950 lines
36 KiB
HTML
950 lines
36 KiB
HTML
<!--startcut ======================================================= -->
|
|
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
|
|
<html>
|
|
<head>
|
|
<META NAME="generator" CONTENT="lgazmail v1.4F.j">
|
|
<TITLE>More 2 Cent Tips & Tricks LG #73</TITLE></HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000"
|
|
LINK="#3366FF" VLINK="#A000A0">
|
|
<!-- ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: -->
|
|
<P> <hr>
|
|
<CENTER>
|
|
<!-- *** BEGIN navbar *** -->
|
|
<IMG ALT="" SRC="../gx/navbar/left.jpg" WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="45" BORDER="0" ALIGN="bottom"><A HREF="lg_mail.html"><IMG ALT="[ Prev ]" SRC="../gx/navbar/prev.jpg" WIDTH="16" HEIGHT="45" BORDER="0" ALIGN="bottom"></A><A HREF="index.html"><IMG ALT="[ Table of Contents ]" SRC="../gx/navbar/toc.jpg" WIDTH="220" HEIGHT="45" BORDER="0" ALIGN="bottom" ></A><A HREF="../index.html"><IMG ALT="[ Front Page ]" SRC="../gx/navbar/frontpage.jpg" WIDTH="137" HEIGHT="45" BORDER="0" ALIGN="bottom"></A><A HREF="http://www.linuxgazette.com/cgi-bin/talkback/all.py?site=LG&article=http://www.linuxgazette.com/issue73/lg_tips.html"><IMG ALT="[ Talkback ]" SRC="../gx/navbar/talkback.jpg" WIDTH="121" HEIGHT="45" BORDER="0" ALIGN="bottom" ></A><A HREF="../faq/index.html"><IMG ALT="[ FAQ ]" SRC="./../gx/navbar/faq.jpg"WIDTH="62" HEIGHT="45" BORDER="0" ALIGN="bottom"></A><A HREF="lg_answer.html"><IMG ALT="[ Next ]" SRC="../gx/navbar/next.jpg" WIDTH="15" HEIGHT="45" BORDER="0" ALIGN="bottom" ></A><IMG ALT="" SRC="../gx/navbar/right.jpg" WIDTH="15" HEIGHT="45" ALIGN="bottom">
|
|
<!-- *** END navbar *** -->
|
|
</CENTER>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!-- QUICK TIPS SECTION ================================ -->
|
|
<!-- endcut ======================================================= -->
|
|
<center>
|
|
<H1><A NAME="tips"><IMG ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="" SRC="../gx/twocent.jpg">
|
|
More 2¢ Tips!</A></H1> <BR>
|
|
<!-- BEGIN tips -->
|
|
|
|
Send Linux Tips and Tricks to <A HREF="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com">linux-questions-only@ssc.com</A></center>
|
|
</center>
|
|
<UL>
|
|
<!-- index_text begins -->
|
|
<li><A HREF="#tips/1"
|
|
><strong>Command-line calculator</strong></a>
|
|
<li><A HREF="#tips/2"
|
|
><strong>Apache startup script improvement</strong></a>
|
|
<li><A HREF="#tips/3"
|
|
><strong>Re: De-enhancing text</strong></a>
|
|
<li><A HREF="#tips/4"
|
|
><strong>Fun with chroot jails</strong></a>
|
|
<li><A HREF="#tips/5"
|
|
><strong>Password list</strong></a>
|
|
<li><A HREF="#tips/6"
|
|
><strong>DNS</strong></a>
|
|
<li><A HREF="#tips/7"
|
|
><strong>using m-w online dictionary.</strong></a>
|
|
<li><A HREF="#tips/10"
|
|
><strong>PacHell DSL w/LINUX</strong></a>
|
|
<li><A HREF="#tips/11"
|
|
><strong>How we fixed "FW-I/LINUX kmalloc" problem</strong></a>
|
|
<li><A HREF="#tips/12"
|
|
><strong>DSL Drivers for USB</strong></a>
|
|
<li><A HREF="#tips/13"
|
|
><strong>gtkmm-config problem</strong></a>
|
|
<li><A HREF="#tips/25"
|
|
></a>newbie question --or--
|
|
<br><A HREF="#tips/25"
|
|
><strong>Linux equivalent for Active Directory?</strong></a>
|
|
<li><A HREF="#tips/29"
|
|
><strong>Re: [LG 72] 2c Tips #4 translated oddly</strong></a>
|
|
<!-- index_text ends -->
|
|
</UL>
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<P> <A NAME="tips/1"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<FONT COLOR="navy">Command-line calculator</FONT></H3>
|
|
Wed, 31 Oct 2001 22:40:27 -0500
|
|
<BR>Ben Okopnik (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2073%5D%202c%20Tips%20%231"><em>LG</em> Contibuting Editor</a>)
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
One of the things I've always found amusing is watching people working at a
|
|
PC suddenly stop and go digging through their desk for a calculator. I
|
|
mean, good grief - all that processing power, and they have to go back to
|
|
the Stone Age! Well, if you're one of those unfortunates, suffer no more.
