LDP
/
old-www
1
1
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull Requests Releases Wiki Activity
old-www/LDP/LG/issue71/lg_bytes71.html

1095 lines
50 KiB
HTML
Raw Permalink Blame History

<!--startcut ==========================================================-->
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title> News Bytes LG #71 </title>
</head>
<BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000" LINK="#0000FF" VLINK="#0000AF"
ALINK="#FF0000">
<CENTER>
<A HREF="http://www.linuxgazette.com/">
<H1><IMG ALT="LINUX GAZETTE" SRC="../gx/lglogo.png"
WIDTH="600" HEIGHT="124" border="0"></H1></A>
<!-- *** BEGIN navbar *** -->
<IMG ALT="" SRC="../gx/navbar/left.jpg" WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="45" BORDER="0" ALIGN="bottom"><A HREF="lg_mail71.html"><IMG ALT="[ Prev ]" SRC="../gx/navbar/prev.jpg" WIDTH="16" HEIGHT="45" BORDER="0" ALIGN="bottom"></A><A HREF="index.html"><IMG ALT="[ Table of Contents ]" SRC="../gx/navbar/toc.jpg" WIDTH="220" HEIGHT="45" BORDER="0" ALIGN="bottom" ></A><A HREF="../index.html"><IMG ALT="[ Front Page ]" SRC="../gx/navbar/frontpage.jpg" WIDTH="137" HEIGHT="45" BORDER="0" ALIGN="bottom"></A><A HREF="../faq/index.html"><IMG ALT="[ FAQ ]" SRC="./../gx/navbar/faq.jpg"WIDTH="62" HEIGHT="45" BORDER="0" ALIGN="bottom"></A><A HREF="lg_answer71.html"><IMG ALT="[ Next ]" SRC="../gx/navbar/next.jpg" WIDTH="15" HEIGHT="45" BORDER="0" ALIGN="bottom" ></A><IMG ALT="" SRC="../gx/navbar/right.jpg" WIDTH="15" HEIGHT="45" ALIGN="bottom">
<!-- *** END navbar *** -->
<P>
</CENTER>
<!--endcut ============================================================-->
<H4 ALIGN="center">"Linux Gazette...<I>making Linux just a little more fun!</I>"</H4>
<HR> <!-- ******************************************* -->
<center>
<table cellpadding=7><tr><td>
<IMG SRC="../gx/bytes.gif" border=1 ALT="News Bytes">
</td><td>
<H3>Contents:</H3>
<ul>
<li><a HREF="#legislation">Legislation and More Legislation</a>
<li><a HREF="#links">Linux Links</a>
<li><a HREF="#conferences">Conferences and Events</a>
<li><a HREF="#general">News in General</a>
<li><a HREF="#distro">Distro News</A>
<li><a HREF="#commercial">Software and Product Announcements</a>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<STRONG>Selected and formatted by <A
HREF="mailto:michael.conry@softhome.net">Michael Conry</A> and <A
HREF="mailto:gazette@ssc.com">Mike ("Iron") Orr</A></STRONG> </center>
<P> Submitters, send your News Bytes items in
<FONT SIZE="+2"><STRONG>PLAIN TEXT</STRONG></FONT>
format. Other formats may be rejected without reading. You have been
warned! A one- or two-paragraph summary plus URL gets you a better
announcement than an entire press release.
<P> <hr> <P>
<!-- =================================================================== -->
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
<font color="green">
October 2001 <I>Linux Journal</I>
</font>
</H3>
<IMG ALT=" " SRC="misc/bytes/lj-cover90.png" WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=268
ALIGN="left" HSPACE="20">
<P>
The October issue of <A HREF="http://www.linuxjournal.com/"><I>Linux
Journal</I></A> is on newsstands now.
This issue focuses on Engineering. Click
<A HREF="http://www.linuxjournal.com/lj-issues/issue90/index.html">here</A>
to view the table of contents, or
<A HREF="http://www.linuxjournal.com/subscribe/index.html">here</A>
to subscribe.
<P>
<FONT COLOR="green">All articles through December 1999 are available for
public reading at
<A HREF="http://www.linuxjournal.com/lj-issues/mags.html">http://www.linuxjournal.com/lj-issues/mags.html</A></FONT>.
Recent articles are available on-line for subscribers only at
<A HREF="http://interactive.linuxjournal.com">
http://interactive.linuxjournal.com/</A>.
<BR CLEAR="all">
<a name="legislation"></a>
<p><hr><p>
<!-- =================================================================== -->
<center><H3><font color="green">Legislation and More Legislation</font></H3></center>
<P> <STRONG>Behold the debut of a new News Bytes section.</STRONG>
<P> This is the third month in
a row that the legal landscape surrounding Linux users and programmers has
been rapidly changing. We want to give adequate coverage to these
changes--new laws and proposed laws--around the world. Since we have
personal knowledge only of the US and Ireland, we'll need readers to <A
HREF="mailto:gazette@ssc.com">tell us</A> what's happening in their
countries. This is important because anything that gets enacted in one
country is often held up as an example to encourage similar legislation in
other countries.
<P> For any new law, one must ask: Who is pushing it? What will they
gain? Who will lose under it (re fines or jail time)? Why? Do the
proponents have a secret agenda to use the law in ways the legislature
didn't intend? Do they have a not-so-secret agenda to push for bigger laws
after this one is passed and accepted by the public? What unintended
effects will the law have that even its proponents did not predict?
We can't answer all these, but hopefully we can start asking the questions.
<P> Especially the last question. This section is partly an Ode to the Law
of Unintended Effects, because there are so many of them recently.
<HR NOSHADE WIDTH="20%"> <!-- ********************************* -->
LG reported in <A HREF="../issue69/orr.html">July</A>
and <A HREF="../issue70/lg_bytes70.html#dmca">August</A> about
the unexpected fallout from the
<STRONG>Digital Millenium Copyright Act (DMCA)</STRONG>.
Companies are using it to suppress criticism of their shoddy designs,
prevent customers from protecting themselves from the effects
of said shoddy designs, and even jail a foreign programmer for writing (in
his home country) a program that is legal in his home country. Now that
Dmitry is facing a possible sentance of 25 years, I guess a decline in
corporate profits is more serious than armed robberies--even if the decline
in profits is hypothetical or imagined. (Didja notice how in spite of
Napster, Gnutella and DeCSS, the sales of CDs and DVDs continue to go
nowhere but up?)
