885 lines
14 KiB
HTML
885 lines
14 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
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<HTML
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><HEAD
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><TITLE
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>/proc</TITLE
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><META
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NAME="GENERATOR"
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CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7"><LINK
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REL="HOME"
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TITLE="Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide"
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HREF="index.html"><LINK
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REL="UP"
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TITLE="/dev and /proc"
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HREF="devproc.html"><LINK
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REL="PREVIOUS"
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TITLE="/dev"
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HREF="devref1.html"><LINK
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REL="NEXT"
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TITLE="Network Programming"
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HREF="networkprogramming.html"></HEAD
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><BODY
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CLASS="SECT1"
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BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
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TEXT="#000000"
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LINK="#0000FF"
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VLINK="#840084"
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ALINK="#0000FF"
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><DIV
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CLASS="NAVHEADER"
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><TABLE
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SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
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WIDTH="100%"
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BORDER="0"
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CELLPADDING="0"
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CELLSPACING="0"
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><TR
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><TH
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COLSPAN="3"
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ALIGN="center"
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>Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide: </TH
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></TR
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><TR
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><TD
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WIDTH="10%"
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ALIGN="left"
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VALIGN="bottom"
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><A
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HREF="devref1.html"
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ACCESSKEY="P"
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>Prev</A
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></TD
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><TD
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WIDTH="80%"
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ALIGN="center"
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VALIGN="bottom"
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>Chapter 29. <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/dev</TT
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> and <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/proc</TT
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></TD
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><TD
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WIDTH="10%"
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ALIGN="right"
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VALIGN="bottom"
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><A
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HREF="networkprogramming.html"
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ACCESSKEY="N"
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>Next</A
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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><HR
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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WIDTH="100%"></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="SECT1"
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><H1
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CLASS="SECT1"
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><A
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NAME="PROCREF1"
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></A
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>29.2. <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/proc</TT
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></H1
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><P
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><A
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NAME="PROCREF2"
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></A
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></P
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><P
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>The <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/proc</TT
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> directory
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is actually a pseudo-filesystem. The files in <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/proc</TT
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> mirror currently running
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system and kernel <A
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HREF="special-chars.html#PROCESSREF"
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>processes</A
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>
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and contain information and statistics about them.</P
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><P
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> <TABLE
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BORDER="1"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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><TT
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CLASS="PROMPT"
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>bash$ </TT
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><TT
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CLASS="USERINPUT"
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><B
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>cat /proc/devices</B
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></TT
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>
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<TT
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CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
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>Character devices:
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1 mem
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2 pty
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3 ttyp
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4 ttyS
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5 cua
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7 vcs
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10 misc
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14 sound
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29 fb
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36 netlink
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128 ptm
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136 pts
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162 raw
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254 pcmcia
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Block devices:
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1 ramdisk
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2 fd
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3 ide0
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9 md</TT
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>
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<TT
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CLASS="PROMPT"
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>bash$ </TT
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><TT
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CLASS="USERINPUT"
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><B
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>cat /proc/interrupts</B
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></TT
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>
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<TT
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CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
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> CPU0
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0: 84505 XT-PIC timer
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1: 3375 XT-PIC keyboard
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2: 0 XT-PIC cascade
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5: 1 XT-PIC soundblaster
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8: 1 XT-PIC rtc
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12: 4231 XT-PIC PS/2 Mouse
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14: 109373 XT-PIC ide0
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NMI: 0
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ERR: 0</TT
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>
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<TT
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CLASS="PROMPT"
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>bash$ </TT
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><TT
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CLASS="USERINPUT"
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><B
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>cat /proc/partitions</B
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></TT
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>
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<TT
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CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
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>major minor #blocks name rio rmerge rsect ruse wio wmerge wsect wuse running use aveq
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3 0 3007872 hda 4472 22260 114520 94240 3551 18703 50384 549710 0 111550 644030
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3 1 52416 hda1 27 395 844 960 4 2 14 180 0 800 1140
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3 2 1 hda2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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3 4 165280 hda4 10 0 20 210 0 0 0 0 0 210 210
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...</TT
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>
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<TT
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CLASS="PROMPT"
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>bash$ </TT
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><TT
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CLASS="USERINPUT"
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><B
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>cat /proc/loadavg</B
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></TT
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>
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<TT
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CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
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>0.13 0.42 0.27 2/44 1119</TT
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>
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<TT
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CLASS="PROMPT"
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>bash$ </TT
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><TT
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CLASS="USERINPUT"
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><B
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>cat /proc/apm</B
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></TT
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>
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<TT
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CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
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>1.16 1.2 0x03 0x01 0xff 0x80 -1% -1 ?</TT
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>
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<TT
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CLASS="PROMPT"
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>bash$ </TT
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><TT
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CLASS="USERINPUT"
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><B
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>cat /proc/acpi/battery/BAT0/info</B
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></TT
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>
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<TT
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CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
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>present: yes
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design capacity: 43200 mWh
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last full capacity: 36640 mWh
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battery technology: rechargeable
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design voltage: 10800 mV
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design capacity warning: 1832 mWh
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design capacity low: 200 mWh
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capacity granularity 1: 1 mWh
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capacity granularity 2: 1 mWh
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model number: IBM-02K6897
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serial number: 1133
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battery type: LION
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OEM info: Panasonic</TT
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>
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<TT
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CLASS="PROMPT"
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>bash$ </TT
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><TT
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CLASS="USERINPUT"
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><B
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>fgrep Mem /proc/meminfo</B
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></TT
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>
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<TT
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CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
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>MemTotal: 515216 kB
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MemFree: 266248 kB</TT
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>
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</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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>
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</P
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><P
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>Shell scripts may extract data from certain of the files in
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<TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/proc</TT
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>.
