1469 lines
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1469 lines
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<META NAME="generator" CONTENT="lgazmail v1.4F.u">
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<TITLE>More 2 Cent Tips & Tricks LG #80</TITLE></HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000"
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LINK="#3366FF" VLINK="#A000A0">
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<!-- QUICK TIPS SECTION ================================ -->
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<center>
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<H1><A NAME="tips"><IMG ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="" SRC="../gx/twocent.jpg">
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More 2¢ Tips!</A></H1> <BR>
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<!-- BEGIN tips -->
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Send Linux Tips and Tricks to <A HREF="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com">linux-questions-only@ssc.com</A></center>
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</center>
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<UL>
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<!-- index_text begins -->
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<li><A HREF="#tips/1"
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><strong>Fvwm Buttons</strong></a>
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<li><A HREF="#tips/2"
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><strong>Creating WAN "LAN' with one IP Address</strong></a>
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<li><A HREF="#tips/3"
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><strong>customized linux install cd?</strong></a>
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<li><A HREF="#tips/4"
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><strong>Ghostscript fails after printer driver install</strong></a>
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<li><A HREF="#tips/5"
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><strong>quick disaster recovery</strong></a>
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<li><A HREF="#tips/6"
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><strong>question</strong></a>
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<li><A HREF="#tips/7"
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><strong>checkinstall</strong></a>
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<li><A HREF="#tips/8"
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><strong>'crypt' error !!</strong></a>
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<li><A HREF="#tips/9"
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><strong>demand dialing</strong></a>
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<li><A HREF="#tips/10"
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><strong>Modem speed and diald</strong></a>
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<li><A HREF="#tips/11"
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><strong>Exchange with Linux</strong></a>
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<li><A HREF="#tips/12"
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><strong>Grub vs LILO</strong></a>
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<li><A HREF="#tips/13"
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><strong>Email Linux To Windows - a simple solution for reference</strong></a>
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<li><A HREF="#tips/14"
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><strong>linuxconf setup</strong></a>
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<li><A HREF="#tips/15"
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><strong>Kernel Message: VM: Killing resource foo (bar)....</strong></a>
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<li><A HREF="#tips/16"
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><strong>Parsing Strings To Equations</strong></a>
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<li><A HREF="#tips/17"
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><strong>lpd/lpr problems with serial printer</strong></a>
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<li><A HREF="#tips/18"
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><strong>Getting files out of a .rpm file without installing it</strong></a>
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<li><A HREF="#tips/19"
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><strong>ramdisk and initrd fundamentals?</strong></a>
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<li><A HREF="#tips/20"
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><strong>Re: Making executables smaller</strong></a>
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<li><I>Linux Journal's</I> Weekly News Notes
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<a href="#tips/lj">Tech Tips</a>
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<ul>
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<LI>sending Microsoft Word documents
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<LI>Keeping a persistent session as you log in and out from different terminals
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<LI>Outlook to Evolution
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<LI>Mozilla port paranoia
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<LI>Renaming a file that has a special character in the name
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<LI>Have Ethernet cables, will travel
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<li><A HREF="http://noframes.linuxjournal.com/subscribe/lja-sub.html"
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>subscribe</A> to LJWNN
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</ul>
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<!-- index_text ends -->
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</UL>
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<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
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<P> <A NAME="tips/1"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
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<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
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<FONT COLOR="navy">Fvwm Buttons</FONT></H3>
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Tue, 18 Jun 2002 15:11:23 +0100 (BST)
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<BR>Thomas Adam (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?cc=Hans.Borg@Physics.umu.se&subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2080%5D%202c%20Tips%20%231">The <em>LG</em> Weekend Mechanic</a>)
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<BR>Question by Hans Borg
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<blockquote><font color="#000066">This is in reply to
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<a href="http://www.linuxgazette.com/lg_mail.html#wanted/5">Help Wanted #5, in issue 79.</a>
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Thomas replied via the FVWM mailing list.
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More details about that can be found at:
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<A HREF="http://www.fvwm.org/mailinglist.html"
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>http://www.fvwm.org/mailinglist.html</A>
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-- Heather</font></blockquote>
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<P>
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Hello,
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</P>
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<P>
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In answer to your question as to why when you press a
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button on your panel, it stays depessed is to do with
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the way in which FVWM handles <TT> exec()</TT> a program via the
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$SHELL of the $USER.
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</P>
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<P>
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If command is an fvwm Exec command, then the button
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will remain pushed in until a window whose name or
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class matches the quoted portion of the command is
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encountered. This is intended to provide visual
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feedback to the user that the action he has requested
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will be performed. If the quoted portion contains no
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characters, then the button will pop out immediately.
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</P>
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<P>
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Note that users can continue pressing the button, and
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re-executing the command, even when it looks "pressed
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in."
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</P>
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<P>
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There is a way around this, and I have found that if
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you append a "&" character at the end of your command
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that is bound to the button, then that <EM>sometimes</EM>
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solves your problem -- but not always.
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</P>
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<P>
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Hope I have helped,
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Kind Regards,
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</P>
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<P>
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Thomas Adam
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</P>
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<P>
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-- "The Linux Weekend Mechanic" -- www.linuxgazette.com
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</P>
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<HR width="10%" align="center"><P>
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Hi,
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</P>
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<P>
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Thanks a lot for taking the time to answer my Q.
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I actually managed to sort it out some time ago, but
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you are right. I had some fiddle with the window name.
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</P>
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<P>
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Best regards
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<BR>Hans Borg.
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</P>
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<!-- end 1 -->
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<P> <A NAME="tips/2"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
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<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
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<FONT COLOR="navy">Creating WAN "LAN' with one IP Address</FONT></H3>
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Mon, 17 Jun 2002 13:11:03 -0700
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<BR>Heather Stern (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?cc=kanegelo@webmail.co.za&subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2080%5D%202c%20Tips%20%232"><em>LG</em> Technical Editor</a>)
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<P><STRONG>
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If I'm given a network address 192.168.7 (Class C) and have to create
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a WAN with 5 routers, how do I do it?
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</STRONG></P>
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<P><STRONG>
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I can Subnett but the 3rd router keep saying the Network address is
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already used, when i try to put the subnet address there.
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</STRONG></P>
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<P><STRONG>
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How do i do it.
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<br>RURI!!
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</STRONG></P>
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<P>
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We have a very good piece on that sort of thing in the back issues.
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It's called "Routing and Subnetting 101" and is one of the longest
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postings ever written by Jim Dennis. Several professors have used it in
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their coursework and even though Linux was much younger then the
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principles are still valid.