<P> Foreign programmers like Alan Cox (#2 Linux kernel developer and former
Usenix coordinator) are <A
HREF="http://lwn.net/2001/0726/letters.php3">avoiding the US</A> in order not
to fall into the same trap Dmitry did.
American programmers are
<A HREF="http://noframes.linuxjournal.com/articles/misc/0048.html#effects">
looking for jobs elsewhere</A> -- anywhere -- now that
normal and necessary practices in security development and security
certification are illegal. Not that there may be many
places to go: the major proponents of the DMCA (the five biggest
media-publishing and software-publishing conglomorates) are using the
established US law as an example to push for similar laws in Canada, Europe
and the FTAA (a possible future free-trade zone covering North and South
America), saying: "See, they did it, so you should too."
<HR NOSHADE WIDTH="20%"> <!-- **************** -->
In September, change went from "high gear" to "extremely
high gear" and then into "overdrive". The Big 5 publishers came back with an
even sweeter proposal, the son of DMCA. Aiming to plug the "loopholes" in
the DMCA (meaning the last bit of fair use the DMCA allows), the
<STRONG>Security Systems Standards and Certification Act</A> (SSSCA)</STRONG>
<A HREF="http://www.politechbot.com/docs/hollings.090701.html">[draft
text]</A>
<A HREF="http://cryptome.org/sssca.htm">[another draft]</A> would make it
illegal to "manufacture, import, offer to the public, provide or otherwise
traffic in any interactive digital device that does not include and utilize
certified security technologies that adhere to the security systems standards
adopted under section 104."
<P> "Security systems standards" means software that
enforces digital copyrights. Remember
<A HREF="http://www.theregister.co.uk/content/archive/17009.html">
CRPM</A>, the aborted effort to put
non-bypassable rights management into the firmware of all new IDE hard
drives? That was scrapped because too many customers would refuse to buy
such products. But SSSCA would make this or the equivalent mandatory.
<P> Linux Weekly News <A HREF="http://lwn.net/2001/0913">writes</A>,
"The definition of a 'digital device' is just as broad as it sounds -
essentially, anything--hardware or software--that is capable of moving
and storing bits. In particular, a computer running Linux is certainly
such a digital device, as is Linux itself or any of a number of other
free programs." Free-software advocates are concerned, because is it
even <EM>possible</EM> for Linux to be compliant? Linus could implement some
rights-management code in the kernel, but because it's open source, any
programmer could just comment it out. And the companies would presumably
want to keep their (shoddy?) rights algorithm secret, so it would be
available only in binary form. Would they even make a Linux version? If
they did, would Linus have to link a proprietary, binary-only library into
the standard kernel and change Linux's license to allow and mandate this?
Would the kernel have a new module "digirights.o" with the help text, "If
you are outside the United States, choose 'N' for maximum flexibility,
reliability, speed and security. If you are inside the US, be aware that
choosing 'N' may be a felony, and you should consult a lawyer before
proceeding."
<P> Another problem is that the technical standard is to be determined by
"representatives of interactive digital device manufacturers and
representatives of copyright owners". What about representatives of the
public? The constitutional right of copyright is a balance between the
author's interests (payment) and the public's interests (the "progress of
science and useful arts" by having everything become public domain after a
limited time, and fair-use rights in the meantime). But this law is
one-sided in favor not even of the authors, but of the big publishing houses.
<P> There is also a certain antitrust exemption in the bill.
<P> One concession to fair use remains: TV time-shifting. People will be
allowed to record a TV show if it's an "over-the-air broadcast, non-premium
cable channel or non-premium satellite channel". Recording a Showtime movie
would become illegal since it's on a premium cable channel. Note that there's
no provision for radio, webcasting or future technologies, so there would be no
fair use at all for those.
<P> The SSSCA is not law yet. In fact, as of early September it had not
even been introduced in Congress, just debated informally. More happened
later, but let's keep things chronological....
<HR NOSHADE WIDTH="20%"> <!-- ********************* -->
On September 11, the tragedy heard round the world. This has been
well reported elsewhere, so I will stick to the issues relating to Linux.
Suddenly, <A HREF="http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,46816,00.html">
crypto back doors</A> and crypto export limitations are fashionable
again. Congress is falling over itself trying to pass anti-terrorism
legislation as quickly as possible. Some of this legislation is good and
necessary. But lobbying groups and government agencies are finding a rare
window of opportunity to sneak long-desired unrelated topics into the
package, and they are not shy about exploiting it. It's a lobbyist's dream as
Congress is in a spending mood and eager to pass any legislation that purports
to hinder terrorism, without enough time to evaluate whether the actual effects
will be good or bad.
<P> Of course, there are the usual arguments against <STRONG>encryption back
doors</STRONG>:
<UL>
<LI> If encryption is outlawed, only outlaws will have encryption.
<LI> You want we should destroy our freedom in order to save it?
<LI> Even if our government and allied governments are good now, what if
one of them becomes bad? How will we invalidate the keys it holds, especially
for old messages in a fixed (unchangeable) format?
<LI> What about rogue employees in the government or keyholding service?
Especially those who might sell the information to marketers, or use it for
identity theft to raise $$ for their meth fix?
<LI> E-commerce will decline because nobody wants to trust their personal
information to something with a back door.
<LI> Strong encryption will continue to be developed overseas. Our competitors
and enemies will have an advantage.
<LI> Skilled tech workers will vote with their feet and move to countries where
they can work on projects unencumbered by restrictions.
<LI> Exports will decline because foreigners will laugh at the security of
American encryption products.
