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<H3 align="left"><img src="../../gx/dennis/qbubble.gif"
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height="50" width="60" alt="(?) " border="0"
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>Homework assignment: define these Linux terms</H3>
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<p><strong>From
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Maria Alejandra Balmaceda
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</strong></p>
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<p align="right"><strong>Answered By
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Karl-Heinz Herrmann
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<br></strong></p>
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<!-- ::
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Homework assignment: define these Linux terms
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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:: -->
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<P><STRONG>
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i would like to know if you can define to me this words:
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</STRONG></P>
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<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="../../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
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HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
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> [K.H.]
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I can try at least some of them:
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</BLOCKQUOTE>
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<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="../../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
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HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
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>
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Linux
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UNIX
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</STRONG></P>
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<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="../../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
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HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
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> [K.H.]
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UNIX is an operating system developed around 1969 from Bell Labs according
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to:
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<A HREF="http://minnie.cs.adfa.edu.au/Unix_History"
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>http://minnie.cs.adfa.edu.au/Unix_History</A>
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</BLOCKQUOTE>
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<BLOCKQUOTE><DL><DT>
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another history overview is on:
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<DD><A HREF="http://perso.wanadoo.fr/levenez/unix"
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>http://perso.wanadoo.fr/levenez/unix</A>
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</DL></BLOCKQUOTE>
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<BLOCKQUOTE>
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Since then many clones and reimplementations of very similar Operating
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systems have
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been released. Most of them were developed by some company and sold running
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on their hardware (HP unix, IBM 's AIX, Dec OSF, Cray unicos, ....).
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</BLOCKQUOTE>
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<BLOCKQUOTE>
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Another one of them is Linux -- a Unix kernel rewrite started as a project
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by Linus
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Torvalds with the remarkable difference that the Linux kernel was and is
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free --
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free in the sense that everybody has access to the source and is free to
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redistribute it as well as modifying it.
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</BLOCKQUOTE>
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<BLOCKQUOTE>
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Linus' work was made possible by another project: GNU. See below.
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</BLOCKQUOTE>
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<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="../../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
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HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
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>[Heather]
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I see people say that specific line so often it rates as a myth.
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Actually the GNU project had nothing to do with his kernel; I believe his
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earliest kernels weren't even under GPL; beyond that, not all GPL'd
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applications are part of the GNU project, in fact I dare say most of them
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aren't, esp. since there's more of them every day. See "distribution"
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below for what really needed GNU tools to get going.
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</BLOCKQUOTE>
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<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="../../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
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HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
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>
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Kernel
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</STRONG></P>
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<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="../../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
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HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
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> [K.H.]
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loosely the core part of the operating system which handles all the
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hardware and
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resources of a computer.
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</BLOCKQUOTE>
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<BLOCKQUOTE>
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The kernel also is code which has more or less free access to memory and
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hardware
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in contrast to "user space" where the hardware access has to go through
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the method
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the kernel provides.
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</BLOCKQUOTE>
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<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="../../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
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HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
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>
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GNU
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</STRONG></P>
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<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="../../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
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HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
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> [K.H.]
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See: <A HREF="http://www.gnu.org"
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>http://www.gnu.org</A> for material on gnu, free software, open source
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etc.
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</BLOCKQUOTE>
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<BLOCKQUOTE>
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This had all the tools like compilers which are necessary to buid an
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operating system as well as all the little commandline programs which
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make the Linux kernel
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to a Unix like operating system (what would one do without commands like
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ls, mv, ps or sh, bash, ....).
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</BLOCKQUOTE>
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<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="../../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
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HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
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>[Heather]
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Hardly <EM>all</EM> the tools; about as many of the tools in a typical system
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are under BSDish or other free licenses. If you measure by bits instead
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of how many packages, X is fairly heavyweight and remains under an MIT
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license. A lot of Linux users use X, many even consider it a day to
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day necessity.
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</BLOCKQUOTE>
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<BLOCKQUOTE>
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Among other things a real GNU project
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utility author would have transferred his, her, or their copyrights to
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FSF, something which not everyone feels inclined to do, by a long shot.
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</BLOCKQUOTE>
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<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="../../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
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HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
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>
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Free BSD
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</STRONG></P>
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<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="../../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
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HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
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> [K.H.]
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Another Unix like operating system, also free source but the license has
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differences from the Linux typical Gnu Public license (GPL)
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<A HREF="http://www.freebsd.org"
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>http://www.freebsd.org</A>
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</BLOCKQUOTE>
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<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="../../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
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HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
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>
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Open Source
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</STRONG></P>
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<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="../../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
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HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
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> [K.H.]
