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<title>Homer's Open Source Odyssey 2001: Classical Computing and a Brief History of
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"Linux Gazette...<I>making Linux just a little more fun!</I>"
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<H1><font color="maroon">Homer's Open Source Odyssey 2001: Classical Computing and a
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Brief History of Open
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Source</font></H1>
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<H4>By <a href="mailto:mcgucken@jollyroger.com">Elliot McGucken</a></H4>
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<!-- END header -->
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<P> Today we are continuing along on the same open-source journey
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Homer set out upon three thousand years ago, when he shared the words of
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<EM>The Odyssey</EM> with an audience and enriched them with the knowledge of a
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classic's ineffable truths. The story was passed along from generation to
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generation as part of an oral tradition for a few hundred of years, before
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it was transcribed around 700 BC. The invention of the printing press
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and movable type by Gutenberg circa 1445 aided in the sharing of
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classical information, and suddenly the Bible, as well as works such as
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<EM>The Odyssey</EM>, found a far greater audience.
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<P>
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With the advent of the
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Internet the content and the audience have augmented vastly. And of even
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greater significance, with the new paradigms afforded by information
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technology, classical computing has joined the ranks of immortal art,
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science, and literature. In the past few years, we have played witness to
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a revolutionary era of humanity's cultural journey, wherein technology and
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ideas have merged in a brave new digital world, rendering knowledge as
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affordable as it is eternal.
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<P> Software is labor immortalized, as a programmer's algorithm, once
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written, may continue to function for eternity. Thus now, in addition to
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inheriting the cultural riches of our predecessors, we may also inherit
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the functionality of their programs. In a world where commerce is defined
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by the movement of information, that machinery--the hardware and
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software--which moves the information embodies work, and thus the
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innovations of one's predecessors will not only bestow aesthetic riches,
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but they shall also provide a wellspring of eternal labor. A hundred
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years from now Hamlet shall still be contemplating the correct course of
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action, and the Linux kernel, along with Apache, shall still be providing
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the fundamental labor which transports Hamlet all about the watery globe.
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<P> In software, language has becomes action. Never before has an
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individual commanded so much wealth, so many man-hours of innovation. In
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the past decade, those man-hours have increased geometrically, as the
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network has enabled the collaboration of thousands of the best and
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brightest programmers.
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<P> Whereas in Jefferson's day it took three days and a horse's labor
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to deliver a letter from Philadelphia to Washington, today one can
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instantaneously send a message to the far corners of the watery globe by
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utilizing the inherited wealth born of the millions of hours that millions
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of scientists have spent theorizing, millions of innovators have spent
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innovating, and millions of engineers have spent engineering--one can use
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this collective wealth for free. All one has to do is log on to the new
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paradigm of classical computing.
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<P> Over two-thousand-five-hundred years ago the Greeks developed an architecture
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which was passed along to the Romans via open-source methods. In
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1675, about seventy years after Shakespeare penned Hamlet, Newton claimed
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he saw further because he "stood upon the shoulders of giants," and he
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invented calculus. A hundred years later a poet by the name of
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William Blake penned the verse wherein he saw the world in a grain of sand
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and found eternity within an hour. Since then, via the open source of
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modern physics, space has become time, time has become space, and Blake's
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grain of sand has become a silicon chip, which holds not only entire
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worlds, but also all of the art, music, and poetry ever known to humanity.
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And these vast open-source riches, from condensed matter physics, to the
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complete works of Shakespeare, are free to all. Thus it is that those who
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open books or log on are granted an inheritance as never before.
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<P> The very freedoms which are so fundamental to our everyday existence
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were passed down by a classical open-source method. The Declaration of
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Independence has inspired the likes of Ghandi and the students in
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Tiannamen Square, and the noble document's author, Thomas Jefferson, once
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stated stated that there was nothing new within its words, but that he had
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merely edited the better parts of history. Concerning the Declaration of
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Independence, Jefferson wrote:
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<BLOCKQUOTE>
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Neither aiming at originality of principle or sentiment, nor yet copied
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from any particular and previous writing, it was intended to be an
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expression of the American mind, and to give to that expression the proper
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tone and spirit called for by the occasion. All its authority rests then on
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the harmonizing sentiments of the day, whether expressed in conversation,
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in letters, printed essays, or in the elementary books of public right, as
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Aristotle, Cicero, Locke, Sidney, &c.
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</BLOCKQUOTE>
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<P>
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The classics represent the center and circumference of humanity's
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open-source movement. Like calculus, the transistor, the
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microprocessor, C, and Linux, they were created for little in the way
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of stock options, and shared not so much for fame and fortune, but
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because they had to be, because they worked and accomplished the task
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of helping us find words for our thoughts, music for our feelings,
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solutions for our technical hurdles, and meaning for our lives.