</UL>
<P> Exactly one week after the terror attacks, the Nimda worm/virus
appeared, the son of Code Red. The Justice Department
<A HREF="http://www.securityfocus.com/news/257">included</A> in
its Anti-Terrorism Act language that would <STRONG>define hackers,
virus-writers and web site defacers as "terrorists", eligible for life
imprisonment without parole.</STRONG> "Cracking a computer for the purpose of
obtaining anything of value, or to deliberately cause damage" would carry the
same penalties as assassinating a public official or dropping a chemical
weapon. The law would be retroactive to the beginning of time, so even
crimes committed long ago could be tried under it. Fortunately for Kevin
Mitnick, he's already received his sentance. But those who break into a
grocery store's web site and order a pack of gum for free had better watch
out. And those who provide "'advice or assistance' to cyber crooks, or
harbor or conceal a computer intruder" would receive the same punishment as
the intruders themselves. "DNA samples would be collected from hackers upon
conviction, and retroactively from those currently in custody or under
federal supervision. The samples would go into the federal database that
currently catalogs murderers and kidnappers."
<P> What happens if you cross an Anti-Terrorism Act with a Digital Millenium
Copyright Act? Answer: Dmitry goes to prison for life. No, that hasn't been
proposed. But watch out for that definition of "hacking" and see what
exactly it includes, and whether it expands later. Remember the law of
Unintended Effects.
<P> Larry Ellison, the head of Oracle, is
<A HREF="http://www.siliconvalley.com/docs/news/svfront/ellsn092301.htm">
calling for</A> <STRONG>national ID cards</STRONG>. This may sound like
merely the musings of a concerned citizen until you remember that an ID-card
system needs a database, and why not an Oracle database? Ellison is offering
to give the government the software for free, but still, what a PR bonanza for
Oracle it would be. (Like when Microsoft "gives" software to schools. Of
course, nowadays it "sells" software to schools....) Regarding identity cards
themselves <A
HREF="http://www.privacy.org/pi/activities/idcard/idcard_faq.html"> this
report</A> looks at countries that use them and countries that don't use them,
and notes the differences between what each country originially intended its
card for vs how it's being used now. (Again, the Law of Unintended Effects.)
<P> There is one bright side: Congress is considering splitting up the
omnibus Anti-Terrorism bill. That would allow it to pass the most urgent
portions right away, but hold off on the more controversial measures until
they can ascertain which ones would cause more harm than good.
<HR NOSHADE WIDTH="20%"> <!-- ******************************* -->
<P> In late September, the <STRONG>SSSCA</STRONG> was introduced in the
Senate. It has a long way to go before it becomes law, since it has not even
been introduced in the House yet. Most are predicting it has too many
critics to pass this year, but portions of it could crop up in future years.
<P> <I>Linux Journal's</I> Don Marti <A
HREF="http://www.linuxjournal.com/articles/conversations/0034.html">chided
Michael Eisner</A>, the Charman and CEO of the Walt Disney Company, for
planning a trip to Washington, DC, to "close the deal on a computer
censorship bill, the SSSCA, you're buying from Congress." He also
chided Senator Fritz Hollings (D-SC) under the headline, <A
HREF="http://www.linuxjournal.com/articles/conversations/0036.html">
"Senator Hollings Cheaper Than We Thought"</A>, saying that Eisner had paid
Hollings $18,500 to
get the bill introduced. (And not the $25,000 <I>LJ</I> had previously
reported.) Of course, the payment was in the form of
cumulative campaign contributions, not a direct bill payment (pun intended).
<P> The Register notes in <A
HREF="http://www.theregister.co.uk/content/4/21830.html">
"Copy-Control Senator Sleeps While Fair-Use Rights Burn"</A> that the Big 5
media companies are among the top 20 contributors to Hollings' election
campaigns: AOL Time Warner, the Murdoch-owned News Corporation, Viacom's CBS,
the National Association of Broadacsters, and Walt Disney Company.
If you type "senator hollings campaign contributions disney" into
<A HREF="http://www.yahoo.com/">Yahoo</A>, several other articles come up,
including <A
HREF="http://www.commoncause.org/publications/040297_rpt4.htm">this one</A>.
(Yes, you <EM>can</EM> try this at home. Type "senator &lt;NAME&gt; campaign
contributions" and see what comes up for your favorite Congresscritter. Or
"representative &lt;NAME&gt;" for members of the House.)
<P> Here's an article that looks at SSSCA from the manufacturer's
standpoint:
<A HREF="http://lists.essential.org/pipermail/am-info/Week-of-Mon-20010917/007186.html">
Bill Could Force Copy Control On IT Firms</A>. It says the SSSCA "could slow
the development of the technologies it seeks to regulate by shifting the
attention of the industry from product development to lobbying." One attorney
comments, "Telling us what systems to pay for and implement to protect someone
else's property doesn't make sense."
<P>
<A HREF="http://www.theregister.co.uk/content/6/21577.html">Another Register
article</A> says the
SSSCA "would close all the irritating little loopholes in the DMCA right
around the necks of consumers, where, the industry reckons, the pressure
rightly belongs." And, "Conveniently, and by design, the words 'fair use'
appear nowhere in the draft. The industry lobbyists never liked that
troublesome phrase in the DMCA, so now it's gone." The article also points
out that the SSSCA does not require new complient hardware to be
backward-compatible with older hardware, meaning another round of buying the
same content again.
<HR NOSHADE WIDTH="20%"> <!-- ******************************* -->
<P> The <STRONG>role of the
<A HREF="http://www.eff.org/">Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF)</A>
</STRONG> emerged as a topic in activists' discussions.
Many people think of the EFF as a lobbying organization, but its mission is
actually to defend individuals who have been unjustly accused. Taking on
full-scale lobbying of Congresscritters would require significant changes to
EFF's structure, tarnish its reputation among those who raise their noses at
"lobbyists", place the organization in a different tax category, and distract
it from defending individuals.
<P> Thus, the free-software and "free Dmitry" groups are debating whether
they should start a lobbying organization themselves. Of course, one's first
knee-jerk reaction is to stay as far the h*ll away from Washington as
possible, but if we don't do it, who will? Of course, it would mean doing
some distasteful things. Like (gasp) making campaign contributions to
influence a Congresscritter's votes. Is the free-software community ready to
sponsor a PAC? (PAC = Political-Action Committee, a fancy term for "lobbying
group".) Even though freeniks have some of the highest noses and loudest
sneers against "lobbying scum"? Some are considering it, thinking
it's the only way make a dent in the rapidly-accelerating onslaught against
our rights. Obviously it's something that it will take a long time to come to
consensus on.
<HR NOSHADE WIDTH="20%"> <!-- ******************************* -->
There is another bright side, as pointed out in the IT article. The media
companies should watch what they wish for because they just might get it.