|
|
Just put the following lines in your "~/.bash_profile":
|
|
</P>
|
|
<BLOCKQuote><Pre>
|
|
calc(){ perl -wlne'print eval'; }
|
|
export -f calc
|
|
</Pre></BLOCKQuote>
|
|
<P>
|
|
The next time you log in (or if you source "<tt>.bash_profile</tt>"),
|
|
the function will be available to you.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<Pre>
|
|
ben@Baldur:~$ calc
|
|
3.141592653*6**2 # What is the area of a circle 6 meters across?
|
|
113.097335508
|
|
( 3 - 117 ) % 7 # If today is Tuesday, what day was it 117 days ago?
|
|
5
|
|
sqrt(115) * 1.34 # Hull speed of a ship with a load waterline of 115'
|
|
14.3698990949832
|
|
ben@Baldur:~$
|
|
</Pre>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Note that I actually typed those comments into "calc"; it chews and
|
|
swallows them without a problem.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
"calc" is actually a 'gateway' into Perl (via the "eval" mechanism); that
|
|
makes it into quite a powerful gadget. It supports all the math/trig/etc.
|
|
operations that are built into Perl - functions like "abs", "atan2", "cos",
|
|
"exp", "hex", "int", "log", "oct", "sin", "sqrt", and even "rand" (rolling
|
|
dice, anyone?)
|
|
</P>
|
|
<Pre>
|
|
ben@Baldur:~$ calc
|
|
print int rand(6) + 1 for 1..20 # Roll 20 6-sided dice
|
|
6
|
|
1
|
|
6
|
|
5
|
|
3
|
|
5
|
|
3
|
|
5
|
|
1
|
|
1
|
|
6
|
|
4
|
|
6
|
|
3
|
|
3
|
|
4
|
|
1
|
|
1
|
|
1
|
|
4
|
|
</Pre>
|
|
<P>
|
|
"calc" can be as simple as you like - or provide you with the kind of power
|
|
that calculators just can't match. It's all in what you choose to do with
|
|
it. By the way, be aware: there's nothing in "calc" that restricts you to
|
|
"math-only" commands; if you type "unlink my_important_file", Perl will
|
|
happily obey your orders (i.e., delete that file.) So, as with everything
|
|
in Linux, be careful - and have fun.
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><EM>
|
|
[Python's interactive mode can also be used as a calculator. -Iron.]
|
|
</EM></BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 1 -->
|
|
<!-- gremlins spotted and shot. You're welcome, Ben :D -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<P> <A NAME="tips/2"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<FONT COLOR="navy">Apache startup script improvement</FONT></H3>
|
|
Mon, 19 Nov 2001 08:54:27 -0500
|
|
<BR>Allan Peda (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?cc=allan.peda@verizon.net&subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2073%5D%202c%20Tips%20%232">allan.peda from verizon.net</a>)
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P><strong>
|
|
Every thime I setup <A HREF="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</A> I add two lines to the startup script to
|
|
parse the config file for the variable containing the name of the file to
|
|
store the PID at.
|
|
</strong></P>
|
|
<P><strong>
|
|
It seems logical to me to automate this, since the script has an entry
|
|
for the pidfile,
|
|
but really should also "knows" the location of the config file,
|
|
why not parse any redundant information from it and remove the risk of
|
|
conflicting
|
|
parameters.
|
|
</strong></P>
|
|
<P><strong>
|
|
Here is what I add to the /etc/init.d/apache start|stop script:
|
|
</strong></P>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><pre>CONFIG_FILE=/etc/apache/httpd.conf
|
|
PIDFILE=`sed -e '/^PidFile /!d; s/PidFile //' $CONFIG_FILE`
|
|
</pre></blockquote>
|
|
<P><strong>
|
|
or for you bashers:
|
|
</strong></P>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><pre> PIDFILE=$(sed -e '/^PidFile /!d; s/PidFile //' $CONFIG_FILE)
|
|
</pre></blockquote>
|
|
<P><strong>
|
|
Also, I usually pass the name of the config file to apache explicitly,
|
|
so that
|
|
it's obvious via "ps ef" what configuration is currently being used.
|
|
</strong></P>
|
|
<P><strong>
|
|
Seems to make sense to me. In fact, I'd hope this makes it into the
|
|
scripts included
|
|
in the distro.
|
|
</strong></P>
|
|
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
[JimD]
|
|
It's a good suggestion.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Personally I think the start-up (rc) scripts from most distributions
|
|
are a bit lacking. For example I've always thought that it was
|
|
remiss of the start up script that mounts the <TT>/proc</TT> filesystems fails
|
|
to check that the mount point is a properly empty directory.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
In the case of your suggestion, you are eliminating what I call
|
|
a "moving part" (an opportunity for different configuration elements
|
|
from different sources to get out of sync with one another).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Of course there are many other failure opportunities which could be
|
|
mitigated with additional tests. For example: what if there are
|
|
multiple PidFile directives? what if the case doesn't match your
|
|
sed expression (doesn't <A HREF="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</A> tread PidFile as equivalent to PIDFile,
|
|
etc)?
