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545 lines
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<title>Designing a Scientific Poster with Xfig and TEX LG #96</title>
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<A HREF="hughes.html"><< Prev</A> | <A HREF="index.html">TOC</A> | <A HREF="../index.html">Front Page</A> | <A HREF="http://www.linuxgazette.com/cgi-bin/talkback/all.py?site=LG&article=http://www.linuxgazette.com/issue96/artime.html">Talkback</A> | <A HREF="../faq/index.html">FAQ</A> | <A HREF="pramode.html">Next >></A>
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<SMALL>...<I>making Linux just a little more fun!</I></SMALL>
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<BIG><BIG><STRONG><FONT COLOR="maroon">Designing a Scientific Poster with Xfig and TEX</FONT></STRONG></BIG></BIG>
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<BR>
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<STRONG>By <A HREF="../authors/artime-baro.html">C.E.C. Artime, J.A. Baro</A></STRONG>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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<head>
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content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
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<meta name="author" content="Carleos Artime">
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<meta name="generator" content="bhl2html">
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<link rel="generator-home" href="http://www.nongnu.org/bhl">
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<title>Designing a scientific poster</title>
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</head>
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<body>
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<h1 align="center">Designing a scientific poster with Xfig and
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T<small>E</small>X</h1>
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<p>A traditionally geeky user base has made the free software
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panorama plenty of scientifical tools. A key feature of
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scientific work is public defense of reseach methods and results
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in scientific meetings, and this is usually accomplished by
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means of oral presentations or posters. Both require the
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authors to develop some visual support: slide shows for oral
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presentations, with plenty of tools available (<a
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href="http://www.openoffice.org">OpenOffice</a>, <a
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href="http://www.latex-project.org">L<sup><small>A</small></sup>T<small>E</small>X</a>,...),
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and a poster proper for the poster sessions. These take the
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form of an A0-sized paper sheet, and a visual exposition of the
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materials involved is crucial. </p>
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<p> A general tool for manipulating images, as <a
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href="http://www.gimp.org">the GIMP</a>, can be very useful
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when most of the poster is to be filled with photos and
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analogic images. Notwithstanding, scientific graphics are
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best handled with a vectorial graphics tool. This article
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will present a brief review of tools for incorporating
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graphics in scientific posters. </p>
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<img src="misc/artime/gimp0.png" alt="The GIMP interface"
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width="800" height="600">
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<h2>Designing: Xfig</h2>
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<p> The GIMP is a bitmap- or raster-oriented tool, and as such,
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aimed at dealing with individual pixels. This approach is
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suitable for photos and artistic material. Technical drawings
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take a rather different approach: they are better described by
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their geometric elements, rather than by their constitutive
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pixels. This "vectorial" approach has the additional advantage
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that it produces resolution-independent graphics, thus allowing
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arbitrary zooming and enlargement. </p>
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<img src="misc/artime/gimp1.png" alt="Gfig: the GIMP vectorial tool"
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width="776" height="554">
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<p> Several free vectorial programs are currently available: <a
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href="http://sodipodi.sourceforge.net">Sodipodi</a>, <a
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href="http://www.koffice.org/karbon">Karbon14</a>, <a
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href="http://sketch.sourceforge.net">Sketch</a>... Some
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integrate nicely with the <a
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href="http://www.gnome.org">Gnome</a> and <a
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href="http://www.kde.org">KDE</a> desktop environments. Even
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the GIMP, since version 1.2, includes a plug-in enabling quite
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elaborate vectorial design, <a
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href="http://www.picnic.demon.co.uk/gfig/gfig_main.html">Gfig</a>;
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it lies under the menu (Filters->Render). However, the
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classic among X Window applications is <a
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href="http://www.xfig.org">Xfig</a>.
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</p>
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<img src="misc/artime/xfig0.png" alt="The Xfig initial screen"
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width="790" height="544">
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<p> Xfig is a thoroughly proven program that makes use of the X
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Athena widget toolkit. Thus, it is a very mature product and,
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consequently, its stability is beyond doubt. This is a highly
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appreciated feature as work on posters frequently goes on until
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the very dead line. </p>
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<p> A further consequence of being a mature project is that Xfig
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has been enriched by contributions of a wide community of users.