Perhaps the Law of Unintended Effects will end up applying to them. Especially
if enough people decide they can do without the Big 5's content.
<P> Or if artists
start giving away all their music for free. That would generate more
fans at shows, and bands receive much more money from one concert patron
($5-10, plus $10 if she buys a T-shirt) than they do from one CD purchase
(less than $1). And if she buys a CD at a show, they both win: she gets a
discounted price (often $10), and the band get a few dollars rather than the 25
cents they would get from a retail sale.
<P> Then we would see corporate profits drop.
<HR NOSHADE WIDTH="20%"> <!-- ******************************* -->
In conclusion, the DMCA was passed and nobody noticed. (A few people like
Richard Stallman <A HREF="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/right-to-read.html">
sounded the alarm</A>, but everybody said it wouldn't get that bad.) Now when
it's too late, we are seeing the effects. We're also seeing DMCA-like laws
pushed in countries we thought were "safe". Then the publishers pull a rabbit
out of their hat with another law, and it doesn't take a rocket scientist to
see that it will also turn out to be more powerful than it appears when it's
passed (if it's passed), just like the DMCA.
<P> This, coupled with the crypto back door and hacking-considered-terrorism
proposals and others, foreshadow a society fifty years from now vastly
different than now, where everything is pay-per-view, fair use is forgotten,
all available computer hardware enforces this, and Linux has been illegal for
so long that nobody remembers what it was. But the biggest companies will
still have familiar names--AOL Time Warner, Walt Disney, Microsoft. The laws
give a competitive advantage to the companies that were dominant at the time of
the laws' adoption, since they can use the laws to sue everybody else out of
existence. (Why else do you think they pushed so heavily for the laws in the
first place?) Perhaps many people in today's computer field will drop out in
disgust and switch to other professions, and shun e-mail and the phone in favor
of face-to-face activities. Farfetched? Perhaps, but we've learned and not to
trust the CEOs and politicos any farther than we can throw them, and to expect
the worst because it will turn out worse than that.
<P> Of course, one wonders whether the needs of the publishers for
strong encryption and the needs of the FBI for weak encryption are on a
collision course. We've already seen that the needs of the FBI (to catch
bad guys) and the needs of e-commerce (to promote a healthy economy) are
opposite: that's why the Clinton administration weakened crypto export laws,
and why the FBI is now pushing back.
<HR NOSHADE WIDTH="20%"> <!-- ********************** -->
<STRONG>Other items of interest</STRONG>
<P> <A HREF="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/293/5537/2028">"Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to Science"</A> (Science magazine)
argues that the DMCA is a threat to all scientists, not just those in
computer security and encryption research. "Virtually all computer
scientists, as well as many other scientists with some programming skills, find
it necessary on occasion to reverse engineer computer programs. Sometimes they
have to bypass an authentication procedure or some other technical measure in
order to find out how the program works, how to fix it, or how to adapt it in
some way. The act of bypassing the authentication procedure or other technical
measure, as well as the making of a tool to aid the reverse engineering
process, may violate the DMCA. Although the DMCA also has an exception for
reverse engineering of a program, it too is narrow. It only applies if the sole
purpose of the reverse engineering is to achieve program-to-program
interoperability and if reverse engineering is necessary to do so. Trying to
fix a bug or understand the underlying algorithm does not qualify. Information
even incidentally learned in the course of a privileged reverse engineering
process cannot be divulged to any other person except for the sole purposes of
enabling program-to-program interoperability." The article also speculates
about a pharmaceutical company that "produces data to prove that a new drug is
safe but technically protects it so that only certain tests can be performed on
the data, all of which support the safety claim. A scientist who doubted the
safety claim and tried to process the data by additional tests would violate
the DMCA if he or she bypassed the access control system restricting use of the
data."
<P> Lawrence Lessig, who wrote _Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace_, is
<A HREF="http://lwn.net/2001/features/LawrenceLessig.php3">interviewed</A>
by LWN's Dennis Tenney. He gives his perspective on the
DMCA, Dmitry Sklyarov's case, Hailstorm, international jurisdiction,
etc.
<P> Background on the
<A HREF="http://www.informationweek.com/story/IWK20010711S0010">DeCSS case</A>.
<P> A <A HREF="http://slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=21786&threshold=1&commentsort=0&mode=thread&pid=2358824#2364678">Slashdot post</A>
that describes some of the lesser-known provisions of the DMCA.
<P> Phil Zimmerman, creator of PGP encryption,
<A HREF="http://www.philzimmermann.com/news-Response_WashPost.shtml">explains</A>
how he was misrepresented by the Washington Post. The Post reported that he
was "overwhelmed with feelings of guilt" over the fact that the September 11th
terrorists may have used PGP in planning their attack. Zimmerman reiterates
that he thinks the public having access to strong encryption without back doors
is a good idea, and that PGP is a good tool for human rights around the world.
He also insists he will not allow any back doors in PGP.
<a name="links"></a>
<p><hr><p>
<!-- =================================================================== -->
<center><H3><font color="green">Linux Links</font></H3></center>
<P> <hr> <P>
<IMG ALT="Linux Focus" SRC="../gx/linuxfocus.jpg" WIDTH="143" HEIGHT="45">
<BR CLEAR="all">
The following articles are in the September-October issue of the multilingual
ezine <A HREF="http://www.linuxfocus.org/">Linux Focus</A>.