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</P>
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<P>
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It's in issue 36. A professor asked about it in issue 37's mailbag, and
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some followups appeared in issues 51 and 59. Of course you could have
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learned this by typing "Routing and Subnetting" into the <EM>Linux Gazette</EM>
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search page:
|
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<A HREF="../search.html"
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>http://www.linuxgazette.com/search.html</A>
|
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</P>
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<P>
|
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...and you can easily get to those articles by visiting the Answer Gang
|
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Knowledge Base:
|
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<A HREF="../tag/kb.html"
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>http://www.linuxgazette.com/tag/kb.html</A>
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</P>
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<!-- end 2 -->
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<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
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<P> <A NAME="tips/3"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
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<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
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<FONT COLOR="navy">customized linux install cd?</FONT></H3>
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Wed, 5 Jun 2002 14:01:28 +0000
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<BR>linus gasser (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?cc=simkin1@hotmail.com&cc=ineiti@linusetviviane.ch&subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2080%5D%202c%20Tips%20%233">ineiti from linusetviviane.ch</a>)
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<BR>Question by simkin1
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<blockquote><font color="#000066">These are in reply to
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<a href="http://www.linuxgazette.com/lg_mail.html#wanted/1">Help Wanted #1, Issue 79.</a>
|
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-- Heather</font></blockquote>
|
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<P>
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Hi,
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I did about this on a RH7.2 but I don't think it'll change this drastically
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under RH 7.3. You can point your browser to
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</P>
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<P>
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<A HREF="http://lcmpc10.epfl.ch:8080/Menu/Docus/RedHat%20CD"
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>http://lcmpc10.epfl.ch:8080/Menu/Docus/RedHat%20CD</A>
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</P>
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<P>
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(sorry for the space in the url...) it even describes how you can add a
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kernel on your own and get it to run...
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</P>
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<P>
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Ineiti
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</P>
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|
|
<!-- end 3 -->
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<!-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -->
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<HR WIDTH="40%" ALIGN="center">
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<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
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<FONT COLOR="navy"></FONT></H3>
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|
Sun, 9 Jun 2002 23:23:44 -0700
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<BR>Peter Tootill (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?cc=ptootill@abilitec.com&subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2080%5D%202c%20Tips%20%233">ptootill from abilitec.com</a>)
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<P>
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The easiest way to customise the install is with Kickstart. We have done it
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(and learned a few things on the way).
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</P>
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<P>
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Haven't time for a comprehensive reply at present but, if kicksatart hasn't
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been covered, I could put something together.
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</P>
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<P>
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Rgrds
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</P>
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<P>
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Peter
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</P>
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<!-- end 3 -->
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<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
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<P> <A NAME="tips/4"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
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<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
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<FONT COLOR="navy">Ghostscript fails after printer driver install</FONT></H3>
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Tue, 11 Jun 2002 20:16:54 -0700
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<BR>Matthew Easton (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?cc=matthew@sublunar.com&subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2080%5D%202c%20Tips%20%234">matthew from sublunar.com</a>)
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<!-- sig -->
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<!-- sig -->
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<blockquote><font color="#000066">This is in reply to
|
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<a href="http://www.linuxgazette.com/issue79/lg_tips.html#tips/4">LG 79, Two Cent Tip #4.</a>
|
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-- Heather</font></blockquote>
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<P>
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Hello,
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</P>
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<P>
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Rich Price may want to try a Laserjet 4 driver instead of trying to figure
|
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out the Xt dependency.
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</P>
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<P>
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I have the Samsung ML-1450 and it's quite happy pretending to be an HP
|
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Laserjet 4.
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</P>
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<P>
|
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Matt Easton
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</P>
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|
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<!-- end 4 -->
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<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
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<P> <A NAME="tips/5"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
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<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
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<FONT COLOR="navy">quick disaster recovery</FONT></H3>
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Fri, 7 Jun 2002 17:43:22 +0100 (BST)
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<BR>Mike Martin (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2080%5D%202c%20Tips%20%235">the <em>LG</em> Answer Gang</a>)
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<!-- sig -->
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<P>
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I may expand this into an article, but for the very common scenario
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of "no init found" "unable to open an initial console" (usually after
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hard crash) a couple of possible causes which I have not seen
|
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anywhere else
|
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</P>
|
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<P>
|
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There is a fair chance that files on <TT>/</TT> have been corrupted wiped
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including <TT>/dev.</TT>
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</P>
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<P>
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Solution (very Rpm specific)
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</P>
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<P>
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So mount rescue media, check for files on /
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</P>
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<P>
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if missing mount cdrom from install and do:
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</P>
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<P><CODE>
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rpm -Uvh dev-<version>-rpm
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</CODE></P>
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<P>
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to re-instate dev files
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</P>
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<P>
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then progressively force re-install rpms until you can boot
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</P>
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<P>
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Then when you have managed to boot do this:
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</P>
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<P><CODE>
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rpm -Va|grep missing>filename
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</CODE></P>
|
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<P>
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This will print to a file all the files that are missing from your
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system according to your rpm database.
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</P>
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<P>
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Then for all the files given do rpm -qf <filename> which will give
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you the name of the rpm
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</P>
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<P>
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Then re-install the rpms in turn.
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</P>
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<P>
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This is best done manually so you can check whats missing.
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</P>
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<P>
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Should only take around an hour in total at most.
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</P>
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<P>
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Certainly preferable to doing a re-install.
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</P>
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<P>
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I came across this on my own box a while ago after multiple power
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cuts in succession (I'm poor so no UPS)
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</P>
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<P>
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The advantage is that your modifications are far less likely to be
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hosed as in a re-install.
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</P>
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<!-- end 5 -->
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<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
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<P> <A NAME="tips/6"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
|
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<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
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<FONT COLOR="navy">question</FONT></H3>
|
|
Thu, 30 May 2002 20:12:00 +0200
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<BR>Robos (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?cc=RosePetal103@aol.com&subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2080%5D%202c%20Tips%20%236">the <em>LG</em> Answer Gang</a>)
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<BR>Question by RosePetal103
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<!-- sig -->
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<!-- sig -->
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<P><STRONG>
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To Whom It May Concern:
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</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG><BLOCKQuote>
|
|
I went to ebay and found all these used laptops/notebook puters, but I
|
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</BLOCKQuote></STRONG></P>
|
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<P><STRONG>
|
|
have no clue which one to select. For example, "Intel Pentium II=AE 366Mhz
|
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290MB RAM
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6.1GB HDD
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CDROM
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Sound
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Windows 98
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Office 2000 ..."