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This has produced a comprehensive set of galleries for various
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fields (electronics, UML, music, maps, etc.). </p>
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<p> It is a reliable program as it stores its information in a
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readily accessible text format, from which information retrieval
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is quite straightforward. This kind of format does not follow
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the modern trend, that is, it is not a SGML-based system.
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Rather, it consists of the minimal amount of information for
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describing the graphic, stored as ASCII characters. A thorough
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description is available, e.g., at <a
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href="http://www.xfig.org/userman/fig-format.html">The FIG file
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format</a> or, in a <a href="http://www.debian.org">Debian</a>
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system, in the file <tt>/usr/share/doc/xfig/FORMAT3.2.gz</tt>.
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Its regularity makes it suitable to be processed with the
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classical Unix/<a href="http://www.gnu.org">GNU</a> text
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filters: <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/sed">sed</a>, <a
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href="http://www.gnu.org/software/gawk">awk</a> and such. So
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chances are that you prefer ASCII to the XML format. On the
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other hand, important applications as <a
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href="http://www.gnuplot.info">Gnuplot</a> and GNU <a
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href="http://www.gnu.org/software/plotutils">plotutils</a> can
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produce FIG files; a comprehensive list is available in the file
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FIGAPPS, within the Xfig distribution.</p>
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<p> Another nice feature of Xfig lies with its ability to export
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using L<sup><small>A</small></sup>T<small>E</small>X friendly
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formats. This is true for both text and graphics. A
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“special flag” is assigned to each piece of text,
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signaling whether it is to be exported 'raw' or 'as <a
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href="http://www.tug.org">T<small>E</small>X</a>'. Graphics are
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coded according to the
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L<sup><small>A</small></sup>T<small>E</small>X package options
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chosen by the user. More on this later, so keep reading or look
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up the LATEX.AND.XFIG and PDFLATEX.AND.XFIG files in the Xfig
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distribution
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</p>
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<p>In order to be fair, it is time now to expose some
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not-so-desirable Xfig features. It did not age badly, it is
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rather that Xfig drags several drawbacks inherited from old
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techniques. </p>
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<p>Users of modern programs will certainly get dissapointed by its
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single level of undo. So it pays to be a little cautious when
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designing. </p>
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<p> As mentioned above, Xfig makes use of Athena widgets, and
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suffers from their limilations. For example, it is not easy to
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handle accented characters in dialog windows (as when using the
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Edit tool), a very frustrating feature for most European users.
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Note that it allows the use of the Meta key as a Compose key,
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thus permitting accented characters when using the Text tool on
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the canvas. </p>
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<p> On the other hand, Xfig handles a lot of export formats. In
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fact, some of them are especially useful for
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L<sup><small>A</small></sup>T<small>E</small>X users. However,
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its support for modern graphic formats, like XML-based SGV
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(Scalable Vector Graphics), is still experimental. </p>
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<h2>Post-processing</h2>
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<h3>L<sup><small>A</small></sup>T<small>E</small>X</h3>
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<p> L<sup><small>A</small></sup>T<small>E</small>X is a set of macros
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built on the top of the T<small>E</small>X typesetting
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system. It is widely used to publish scientific papers, reports
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and books. Despite many users are unaware, slides are easily
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composed too. However, designing a full poster with
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L<sup><small>A</small></sup>T<small>E</small>X alone is a
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daunting task, as many objects must be arranged in a 2D space
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with possibly complex interconnections among them. So the
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composition can be visually arranged with Xfig, and lately
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refined with a T<small>E</small>X editor. </p>
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<p>To facilitate the integration of the visual work with the
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edition of T<small>E</small>X source code, Xfig users are
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empowered with a broad range of options. First, they have the
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choice of exporting a file as either a
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L<sup><small>A</small></sup>T<small>E</small>X chunk or as a
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complete L<sup><small>A</small></sup>T<small>E</small>X file.