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<A
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NAME="AEN19180"
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HREF="#FTN.AEN19180"
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><SPAN
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CLASS="footnote"
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>[1]</SPAN
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></A
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></P
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><P
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
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>FS=iso # ISO filesystem support in kernel?
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grep $FS /proc/filesystems # iso9660</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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></P
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><P
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
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>kernel_version=$( awk '{ print $3 }' /proc/version )</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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></P
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><P
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
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>CPU=$( awk '/model name/ {print $5}' < /proc/cpuinfo )
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if [ "$CPU" = "Pentium(R)" ]
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then
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run_some_commands
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...
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else
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run_other_commands
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...
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fi
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cpu_speed=$( fgrep "cpu MHz" /proc/cpuinfo | awk '{print $4}' )
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# Current operating speed (in MHz) of the cpu on your machine.
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# On a laptop this may vary, depending on use of battery
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#+ or AC power.</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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></P
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><P
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
|
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
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>#!/bin/bash
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# get-commandline.sh
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# Get the command-line parameters of a process.
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OPTION=cmdline
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# Identify PID.
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pid=$( echo $(pidof "$1") | awk '{ print $1 }' )
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# Get only first ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ of multiple instances.
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echo
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echo "Process ID of (first instance of) "$1" = $pid"
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echo -n "Command-line arguments: "
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cat /proc/"$pid"/"$OPTION" | xargs -0 echo
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# Formats output: ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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# (Thanks, Han Holl, for the fixup!)
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echo; echo
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# For example:
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# sh get-commandline.sh xterm</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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></P
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><P
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>+</P
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><P
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
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>devfile="/proc/bus/usb/devices"
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text="Spd"
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USB1="Spd=12"
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USB2="Spd=480"
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bus_speed=$(fgrep -m 1 "$text" $devfile | awk '{print $9}')
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# ^^^^ Stop after first match.
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if [ "$bus_speed" = "$USB1" ]
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then
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echo "USB 1.1 port found."
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# Do something appropriate for USB 1.1.
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fi</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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></P
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><DIV
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CLASS="NOTE"
|
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><P
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></P
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><TABLE
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CLASS="NOTE"
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WIDTH="100%"
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BORDER="0"
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><TR
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><TD
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WIDTH="25"
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ALIGN="CENTER"
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VALIGN="TOP"
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><IMG
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SRC="../images/note.gif"
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HSPACE="5"
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ALT="Note"></TD
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><TD
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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VALIGN="TOP"
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><P
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>It is even possible to control certain peripherals with commands
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sent to the <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/proc</TT
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> directory.