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I don't think I try to say that: Go to <A HREF="http://www.opensource.org"
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>http://www.opensource.org</A>, also
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there is
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some philosophical distinction between open source and free: see
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<A HREF="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html"
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>http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html</A>
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</BLOCKQUOTE>
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<BLOCKQUOTE><DL><DT>
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also an interesting read:
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<DD><A HREF="http://www.tuxedo.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar"
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>http://www.tuxedo.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar</A>
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</DL></BLOCKQUOTE>
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<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="../../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
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HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
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>
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|
Sistema Operativo
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</STRONG></P>
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<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="../../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
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HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
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> [K.H.]
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|
Aehm.... operating system?
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Combination of a kernel handling the hardware access along with a program
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collection which allows all basic file operations, compiling,....
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GNU/Linux would be one.
|
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</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
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<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="../../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
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HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
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>
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|
RMS
|
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</STRONG></P>
|
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<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="../../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
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HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
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> [K.H.]
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|
Root mean Square -- see mathematical textbook.
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|
Oops the physicist broke through.
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<IMG SRC="../../gx/dennis/smily.gif" ALT=":-)"
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height="24" width="20" align="middle">
|
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</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
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<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Its also the initials of Richard M. Stallman: www.stallman.org or maybe
|
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<A HREF="http://www.eff.org"
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>http://www.eff.org</A> (Electronic Frontier Foundation) for more on him.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
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<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="../../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
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HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
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>
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Linus
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</STRONG></P>
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<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="../../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
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HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
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> [K.H.]
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<A HREF="http://www.tuxedo.org/~esr/faqs/linus"
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>http://www.tuxedo.org/~esr/faqs/linus</A>
|
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</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
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<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="../../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
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HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
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>
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|
Distribuci&oacute;n
|
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</STRONG></P>
|
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<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="../../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
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HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
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> [K.H.]
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|
Distribution
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</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
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<BLOCKQUOTE>
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"Linux" is only the kernel of an operating system. Along with it one needs
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GNU
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tools and a lot of other free, open source or commercial software for a
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productive computer system.
|
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</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
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<BLOCKQUOTE>
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Companies evolved which pack ready made systems including a kernel and a
|
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selection
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of tools and programs acording to their distribution philosophy.
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Even if the software and kernel itself is free and freely redistributable
|
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the
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companies can charge for the work to arrange everything so one can choose
|
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what to
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install and make sure that everything will work together. Also you will
|
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get about 1
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to 7 CD and a handbook from most of them.
|
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</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
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<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="../../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
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HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
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>
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|
<A HREF="http://www.debian.org/">Debian</A>, <A HREF="http://www.redhat.com/">Red Hat</A>
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</STRONG></P>
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<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="../../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
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HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
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> [K.H.]
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|
as well as <A HREF="http://www.suse.com/">SuSE</A>, slackware, Mandrake, icelinux,.... however they are all
|
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named are
|
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distributions of various philosophy: slackware beeing the "original" open
|
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source
|
|
variant.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
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<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="../../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
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HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
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>[Heather]
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|
Hardly the first, but the best maintained survivor from the old days.
|
|
Hit the net looking for the keywords "Yggdrasil" or "Soft Landing Systems"
|
|
or even see the earliest issues of <EM>Linux Journal</EM> (SSC's magazine) for
|
|
some <EM>really</EM> early distributions.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Many distros can easily be found at their .com or .org domain. Linux
|
|
Weekly News (<a href="http://lwn.net/">LWN</a>) has a really nice sidebar leading to lots of distros,
|
|
many especially tuned for some special purpose.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="../../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
LUG
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="../../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
> [K.H.]
|
|
Linux User Group -- local clubs who meet to discuss and help with Linux.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
This list is neither complete nor very objective, so have a loog at your
|
|
search
|
|
engine of choice for more details and different views
|
|
<IMG SRC="../../gx/dennis/smily.gif" ALT=":-)"
|
|
height="24" width="20" align="middle">
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
K.-H.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
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<!-- *** BEGIN copyright *** -->
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<H5 align="center">This page edited and maintained by the Editors
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of <I>Linux Gazette</I>
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<a href="http://www.linuxgazette.com/copying.html"
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>Copyright ©</a> 2001
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<BR>Published in issue 67 of <I>Linux Gazette</I> June 2001</H5>
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<H6 ALIGN="center">HTML script maintained by
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<A HREF="mailto:star@starshine.org">Heather Stern</a> of
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Starshine Technical Services,
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<!-- *** BEGIN navbar *** -->
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<!-- *** END navbar *** -->
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</CENTER>
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</p>
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<!-- ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: -->
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</BODY></HTML>
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<!--endcut ========================================================= -->
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