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<P>
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Not too long ago John Doerr of Kleiner Perkins said that the Internet age
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had fostered the greatest legal creation of wealth. Instead I would argue
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that it has afforded the greatest inheritance of wealth, for on the
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Internet we are standing upon the shoulders of giants with names like
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Shockley, Bohr, Faraday, Einstein, Jefferson, Dirac, Aristotle, Moses,
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Copernicus, Shakespeare, and Newton. And as Newton himself acknowledged
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that he had stood upon the shoulders of giants, so it is that today we are
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standing upon the shoulders of giants who stood upon the shoulders of
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giants.
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<P> Recorded culture is humanity's single greatest invention, and it is a
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tower built from the open source of the ages, with foundations thousands
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of years deep, reaching back to the dawn of civilization and language
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itself. Today we are standing upon the shoulders of countless innovators
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and educators: all the typesetters and teachers throughout the ages who
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kept the language alive and the aesthetic beacon lit, all the prophets and
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poets, all the inventors and innovators who built the first presses, who
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pioneered quantum mechanics, and who selflessly pushed forward the
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open-source technology, philosophy, and software of the Internet age.
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Venture Capital is a very recent innovation, and because individuals,
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rather than money, invent new technologies, VC has played little if any
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role in the development of the internet, as it was used primarily for
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seeding pyramid schemes wherein savvy MBAs could momentarily pretend
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they were high-tech entrepreneurs.
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<P>
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We are standing upon the shoulders of the Founding Fathers
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who humbly recognized our fundamental freedom in the face of mysteries
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greater than ourselves, who penned an open-source Constitution in homage
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to those higher laws which grant us our natural freedoms. An open-source
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Constitution which could be amended by the people, and which has been
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freely distributed about the globe, and adapted and adopted in country
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after country, in city after city, in heart after heart. An open-source
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Constitution in which they set in words the laws which today encourage
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innovators by allowing them to own their ideas via copyrights, patents,
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and trademarks.
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<P> In fact, the only place where the word "right" is mentioned in the
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Constitution is in relation to intellectual property:
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<BLOCKQUOTE>
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The Congress shall have Power To promote the Progress of Science and
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useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the
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exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;
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</BLOCKQUOTE>
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<P>
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But when more and more intellectual property is inherited rather than
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created, when more and more lawyers and hypesters are employed by
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corporations to convince judges and juries of the grandiose merits of
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some trifling innovation, is the true innovator benefiting?
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<P>
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As the contemporary innovator stands upon more and more giants, perhaps
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the patenting process devolves into a game of semantics, wherein some
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"innovators" attempt to claim credit for others' monuments by calling a
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rose by a different name. For instance, when Jeff Bezos patented
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"one-click shopping", he was in essence giving a new name to the cookie
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technology which is intrinsic to the browser, which maintains state and
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stores the identity of the user. Jeff Bezos had nothing to do with the
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development of that technology, yet he was still awarded the patent.
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<P>
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<STRONG>
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Patents are supposed to encourage innovation by protecting the inventor's
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rights to profit from their inventions, but it is hard to imagine how far
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along we'd be today if every aspect of the C language had been patented
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as it evolved, if every new subroutine or algorithm was handed to the
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lawyers before it was presented to other programmers, or if Tim Berners Lee
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had patented the fundamentals of the Internet. With hundreds of
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Internet companies penning patents and creating dubious boundaries, erecting
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fences on a wide open frontier which they did not discover nor create, it
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is more likely that
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lawyers will profit as opposed to innovation.</STRONG>
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<P>
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The realm of open source and "classical computing" may represent a
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hybrid paradigm, wherein programming is closer in essence to physics
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and mathematics than it is to inventing the world's first functional
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airplane, or the first light bulb. One cannot patent scientific laws
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nor mathematical concepts, and thus physics and mathematics have always
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been open-source endeavours.
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<P>
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In programming the fundamental algorithms are immutable ideals, and
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though they may be used as machines to ferry information about the
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globe, when one attempts to patent the machine, one is perhaps trying
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to take too much credit for the algorithms developed by others, or for
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immutable ideals which were always there. It
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seems that more and more innovations in contemporary information
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technology are dwarfed by the giants upon which they are based, for
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what sole inventor or invention can be greater than the open platform
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upon which it is invented, such as Linux and C++?
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<P>
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The GNU General Public License takes the "standing upon the shoulders of
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giants" aspect of software development into account, as it states:
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<blockquote>
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Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents.