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Second, a given graphical element is possibly translated to
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several T<small>E</small>X expressions, depending of which
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macros are available or are preferred by the user; this point is
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discussed in the next paragraph. </p>
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<h3>fig2dev</h3>
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<p>The Xfig web site also hosts <tt>transfig</tt>, which includes
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a program to export from Fig format to several
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“devices”, <tt>fig2dev</tt>. This functionality is
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available from the GUI as well, under the Export option of the
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File menu. As we intend to finally automatize the full task as
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much as possible, emphasis is put on the stand-alone
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program.</p>
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<p> Transformation of Fig documents into T<small>E</small>X
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elements can be accomplished in several ways. Each way differs
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in the number of graphical elements it can deal with (for
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example: rotated text, filled rectangles), at the cost of
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requiring more sophisticated
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L<sup><small>A</small></sup>T<small>E</small>X packages: epic,
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eepic, eepicemu, pictex. The best results are obtained with
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combined <a
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href="http://www.cs.indiana.edu/docproject/programming/postscript/postscript.html">PostScript</a>
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(or <a
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href="http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/adobepdf.html">PDF</a>)
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and TeX: this assures that all elements seen in the Xfig screen
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will be present in the printable output. Two warnings:
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<em>specially flagged</em> text will be shown as raw
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T<small>E</small>X in Xfig, but nicely typeset in the final
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document; and some previewers, as Xdvi (distributed with <a
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href="http://www.tug.org/teTeX">teT<small>E</small>X</a>), are
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not able to represent some kinds of elements, as rotated text,
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so better use <tt>dvips</tt> and a PostScript viewer.</p>
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<h3>dvips</h3>
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<p> Processing a T<small>E</small>X file produces by default DVI
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format files, standing for DeVice Independent. This format is
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ready to be transformed into the set of displaying instructions.
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The most widespread format for final documents is PostScript,
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featuring a complete programming language understood by almost
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every high-quality printer. </p>
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<p> The program <tt>dvips</tt> converts a DVI file into a
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PostScript, and is distributed with the main T<small>E</small>X
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packages, like <tt>tetex</tt>. It allows several interesting
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options, giving access to the powerful features of PostScript.
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One of them is the ability of setting the paper size, be it in a
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measure unit, as cm, or by a standard name, as A1. This feature
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is accessed by the <tt>-t</tt> and <tt>-T</tt> options. </p>
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<h3>poster</h3>
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<p> The output of <tt>dvips</tt> is fine if one has access to an
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A0-size capable printer. This is often not the case. An
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acceptable alternative would be printing 16 A4 pages, or 8 A3
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pages. The <tt>poster</tt> package tiles a one-page PostScript
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into small pieces, that can be pasted together to form the whole
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image. Guide lines indicating where to apply the guillotine
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cutter are printed as well. <a
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href="http://printing.kde.org/downloads/"><tt>Poster</tt></a> is
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available at the KDE web site, and as a Debian package.
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<h3>psresize</h3>
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<p> Should we give away small copies of our poster,
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<tt>psresize</tt> is the tool of choice to build them. It is
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included in the <a
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href="http://gershwin.ens.fr/vdaniel/Doc-Locale/Outils-Gnu-Linux/PsUtils/"><tt>psutils</tt></a>
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Debian package. </p>
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<h3>bash</h3>
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<p> The entire process must be repeated if any change is made in
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the Xfig drawing. We suggest that you consider seriously the
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little extra work of gluing all the steps mentioned through a
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shell script. <a href="misc/artime/poster.sh.txt">Here</a> we
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present one developed for the most widespread shell, GNU <a
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href="http://www.gnu.org/software/bash"><tt>bash</tt></a>.