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
[Ben]
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
The usual way that <A HREF="http://www.debian.org/">Debian</A> does it is also fairly sensible. This is from
|
|
"<TT>/etc/init.d/skeleton</TT>" (the template that you're supposed to use when
|
|
writing an "init.d" script under Debian), by Miquel van Smoorenburg and Ian
|
|
Murdock:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<p align="center">See attached <tt><a href="misc/tips/apache.init-d-fragment.txt">apache.init-d-fragment.txt</a></tt></p>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Any daemon, when started via this mechanism, gets an individual pidfile.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
[JimD]
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
I think you miss his point. Debian's rc scripts are no better than
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.redhat.com/">Red Hat</A>'s in this respect. If one changes the PidFile directive
|
|
in the .conf file, then Apache's notion of its PID file location
|
|
disagrees with Debian's startup/shutdown scripts.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
That could be reported as a bug to the maintainer --- but it's
|
|
unclear how far we should go in making the rc scripts more dynamic.
|
|
It would be a bit absurd to do comprehensive failure-mode analysis
|
|
and mitigation for all of the rc scripts. At some point we must
|
|
just give up (maybe calling on logger -s to emit and error message).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
The problem with making foolproof systems is that the universe
|
|
keeps creating more ingenious fools.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 2 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<P> <A NAME="tips/3"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<FONT COLOR="navy">Re: De-enhancing text</FONT></H3>
|
|
Fri, 9 Nov 2001 12:16:23 -0800 (PST)
|
|
<BR>Thomas Adam (The <em>LG</em> Weekend Mechanic)
|
|
<br>and Peter Dzimko (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?cc=dzimko@yahoo.com&subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2073%5D%202c%20Tips%20%233">dzimko from yahoo.com</a>)
|
|
|
|
<p>Richard Bly sent us:</p>
|
|
|
|
<P><strong>
|
|
Just in case you were not aware, the utility colcrt will take a man page
|
|
output and format it without all the weird stuff.
|
|
The underlining is put on the next line so both the text and the underline
|
|
are visable.
|
|
</strong></P>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote> [Thomas Adam]
|
|
Why not just use the following......:
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
<blockquote><Pre>
|
|
man manname | col -b > ./mymanpage.man
|
|
</Pre></blockquote>
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
where "manpage" is the man page (obviously). The "<tt>col</tt>"
|
|
command in this case (with the <tt>-b</tt> flag) will filter
|
|
reverse line feeds.
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
There is also the option of using "man2html" for the
|
|
adventurous......
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Guys,
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
I think that following method is much simpler:
|
|
</P>
|
|
<Pre>
|
|
man thttpd | col -bx
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Regards
|
|
<br>Peter Dzimko
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 3 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<P> <A NAME="tips/4"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<FONT COLOR="navy">Fun with chroot jails</FONT></H3>
|
|
Tue, 30 Oct 2001 13:21:58 -0500
|
|
<BR>Heather Stern (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2073%5D%202c%20Tips%20%2334">The Editor Gal</a>)
|
|
|
|
<p>Ben asked:</p>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
There's one you could write up (assuming you ever got the time to do
|
|
it, that is) - creating those "chroot" jails. That's something I'd love to
|
|
have the specifics of; I understand the concept well enough, but having
|
|
never implemented one, I'm short on the actual mechanics.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
There's a fairly current <A HREF="http://www.freshmeat.net/">Freshmeat</A> entry called "cage". Initial release.
|
|
Not my stuff, but it's exactly the right idea - some support for a bash-shell
|
|
centered chroot jail, so you can jail more complex apps a little more safely,
|
|
e.g. make chroot a one way trip, nicking off a few linux-privs along the way.
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Sounds like cool fun; I'll definitely check it out.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
In the "barely enough to run an app" category, there's a helpful document for
|
|
BIND, and a different one for Postfix, iirc, but I don't have their URLs
|
|
memorized and I'm trying to avoid getting -too- distracted. (too late!)
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
<P>
|
|
<grin> I'll search for those some time this coming week...
|
|
</P>
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
There are a few patches and at least one kernel module (capsel) around now,
|
|
that offer to stop the <TT> chroot()</TT> call from happening more than once, preventing
|
|
the usual script-kiddy method of getting out of one, among their other helpful
|
|
efforts.
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Uh... what's the usual script-kiddy method? I mean, I know I can type
|
|
'exit' if I've started a regular 'chroot' without specifying a prog...
|
|
but... maybe I'm not visualizing it right. I'm seeing a chroot jail as a
|
|
"system within a system" - if you exit, you end up at a login prompt.
|
|
That's it. Real "root" is only available via a different IP; in effect,
|
|
you're logging into a different system. Correct?
|
|
</P>
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
Minimum Mechanics:
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li> blank hard disk
|
|
<li> install parent level with syslog, cron, ssh, sudo.
|
|
<li> create subdirs for jail areas (e.g. <TT>/home/HTTPD-jail</TT>, <TT>/home/MAIL-jail</TT>, etc.)
|
|
<li> run installer again, using "already mounted directory". Once per jail of
|
|
course.
|
|
<br>Mhm. I wonder how hard it would be to create a stripped-down installer just
|
|
for the purpose. Might make a nice project, don't you think?
|
|
<li> tweak each jail like it was a seperate machine you could boot into normally
|
|
that was dedicated to the purpose. Each jail's ssh must be on a unique
|
|
IP address/port number combo.
|
|
<li> grafting - setup top level so it runs services out of their jails, already
|
|
chrooted there.