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</STRONG></P>
|
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<P><STRONG>
|
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What does all that mean? And how I go about finding a good, used laptop, like
|
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what trait(s) do I search for?
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</STRONG></P>
|
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<P><STRONG>
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-Thanks ,
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<BR>Desperately needing laptop
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</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
If your question aims at running linux on that thing, compare what
|
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<A HREF="http://www.linux-laptop.net"
|
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>http://www.linux-laptop.net</A> has to say to the model you like.
|
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</P>
|
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|
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<!-- end 6 -->
|
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<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
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<P> <A NAME="tips/7"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
|
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<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
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<FONT COLOR="navy">checkinstall</FONT></H3>
|
|
Thu, 30 May 2002 13:48:04 +0100 (BST)
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<BR>Mike Martin (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2080%5D%202c%20Tips%20%237">the <em>LG</em> Answer Gang</a>)
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<P><STRONG>
|
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I dont know whether anyone else on the list has used the utility
|
|
checkinstall available at:
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG><BLOCKQuote>
|
|
<A HREF="http://asic-linux.com.mx/~izto/checkinstall"
|
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>http://asic-linux.com.mx/~izto/checkinstall</A>
|
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</BLOCKQuote></STRONG></P>
|
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<P><STRONG>
|
|
What it is the solution to the problem of maintaining a rpm/deb based
|
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system with compiling programs from source
|
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</STRONG></P>
|
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<P><STRONG>
|
|
Basically what it does is runs make install and then makes a
|
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functional rpm and installs it.
|
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</STRONG></P>
|
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<P><STRONG>
|
|
It is not perfect but certainly works well enough to continued use
|
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</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
I regard it now as pretty much indispensible when | am following a
|
|
project (eg: gnome2)
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
My feeling is that it ives the flexibilty of using source packages
|
|
without losing package management
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Hi!
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Well, there was some coverage of that utility here in germany in the
|
|
magazine (print) "linux-user". Seems to be quite nice, I've used it
|
|
several times and it worked most of the times. Not always, but when it
|
|
doesn't work you can still fall back to
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><pre>./configure
|
|
make
|
|
make install
|
|
</pre></blockquote>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Robos
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 7 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<P> <A NAME="tips/8"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<FONT COLOR="navy">'crypt' error !!</FONT></H3>
|
|
Wed, 05 Jun 2002 18:16:40 +0530 (IST)
|
|
<BR>Karl-Heinz Herrman (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?cc=siba_das2001@yahoo.co.in&cc=karl@igcar.ernet.in&subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2080%5D%202c%20Tips%20%238">the <em>LG</em> Answer Gang</a>)
|
|
<BR>Question by sibabrata
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
I have got a peculiar problem in hand.
|
|
Got this code compiled properly in red hat Linux 6.1(g++ compiler
|
|
version 2.91.66 ) but giving error in red hat 7.1(g++ compiler version
|
|
2.96).But if compiled with red hat 7.1(gcc compiler version 2.96) , it
|
|
is doing perfectly fine.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
why this in-consistency ?
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Source code:
|
|
Server.c
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Command:
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG><CODE>
|
|
g++ -lcrypt server.c
|
|
</CODE></STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Error:
|
|
'crypt' undeclared
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Since it seems nobody tried an answer yet I try to add some cents:
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<blockQuote><ul>
|
|
<LI>first thing coming to my mind is probably a typo in the mail -- but server.c and
|
|
Server.c might be different files....
|
|
</ul></blockQuote>
|
|
<P>
|
|
You <EM>do</EM> the right includes (whatever they are, crypt.h problaby), do you?
|
|
There might be a difference where crypt is stored for gcc and for g++ -- so gcc
|
|
and g++ might behave differently. Also g++ might might have changed in default
|
|
location or default behaviour of including C headers. Try to locate crypt.h (or
|
|
wherever crypt is defined). Is there a g++ version of it? What happens if you put
|
|
-I ad -L explicitly to the gcc crypt path?
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Then crypt is probably compiled by gcc -- this has a different routine name
|
|
mangling then g++, so you might have to call not crypt but '_crypt' or 'crypt_' or
|
|
something like that (speaking from very little experience with how to use fortran
|
|
subroutines in C -- and a peculiar problem lately: if I compiled a subroutine with
|
|
gcc I got a "..." undefined from the linker. If I compile it with g++ everzthing
|
|
works.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
I would have expected "better" integration with gnu c and c++ -- but there you go.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
K.-H.
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 8 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<P> <A NAME="tips/9"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<FONT COLOR="navy">demand dialing</FONT></H3>
|
|
Sun, 02 Jun 2002 21:30:51 -0500
|
|
<BR>Jim Bradley (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?cc=jebradl@attglobal.net&subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2080%5D%202c%20Tips%20%239">jebradl from attglobal.net</a>)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><font color="#000066">This is in reply to
|
|
<a href="http://www.linuxgazette.com/issue79/lg_mail#wanted/7">LG 79, help wanted #7.</a>
|
|
-- Heather</font></blockquote>
|
|
<P>
|
|
There are two linux versions that I've used as a server for demand dialout for internet access, and both worked well. One is Coyote linux, which is a floppy disk boot
|
|
version, and can be run on a 386 with numeric coprocessor or a true 486 (or 486sx with numeric coprocessor). I don't recall it's memory requirements. The other version
|
|
that is good is the mitel (formerly e-smith) at www.e-smith.org. It requires a 586 class processor, but also setsup DNS, and other server functions.