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<TABLE
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BORDER="1"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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> <TT
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CLASS="PROMPT"
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>root# </TT
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><B
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CLASS="COMMAND"
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>echo on > /proc/acpi/ibm/light</B
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>
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</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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>
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This turns on the <EM
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>Thinklight</EM
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> in certain models
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of IBM/Lenovo Thinkpads. (May not work on all Linux distros.)</P
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><P
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>Of course, caution is advised when writing to <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/proc</TT
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>.</P
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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></DIV
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><P
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><A
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NAME="PROCRUNNING"
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></A
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></P
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><P
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>The <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/proc</TT
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> directory
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contains subdirectories with unusual numerical
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names. Every one of these names maps to the <A
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HREF="internalvariables.html#PPIDREF"
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>process ID</A
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> of a currently running
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process. Within each of these subdirectories, there are
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a number of files that hold useful information about the
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corresponding process. The <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>stat</TT
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> and
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<TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>status</TT
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> files keep running statistics
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on the process, the <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>cmdline</TT
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> file holds
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the command-line arguments the process was invoked with, and
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the <TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>exe</TT
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> file is a symbolic link to the
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complete path name of the invoking process. There are a few
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more such files, but these seem to be the most interesting
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from a scripting standpoint.</P
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><DIV
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CLASS="EXAMPLE"
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><A
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NAME="PIDID"
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></A
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><P
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><B
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>Example 29-3. Finding the process associated with a PID</B
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></P
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
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>#!/bin/bash
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# pid-identifier.sh:
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# Gives complete path name to process associated with pid.
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ARGNO=1 # Number of arguments the script expects.
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E_WRONGARGS=65
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E_BADPID=66
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E_NOSUCHPROCESS=67
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E_NOPERMISSION=68
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PROCFILE=exe
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if [ $# -ne $ARGNO ]
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then
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echo "Usage: `basename $0` PID-number" >&2 # Error message >stderr.
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exit $E_WRONGARGS
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fi
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pidno=$( ps ax | grep $1 | awk '{ print $1 }' | grep $1 )
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# Checks for pid in "ps" listing, field #1.
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# Then makes sure it is the actual process, not the process invoked by this script.
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# The last "grep $1" filters out this possibility.
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#
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# pidno=$( ps ax | awk '{ print $1 }' | grep $1 )
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# also works, as Teemu Huovila, points out.
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if [ -z "$pidno" ] # If, after all the filtering, the result is a zero-length string,
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then #+ no running process corresponds to the pid given.
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echo "No such process running."
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exit $E_NOSUCHPROCESS
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fi
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# Alternatively:
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# if ! ps $1 > /dev/null 2>&1
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# then # no running process corresponds to the pid given.
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# echo "No such process running."
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# exit $E_NOSUCHPROCESS
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# fi
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# To simplify the entire process, use "pidof".
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if [ ! -r "/proc/$1/$PROCFILE" ] # Check for read permission.
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then
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echo "Process $1 running, but..."
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echo "Can't get read permission on /proc/$1/$PROCFILE."
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exit $E_NOPERMISSION # Ordinary user can't access some files in /proc.
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fi
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# The last two tests may be replaced by:
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# if ! kill -0 $1 > /dev/null 2>&1 # '0' is not a signal, but
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# this will test whether it is possible
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# to send a signal to the process.
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# then echo "PID doesn't exist or you're not its owner" >&2
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# exit $E_BADPID
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# fi
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exe_file=$( ls -l /proc/$1 | grep "exe" | awk '{ print $11 }' )
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# Or exe_file=$( ls -l /proc/$1/exe | awk '{print $11}' )
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#
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# /proc/pid-number/exe is a symbolic link
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#+ to the complete path name of the invoking process.
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if [ -e "$exe_file" ] # If /proc/pid-number/exe exists,
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then #+ then the corresponding process exists.
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echo "Process #$1 invoked by $exe_file."
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else
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echo "No such process running."
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fi
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|
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|
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# This elaborate script can *almost* be replaced by
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# ps ax | grep $1 | awk '{ print $5 }'
|
|
# However, this will not work...
|
|
#+ because the fifth field of 'ps' is argv[0] of the process,
|
|
#+ not the executable file path.
|
|
#
|
|
# However, either of the following would work.
|
|
# find /proc/$1/exe -printf '%l\n'
|
|
# lsof -aFn -p $1 -d txt | sed -ne 's/^n//p'
|
|
|
|
# Additional commentary by Stephane Chazelas.
|
|
|
|
exit 0</PRE
|
|
></FONT
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="EXAMPLE"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="CONSTAT"
|
|
></A
|
|
><P
|
|
><B
|
|
>Example 29-4. On-line connect status</B
|
|
></P
|
|
><TABLE
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
><FONT
|
|
COLOR="#000000"
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
|
|
>#!/bin/bash
|
|
# connect-stat.sh
|
|
# Note that this script may need modification
|
|
#+ to work with a wireless connection.
|
|
|
|
PROCNAME=pppd # ppp daemon
|
|
PROCFILENAME=status # Where to look.
|
|
NOTCONNECTED=85
|
|
INTERVAL=2 # Update every 2 seconds.