|
|
<li> time to make an IPL backup
|
|
<li> stripping - take more stuff out of the jails, that they will NEVER need
|
|
because they are really not the top level after all. e.g. fsck, copy of
|
|
the kernel and modules. This may require some brutal adjustments to the
|
|
packaging systems so they won't get put back if you choose to upgrade the
|
|
jails later. Possibly make it so there should never be a need to be
|
|
root inside the jail anyway. etc.
|
|
<li> time to make IPL backup #2, on a different media from #1. Allows for
|
|
return to this point, or to decide you went overboard and try shaving that
|
|
differently by starting again from #1.
|
|
</ul></blockquote>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Eh... you lost me there on #6; that's the part I'm not seeing. What's the
|
|
interaction mechanism between the two levels? How does the "top" see the
|
|
"bottom" without the "bottom" seeing the "top"?
|
|
</P>
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
I usually run a lot of things from <tt>/etc/inittab</tt> so they can be
|
|
respawned if they die.
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
<P>
|
|
For #8 I agree, that's the way I would do it - since root can twiddle anything
|
|
on the mounted filesystems, there shouldn't even be root access in there.
|
|
Although I would set up some sort of an "admin" account, with carefully decided
|
|
powers.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
Might be helpful to have more hard disks, or seperate partitions for each jail.
|
|
I gotta stop procrastinating like this ;>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
<P>
|
|
I'm glad you did.
|
|
<IMG SRC="../gx/dennis/smily.gif" ALT=":)"
|
|
height="24" width="20" align="middle"> Thanks - I'll dig
|
|
into it some more!
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 4 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<P> <A NAME="tips/5"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<FONT COLOR="navy">Password list</FONT></H3>
|
|
Tue, 30 Oct 2001 08:49:40 -0500
|
|
<BR>Ben Okopnik (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2073%5D%202c%20Tips%20%231"><em>LG</em> Contibuting Editor</a>)
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
OK, so this is straight out of any security FAQ: whatever you do, _don't_
|
|
keep a list of your passwords on your machine. Right? Right.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Now, since you're going to do it anyway...
|
|
<IMG SRC="../gx/dennis/smily.gif" ALT=":)"
|
|
height="24" width="20" align="middle">
|
|
Here's a somewhat safer way
|
|
to do it - note that I did not say "safe", just "safeR". The way I see it,
|
|
those of you who don't keep one won't be affected, and those of you that do
|
|
will notch up the security just a tad.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
To make this work, you'll need something to keep your secrets for you:</p>
|
|
|
|
<p align="center">See attached <tt><a href="misc/tips/pass.bash.txt">pass.bash.txt</a></tt></p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Here's what you do: put this script in a
|
|
directory that's in your path, say "<TT>/usr/local/bin</TT>", then set the ownership
|
|
and permissions as follows:
|
|
</P>
|
|
<Pre>
|
|
chown root:root /usr/local/bin/pass # You must be root to do this
|
|
chmod 755 /usr/local/bin/pass # And this, too
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<P>
|
|
You now encrypt the file that contains your list of hosts, usernames, and
|
|
passwords, one per line:
|
|
</P>
|
|
<Pre>
|
|
www.cia.gov JohnDoe cRYpTo
|
|
www.kgb.ru IvanIvanov bOLsh0isEkRET
|
|
www.mossad.il PloniAlmoni sHiN8eT
|
|
kempeitai.jp NanashiNoGombe haITTeM0ikEmAsEN
|
|
www.mybroker.com FulanoMengano QuIenSaBE
|
|
www.mybank.bm MattiMeikalainen sAipPUakAuPPIAs
|
|
www.centralbank.an JanModaal fInanCIeeL
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p>...with a command like:</p>
|
|
<Pre>
|
|
crypt My1SecretPasswD < mysecrets > ~/pass
|
|
</Pre>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Move the original ("mysecrets") to a floppy and put it somewhere safe (yes,
|
|
that usually means where nobody - not even you will ever find it again.
|
|
<IMG SRC="../gx/dennis/smily.gif" ALT=":)"
|
|
height="24" width="20" align="middle">.
|
|
Remember to update it once in a while. As to the encrypted file, all anyone
|
|
is going to see when they look at it (you did set its permissions to 0600,
|
|
right?) is a bunch of binary-looking gobbledygook.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Now, let's say you want to see what the combo is for "mossad". Easy enough:
|
|
</P>
|
|
<Pre>
|
|
spy@Hideout.com:~$ pass mossad
|
|
Enter password (screen echo disabled):
|
|
www.mossad.il PloniAlmoni sHiN8eT
|
|
spy@Hideout.com:~$
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<P>
|
|
If you want to edit the file, just type "<tt>pass -e</tt>";
|
|
this will invoke your
|
|
editor ("<tt>$EDITOR</tt>" - "vi" by default)
|
|
on the decrypted version of the file.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
"grep"-related tip: if you want to just see the entire file, call it as
|
|
</P>
|
|
<Pre>
|
|
pass $
|
|
</Pre>
|
|
|
|
<!-- gremlins forced to cough up their copy of the script. -->
|
|
<!-- end 5 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<P> <A NAME="tips/6"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<FONT COLOR="navy">DNS</FONT></H3>
|
|
Sun, 11 Nov 2001 12:21:43 -0900
|
|
<BR>Heather Stern (The Editor Gal)
|
|
<br>and Faber Fedor (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2073%5D%202c%20Tips%20%236">The Answer Gang</a>)
|
|
|
|
<p>David Menegat asked us the following:</p>
|
|
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
I am trying to set up a name server on my mandrake 8 system and I
|
|
believe I installed the dns package I just don't know how to configure
|
|
it do you know where there is a faq or have any advice for me. I just
|
|
bought a domain name and this is the last piece in the puzzle before
|
|
the final configuration and I transfer the name to my machine.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Thank you
|
|
David Menegat
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
|
|
<Blockquote> [Faber]
|
|
Well, there's always the HOWTOs:
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.linuxdocs.org/HOWTOs/DNS-HOWTO.html"
|
|
>http://www.linuxdocs.org/HOWTOs/DNS-HOWTO.html</A>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<EM>
|
|
<blockquote> [Heather]
|
|
There's also the absolutely marvelous resaources of "Ask Mr. DNS".