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 9 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<P> <A NAME="tips/10"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<FONT COLOR="navy">Modem speed and diald</FONT></H3>
|
|
Sun, 9 Jun 2002 17:54:10 -0400
|
|
<BR>Ben Okopnik (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?cc=n.youngman@ntlworld.com&subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2080%5D%202c%20Tips%20%2310">the <em>LG</em> Answer Gang</a>)
|
|
<BR>Question by Neil Youngman
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
I've mainly been connecting to the internet using diald, but I've noticed
|
|
that I'm only getting about 3.5 KBps , whereas on W98 I get about 5KBps. A
|
|
little experimentation shows that dialling with kppp gives about 5KBps as
|
|
well.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
kppp seems to use an initialisation string of ATM1L1, but changing MODEM_INIT
|
|
to "ATM1L1" in <TT>/etc/diald/connect</TT>, didn't improve the performance.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
MODEM_INIT started out as "ATZ&C1&D2%C0". I changed "%C0" to "%C3" to ensure
|
|
that compression was enabled, but this made no difference. I can't find an
|
|
option in diald to log exactly what's sent to the modem and I can't see any
|
|
conflicting options in the configuration for pppd.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Any suggestions for how to track down why kppp gets better performance than
|
|
diald would be appreciated.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
The modem is an MRI 56K internal modem.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
I'm not sure how you would test this, but I suspect that it's not your
|
|
PPP connection that's slowing you down - "diald" uses SLIP as a "fake
|
|
interface" that's always up, which is why you don't get error messages
|
|
from Netscape and such when you try to connect. It listens for requests,
|
|
then makes the PPP connection "behind your back". It's been a long time
|
|
since I've used it, and I'm rather fuzzy on the details, but ISTR that
|
|
"diald" let you play around with SLIP settings... sorry I can't be of
|
|
any more help, but that's pretty much the extent of what I remember. I
|
|
also STR that "diald" had a good set of documents with it which I found
|
|
very helpful in working around a problem that I had with it. Good luck.
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<!-- sig -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- sig -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 10 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<P> <A NAME="tips/11"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<FONT COLOR="navy">Exchange with Linux</FONT></H3>
|
|
Tue, 4 Jun 2002 11:11:44 -0700
|
|
<BR>John Helms (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?cc=jhelms@cvch.org&subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2080%5D%202c%20Tips%20%2311">jhelms from cvch.org</a>)
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Hope this is the right address for answers as well as questions.
|
|
Regarding Linux Exchange
|
|
In my quest to use Linux without having to use Windows in our network I
|
|
discovered a couple of simple solutions.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
1. Most any email client will work with a default install of exchange if you
|
|
enter your login as in the following:
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P><BLOCKQuote>
|
|
domain/username
|
|
</BLOCKQuote></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Of course all the group features will not work with this solution but simple
|
|
email is no problem.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
2. You can use a browser with a default install of exchange since it also
|
|
installs IIS as a webserver. Various browsers will have different degrees of
|
|
success since of course IE is the "prefered" browser.
|
|
Type the following in your browser substituting your exchange servers correct
|
|
IP address:
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P><BLOCKQuote>
|
|
<A HREF="http://ipaddress/exchange"
|
|
>http://ipaddress/exchange</A>
|
|
</BLOCKQuote></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
This will give you access to all the group features if your browser will
|
|
render the Microsoft proprietary technology.
|
|
Thanks for reading
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
John Helms
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<!-- sig -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 11 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<P> <A NAME="tips/12"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<FONT COLOR="navy">Grub vs LILO</FONT></H3>
|
|
Wed, 12 Jun 2002 12:55:23 -0500 (COT)
|
|
<BR>John Karns (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?cc=bill@cc.usu.edu&subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2080%5D%202c%20Tips%20%2312">the <em>LG</em> Answer Gang</a>)
|
|
<BR>Question by William J. Terry
|
|
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Does anyone know what the Grub command is that replaces the LILO command
|
|
append="hdb=ide-scsi"
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
It would be the same syntax, minus the "append=".
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
The append="" stuff is part of the Lilo syntax. Your grub.conf file
|
|
should look something like:
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><pre>default=1
|
|
timeout=10
|
|
splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
|
|
title Example
|
|
root (hd0,0)
|
|
kernel /vmlinuz ro root=/dev/hda3 hdc=ide-scsi vga=1 console=/dev/tty2 CONSOLE=/dev/tty2
|
|
initrd /initrd-2.4.18-whatever
|
|
</pre></blockquote>
|
|
<P>
|
|
where you are allowed to use "\" and the end of a line, to mean line continuation.
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 12 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<P> <A NAME="tips/13"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<FONT COLOR="navy">Email Linux To Windows - a simple solution for reference</FONT></H3>
|
|
Wed, 5 Jun 2002 14:59:05 +0100 (BST)
|
|
<BR>Mike Martin (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2080%5D%202c%20Tips%20%2313">the <em>LG</em> Answer Gang</a>)
|
|
|
|
|
|
<blockQuote><ol>
|
|
<LI>Set up mail server on Linux with user ids as applicable (exim
|
|
reads userids from linux box)
|
|
|
|
<LI>Set up fetchmail to poll server at isp
|
|
|
|
<LI>install and activate pop3 server on linux box
|
|
|
|
<LI>poll for mail by pop3 to the linux box account
|
|
</ol></blockQuote>
|
|
<P>
|
|
a more detailed example is at:
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P><BLOCKQuote>
|
|
<A HREF="../issue43/stumpel.html"
|
|
>http://www.linuxgazette.com/issue43/stumpel.html</A>
|
|
</BLOCKQuote></P>
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 13 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<P> <A NAME="tips/14"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<FONT COLOR="navy">linuxconf setup</FONT></H3>
|
|
Sat, 22 Jun 2002 02:37:33 +1000
|
|
<BR>Serkan Akdag (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?cc=serkanakdag@optushome.com.au&subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2080%5D%202c%20Tips%20%2314">serkanakdag from optushome.com.au</a>)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><font color="#000066">This is in reply to
|
|
<a href="http://www.linuxgazette.com/issue79/lg_mail.html#wanted/3">LG 79 help wanted #3.</a>
|
|
Our reader wondered about setting up ACLs so he could access
|
|
his Linuxconf remotely without letting everyone else in.
|
|
-- Heather</font></blockquote>
|
|
<P>
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.redhat.com/docs/manuals/linux/RHL-7.1-Manual/custom-guide/linuxconf-lcinterfaces.html"
|
|
>http://www.redhat.com/docs/manuals/linux/RHL-7.1-Manual/custom-guide/linuxconf-lcinterfaces.html</A>
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
That should help you
|
|
<IMG SRC="../gx/dennis/smily.gif" ALT=":)"
|
|
height="24" width="20" align="middle"> Good luck
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 14 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<P> <A NAME="tips/15"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<FONT COLOR="navy">Kernel Message: VM: Killing resource foo (bar)....</FONT></H3>
|
|
Sat, 08 Jun 2002 17:57:13 +0200
|
|
<BR>Didier Heyden (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2080%5D%202c%20Tips%20%2315">the <em>LG</em> Answer Gang</a>)
|
|
<BR>Question by Thomas Adams, the <em>LG</em> Weekend Mechanic
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- sig -->
|
|
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Hi Gang,
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Hello Thomas!