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Calling the following script from within the directory
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containing the Fig file, the whole proccess is performed. Note
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that it appends a L<sup><small>A</small></sup>T<small>E</small>X
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preamble and postamble, required by several
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L<sup><small>A</small></sup>T<small>E</small>X features used by
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the author, and several other as required by Xfig exports. </p>
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<p>(We just realised the inclusion of a simple script meant to
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perform the conversion from the Fig format to an EPS,
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<tt>TeXfig2eps</tt>, in the Xfig distribution. As our
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discussion shows, it may not be enough in many cases.)</p>
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<pre>
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#!/bin/bash
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################################################
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# Processes the FIG source file for the poster #
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################################################
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######################################################
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# #
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# Usage: #
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# 1. Design a poster with Xfig. #
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# 2. Save it as a normal FIG file, with #
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# the name, e.g., `myfile.fig'. #
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# 3. Substitute `BASE=myfile' for the line #
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# `BASE=poster' in this script. #
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# 4. Run this script within the directory #
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# where `myfile.fig' lies. #
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# 5. The output files will be: #
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# `myfile-a0.ps' - one poster-sized page #
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# `myfile-a4-1.ps' - a4-sized mini-poster #
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# `myfile-a4-16.ps' - sixteen tile pages #
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# #
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######################################################
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# basename
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BASE=poster
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# convert the FIG into LaTeX + PostScript
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echo '
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\documentclass{article}
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\usepackage{amsmath} % symbols and equations
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\usepackage{amsfonts} % needed for blackboard characters
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\usepackage[spanish]{babel} % titles in our language
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\usepackage[latin9]{inputenc} % accented characters
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\usepackage[a0paper,margin=0cm,nohead,nofoot]{geometry} % margins
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\usepackage{graphicx} % including figures
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\usepackage{color} % import from Xfig
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\usepackage{epic} % complements the following
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\usepackage{eepic} % Xfig filling
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\usepackage{rotating} % text in figures
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\usepackage{type1cm} % arbitrarily sized fonts
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\begin{document}
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' > $BASE.tex
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fig2dev -L pstex $BASE.fig > $BASE.pstex
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echo -n '
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\begin{picture}(0,0)
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\includegraphics{'$BASE'.pstex}
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\end{picture}
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' >> $BASE.tex
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fig2dev -L pstex_t $BASE.fig >> $BASE.tex
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echo '\end{document}' >> $BASE.tex
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# typeset the source LaTeX
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latex $BASE
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# transform into a PostScript of size almost DIN A0
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dvips -o $BASE-a0.ps -T 84cm,118cm $BASE
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# build the small A4 version of the poster
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psresize -Pa0 -pa4 $BASE-a0.ps $BASE-a4-1.ps
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# build the 16 A4 pages composing the poster
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dvips -o $BASE.eps -T 84cm,118cm -E $BASE
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poster -mA4 -pA0 $BASE.eps > $BASE-a4-16.ps
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</pre>
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Some of the commands used in the script need further explanation.
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The following paragraphs try to clarify these issues.
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<p>
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The <tt>\usepackage{color}</tt> is suggested in
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<tt>/usr/share/doc/xfig/README.Debian</tt> in Debian systems.
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Latest versions of Xfig's <tt>pstex</tt> use the <tt>\RGB</tt>
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command for setting text's color.
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<p>
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Other packages were included as needed, often with a trial and
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error procedure. The example does not make use of all them, but
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it can be illustrative as a comprehensive list of packages that
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we have ever needed for our own posters.
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<p> Please note that <tt>psresize</tt> operates on <tt>.ps</tt>
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files, and <tt>poster</tt> on <tt>.eps</tt> files. Thus
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<tt>dvips</tt> is executed twice, without and with the
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<tt>-E</tt> option.
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<h2>Example</h2>
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In order to exemplify the use of this script, we first create the
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graphic layout with Xfig. By using the following command
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<pre>
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$ xfig -paper a0 -portrait
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</pre>
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the canvas adopts the size and orientation of the poster we need.
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We design a sample poster shown <a
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href="misc/artime/xfig1.png">here</a> in a screenshot capture and
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<a href="misc/artime/poster.fig">here</a> in Fig format. We save
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it with the name <tt>poster.fig</tt>. The <i>basename</i>
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<tt>poster</tt> is assigned to the <tt>BASE</tt> variable in the
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first lines of the script.
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After running the script within the same directory where
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<tt>poster.fig</tt> lies, the following output files are of
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interest:
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<ul>
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<li> <a
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href="misc/artime/poster-a0.ps"><tt>poster-a0.ps</tt></a>:
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contains the A0-sized postcript, ready to be printed in an
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A0-capable printer or plotter.
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<li>
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<a
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href="misc/artime/poster-a4-1.ps"><tt>poster-a4-1.ps</tt></a>:
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the poster scaled down to A4 size, to be printed and
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distributed among the poster session attendees.
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<li>
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<a
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href="misc/artime/poster-a4-16.ps"><tt>poster-a4-16.ps</tt></a>:
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a postscript file containing sixteen A4 pages that, put
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together, form the A0-sized poster.