<UL>
<LI><a href="http://linuxfocus.org/English/September2001/article139.shtml">
XMRM : Morphing with Linux</a></LI>
<LI><A HREF="http://linuxfocus.org/English/September2001/article198.shtml">
Avoiding security holes when developing an application - Part 5: race conditions</A>
<LI> <A HREF="http://linuxfocus.org/English/September2001/article206.shtml">Using XML and XSLT to build LinuxFocus.org(/Nederlands)</A>
<LI> <A HREF="http://linuxfocus.org/English/September2001/article213.shtml">Analyzing your internet applications' log files</A>
<LI> <A HREF="http://linuxfocus.org/English/September2001/article214.shtml">Psionic Portsentry 1.1, the defender of the ports</A>
<LI> <A HREF="http://linuxfocus.org/English/September2001/article215.shtml">E-mail over UUCP: The professional solution for dialup users</A>
<LI> <A HREF="http://linuxfocus.org/English/September2001/article216.shtml">Shell Programming</A>
</UL>
<P> In case you missed some of
<a href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/">
Linux Journal's</a> technical web articles over
the past few months here are some links to
System Administration articles by Marcel Gagn&eacute;<br>
<ul>
<li>Your Network's Secret Life<br>
<A HREF="http://noframes.linuxjournal.com/articles/sysadmin/0059.html">part 1</A>,
<A HREF="http://noframes.linuxjournal.com/articles/sysadmin/0060.html">part 2</A>,
<A HREF="http://noframes.linuxjournal.com/articles/sysadmin/0061.html">part 3</A>,
<A HREF="http://noframes.linuxjournal.com/articles/sysadmin/0062.html">part 4</A>,
<A HREF="http://noframes.linuxjournal.com/articles/sysadmin/0063.html">part 5</A>.
<li>Tux Knows It's Nice to Share<br>
<A HREF="http://noframes.linuxjournal.com/articles/sysadmin/0051.html">part 1</A>,
<A HREF="http://noframes.linuxjournal.com/articles/sysadmin/0052.html">part 2</A>,
<A HREF="http://noframes.linuxjournal.com/articles/sysadmin/0053.html">part 3</A>,
<A HREF="http://noframes.linuxjournal.com/articles/sysadmin/0054.html">part 4</A>,
<A HREF="http://noframes.linuxjournal.com/articles/sysadmin/0055.html">part 5</A>,
<A HREF="http://noframes.linuxjournal.com/articles/sysadmin/0056.html">part 6</A>,
<A HREF="http://noframes.linuxjournal.com/articles/sysadmin/0057.html">part 7</A>,
<A HREF="http://noframes.linuxjournal.com/articles/sysadmin/0058.html">part 8</A>.
</ul>
<P><a href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/">
Linux Journal</a> also has an online
<a href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/articles/linux_review/0052.html">
Review</a> of the book
Linux Administration: A Beginner's Guide, Second Edition.
<p><a href="http://www.linux-mag.com/">
Linux Magazine</a> have an article on MySQL
<a href="http://www.linux-mag.com/2001-06/mysql_01.html">
performance tuning</a>.
Much of the information could be applied to any SQL database.
<p>
<a href="http://www.thedukeofurl.org">
The Duke of URL</a> has
<ul>
<li>A <a href="http://www.thedukeofurl.org/reviews/misc/applixware50">
review</a> of
Applixware Office 5.0.
<li>An <a href="http://www.thedukeofurl.org/reviews/misc/tamingbeast">
editorial</a> called
"Taming the Beast." It's all about Microsoft's latest attempts to
corner the market and even has a little history, as well.
</ul>
<p><a href="http://www.linuxports.com/">The Linux Review</a> have taken a
<a href="http://www.linuxports.com/entry.lxp?lxpe=104">
look</a> at the new KDE 2.2 and its applications. The review points out
missing features that allegedly make the corresponding Windows and Macintosh
applications superior (even MS Outlook!). There is also a
<a href="http://www.linuxports.com/entry.lxp?lxpe=106">
follow up</a>. Courtesy
<a href="http://www.lwn.net/">LWN</a>.
<P>
Could DMCA be
<a href="http://mail.nl.linux.org/humorix/2001-08/msg00016.html">
outflanked</a> by new cosmogeny and quest for meaning of life ;-).
<P>There is an
<a href="http://www.osnews.com/story.php?news_id=93">
interview</a> with the creator of MenuetOS over at
<a href="http://www.osnews.com/">OS News</a>.
<a href="http://www.menuetos.org/">
MenuetOS</a>
is a small assembly-language OS
that fits on a floppy with room for a few applications. The video
driver has 16.7 million colours.
<p>
Some links courtesy of <a href="http://www.slashdot.org/">Slashdot</a>:
<ul>
<li>
Congress Mulls
<a href="http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,46816,00.html">
Stiff Crypto Laws</a>
in response to terror attacks.
<li>
CmdrTaco
<a href="http://slashdot.org/articles/01/09/13/154222.shtml">
explains</a>
how Slashdot stayed up during their highest load ever
after the attacks. Comments about MySQL and static pages.
<li>
ZDNet
<a href="http://techupdate.zdnet.com/techupdate/stories/main/0,14179,2808791-1,00.html">
reviews</a>
12 Linux support services.
<li>
Guido has written a web page of
<a href="http://www.python.org/doc/Newbies.html">
resources</a> for Python newbies
<li>
<a href="http://www.ibm.com/">IBM</a> to
<a href="http://www.investors.com/editorial/tech.asp?v=8/28">
sell</a> Linux-based brokering software,
</ul>
<P>
In industry bad news,
<a href="http://lwn.net/">Linux Weekly News</a>
have
<a href="http://lwn.net/2001/0913/">
reported</a> that Great Bridge has closed its doors. Great Bridge was the
company that brought LG the article
<A HREF="http://www.linuxgazette.com/issue68/mitchell.html">The Opening of the
Field: PostgreSQL's Multi-Version Concurrency Control</A>.
<a name="conferences"></a>
<p><hr><p>
<!-- =================================================================== -->
<center><H3><font color="green">Upcoming conferences and events</font></H3></center>
<P> Listings courtesy <EM>Linux Journal</EM>. See <EM>LJ</EM>'s
<A HREF="http://noframes.linuxjournal.com/events/">Events</A> page for the
latest goings-on.