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
I am wondering if someone would be so kind as to expain to me why I
|
|
get the following error messgae:
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG><BLOCKQuote>
|
|
Grangedairy: kernel: VM: killing resource acroread
|
|
</BLOCKQuote></STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><CODE>
|
|
[ quickly find-grepping that in the kernel source tree ]
|
|
</CODE></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Ok, it's in "arch/i386/mm/fault.c". (Actually for 2.4.17 it's "killing
|
|
process xxx" but I presume it doesn't really matter). It seems to occur
|
|
whenever a process tries to read something from a memory page which is
|
|
not accessible because of an out-of-memory condition.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
The above message is brought about, by an abnormal exit of the adobe
|
|
acrobat reader. For some reason, my computer will slow down to a
|
|
snails pace when I am reading a pdf document,
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
That's when the system starts swapping out madly. Does it happen with
|
|
<EM>any</EM> PDF document, or only really big ones? What if you disable "Use
|
|
Page Cache" and/or "Allow Background Download of Entire File" in your
|
|
Acroread preferences (assuming those are currently turned on)?
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
and then X will kill acroread without any warning.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
X itself has nothing to do with the actual killing. It's the way the
|
|
kernel preserves your system from a total crash. What amount of RAM
|
|
do you have?
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
When I check my <TT>/var/log/messages</TT> file, I get the above message.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
What causes this, and what does it mean???
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
OOM.
|
|
<IMG SRC="../gx/dennis/smily.gif" ALT=":)"
|
|
height="24" width="20" align="middle"> Virtual memory exhausted.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
I tried running "strace" on the "acroread" process, but the file ended
|
|
up being 38.2MB, despite me telling it only to display a certain
|
|
number of lines
|
|
<IMG SRC="../gx/dennis/unsmily.gif" ALT=":-("
|
|
height="24" width="20" align="middle">
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
So maybe your PDF document is a resource hog. Or there is some
|
|
incompatibility between the version of Acrobat Reader installed on your
|
|
system and your current set of libraries (even Acrobat 5 is
|
|
<EM>dynamically</EM> linked, mmph... this has obvious advantages but since
|
|
their reader is only distributed in binary form...) or some bug in
|
|
Adobe's product turns it into an self-destructing madsoft.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
It yeilded nothing useful, anyway from what I could see.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
The kernel's divine intervention in such cases is kinda brutal. Expect
|
|
the same sort of things as those resulting from a SIGKILL: perhaps the
|
|
process was "innocently" trying to <TT> read()</TT> something then it just
|
|
vaporized into limbo.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Thanks,
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Well I hope this'll help you somewhat.
|
|
<IMG SRC="../gx/dennis/smily.gif" ALT=":)"
|
|
height="24" width="20" align="middle">
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
--
|
|
Didier Heyden.
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 15 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<P> <A NAME="tips/16"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<FONT COLOR="navy">Parsing Strings To Equations</FONT></H3>
|
|
Fri, 14 Jun 2002 11:19:13 +0200
|
|
<BR>Didier Heyden (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?cc=sree707@yahoo.com&subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2080%5D%202c%20Tips%20%2316">the <em>LG</em> Answer Gang</a>)
|
|
<BR>Question by V Sreejith
|
|
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Can anybody in this list suggest a method
|
|
to parse a string into a mathematical equation
|
|
and then compute the values according to the
|
|
equation.I have to do this in C in Linux.
|
|
Is there any such code available in C.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Is there a similar command in Linux.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
I have tried myself a lot.It is getting more and more complex.This
|
|
is going to the level of a compiler design.ie,the task is similar to
|
|
"how a compiler reads the source code and manipulates it", i also
|
|
have to do a somewhat similar task.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Yes. Maybe not as complex as a C parser, because the corresponding
|
|
grammar will probably be <EM>much</EM> cleaner; but the part of the
|
|
program which will be dedicated to the symbolic computation won't be
|
|
easy to write. But if you try with tools such as `flex' and `yacc'
|
|
(or `bison') the parser itself can be implemented in a relatively short
|
|
time, at least once you have read enough documentation about those
|
|
development tools, and thoroughly understood the basic concepts.
|
|
The related `info' pages are most useful, and finding tutorials and
|
|
likewise on the net is fairly trivial.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
What's interesting with `bison'-based parsers is that one can more
|
|
easily split such tasks into smaller, independent parts, i.e. separate
|
|
completely the syntactical analysis of the source code from the rest.
|
|
For the parser itself, the work essentially consists in writing a
|
|
correct grammar for the corresponding developed language.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Then I tried google search but
|
|
didn't find any useful links in C.I haven't done an extensive search.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
For symbolic computation LISP-like languages may prove more adequate
|
|
than C.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Then I contacted you,the answer gang. I thought if somebody here has
|
|
previously done a similar task..it would be helpful for me if they
|
|
share it.. or just give me some links to some resources on the net
|
|
having information about this...
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Well, what I'm saying here is nothing more than <EM>one</EM> possibility among
|
|
others. Keep in mind that whatever solution you choose, you'll have to
|
|
invest a good deal of time to fully work it out.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
regards sree
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
HTH,
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
-- Didier Heyden.
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 16 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<P> <A NAME="tips/17"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<FONT COLOR="navy">lpd/lpr problems with serial printer</FONT></H3>
|
|
Tue, 4 Jun 2002 03:25:56 EDT
|
|
<BR>Doug (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?cc=markgorat@cox.net&cc=Grohne@aol.com&subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2080%5D%202c%20Tips%20%2317">Grohne from aol.com</a>)
|
|
<BR>Question by Mark Gorat
|
|
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><font color="#000066">This is in reply to
|
|
<a href="http://www.linuxgazette.com/issue79/lg_mail.html#wanted/6">LG 79, help wanted #6.</a>
|
|
Rather than solving the problem as asked, Doug suggests a different
|
|
approach.
|
|
-- Heather</font></blockquote>
|
|
<P>
|
|
I have only used lpr over a TCP/IP network. Would it be possible to connect
|
|
the printer to a serial to ethernet print server (Intel and HP work with
|
|
Linux)? Then network to the Linux box. And then have all devices/terminals
|
|
use lpr/lpd.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Doug
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 17 -->
|
|
<!-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -->
|
|
<HR WIDTH="40%" ALIGN="center">
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<FONT COLOR="navy"></FONT></H3>
|
|
Mon, 24 Jun 2002 12:20:26 -0300
|
|
<BR>Raul Dias (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?cc=raul@dias.com.br&subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2080%5D%202c%20Tips%20%2317">raul from dias.com.br</a>)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><font color="#000066">Raul knows which software he should be using instead.
