514 lines
7.0 KiB
HTML
514 lines
7.0 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
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<HTML
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>Important System Directories</TITLE
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>Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide: </TH
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><DIV
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CLASS="APPENDIX"
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><H1
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><A
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NAME="SYSTEMDIRS"
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></A
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>Appendix I. Important System Directories</H1
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><P
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>Sysadmins and anyone else writing administrative scripts
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should be intimately familiar with the following system
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directories.</P
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><P
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></P
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><UL
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><LI
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><P
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><TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/bin</TT
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></P
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><P
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>Binaries (executables). Basic system programs
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and utilities (such as <B
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CLASS="COMMAND"
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>bash</B
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>).</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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><TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/usr/bin</TT
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>
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<A
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NAME="AEN23969"
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HREF="#FTN.AEN23969"
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><SPAN
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CLASS="footnote"
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>[1]</SPAN
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></A
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>
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</P
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><P
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>More system binaries.</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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><TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/usr/local/bin</TT
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></P
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><P
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>Miscellaneous binaries local to the particular machine.</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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><TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/sbin</TT
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></P
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><P
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>System binaries. Basic system administrative programs
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and utilities (such as <B
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CLASS="COMMAND"
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>fsck</B
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>).</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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><TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/usr/sbin</TT
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></P
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><P
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>More system administrative programs and utilities.</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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><TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/etc</TT
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></P
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><P
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><I
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CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
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>Et cetera</I
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>. Systemwide configuration
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scripts.</P
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><P
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>Of particular interest are the
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<A
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HREF="system.html#FSTABREF"
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><TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/etc/fstab</TT
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></A
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>
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(filesystem table),
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<TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/etc/mtab</TT
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>
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(mounted filesystem table), and the <A
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HREF="system.html#INITTABREF"
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><TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/etc/inittab</TT
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></A
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>
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files.</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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><TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/etc/rc.d</TT
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></P
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><P
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>Boot scripts, on Red Hat and derivative distributions
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of Linux.</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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><TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/usr/share/doc</TT
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></P
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><P
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>Documentation for installed packages.</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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><TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/usr/man</TT
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></P
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><P
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>The systemwide <A
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HREF="basic.html#MANREF"
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>manpages</A
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>.</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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><TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/dev</TT
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></P
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><P
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>Device directory. Entries (but <EM
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>not</EM
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>
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mount points) for physical and virtual devices.
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See <A
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HREF="devproc.html"
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>Chapter 29</A
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>.</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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><TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/proc</TT
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></P
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><P
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>Process directory. Contains information and statistics
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about running processes and kernel parameters.
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See <A
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HREF="devproc.html"
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>Chapter 29</A
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>.</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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><TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/sys</TT
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></P
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><P
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>Systemwide device directory. Contains information and
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statistics about device and device names. This is newly
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added to Linux with the 2.6.X kernels.</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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><TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/mnt</TT
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></P
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><P
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><I
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CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
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>Mount</I
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>. Directory for mounting
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hard drive partitions, such as <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/mnt/dos</TT
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>, and physical
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devices. In newer Linux distros, the <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/media</TT
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> directory has taken
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over as the preferred mount point for I/O devices.</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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><TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/media</TT
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></P
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><P
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>In newer Linux distros, the preferred mount point for
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I/O devices, such as CD/DVD drives or USB flash drives.</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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><TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/var</TT
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></P
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><P
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><I
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CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
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>Variable</I
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> (changeable) system
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files. This is a catchall <SPAN
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CLASS="QUOTE"
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>"scratchpad"</SPAN
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>
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directory for data generated while a Linux/UNIX machine
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is running.</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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><TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/var/log</TT
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></P
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><P
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>Systemwide log files.</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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><TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/var/spool/mail</TT
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></P
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><P
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>User mail spool.</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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><TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/lib</TT
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></P
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><P
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>Systemwide library files.</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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><TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/usr/lib</TT
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></P
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><P
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>More systemwide library files.</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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><TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/tmp</TT
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></P
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><P
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>System temporary files.</P
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></LI
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><LI
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><P
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><TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/boot</TT
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></P
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><P
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>System <I
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CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
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>boot</I
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> directory. The kernel,
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module links, system map, and boot manager reside here.</P
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><DIV
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CLASS="WARNING"
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><P
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></P
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><TABLE
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CLASS="WARNING"
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WIDTH="90%"
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BORDER="0"
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><TR
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><TD
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WIDTH="25"
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ALIGN="CENTER"
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VALIGN="TOP"
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><IMG
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SRC="../images/warning.gif"
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HSPACE="5"
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ALT="Warning"></TD
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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VALIGN="TOP"
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><P
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>Altering files in this directory may result in an
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unbootable system.</P
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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></DIV
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></LI
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></UL
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></DIV
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><H3
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CLASS="FOOTNOTES"
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>Notes</H3
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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VALIGN="TOP"
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WIDTH="5%"
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><A
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NAME="FTN.AEN23969"
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HREF="systemdirs.html#AEN23969"
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><SPAN
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CLASS="footnote"
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>[1]</SPAN
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></A
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></TD
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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VALIGN="TOP"
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WIDTH="95%"
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><P
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>Some early UNIX systems had a fast, small-capacity fixed
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disk (containing <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/</TT
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>,
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the root partition), and a second drive which
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was larger, but slower (containing <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/usr</TT
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> and other
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partitions). The most frequently used programs and
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utilities therefore resided on the small-but-fast
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drive, in <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/bin</TT
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>,
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and the others on the slower drive, in <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/usr/bin</TT
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>.</P
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><P
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>This likewise accounts for the split between
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<TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/sbin</TT
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> and
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<TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/usr/sbin</TT
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>,
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<TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/lib</TT
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> and <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/usr/lib</TT
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>, etc.</P
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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><DIV
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>Next</A
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><TD
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WIDTH="33%"
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ALIGN="left"
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VALIGN="top"
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>Important Files</TD
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><TD
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WIDTH="34%"
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ALIGN="center"
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VALIGN="top"
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> </TD
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>An Introduction to Programmable Completion</TD
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