<!-- *** BEGIN events table [this line needed by Linux Gazette events.py *** -->
<table cellpadding=5 border=0 width=100%>
<tr><td colspan=2><HR size=5 width=100% noshade align=center></td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top>
<b>Cluster 2001</b><BR>
<td valign=top>October 8-11, 2001<BR>Newport Beach, CA<BR>
<A HREF="http://www.cacr.caltech.edu/cluster2001/"
target=_blank>
http://www.cacr.caltech.edu/cluster2001/</A>
<BR>
</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan=2><HR size=5 width=100% noshade align=center></td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top>
<b>Linux Lunacy<br>Co-Produced by <i>Linux
Journal</i> and Geek Cruises</b><BR>
<td valign=top>October 21-28, 2001<BR>Eastern Caribbean<BR>
<A HREF="http://www.geekcruises.com/" target=_blank>
http://www.geekcruises.com</A><BR>
</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan=2><HR size=5 width=100% noshade align=center></td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top>
<b>LinuxWorld Conference & Expo</b><BR>
<td valign=top>October 30 - November 1, 2001<BR>Frankfurt, Germany<BR>
<A HREF="http://www.linuxworldexpo.de" target=_blank>
http://www.linuxworldexpo.de</A><BR>
</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan=2><HR size=5 width=100% noshade align=center></td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top>
<b>5th Annual Linux Showcase & Conference</b><BR>
<td valign=top>November 6-10, 2001<BR>Oakland, CA<BR>
<A HREF="http://www.linuxshowcase.org/" target=_blank>
http://www.linuxshowcase.org/</A><BR>
</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan=2><HR size=5 width=100% noshade align=center></td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top>
<b>Strictly e-Business Solutions Expo</b><BR>
<td valign=top>November 7-8, 2001<BR>Houston, TX<BR>
<A HREF="http://www.strictlyebusinessexpo.com/" target=_blank>
http://www.strictlyebusinessexpo.com</A><BR>
</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan=2><HR size=5 width=100% noshade align=center></td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top>
<b>LINUX Business Expo</b><BR>Co-located with COMDEX<br>
<td valign=top>November 12-16, 2001<BR>Las Vegas, NV<BR>
<A HREF="http://www.linuxbusinessexpo.com" target=_blank>
http://www.linuxbusinessexpo.com</A><BR>
</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan=2><HR size=5 width=100% noshade align=center></td></tr>
<tr><td valign=top>
<b>15th Systems Administration Conference/LISA 2001</b><BR>
<td valign=top>December 2-7, 2001<BR>San Diego, CA<BR>
<A HREF="http://www.usenix.org/events/lisa2001/" target=_blank>
http://www.usenix.org/events/lisa2001</A><BR>
</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan=2><HR size=5 width=100% noshade align=center></td></tr>
</table>
<!-- *** END events table [this line needed by Linux Gazette events.py *** -->
<a name="general"></a>
<p><hr><p>
<!-- =================================================================== -->
<center><H3><font color="green">News in General</font></H3></center>
<P> <hr> <P>
<!-- =================================================================== -->
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
<FONT COLOR="green">Python10 conference
</FONT>
</H3>
<P> The
<a href="http://www.python10.org">
Tenth International Python Conference</a> (Python 10) will be held on
February 4-7, 2002, at the Hilton Alexandria Mark Centre in Alexandria,
Virginia.
The Call for Papers for the Refereed Paper Track, and the Call for
Tutorials can be found at
<a href="http://www.python10.org/p10-callpapers.html">
www.python10.org/p10-callpapers.html</a>,
and
<a href="http://www.python10.org/p10-calltutorials.html">
www.python10.org/p10-calltutorials.html</a>,
respectively. The deadline for
submitting a paper to the Refereed Paper Track is Monday, October 8,
2001. The deadline for submitting a proposal for Tutorials Day is Monday,
October 1, 2001.
<P> <hr> <P>
<!-- =================================================================== -->
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
<FONT COLOR="green">LLNL Adds Linux Cluster Supercomputing Power to ASCI Project
</FONT>
</H3>
<P>SGI Federal, a
subsidiary of
<a href="http://www.sgi.com/">SGI</a>,
has
<a
href="http://www.linuxnetworx.com/news/8.28.2001.49-Lawrence_Liverm.html">
teamed up</a> with
<a href="http://www.linuxnetworx.com">
Linux NetworX</a> to win a bid to build three Parallel
Capacity Resource (PCR) Linux cluster computing systems totalling 472 Pentium
4 processors for the National Nuclear Security Administration's Accelerated Strategic
Computing Initiative (ASCI).
ASCI is a program to reach 100-trillion calculations per second by 2005
that will help scientists to maintain the
safety and reliability of the U.S. nuclear stockpile by simulating the
aging and operation of nuclear weapons. With a theoretical peak
performance of 857 gigaFLOP/s, the largest of the three systems with 252 Pentium
4 processors, named PCR P4A, will be one the fastest Linux clusters ever built.
<P> <hr> <P>
<!-- =================================================================== -->
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
<FONT COLOR="green">Petroleum Penguins
</FONT>
</H3>
<P><a href="http://www.lgc.com/">
Landmark Graphics Corp.</a>, a wholly owned business unit of
Halliburton Company, today announced plans to offer its full
suite of integrated UNIX exploration and production applications on a range
of Linux platforms with rollout beginning in the fourth quarter of 2001.
This marks the most significant commitment to date by a major technology
provider in the oil and gas industry to support the "open source" Linux
operating system. Compaq, Dell, EMC, IBM, Intel and Network Appliance are
working with Landmark to offer a broad range of optimized Linux solutions,
including workstations, servers and storage.
<a name="distro"></a>
<p><hr><p>
<!-- =================================================================== -->
<center><H3><font color="green">Distro News</font></H3></center>
<P> <hr> <P>
<!-- =================================================================== -->
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
<FONT COLOR="green">Debian
</FONT>
</H3>
<a href="http://www.debian.org/News/weekly/2001/21/">
There are</a> a lot of orphaned (102) and up-for-adoption (35) packages out
there. Some of the packages include kicq, knews, mcvert (Mac to Unix file
converter) and several others. A list of packages is found
<a href="http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-announce/2001/debian-devel-announce-200109/msg00003.html">
here</a>.
<p>
<hr width="20%" noshade>
<p>
Adam Di Carlo
<a href="http://lists.debian.org/debian-boot/2001/debian-boot-200109/msg00255.html">
announced</a> that version 3.0.14 of the boot floppies are
<a href="http://people.debian.org/~aph/debian/dists/woody/main/">
available</a> for testing for powerpc and
i386. Hammer on them and send reports, comments or praise to debian-boot@lists.debian.org.
<a href="http://www.debian.org/News/weekly/2001/22/">
Original story</a>.
<p>
<hr width="20%" noshade>
<p>
Debian Security is crucial to users and should be managed properly.