|
|
</BLOCKQuote>
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
Although Acme Byte and Wire was bought by Network Solutions, there still
|
|
exists his marvelous archive of detailed answers to how DNS works:
|
|
</BLOCKQuote>
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.acmebw.com/askmrdns"
|
|
>http://www.acmebw.com/askmrdns</A>
|
|
</BLOCKQuote>
|
|
</BLOCKQuote>
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
If that doesn't answer what you need, you can also ask him questions
|
|
directly at his current email address... which I won't tell you, you'll have to
|
|
read his archive first
|
|
<IMG SRC="../gx/dennis/smily.gif" ALT=":)"
|
|
height="24" width="20" align="middle">
|
|
BTW as far as I can
|
|
tell, he only answers questions for DNS sites which he can access, so he can
|
|
see what things are resolving like.
|
|
</BLOCKQuote>
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
We hope it helps! Let us know if Linux itself has any extra questions for
|
|
you, or there's a spot in the DNS-HOWTO we can explain a bit better for
|
|
you. We want it to make sense
|
|
<IMG SRC="../gx/dennis/smily.gif" ALT=":D"
|
|
height="24" width="20" align="middle">
|
|
</BLOCKQuote>
|
|
</EM>
|
|
|
|
<p>To which David replies:</p>
|
|
|
|
<P><strong>
|
|
Thank you very much I'm sure I'll have no problem now
|
|
<br>thank you
|
|
<br>David Menegat
|
|
<strong></P>
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 6 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<P> <A NAME="tips/7"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<FONT COLOR="navy">using m-w online dictionary.</FONT></H3>
|
|
Mon, 19 Nov 2001 21:30:59 -0500
|
|
<BR>Matt Giwer (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?cc=jull43@tampabay.rr.com&subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2073%5D%202c%20Tips%20%2331">jull43 from tampabay.rr.com</a>)
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
looking up words in the m-w dictionary. I thought you carried this
|
|
about a year ago.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
create a file named def containing
|
|
</P>
|
|
<Pre>
|
|
# def <word> goes to Mirriam Webster page of it definition
|
|
lynx "<a href="http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=$*"
|
|
>http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=$*</a>"
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<P>
|
|
used as
|
|
</P>
|
|
<Pre>
|
|
def word
|
|
</Pre>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 7 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<P> <A NAME="tips/10"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<FONT COLOR="navy">PacHell DSL w/LINUX</FONT></H3>
|
|
Sat, 24 Nov 2001 20:47:32 -0800
|
|
<BR> (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2073%5D%202c%20Tips%20%2310">j_on_e from sbcglobal.net from sbcglobal.net</a>)
|
|
<BR> (linux-questions-only@ssc.com)
|
|
|
|
<P>Johny asked us ... in quoted-printable, and in HTML:</P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Im a newbie to Linux but want to lear really bad. Im tired of the
|
|
limitations in Windows. Anyway, I just installed OpenLinux eDesktop2.4
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.caldera.com/">Caldera</A> Systems and want to know
|
|
how to configure it for use with my
|
|
PacBell DSL using an Efficient Networks SPEEDSTREAM Modem.
|
|
|
|
<br>a.. 5260 ADSL (ITU Annex A)
|
|
|
|
<br>a.. 5260: G.DMT, G.Lite, T1.413 (ADSL)
|
|
|
|
<br>I cannot find a driver or figure out where to configure or how to
|
|
configure all of this to work so that I can get my linux online. Please
|
|
help or forward this to anyone and everyone who may be able to help me
|
|
out. Thank you very much for your time and I hope I can get this going
|
|
very soon.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
First, please send mail in text format rather than text+HTML.
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
External DSL modems (that connect to an ordinary Ethernet card via an
|
|
Ethernet cable) work fine on Linux. Internal DSL modems are iffy,
|
|
especially if they're USB. It all depends on whether the manufacturer
|
|
provides Linux drivers or gives us enough of the card's specs to enable
|
|
us to write a driver or expand one of our existing drivers.
|
|
Unfortunately, there are so many different types of DSL modems and none
|
|
of them are as widely used as the different analog modems, so drivers
|
|
are less likely.