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We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will
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individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program
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proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must
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be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
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</blockquote>
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If one builds upon code developed under the GNU License, the new code
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inherits the GNU Copyleft, thereby keeping the source open, and
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acknowledging the former giants of innovation and good will.
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<P>
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When the division between the legal mind and the innovating mind grows, as
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has been encouraged by the fact that only lawyers can practice law (except
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for the cases where one represents oneself), what can quickly happen is
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that the laws founded to encourage innovation begin to encourage lawyers
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at the innovator's expense, as it is difficult for the typical inventor to
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keep up with the ever-evolving game of legal semantics. Indeed, the men
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who penned the Constitution believed that the common man would be capable
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of comprehending the law--otherwise what good could laws be in a
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democratic republic? Perhaps innovators should be made to file and defend
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their own patents, or patent nothing at all, and lawyers should only be
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allowed to file patents for that which they themselves have invented.
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This would keep well-funded corporations from hiring legions of lawyers to
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file ambiguous patents with sweeping claims. For if the legal system can
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determine that Microsoft has a monopoly in the arena of the desktop
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operating system, then certainly that same legal system should recognize
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that lawyers have monopolized the legal system, taxing all innovation as
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the arbiters of others' copyrights, patents, and trademarks.
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<P>
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All the major innovations upon which the Internet is based were made
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before 1995, from TCP/IP to Sendmail, Apache, Perl, Mosaic, and Netscape.
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None of these innovations were patented. After 1995 we encountered the
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irony that although the Internet was built by individuals seeking truth
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and beauty in functionality, it was hyped by hundreds of corporations led
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by MBAs and "visonary" CEOs who had very little to do with true
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innovation, who registered thousands of trademarks and patented spurious
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technological innovations, and who ultimately created thousands of
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worthless companies which lost far more than they ever made, except for
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the insiders and the bankers.
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<P>
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And yet, it is a misconception that the open-source movement in general
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opposes intellectual property rights, although at times a few adherents
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or government bureaucrats seem to be drawn towards the open-source
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movement because they believe it supports a form of communism. Rather,
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most
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open-sourcers are opposed to the patenting of other's innovations and
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trying to pass them off as one's own in a game of legal semantics.
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<P>
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Benjamin Franklin, an open-sourcer who was certainly not a communist,
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turned down the opportunity to patent the Franklin Stove, "on the
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principle that 'as we enjoy great advantages from the inventions of
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others, we should be glad of an opportunity to serve others by any
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invention of ours; and this we should do freely and generously." But
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at the same time, he didn't believe that the government should fund the
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development of the Franklin stove, nor did he ever speak out against
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the rights which inventors should have to their own innovations, nor
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did he ever contend that the government should have the role of
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redistributing his Franklin stove. Open source is about the
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individual--it is about the innovator, the end-user, not about the
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administrators nor the hypesters, who so often seek to ride on the
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coattails of others' achievements, whether they reside in a corporate
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or government bureaucracy.
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<P>
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Regarding the ownership of intellectual property via copyrights, Mark Twain
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once addressed the United States Congress with:
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<blockquote>
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I am aware that copyright must have a limit, because that is required by
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the Constitution of the United States, which sets aside the earlier
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Constitution, which we call the decalogue. The decalogue says you shall
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not take away from any man his profit. I don't like to be obliged to use
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the harsh term. What the decalogue really says is, "Thou shalt not steal,"
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but I am trying to use more polite language.
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</blockquote>
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Twain goes on to offer a good defense of the protection of "ideas which
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did not exist before" as property:
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<blockquote>
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I put a supposititious case, a dozen Englishmen who travel through South
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Africa and camp out, and eleven of them see nothing at all; they are
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mentally blind. But there is one in the party who knows what this harbor
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means and what the lay of the land means. To him it means that some day a
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railway will go through here, and there on that harbor a great city will
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spring up.
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<P>
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That is his idea. And he has another idea, which is to go and trade his
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last bottle of Scotch whiskey and his last horse-blanket to the principal
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chief of that region and buy a piece of land the size of Pennsylvania.
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That was the value of an idea that the day would come when the Cape to
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Cairo Railway would be built.
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<P>
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Every improvement that is put upon the real estate is the result of an
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idea in somebody's head. The skyscraper is another idea; the railroad is
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another; the telephone and all those things are merely symbols which
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represent ideas. An andiron, a wash-tub, is the result of an idea that did
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not exist before.
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<P>
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So if, as that gentleman said, a book does consist solely of ideas, that
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is the best argument in the world that it is property, and should not be
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under any limitation at all.