|
|
-- Heather</font></blockquote>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Hi,
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
From the article:
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P><STRONG><BLOCKQuote>
|
|
I am using Mandrake 8.2. I have recently installed a serial printer using a Digi Classic-8
|
|
ISA card. . . . I can print to this printer by using 'cat {filename} > <TT>/dev/ttyS11</TT>' and
|
|
this works just fine, however I cannot get lpr to print to this printer.
|
|
</BLOCKQuote></STRONG></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
AFAIK, lpd does not come with mdk 8.2.
|
|
IIRC, no up to date distribution ships lpd anymore. At
|
|
least they have replaced it with LPRng or CUPS.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
I don't use MDK, but I do use Cups which is the default
|
|
printer system in MDK.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
I have two serial printers (ttyS0 and ttyS1) working fine.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
All you got to do is to log into <A HREF="http://localhost:631"
|
|
>http://localhost:631</A> and
|
|
add a new printer.
|
|
Select the proper Serial Port and the most important,
|
|
set the correct values to the printer.
|
|
My printers works at 9600 and 4800 only.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
This should be more than fine to live test.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
If you will keep with lpd, the <TT>/etc/printcap</TT> is the place to go.
|
|
The man page for printcap will provide the right arguments
|
|
for setting the ttyS printer.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Regards,
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Raul Dias
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 17 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<P> <A NAME="tips/18"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<FONT COLOR="navy">Getting files out of a .rpm file without installing it</FONT></H3>
|
|
Sat, 8 Jun 2002 20:54:01 -0400
|
|
<BR>Ashwin N (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?cc=ashwin_n@gmx.net&subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2080%5D%202c%20Tips%20%2318">ashwin_n from gmx.net</a>)
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Ever wanted to get those files out of a .rpm without installing it?
|
|
Ofcourse it's easier to just install it, but sometimes it is not
|
|
possible because a newer version may already be present on the system.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
In such cases, the utility "rpm2cpio" can be used to extract the files
|
|
of the RPM into a cpio archive.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
For example:
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P><BLOCKQuote>
|
|
$ rpm2cpio < xmms-2.4.rpm > xmms.cpio
|
|
</BLOCKQuote></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
The files can then be extracted from the cpio file using the "cpio"
|
|
command.
|
|
For example:
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P><CODE>
|
|
$ cpio -i -d < xmms.cpio
|
|
</CODE></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
In this case the files will be extracted with absolute paths into the
|
|
present directory.
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 18 -->
|
|
<!-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -->
|
|
<HR WIDTH="40%" ALIGN="center">
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<FONT COLOR="navy"></FONT></H3>
|
|
|
|
<BR>Ben Okopnik (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2080%5D%202c%20Tips%20%2318">the <em>LG</em> Answer Gang</a>)
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
A good 2-cents' worth, Ashwin. However, you can do this even easier by
|
|
selecting the RPM and pressing 'Enter' in Midnight Commander; all the
|
|
files are under "CONTENTS.cpio", and you can explore the rest of the RPM
|
|
structure at will. There are also two executable metafiles called
|
|
"INSTALL" and "UPGRADE"; if you're viewing the file as root, you can do
|
|
either one simply by scrolling down to them and pressing 'Enter'. The
|
|
above functionality also applies to <A HREF="http://www.debian.org/">Debian</A>'s DEB files.
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 18 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<P> <A NAME="tips/19"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<FONT COLOR="navy">ramdisk and initrd fundamentals?</FONT></H3>
|
|
Wed, 5 Jun 2002 00:59:06 -0700 (PDT)
|
|
<BR>James Stewart (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?cc=Steven.J.Hathaway@state.or.us&cc=wartstew@yahoo.com&subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2080%5D%202c%20Tips%20%2319">wartstew from yahoo.com</a>)
|
|
<BR>Question by Steven J. Hathaway
|
|
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><font color="#000066">This is in reply to
|
|
<a href="http://www.linuxgazette.com/issue79/lg_mail.html#wanted/4">Issue 79, Help Wanted #4</a>
|
|
-- Heather</font></blockquote>
|
|
<P>
|
|
{1st time at this, let's see what happens}
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
What documentation is available for ramdisk and initrd
|
|
fundamentals?
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
When "initrd" is specified in "lilo.conf" and the
|
|
Linux kernel is configured for ramdisk support, and
|
|
the system is booted, what ramdisk image is loaded
|
|
first or at all?
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
You also need to configure the kernel to do an
|
|
"initrd" as well as a "Ramdisk" if this is what you
|
|
wish to do.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
The "initrd" image or the kernel ramdisk image?
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
"initrd" loads first. It loads from the bootloader
|
|
(LiLo, Loadlin, etc.) while still in "real" mode using
|
|
the PC's BIOS calls, and loads before the kernel
|
|
loads. The purpose of the initrd is to provide what
|
|
ever support files that the kernel might need to find
|
|
its root file system. Typically people wishing to
|
|
have a generic boot disk that will boot just about
|
|
anything can put disk controller drivers, various
|
|
filesystems, PC-Card drivers and even networking
|
|
drivers in here. Then the kernel is set to attempt to
|
|
load all of them, but of course only the ones that
|
|
match existing hardware will actually load. After this
|
|
process, the initrd can be destroyed to free up the
|
|
memory (but I don't know how this is done) as the boot
|
|
process continues to find the real root filesystem to
|
|
boot from. This file system can reside on anything the
|
|
kernel has a driver loaded for, which includes a
|
|
"ramdisk". I'm not sure if something in initrd may be
|
|
needed to set up the "ramdisk". After the kernel
|
|
finishes booting, control is handed off to <TT>/sbin/init</TT>
|
|
which then begins executing things in <TT>/linuxrc.</TT>
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
In summery: the initrd is loaded using only BIOS and
|
|
simply saves you from having to compile all these
|
|
drivers into the kernel, only to have many of them
|
|
unused and take up memory in the running system. It
|
|
also the only way to deal with PC-Card devices that
|
|
might be needed to boot that are only availble as
|
|
external modules
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
What programs are responsible for the loading the
|
|
"initrd" and "ramdisk" root images (kernel or LILO
|
|
boot.d).
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
"initrd": is loaded with the bootloader. For the
|
|
ramdisk, I'm not sure if the kernel can do this
|
|
automatically, I expect you have to wait until an
|
|
"init" "rc" script residing in initrd can do it
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Note that the Linux kernel does not need LILO in order
|
|
to load a ramdisk from a second floppy using the same
|
|
drive.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Right, LiLo is completely out of the picture by this
|
|
time.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
When is "pivot_root" an implicit process, and when
|
|
must it be explicitly invoked?