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
Also, there are analog modems called "Winmodems" that are marketed as
|
|
real modems but they actually have part of their hardware missing.
|
|
The missing portion is handled by the Windows driver. These didn't run
|
|
under Linux for several years, until some Linuxers reverse-engineered
|
|
them enough to make drivers for at least some of them. I don't know
|
|
whether DSL modems have an equivalent to these "Winmodems", but you have
|
|
to watch out for that possibility. Especially if the DSL provider
|
|
"supports only Windows".
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
If your modem is new enough that you can return it and get an external
|
|
modem instead, that's your best bet. It may cost $100-200 more, but it
|
|
will be worth it because the modem will be more standards compliant,
|
|
meaning fewer headaches in the future when you upgrade, move or switch
|
|
systems.
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p><em>I'm not sure if DSL has fallen victim to the "sahave off chips to save
|
|
a few cents a motherboard" craze. On the other hand, there's PPP over
|
|
Ethernet (pppoe) to run away from. Even though you in theory would get
|
|
full ethernet bandwidth, in practice that protocol slows you down to
|
|
PPP speeds deliberately. Some very knowledgeable sysadmins I know go
|
|
directly into "rant mode" when just hearing the acronym. -- Heather</em></p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<P> <A NAME="tips/11"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<FONT COLOR="navy">How we fixed "FW-I/LINUX kmalloc" problem</FONT></H3>
|
|
Thu, 1 Nov 2001 17:36:28 +0200
|
|
<BR>Vitaly Karasik (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?cc=&vkarasik@ndsisrael.comsubject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2073%5D%202c%20Tips%20%231">vkarasik from ndsisrael.com</a>)
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
It may be too small for article and too big for letter, but I hope it will
|
|
useful for LINUX/FW-1 administrators and provide a good example of OSS
|
|
advantages.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Regards,
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Vitaly Karasik
|
|
Unix System Administrator
|
|
Israel
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><font color="#001F3F">But it's perfect for a 2 Cent Tip.
|
|
-- Iron</font></blockquote>
|
|
<P>
|
|
----
|
|
We've tried to replace our NOKIA FW-I box with LINUX one [FW-I v4.1 SP4 +
|
|
RedHat 6.2 2.2.19 kernel].
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Installation was pretty strainforward, but every time when we tried to
|
|
install policy from our management station we got few messages in
|
|
/var/log/messages:
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><pre>/var/log/messages.4:Oct 5 14:29:42 fw kernel: kmalloc: Size (786540) too
|
|
large
|
|
/var/log/messages.4:Oct 5 14:29:42 fw kernel: kmalloc: Size (786636) too
|
|
large
|
|
/var/log/messages.4:Oct 5 14:29:42 fw kernel: kmalloc: Size (789660) too
|
|
large
|
|
</pre></blockquote>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Our policy contains about 90 rules & 400 objects with few VPN.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Short search with Google pointed us to a few letters with the same
|
|
problems, but didn't help to solve the problem.
|
|
(for instance, "[FW1] Strange things in RH62 + Fw1-41-Sp2( kmalloc: Size
|
|
(275548) too large )" thread on
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.firewall-1.org/2001-01/maillist.html"
|
|
>http://www.firewall-1.org/2001-01/maillist.html</A>)
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
According to skl1314 from Check Point SecureKnowledge, "solution is
|
|
currently not available. Issue under investigation".
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
But this search helped me to understand what is exactly the problem:
|
|
FW-1 call "kmalloc" function in order to get block of memory. But linux's
|
|
kmalloc [kernels 2.2.x & 2.4.x] knows to allocate memory in blocks 2K,4K,
|
|
... 128K only.
|
|
And FW-1 in our case wants to get ~800 K memory.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
The solution:
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P><BLOCKQuote>
|
|
I fixed slab.c in order to increase kmalloc limit from 128K to 1280K.
|
|
Diff from orig slab.c for kernel 2.2.19 is below:
|
|
</BLOCKQuote></P>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><pre>298c298
|
|
< #define SLAB_OBJ_MAX_ORDER 8 /* 32 pages */
|
|
---
|
|
> #define SLAB_OBJ_MAX_ORDER 5 /* 32 pages */
|
|
301c301
|
|
< #define SLAB_MAX_GFP_ORDER 8 /* 32 pages */
|
|
---
|
|
> #define SLAB_MAX_GFP_ORDER 5 /* 32 pages */
|
|
345,347d344
|
|
< {262144, NULL},
|
|
< {524288, NULL},
|
|
< {1048576, NULL},
|
|
370,374c367
|
|
< "size-131072",
|
|
< "size-262144",
|
|
< "size-524288",
|
|
< "size-1048576"
|
|
<
|
|
---
|
|
> "size-131072"
|
|
</pre></blockquote>
|
|
<P>
|
|
After compiling & installing new kernel we're able to install fw policy
|
|
without any problem.