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</blockquote>
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<P>Although Twain would like to keep his intellectual property in this case,
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while Franklin aims to give his away, they both seem to agree that intellectual
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property is property, and that individuals should have the right to choose what
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they do with it. And as patents and copyrights have limits, eventually the source
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of all intellectual property becomes open.
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<P>
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The Wright brothers' names are still on the fundamental patents which
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describe the design of the navigational systems on all modern airplanes.
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Such fundamental patents as this help inspire the innovators in their life
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times, allowing them to reap the benefits of what they develop, and too,
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when they expire, the open knowledge, which one can improvise upon without
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the fear of a lawsuit, allows for further innovations. To determine the
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"right" duration of a patent or a copyright will always be a difficult
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task, and perhaps modern technological innovations, most of which are
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based on yesteryear's far greater monuments of innovation, should be
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granted patents with a shorter duration.
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<P>
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Another common misconception is that Red Hat Linux and Microsoft are at
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opposite ends of the open-source spectrum, but they are in fact very similar.
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Both operating systems developed by the publicly-traded
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companies were mostly written in the open source of the C computing
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language (the language itself is an open specification), both were built upon
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the open-source science and technology found within the silicon chip, and both
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benefit from intellectual property rights to their respective trademarks,
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copyrights, and patents. Both use the open source of the English language, and
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both openly share volumes of useful information on their web sites. Microsoft
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chooses to keep more of their coding proprietary, thus guaranteeing better pay
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for their programmers, while Red Hat opens the source, thereby allowing anyone
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to contribute, but lowering the direct monetary compensation of those who do.
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<P> Also, Microsoft has offered a far better return for the common
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investor and worker, not just for the insiders. Perhaps there is not as
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much money to be made out of a global network of open-source programmers
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as Red Hat and other public linux companies once trumpeted. Perhaps the
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true wealth of the open-source movement is inherited by the webmasters who
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utilize the code, by the entrepreneurs who download the open-source tools
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and applications to power entire portals of their own creation. Like the
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free market, it seems that in the long run the Internet favors the rugged
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individual, the renaissance man, over the bureaucracy led by the
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administrator and hypester.
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<P> For certain user-friendly applications, such as office suites and
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other software used by non-programmers, Microsoft has the upper hand, as
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paying programmers to write word-processing applications and office suites
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makes sense. The majority of hard-core programmers probably don't care
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about font colors and integration with PowerPoint and spreadsheets quite
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as much as they care about streamlining Apache or enhancing Linux
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security.
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<P> But when it comes to servers, the open-source paradigm provides a
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superior system, as the more technically-inclined--the ones who actually
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build and configure the servers--are allowed to get under the hood and
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enhance the performance. Whereas a typical author or MBA would probably
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never want to hack away at PowerPoint or Microsoft Word to get cooler
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fonts, those who have built and configured their own servers don't mind
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spending a few sleepless nights to add functionality. And by
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sharing their accomplishments on the Internet, they may receive that
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priceless respect from fellow gurus, and benefit themselves while
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benefiting others, as the improvements that they bestow upon their fellow
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programmers may in turn be improved upon, while the bugs may be fixed by
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any one of thousands of experts.
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<P> There is a beauty in efficiency and functionality, and the
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programmer's aesthetic is very similar to Einstein's, who once said,
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"Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not more so."
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There is room for both Microsoft and Linux, and as Eric Raymond pointed
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out in a recent Wall Street Journal article, there is little need for the
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government to interfere--Linux will continue to spread throughout the
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server market, as it contains all the inherent advantages of open source.
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<P> If history has demonstrated anything, it is that truth, beauty,
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and freedom are the favored traditions, and thus classical computing, born
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upon the ancient open-source paradigm, shall prosper throughout the rest
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of eternity.
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<!-- *** BEGIN bio *** -->
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<SPACER TYPE="vertical" SIZE="30">
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<P>
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<H4><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/note.gif">Elliot McGucken</H4>
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<EM> As a Ph.D. physicist and the CEO of "The World's Classical Portal" at
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<A HREF="http://jollyroger.com">jollyroger.com</A> I rely on everything open
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|
source, from forums, to shopping carts, to linux, apache, php, perl, and the
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|
condensed matter physics which affords the silicon computer chip. I first
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encountered Linux in 1994, when I used it to run VLSI design software on my
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home PC. </A>
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<!-- *** END bio *** -->
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<!-- *** BEGIN copyright *** -->
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<P> <hr> <!-- P -->
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<H5 ALIGN=center>
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Copyright © 2001, Elliot McGucken.<BR>
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Copying license <A
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HREF="../copying.html">http://www.linuxgazette.com/copying.html</A><BR>
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Published in Issue 70 of <i>Linux Gazette</i>, September 2001</H5>
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<!-- *** END copyright *** -->
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