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</ul>
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<h2>Very big fonts: a hack is needed</h2>
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<p>
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The standard <tt>tetex</tt> distribution uses by default
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bitmapped fonts, which requires discrete magsteps. This leads
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to warnings like
|
|
<pre>
|
|
LaTeX Font Warning: Font shape `OT1/cmr/m/n' in size <30> not available
|
|
(Font) size <24.88> substituted on input line 5.
|
|
|
|
LaTeX Font Warning: Size substitutions with differences
|
|
(Font) up to 5.12pt have occurred.
|
|
</pre>
|
|
As stated in the <tt>tetex</tt> documentation,
|
|
<tt>\usepackage{type1cm}</tt> allows the use of Computer Modern
|
|
fonts at arbitrary type sizes. It must overwrite font
|
|
definitions, so it may require to be included <em>after</em> other
|
|
packages.
|
|
<p>
|
|
Note that <tt>transfig</tt> uses a fixed set of font sizes,
|
|
handled through the macro
|
|
<pre>
|
|
#define TEXFONTSIZE(S) (texfontsizes[((S) <= MAXFONTSIZE) ? round(S)\
|
|
: (MAXFONTSIZE-1))])
|
|
</pre>
|
|
that indirectly limits the maximum size of fonts to be of 41
|
|
points. For the example being shown, we had to edit
|
|
<tt>transfig</tt>'s sources (file <tt>texfonts.h</tt>) in order to
|
|
change that macro to
|
|
<pre>
|
|
#define TEXFONTSIZE(S) (S)
|
|
</pre>
|
|
The Debian way:
|
|
<pre>
|
|
$ su
|
|
Password:
|
|
# apt-get remove transfig
|
|
Reading Package Lists... Done
|
|
Building Dependency Tree... Done
|
|
The following packages will be REMOVED:
|
|
transfig
|
|
0 packages upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 3 not upgraded.
|
|
Need to get 0B of archives. After unpacking 799kB will be freed.
|
|
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]
|
|
(Reading database ... 67797 files and directories currently installed.)
|
|
Removing transfig ...
|
|
# exit
|
|
$ apt-get source transfig
|
|
Reading Package Lists... Done
|
|
Building Dependency Tree... Done
|
|
Need to get 340kB of source archives.
|
|
Get:1 ftp://ftp.es.debian.org testing/main transfig 1:3.2.4-rel-4 (dsc) [652B]
|
|
Get:2 ftp://ftp.es.debian.org testing/main transfig 1:3.2.4-rel-4 (tar) [326kB]
|
|
Get:3 ftp://ftp.es.debian.org testing/main transfig 1:3.2.4-rel-4 (diff) [13.0kB]
|
|
Fetched 340kB in 1m51s (3062B/s)
|
|
dpkg-source: extracting transfig in transfig-3.2.4-rel
|
|
$ vi transfig-3.2.4-rel/fig2dev/dev/texfonts.h
|
|
$ cd transfig-3.2.4-rel/
|
|
$ dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot -uc -us
|
|
...
|
|
[lots of output]
|
|
...
|
|
$ cd ..
|
|
$ su
|
|
Password:
|
|
# dpkg -i transfig_3.2.4-rel-4_i386.deb
|
|
Selecting previously deselected package transfig.
|
|
(Reading database ... 67734 files and directories currently installed.)
|
|
Unpacking transfig (from transfig_3.2.4-rel-4_i386.deb) ...
|
|
Setting up transfig (3.2.4-rel-4) ...
|
|
# exit
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p>
|
|
If you find this method cumbersome, you can have a look at this
|
|
<a
|
|
href="http://www.stsci.edu/ftp/software/tex/posters/">directory</a>
|
|
where a style file meant to produce big fonts for big pages
|
|
(posters) can be found.
|
|
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- *** BEGIN author bio *** -->
|
|
<P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
<!-- *** BEGIN bio *** -->
|
|
<P>
|
|
<img ALIGN="LEFT" ALT="[BIO]" SRC="../gx/2002/note.png">
|
|
<em>
|
|
C.E.C. Artime is a GNU fan and a free software advocator since 2000.
|
|
<br>
|
|
J.A. Baro is a Linux user and a Perl hacker since 1996.
|
|
</em>
|
|
<br CLEAR="all">
|
|
<!-- *** END bio *** -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- *** END author bio *** -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- *** BEGIN copyright *** -->
|
|
<hr>
|
|
<CENTER><SMALL><STRONG>
|
|
Copyright © 2003, C.E.C. Artime, J.A. Baro.
|
|
Copying license <A HREF="../copying.html">http://www.linuxgazette.com/copying.html</A><BR>
|
|
Published in Issue 96 of <i>Linux Gazette</i>, November 2003
|
|
</STRONG></SMALL></CENTER>
|
|
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|
|
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|
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