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 11 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<P> <A NAME="tips/12"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<FONT COLOR="navy">DSL Drivers for USB</FONT></H3>
|
|
Mon, 5 Nov 2001 13:18:19 -0500
|
|
<BR>Andy Fore (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?cc=arfore@valdosta.edu&subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2073%5D%202c%20Tips%20%2312">arfore from valdosta.edu</a>)
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
This is in answer to the question about USB DSL drivers for Linux.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
There are drivers out there for the Alcatel SpeedTouch USB. The
|
|
SpeedStream 4060 is actually made by Alcatel.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
I have setup the SpeedTouch in RedHat 7.1 and gotten it to successfully
|
|
work on my home network.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Andy Fore
|
|
<br>Computer Services Specialist III
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 12 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<P> <A NAME="tips/13"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<FONT COLOR="navy">gtkmm-config problem</FONT></H3>
|
|
Mon, 26 Nov 2001 07:09:04 -0500
|
|
<BR>Dann S. Washko (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2073%5D%202c%20Tips%20%2313">The Answer Gang</a>)
|
|
|
|
<DL><DT>
|
|
When testing the gtkmm hello world code on this page I get errors:
|
|
<DD><A HREF="http://gtkmm.sourceforge.net/tutorial/sec-gettingstarted.html"
|
|
>http://gtkmm.sourceforge.net/tutorial/sec-gettingstarted.html</A>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
|
|
<Pre>
|
|
bash-2.05$ g++ test.cc -o test `gtkmm-config --cflags --libs`
|
|
In file included from /opt/gnome/include/gtk--/base.h:34,
|
|
|
|
from /opt/gnome/include/gtk--/object.h:30,
|
|
from /opt/gnome/include/gtk--/widget.h:32,
|
|
from /opt/gnome/include/gtk--/container.h:27,
|
|
from /opt/gnome/include/gtk--/bin.h:27,
|
|
from /opt/gnome/include/gtk--/button.h:27,
|
|
from test.cc:2:
|
|
|
|
/opt/gnome/include/gtk--/proxy.h:6: sigc++/signal_system.h: No such file
|
|
or directory
|
|
/opt/gnome/include/gtk--/proxy.h:7: sigc++/bind.h: No such file or
|
|
directory
|
|
/opt/gnome/include/gtk--/proxy.h:8: sigc++/convert.h: No such file or
|
|
directory
|
|
test.cc:4: `#include' expects "FILENAME" or <FILENAME>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<P>
|
|
For some reason (I believe) something is not getting passed to look for
|
|
the <tt>sigc++</tt> headers in <TT>/opt/gnome/include/sigc++-1.0/sigc++</TT>.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
I was getting more errors about not being able to find <tt>sigc++</tt> headers
|
|
before I added <tt>-I/opt/gnome/include/sigc++-1.0/sigc++</tt> to the
|
|
gtkmm-config file. Without this line or taking off the <tt>sigc++</tt>
|
|
directory, produces more errors about not being able to find the headers
|
|
in <tt>sigc++</tt>.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
The sigc-config file looks just right.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Furthermore, this all started when I tried to compile quickedit. During
|
|
the configure process I received and error that gtk-- was not installed
|
|
correctly and/or I should edit the gtkmm-config script to correct anything
|
|
off in there. Viewing the config.log shows the same error as above.
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<p><em>... after a bit of fighting with it ...</em></p>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
The problem must have been with gtkmm-config or the gtkmm packages I had
|
|
originally installed. I compiled gtkmm from the sources and everything
|
|
appears fine. Quickedit compiled without complaint. I noticed the one
|
|
line in the new gtkmm-config that was not in the old was
|
|
-I/opt/gnome/lib/sigc++-1.0/include. I had mistakenly put this in the
|
|
libs area instead of the cflags. I'm not sure whether this was the whole
|
|
crux of the problem though.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
--
|
|
Daniel S. Washko
|
|
Lehigh Valley Linux Users Group
|
|
www.thelinuxlink.net/lvlinux
|
|
get slack (www.slackware.com ) and get happy
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<P> <A NAME="tips/25"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<FONT COLOR="navy">Linux equivalent for Active Directory?</FONT></H3>
|
|
Tue, 30 Oct 2001 11:39:30 -0800 (PST)
|
|
<BR>Craig Baker (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?cc=ctbaker78@yahoo.com&subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2073%5D%202c%20Tips%20%2325">ctbaker78 from yahoo.com</a>)
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Ok Im just learning Linux so bare with this
|
|
question...I know in Windows 2000 Server you can
|
|
create a Active Directory and install a Distributed
|
|
Files system...what would be the Linux counterpart to
|
|
this be? I've poored over alot of FAQs but I must not
|
|
be looking for the correct terminology. So far the
|
|
closest Ive found is NIS/NIS+ with NFS.
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
Take a look at LDAP (i.e., where Microsoft got the original idea) -
|
|
OpenLDAP <<A HREF="http://www.openldap.org"
|
|
>http://www.openldap.org</A>> has some good info on their site; their
|
|
"General LDAP FAQ" is worth a read. As well, Jeff Hodges "LDAP Roadmap"
|
|
<<A HREF="http://www.kingsmountain.com/ldapRoadmap.shtml"
|
|
>http://www.kingsmountain.com/ldapRoadmap.shtml</A>> is an excellent resource.
|
|
Novell with their NDS (Novell Directory Services) had an early jump at the
|
|
idea of abstracting the directory structure from the FS; chances are pretty
|
|
high (I'm making a guess here - I don't know <A HREF="http://www.caldera.com/">Caldera</A> that well) that
|
|
Caldera, being a Novell "sister" company, supports it. To confuse the
|
|
tangled skein a bit more, Novell has released the JLDAP (the LDAP class
|
|
libraries for Java) to the world - I haven't done Novell stuff in years,
|
|
but I would guess that LDAPv3 is what they're using these days. There might
|
|
be other implementations of the idea, but the key words, rather than
|
|
"Active Directory", would be "LDAP" (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)
|
|
and "X.500" (the protocol that defines LDAP.)