<a href="http://www.debian.org/News/weekly/2001/23/">
Recently</a>, to
help improve the situation, Joey Hess has
<a href="http://lists.debian.org/debian-security/2001/debian-security-200109/msg00225.html">
asked</a> for a Security Secretary, who
will
<a href="http://lists.debian.org/debian-security/2001/debian-security-200109/msg00299.html">
help</a> the Debian Security Team doing their work.
<p>
Reports taken from
<a href="http://www.debian.org/News/weekly/">
Debian Weekly News</a>.
<P> <hr> <P>
<!-- =================================================================== -->
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
<FONT COLOR="green">SuSE
</FONT>
</H3>
<P>From the end of August,
<a href="http://www.suse.de/en/">SuSE Linux</a>
<a href="http://www.suse.de/en/sles/">
Enterprise Server 7</a> will be available for Intel's 32-bit
architecture (x86), Intel's 64-bit architecture (Itanium processor family),
and IBM's mainframe platform S/390. Versions for IBM's iSeries,
pSeries, and zSeries will follow in late autumn.
Included in the purchase price, are maintenance services that make sure that
SuSE Linux Enterprise Server 7 is always up-to-date, stable, and tested.
SuSE regularly informs users by e-mail and makes the respective patches,
fixes, and updates available via FTP server.
For more information please refer to
<a href="http://www.suse.de/en/sles/">
http://www.suse.de/en/sles/</a>
<p>
<hr width="20%" noshade>
<P>SuSE Linux have also announced that
<a href="http://www.suse.de/en/produkte/solutions/database_server/index.html">
SuSE Linux Database Server</a>
combines the operating system platform of SuSE Linux Enterprise
Server with IBM's DB2 Database to form a complete solution for professional users.
In mid September, SuSE Linux will present an updated version of the solution package.
<a name="commercial"></a>
<p><hr><p>
<!-- =================================================================== -->
<center><H3><font color="green">Software and Product Announcements</font></H3></center>
<P> <hr> <P>
<!-- =================================================================== -->
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
<FONT COLOR="green">New CPCI SBC from MEN Micro
</FONT>
</H3>
<P>
<a href="http://www.menmicro.com/">
MEN Micro</a> have released
a new CompactPCI single board computer (SBC). The SBC comes in three
versions, and each version includes a 300 MHz PowerPC XPC8245. The D3, as
the new SBC is designated, is a one-slot 6U CompactPCI board. In CompactPCI
systems it operates as a master system-slot board, but in embedded
applications it can also operate as a standalone processing unit without a
bus connection. As a computer, the D3 comes with up to 256K of DRAM in a
SODIMM slot, two megabytes (MB) of flash memory and an ATA-compatible
CompactFlash site, in addition to numerous other I/O features. The D3 can
run either the VxWorks or Linux operating systems. For more information on
the D3 including a data sheet, go to
<a href="http://www.men.de/products/press/">
www.men.de/products/press</a>.
<P> <hr> <P>
<!-- =================================================================== -->
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
<FONT COLOR="green">Rackspace Named Best Dedicated Host
</FONT>
</H3>
<P>
<a href="http://www.rackspace.com/index.php">
Rackspace</a>, who hosts more than 2,500 Linux servers, has earned the title of
"Best Dedicated Host",
as judged by the editors of
Web Hosting Magazine,
because of their dedication to customer service.
<P> <hr> <P>
<!-- =================================================================== -->
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
<FONT COLOR="green">SAIR Linux and GNU Certification
</FONT>
</H3>
<P>
Recently, to assist in promoting the Linux+
certification effort,
<a href="http://www.linuxcertification.com">
SAIR Linux and GNU Certification</a> has released a version of its
Fundamentals course-ware, which doubles as preparation course-ware for
<a href="http://www.comptia.org/">
CompTIA's</a> Linux+ Certification exam.
SAIR Linux and GNU
was contacted by CompTIA<49> to aid in the development of CompTIA's
Linux+ Certification exam. The course title is SAIR Linux
and GNU Fundamentals/Linux+.
<P> <hr> <P>
<!-- =================================================================== -->
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
<FONT COLOR="green">Linux Based Ethernet Compatible Set Top Box
</FONT>
</H3>
<P> <a href="http://www.vtmt.com/">
Media Technology</a> have launched their new product, the
<a href="http://www.vtmt.com/html/vt900.html">
VT900 Set Top Box</a>.
The VT900 enables Ethernet 10/100 data streams to be converted to composite
analog RF data streams or digital S-Video data streams compatible with all
standard TV sets. Over 250 channels of various forms of TV-format data
have been successfully tested with the VT900.
Implementing Linux, the VT900 incorporates a full browser, and supports all
plug-ins. Partnerships have been established with both Century Embedded
Software Inc., and Enreach Technology Inc, to further develop application
software.
The VT900 is designed using the National Semiconductor Geode processor in
conjunction with the Sigma Design EM8400 MPEG Decoder and the Macphyter
Ethernet adapter. Optionally available are DVD Player, CDRW, Floppy and
standard IDE Hardware.
<P> <hr> <P>
<!-- =================================================================== -->
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
<FONT COLOR="green">Team ASA Announces NPWR SBC up-grade with Dual Gigabit Ethernet Ports
</FONT>
</H3>
<P> <a href="http://www.teamasa.com/">
Team ASA's</a>
NPWR is a Single Board Computer (SBC) designed for
manufacturers and OEMs in the Network Attached Storage (NAS), RAID,
and Personal Server marketplaces. It is
now available with dual Gigabit
Ethernet ports.
The NPWR is powered by the Intel XScale processor, the XScale is a
RISC CPU with clock rates reaching as high as 733 MHz. NPWR's
standard configuration includes 160 Mbytes per Second (LVD) SCSI
port, 8 Mbytes of FLASH ROM, 128 Mbytes of SDRAM and a Gigabit
Ethernet port.
<P> <hr> <P>
<!-- =================================================================== -->
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
<FONT COLOR="green">DocPro DocBook Tool Set
</FONT>
</H3>
<P><a href="http://www.commandprompt.com/">
Command Prompt, Inc.</a> is pleased to announce
<a href="http://www.commandprompt.com/products_DocPro.lxp">
DocPro</a>, the
"professional DocBook tool set".