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Don't know
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
What is the difference between a LILO specified
|
|
"initrd" and the kernel specified ramdisk loaded as
|
|
root?
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
See the above lengthy paragraph
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
I have a fundamental problem understanding the
|
|
relationships between an "initrd" image, ramdisk root
|
|
image, and the use of <TT>/initrd</TT>, <TT>/linuxrc</TT>, and
|
|
swap-root.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Sorry that I don't have all the answers. In fact I
|
|
may be wrong in places since I have never really done
|
|
this sort of thing before.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
James
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><code><font color="#000033"><br>Linux is the one competitor Microsoft
|
|
<br>can't buy,
|
|
<br>can't intimidate, and
|
|
<br>can't stop.
|
|
</font></code></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><font color="#000066">If Linux were an "it" I might agree with the "one" part, but
|
|
if you just take Linux as the kernel, it's like saying rotary engines
|
|
(the natural competitor to the cylinder style) are competing with Ford,
|
|
and if you don't, then there are a lot of different brand name Linuxen
|
|
(Linuces?) out here to choose from. Plus I don't think it's fair to
|
|
forget all the freely usable BSD variants out there. They could make
|
|
something with a BSD core but they can't force "customer lock-in".
|
|
</font></blockquote>
|
|
<blockquote><font color="#000066">They <EM>could</EM> "buy" Linux - in the sense of using it commercially -
|
|
but they wouldn't pay the price we charge (freedom for derivitive
|
|
works).
|
|
</font></blockquote>
|
|
<blockquote><font color="#000066">Of course since we have so many varieties - and any effort to mention
|
|
how un-glitzy and unready that Linux thingy is just causes more people
|
|
to notice it as a possibility - plus the fact that many Linux distros
|
|
are non commercial and all the parts and then some are easier to get
|
|
than your average blinkylight at Radio Shack, I have to agree with the
|
|
last. Look out for that "Palladium" chip trick they're trying to pull
|
|
though. It sounds just like the Clipper Chip of yesteryear.
|
|
-- Heather</font></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 19 -->
|
|
<!-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -->
|
|
<HR WIDTH="40%" ALIGN="center">
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<FONT COLOR="navy"></FONT></H3>
|
|
Mon, 3 Jun 2002 21:10:50 +0200
|
|
<BR>Lennart Benschop (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?cc=l.benschop2@chello.nl&subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2080%5D%202c%20Tips%20%2319">l.benschop2 from chello.nl</a>)
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Did you look at the files ramdisk.txt and initrd.txt in the Documentation
|
|
subdirectory of the kernel source itself? It may be obvious, but many of your
|
|
questions seem to be answered here.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
The <A HREF="http://www.slackware.org/">Slackware</A>-style ramdisk at startup (see file ramdisk.txt) is loaded by the
|
|
kernel from a device (almost always a floppy) where the offset can be
|
|
specified. This ramdisk remains the root file system throughout the lifetime
|
|
of the kernel. You can boot the kernel directly from a floppy (just dd the
|
|
image to <TT>/dev/fd0</TT>) without a boot loader and still use this type of ramdisk.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
The initrd ramdisk is much more flexible, but you do need a real boot loader
|
|
to use it. It is loaded into memory by a boot loader. All Linux boot loaders
|
|
(LILO, LOADLIN, SYSLINUX and GRUB) can use this type of ramdisk. The file
|
|
<TT>/linuxrc</TT> inside the initrd ramdisk is the first program to be executed.
|
|
Linuxrc can do any of the following things:
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<blockQuote><ul>
|
|
<LI>load additional modules (e.g. scsi host adapter drivers that the kernel
|
|
needs to access the hard disk)
|
|
|
|
<LI>prepare other file systems, e.g. on the hard disk or on different ram disk
|
|
devices (/dev/ram2)
|
|
|
|
<LI>temporarily mount other file systems (e.g to retrieve extra programs).
|
|
|
|
<LI>set the real root device (by writing to /proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev)
|
|
</ul></blockQuote>
|
|
<P>
|
|
When linuxrc terminates, the real root device (possibly a different ramdisk on
|
|
<TT>/dev/ram2</TT>) will be mounted as root and <TT>/sbin/init</TT> will be run as usual. So
|
|
the initrd ramdisk will be the root file system only as long as <TT>/linuxrc</TT> is
|
|
running. Using this approach you can forget about the older type of startup
|
|
ramdisk.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Because it is loaded by the boot loader, an initrd ramdisk can be loaded from
|
|
the floppy image on an El Torrito bootable CD-ROM, while the older type of
|
|
startup ramdisk can't.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
The kernel command line is passed to the kernel by the boot loader (e.g. LILO)
|
|
as a pointer to a string in memory. The kernel parses various arguments on
|
|
that command line for itself and can pass the rest as a command line to init.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Just some minor additions:
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<blockQuote><ul>
|
|
<LI>I don't think that the boot loader passes the pernel command line as a
|
|
pointer (I think it's at a fixed location), but it _is_ a string in memory
|
|
that the kernel processes later.
|
|
|
|
<LI>The boot loader loads any initrd ramdisk into RAM using the BIOS disk device
|
|
(therefore it works from a disk image on a bootable CD-ROM) and places
|
|
the command line also in RAM. Next it jumps to the setup.S part of the
|
|
kernel From then on the boot loader's work is over.
|
|
|
|
<LI>The kernel moves itself, the command line and the initrd disk image around
|
|
in RAM, decompresses itself and initializes a lot of things.
|
|
|
|
<LI>If there is an initrd ramdisk, the kernel can gunzip it (if it is
|
|
compressed) and copies it to /dev/ram (internal ramdisk device). Next it
|
|
does the temporary root device trick that I have already explained.
|
|
</ul></blockQuote>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Further reading: kernel source tree:
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<blockQuote><ul>
|
|
<LI>arch/i386/boot/bootsect.S (is only used when the kernel is booted directly
|
|
from a floppy, is skipped by LILO and other boot loaders).
|
|
|
|
<LI>arch/i386/boot/setup.S (real-mode initialization, entry point for LILO).
|
|
|
|
<LI>arch/i386/kernel/head.S (protected mode initialization).
|
|
|
|
<LI>anything in arch/i386/boot/compressed (see how the kernel decompresses
|
|
itself).