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 26 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<P> <A NAME="tips/29"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A> <P>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<FONT COLOR="navy">Re: [LG 72] 2c Tips #4 translated oddly</FONT></H3>
|
|
Mon, 19 Nov 2001 11:31:10 -0800
|
|
<BR>Marcelo E. Magallon (<a href="mailto:linux-questions-only@ssc.com?cc=marcelo.magallon@bigfoot.com&subject=%20Re%3A%20%5BLG%2073%5D%202c%20Tips%20%2330">marcelo.magallon from bigfoot.com</a>)
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Hi,
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
I think the translation of the original message is wrong. The original
|
|
poster is asking about a content manager, not an editor. Here:
|
|
</P>
|
|
<BLOCKQuote>
|
|
información acerca de algun manejador de PHP con el cual pueda
|
|
modificar los archivos de páginas de internet bajo Linux <A HREF="http://www.redhat.com/">Red Hat</A> 7.1
|
|
</BLOCKQuote>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Even if the Spanish translation of several computer terms varies wildly
|
|
across countries, I can't imagine a place where an 'editor' would be
|
|
called 'manejador'. This word means 'manager'. Even if it's not clear
|
|
what the original author actually wants or needs, I think he's thinking
|
|
of something along the lines of Midgard, available at
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.midgard-project.org"
|
|
>http://www.midgard-project.org</A>.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
If the original author does mean an editor, Heather is right on the
|
|
spot: vim, in particular vim 6, has some nice features, like improved
|
|
syntax definitions and folding, that make editing of HTML and PHP files
|
|
much easier.
|
|
</P>
|
|
<P>
|
|
HTH,
|
|
<br>--
|
|
Marcelo
|
|
</P>
|
|
|
|
<P><em>
|
|
Thanks Marcelo.
|
|
The original querent never wrote back to tell us what he
|
|
was looking for, even after we asked him. So I'm inclined to think he's
|
|
either already found what he needs, or it's his fault if we
|
|
misunderstood it. But we've published your tip for other readers. -- Iron
|
|
</em></P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 30 -->
|
|
<P> <hr> </p>
|
|
<!-- *** BEGIN copyright *** -->
|
|
<H5 align="center">This page edited and maintained by the Editors
|
|
of <I>Linux Gazette</I>
|
|
<a href="http://www.linuxgazette.com/copying.html"
|
|
>Copyright ©</a> 2001
|
|
<BR>Published in issue 73 of <I>Linux Gazette</I> December 2001</H5>
|
|
<H6 ALIGN="center">HTML script maintained by
|
|
<A HREF="mailto:star@starshine.org">Heather Stern</a> of
|
|
Starshine Technical Services,
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.starshine.org/">http://www.starshine.org/</A>
|
|
</H6>
|
|
<!-- *** END copyright *** -->
|
|
<!--startcut ======================================================= -->
|
|
<P>
|
|
<CENTER>
|
|
<!-- *** BEGIN navbar *** -->
|
|
<IMG ALT="" SRC="../gx/navbar/left.jpg" WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="45" BORDER="0" ALIGN="bottom"><A HREF="lg_mail.html"><IMG ALT="[ Prev ]" SRC="../gx/navbar/prev.jpg" WIDTH="16" HEIGHT="45" BORDER="0" ALIGN="bottom"></A><A HREF="index.html"><IMG ALT="[ Table of Contents ]" SRC="../gx/navbar/toc.jpg" WIDTH="220" HEIGHT="45" BORDER="0" ALIGN="bottom" ></A><A HREF="../index.html"><IMG ALT="[ Front Page ]" SRC="../gx/navbar/frontpage.jpg" WIDTH="137" HEIGHT="45" BORDER="0" ALIGN="bottom"></A><A HREF="http://www.linuxgazette.com/cgi-bin/talkback/all.py?site=LG&article=http://www.linuxgazette.com/issue73/lg_tips.html"><IMG ALT="[ Talkback ]" SRC="../gx/navbar/talkback.jpg" WIDTH="121" HEIGHT="45" BORDER="0" ALIGN="bottom" ></A><A HREF="../faq/index.html"><IMG ALT="[ FAQ ]" SRC="./../gx/navbar/faq.jpg"WIDTH="62" HEIGHT="45" BORDER="0" ALIGN="bottom"></A><A HREF="lg_answer.html"><IMG ALT="[ Next ]" SRC="../gx/navbar/next.jpg" WIDTH="15" HEIGHT="45" BORDER="0" ALIGN="bottom" ></A><IMG ALT="" SRC="../gx/navbar/right.jpg" WIDTH="15" HEIGHT="45" ALIGN="bottom">
|
|
<!-- *** END navbar *** -->
|
|
</CENTER>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
</BODY></HTML>
|
|
<!--endcut ========================================================= -->
|