below.</P
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="figure"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="AEN1381"
|
|
></A
|
|
><P
|
|
><B
|
|
>Figure 2-2. Konqueror as help browser</B
|
|
></P
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="mediaobject"
|
|
><P
|
|
><IMG
|
|
SRC="images/konqueror.png"></P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><P
|
|
>The <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="application"
|
|
>Gnome Help Browser</SPAN
|
|
> is very user friendly as well. You can start it selecting <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="guimenu"
|
|
>Applications</SPAN
|
|
>-><SPAN
|
|
CLASS="guimenuitem"
|
|
>Help</SPAN
|
|
> from the <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="application"
|
|
>Gnome</SPAN
|
|
> menu, by clicking the lifeguard icon on your desktop or by entering the command <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>gnome-help</B
|
|
> in a terminal window. The system documentation and man pages are easily browsable with a plain interface.</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>The <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>nautilus</B
|
|
> file manager provides a searchable index of the man and <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="application"
|
|
>Info</SPAN
|
|
> pages, they are easily browsable and interlinked. <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="application"
|
|
>Nautilus</SPAN
|
|
> is started from the command line, or clicking your home directory icon, or from the <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="application"
|
|
>Gnome</SPAN
|
|
> menu.</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>The big advantage of GUIs for system documentation is that all information is completely interlinked, so you can click through in the <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="QUOTE"
|
|
>"SEE ALSO"</SPAN
|
|
> sections and wherever links to other man pages appear, and thus browse and acquire knowledge without interruption for hours at the time.</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="sect3"
|
|
><H3
|
|
CLASS="sect3"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="sect_02_03_05"
|
|
></A
|
|
>2.3.3.5. Exceptions</H3
|
|
><P
|
|
>Some commands don't have separate documentation, because they are part of another command. <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>cd</B
|
|
>, <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>exit</B
|
|
>, <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>logout</B
|
|
> and <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>pwd</B
|
|
> are such exceptions. They are part of your shell program and are called <EM
|
|
>shell built-in</EM
|
|
> commands. For information about these, refer to the man or info page of your shell. Most beginning Linux users have a Bash shell. See <A
|
|
HREF="sect_03_02.html#sect_03_02_03_02"
|
|
>Section 3.2.3.2</A
|
|
> for more about shells.</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>If you have been changing your original system configuration, it might also be possible that man pages are still there, but not visible because your shell environment has changed. In that case, you will need to check the <TT
|
|
CLASS="varname"
|
|
>MANPATH</TT
|
|
> variable. How to do this is explained in <A
|
|
HREF="sect_07_02.html#sect_07_02_02"
|
|
>Section 7.2.1.2</A
|
|
>.</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>Some programs or packages only have a set of instructions or references in the directory <TT
|
|
CLASS="filename"
|
|
>/usr/share/doc</TT
|
|
>. See <A
|
|
HREF="sect_03_03.html#sect_03_03_04"
|
|
>Section 3.3.4</A
|
|
> to display.</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>In the worst case, you may have removed the documentation from your system by accident (hopefully by accident, because it is a very bad idea to do this on purpose). In that case, first try to make sure that there is really nothing appropriate left using a search tool, read on in <A
|
|
HREF="sect_03_03.html#sect_03_03_03"
|
|
>Section 3.3.3</A
|
|
>. If so, you may have to re-install the package that contains the command to which the documentation applied, see <A
|
|
HREF="sect_07_06.html"
|
|
>Section 7.5</A
|
|
>.</P
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
|
|
><HR
|
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
|
|
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
CELLPADDING="0"
|
|
CELLSPACING="0"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="33%"
|
|
ALIGN="left"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
><A
|
|
HREF="sect_02_02.html"
|
|
ACCESSKEY="P"
|
|
>Prev</A
|
|
></TD
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="34%"
|
|
ALIGN="center"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
><A
|
|
HREF="index.html"
|
|
ACCESSKEY="H"
|
|
>Home</A
|
|
></TD
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="33%"
|
|
ALIGN="right"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
><A
|
|
HREF="sect_02_04.html"
|
|
ACCESSKEY="N"
|
|
>Next</A
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="33%"
|
|
ALIGN="left"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
>Absolute basics</TD
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="34%"
|
|
ALIGN="center"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
><A
|
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HREF="chap_02.html"
|
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ACCESSKEY="U"
|
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>Up</A
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></TD
|
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><TD
|
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WIDTH="33%"
|
|
ALIGN="right"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
>Summary</TD
|
|
></TR
|
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></TABLE
|
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></DIV
|
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></BODY
|
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></HTML
|
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> |