|
|
|
|
<LI>init/main.c initialization flow, including temporary initrd mount and
|
|
starting of init.
|
|
|
|
<LI>drivers/block/rd.c (ramdisk driver, also for initrd ramdisk, decompression
|
|
etc). Almost all code (including initialization) is shared between the
|
|
initrd and normal ramdisk.
|
|
</ul></blockQuote>
|
|
<P>
|
|
-- Lennart
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 19 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<P> <A NAME="tips/20"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
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<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
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<FONT COLOR="navy">Re: Making executables smaller</FONT></H3>
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Mon, 3 Jun 2002 15:31:16 -0700
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<BR>John M. Fisk (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?cc=&cc=John.Fisk@yale.edu&subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2080%5D%202c%20Tips%20%231">John.Fisk from yale.edu</a>)
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<P>
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Hello Gals and Guys,
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</P>
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<P>
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I enjoyed reading the latest batch of 2 cent tips and thought I'd pass
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along one more small bit of information:
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</P>
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<P><BLOCKQuote>
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Besides using "strip" to reduce the size of an executable, if you're into
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compiling from source you can use the "-Os" optimization, which will
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optimize for size (should work with an respectably recent version of
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GCC). For the ultimate in downsizing, you can also link your apps against
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any of a number of libc derivatives. Check <A HREF="http://freshmeat.net"
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>http://freshmeat.net</A> for the
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latest versions of:
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</BLOCKQuote></P>
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<blockQuote><ul>
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<LI>diet libc: <A HREF="http://www.fefe.de/dietlibc"
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>http://www.fefe.de/dietlibc</A>
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<br>this site also provides documentation and helpful links
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|
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<LI>uClibc: <A HREF="http://www.uclibc.org"
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>http://www.uclibc.org</A>
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<br>designed specifically for embedded systems; additional links avail.
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|
</ul></blockQuote>
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<P>
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Several other similar projects are out there; these were the first to come
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to mind. Thanks so much.
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|
</P>
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<P>
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cheers,
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<br>John
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|
</P>
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<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
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<P> <A NAME="tips/lj"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
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<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<FONT COLOR="navy">Linux Journal Weekly News Notes Tech Tips</FONT></H3>
|
|
|
|
<h4 align="center"><br>sending Microsoft Word documents
|
|
</h4>
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|
<P>
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If someone asks you for a file in Microsoft Word format, don't panic
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|
or start to do something dumb, like dual-booting. Just convert the
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|
file to HTML, do a cp file.html file.doc and send the ".doc" file.
|
|
Microsoft Word will automatically import it.
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|
</P>
|
|
<HR width="10%" align="center">
|
|
<h4 align="center"><br>Keeping a persistent session as you log in and out from different terminals
|
|
</h4>
|
|
<P>
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|
Here's the Ten-Second Guide to screen for people who just don't want
|
|
to type stuff over when they lose their net connection.
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<blockQuote><ol>
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<LI>ssh to the server you need to work on.
|
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>Type screen.
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|
|
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|
<LI>Do what you need to do. It will be inside a screen session.
|
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</ol></blockQuote>
|
|
<P>
|
|
When your connection fails:
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<blockQuote><ol>
|
|
<LI>ssh to the server.
|
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>Run screen -r to resume your session where you got cut off.
|
|
</ol></blockQuote>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Joy!
|
|
</P>
|
|
<HR width="10%" align="center">
|
|
<h4 align="center"><br>Outlook to Evolution
|
|
</h4>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Upgrading from Microsoft Outlook to Evolution? To free your address
|
|
book from Microsoft's proprietary format, just sync it to a Palm Pilot
|
|
then sync it back into Evolution. (If you have to borrow a friend's
|
|
Palm Pilot to do this, back it up first with pilot-xfer, then restore
|
|
when you're done.)
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Source: Ari Jort, New York Linux Users Group
|
|
</P>
|
|
<HR width="10%" align="center">
|
|
<h4 align="center"><br>Mozilla port paranoia
|
|
</h4>
|
|
<P>
|
|
You've just hooked up a cool web-administered device; you type in the
|
|
device's IP address and port number, and Mozilla says, "Access to the
|
|
port number given has been disabled for security reasons." What?
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Fix it in Mozilla's all.js configuration file, which probably lives in
|
|
usr/lib/mozilla/defaults/pref/all.js or somewhere like that. If the
|
|
banned devices are on ports 1080 and 31337, add the line:
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P><BLOCKQuote>
|
|
pref("network.security.ports.banned.override", "1080,31337");
|
|
</BLOCKQuote></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
to the all.js file.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<HR width="10%" align="center">
|
|
<h4 align="center"><br>Renaming a file that has a special character in the name
|
|
</h4>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Help! I can't rename a file with a special character in its name!
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
If you have a file called important?file, and the ? is really some
|
|
character you can't figure out how to type, try this:
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P><CODE>
|
|
ls | grep important?file
|
|
</CODE></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Make the pattern after grep long enough that it matches only one file.
|
|
Then, when the above command matches only one file, go back up and
|
|
edit the command:
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P><CODE>
|
|
mv `ls | grep important?file` important-file
|
|
</CODE></P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
And you've renamed the file without ever figuring out its true name.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<HR width="10%" align="center">
|
|
<h4 align="center"><br>Have Ethernet cables, will travel
|
|
</h4>
|
|
<P>
|
|
The lightest, most compact way to be prepared to hook up to whatever
|
|
Ethernet connection you find is to carry one regular cable, one
|
|
crossover adapter and one RJ45 coupler.
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><pre> Plug Jack
|
|
|
|
Straight none, or coupler + straight cable
|
|
straight cable
|
|
|
|
|
|
Crossover coupler + crossover adapter +
|
|
crossover adapter + straight cable
|
|
straight cable
|
|
</pre></blockquote>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 20 -->
|
|
<P> <hr> </p>
|
|
<!-- *** BEGIN copyright *** -->
|
|
<H5 align="center">This page edited and maintained by the Editors
|
|
of <I>Linux Gazette</I>
|
|
<a href="http://www.linuxgazette.com/copying.html"
|
|
>Copyright ©</a> 2002
|
|
<BR>Published in issue 80 of <I>Linux Gazette</I> July 2002</H5>
|
|
<H6 ALIGN="center">HTML script maintained by
|
|
<A HREF="mailto:star@starshine.org">Heather Stern</a> of
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|
Starshine Technical Services,
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.starshine.org/">http://www.starshine.org/</A>
|
|
</H6>
|
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