DocPro is a compilation of tools designed to allow technical writers to
effectively process their DocBook SGML and XML layout. DocBook itself
is a powerful markup language. However, the tools are painful to compile,
configure and work with. Command Prompt, Inc. has eliminated the problems
associated with the integration of these tools into a production
environment. DocPro comes in Basic and Deluxe versions, and should work
with all RedHat 6.2 and later compatible distributions of Linux.
<P> <hr> <P>
<!-- =================================================================== -->
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
<FONT COLOR="green">Tarantella Enterprise 3 Starter for Linux
</FONT>
</H3>
<P>
<a href="http://www.tarantella.com/">Tarantella, Inc.</a>
has announced the availability of
<a href="http://www.tarantella.com/products/e3/starter.html">
Tarantella Enterprise 3 Starter for Linux</a> software.
The product makes it possible to publish Windows, Web, Java, AS/400, Linux
and UNIX applications securely to client devices anywhere. It
can be used for a wide
range of tasks, such as remote system administration or accessing company
applications and services from home.
<P> <hr> <P>
<!-- =================================================================== -->
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
<FONT COLOR="green">Embedded Open Motif
</FONT>
</H3>
<a href="http://www.ics.com/">
Integrated Computer Solutions</a> has announced a
version of Open Motif targeted at embedded and handheld devices with
limited displays, memory, and processing power.
<a href="http://www.motifzone.net/projects/?group_id=16">
Embedded Open Motif</a> has been ported to the Compaq IPAQ and the Agenda
VR3 from Agenda Computing. Both source code and binary packages are
available for free download from the
<a href="http://www.motifzone.net/">
MotifZone</a>.
Get more information online at:
<a href="http://www.motifzone.net/forum/forum.php?forum_id=140">
http://www.motifzone.net/forum/forum.php?forum_id=140</a>
<P> <hr> <P>
<!-- =================================================================== -->
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
<FONT COLOR="green">WAP Opera
</FONT>
</H3>
<P><a href="http://www.opera.com/">Opera Software</a>
have
<a href="http://www.opera.com/pressreleases/20010905.html">
announced</a> that future versions of its browser will support the new and
improved Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) 2.0 standard.
<p>
<hr width="20%" noshade>
<p>
Opera Software have also opened the
revamped
<a href="http://my.opera.com/">
MyOpera</a> community and released the second edition of their popular
Opera Composer, inviting users to join an Opera community or create their
own. In this new version, users can customise their own Web browser for
the Linux platform as well as for Windows,
<P> <hr> <P>
<!-- =================================================================== -->
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
<FONT COLOR="green">Alabanza
</FONT>
</H3>
<P>
<a href="http://www.alabanza.com/">
Alabanza</a> has
<a href="http://www.alabanza.com/pages/press_sitebuilder.html">
launched</a> version 4.1 of
of its Automated Web Hosting Software Suite, which was originally
built on and still runs on the Linux operating system. The latest version of the
software suite includes a new Web Site Builder tool it acquired from OnNet Web
Hosting. Version 4.1 automates administrative Web hosting tasks, empowers users to
update sites, provides for complete security and furnishes electronic commerce
services for small businesses.
Alabanza's Automated Web Hosting Software Suite 4.1 is the most proven, reliable
and secure solution on the market for hundreds of Web designers and developers,
systems integrators, Internet service providers and telecommunications carriers.
It allows end users to automate administrative tasks, manage content, and update
Web sites with a significant decrease in time and costs; all within a secure
environment.
<P> <hr> <P>
<!-- =================================================================== -->
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
<FONT COLOR="green">BrainTAGS
</FONT>
</H3>
<P>
<a href="http://www.braintags.de/">
BrainT@GS</a>
has released NetRelay. This software-tool automates processes between web
client, server and databases. This includes automatic record creation,
deletion, display and up-date and integration of a template-engine. The
intelligent and structured architecture of NetRelay makes the development
of dynamic web applications more transparent and structured. NetRelay
creates a clear separation between logic and presentation and also
generates automatic XML documents, enabling easy data-transfer. NetRelay
is database independent. NetRelay runs on any server platform supporting
the JDK, and has been tested on Linux.
<!-- *** BEGIN copyright *** -->
<P> <hr> <P>
<H5 ALIGN=center>
Copyright &copy; 2001, Michael Conry and
the Editors of <A HREF="mailto:gazette@ssc.com"><I>Linux Gazette</I></A>.<BR>
Copying license <A HREF="../copying.html">http://www.linuxgazette.com/copying.html</A><BR>
Published in Issue 71 of <i>Linux Gazette</i>, October 2001</H5>
<!-- *** END copyright *** -->
<!-- startcut ============================================================-->
<CENTER>
<!-- *** BEGIN navbar *** -->
<IMG ALT="" SRC="../gx/navbar/left.jpg" WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="45" BORDER="0" ALIGN="bottom"><A HREF="lg_mail71.html"><IMG ALT="[ Prev ]" SRC="../gx/navbar/prev.jpg" WIDTH="16" HEIGHT="45" BORDER="0" ALIGN="bottom"></A><A HREF="index.html"><IMG ALT="[ Table of Contents ]" SRC="../gx/navbar/toc.jpg" WIDTH="220" HEIGHT="45" BORDER="0" ALIGN="bottom" ></A><A HREF="../index.html"><IMG ALT="[ Front Page ]" SRC="../gx/navbar/frontpage.jpg" WIDTH="137" HEIGHT="45" BORDER="0" ALIGN="bottom"></A><A HREF="../faq/index.html"><IMG ALT="[ FAQ ]" SRC="./../gx/navbar/faq.jpg"WIDTH="62" HEIGHT="45" BORDER="0" ALIGN="bottom"></A><A HREF="lg_answer71.html"><IMG ALT="[ Next ]" SRC="../gx/navbar/next.jpg" WIDTH="15" HEIGHT="45" BORDER="0" ALIGN="bottom" ></A><IMG ALT="" SRC="../gx/navbar/right.jpg" WIDTH="15" HEIGHT="45" ALIGN="bottom">
<!-- *** END navbar *** -->
</CENTER>
</BODY></HTML>
<!-- endcut ============================================================-->
Reference in New Issue View Git Blame Copy Permalink