|
|
|
|
pidno=$( ps ax | grep -v "ps ax" | grep -v grep | grep $PROCNAME |
|
|
awk '{ print $1 }' )
|
|
|
|
# Finding the process number of 'pppd', the 'ppp daemon'.
|
|
# Have to filter out the process lines generated by the search itself.
|
|
#
|
|
# However, as Oleg Philon points out,
|
|
#+ this could have been considerably simplified by using "pidof".
|
|
# pidno=$( pidof $PROCNAME )
|
|
#
|
|
# Moral of the story:
|
|
#+ When a command sequence gets too complex, look for a shortcut.
|
|
|
|
|
|
if [ -z "$pidno" ] # If no pid, then process is not running.
|
|
then
|
|
echo "Not connected."
|
|
# exit $NOTCONNECTED
|
|
else
|
|
echo "Connected."; echo
|
|
fi
|
|
|
|
while [ true ] # Endless loop, script can be improved here.
|
|
do
|
|
|
|
if [ ! -e "/proc/$pidno/$PROCFILENAME" ]
|
|
# While process running, then "status" file exists.
|
|
then
|
|
echo "Disconnected."
|
|
# exit $NOTCONNECTED
|
|
fi
|
|
|
|
netstat -s | grep "packets received" # Get some connect statistics.
|
|
netstat -s | grep "packets delivered"
|
|
|
|
|
|
sleep $INTERVAL
|
|
echo; echo
|
|
|
|
done
|
|
|
|
exit 0
|
|
|
|
# As it stands, this script must be terminated with a Control-C.
|
|
|
|
# Exercises:
|
|
# ---------
|
|
# Improve the script so it exits on a "q" keystroke.
|
|
# Make the script more user-friendly in other ways.
|
|
# Fix the script to work with wireless/DSL connections.</PRE
|
|
></FONT
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><P
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="PROCWARNING"
|
|
></A
|
|
></P
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="WARNING"
|
|
><P
|
|
></P
|
|
><TABLE
|
|
CLASS="WARNING"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"
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|
BORDER="0"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="25"
|
|
ALIGN="CENTER"
|
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
|
><IMG
|
|
SRC="../images/warning.gif"
|
|
HSPACE="5"
|
|
ALT="Warning"></TD
|
|
><TD
|
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
|
><P
|
|
>In general, it is dangerous to
|
|
<EM
|
|
>write</EM
|
|
> to the files in <TT
|
|
CLASS="FILENAME"
|
|
>/proc</TT
|
|
>, as this can corrupt the
|
|
filesystem or crash the machine.</P
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><H3
|
|
CLASS="FOOTNOTES"
|
|
>Notes</H3
|
|
><TABLE
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
CLASS="FOOTNOTES"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
|
WIDTH="5%"
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="FTN.AEN19180"
|
|
HREF="procref1.html#AEN19180"
|
|
><SPAN
|
|
CLASS="footnote"
|
|
>[1]</SPAN
|
|
></A
|
|
></TD
|
|
><TD
|
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
|
WIDTH="95%"
|
|
><P
|
|
>Certain system commands, such as
|
|
<A
|
|
HREF="system.html#PROCINFOREF"
|
|
>procinfo</A
|
|
>,
|
|
<A
|
|
HREF="system.html#FREEREF"
|
|
>free</A
|
|
>,
|
|
<A
|
|
HREF="system.html#VMSTATREF"
|
|
>vmstat</A
|
|
>,
|
|
<A
|
|
HREF="system.html#LSDEVREF"
|
|
>lsdev</A
|
|
>,
|
|
and <A
|
|
HREF="system.html#UPTIMEREF"
|
|
>uptime</A
|
|
>
|
|
do this as well.</P
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
|
|
><HR
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|
ALIGN="LEFT"
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WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
|
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SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
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VALIGN="top"
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><A
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HREF="devref1.html"
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ACCESSKEY="P"
|
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>Prev</A
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WIDTH="34%"
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ALIGN="center"
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VALIGN="top"
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><A
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HREF="index.html"
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ACCESSKEY="H"
|
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>Home</A
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></TD
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VALIGN="top"
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><A
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HREF="networkprogramming.html"
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ACCESSKEY="N"
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>Next</A
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WIDTH="33%"
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ALIGN="left"
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VALIGN="top"
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><TT
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CLASS="FILENAME"
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>/dev</TT
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></TD
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WIDTH="34%"
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>Network Programming</TD
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></TR
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> |