11117 lines
467 KiB
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11117 lines
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<TITLE> Linux Gazette Table of Contents LG #42</TITLE>
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<A HREF="http://www.linuxgazette.com/">
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<H1><IMG SRC="../gx/newlogo.jpg" ALT="Linux Gazette" border="0"></H1></A>
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<H4>June 1999, Issue 42 Published by <I>Linux Journal</I></H4>
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<td><H1><font color="#BB0000">Visit Our Sponsors:</font></H1></td></tr>
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<td><A HREF="http://www.linuxjournal.com/"><img src=../gx/ljtop.gif alt="Linux Journal" border=0></A></td></tr>
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<td><A HREF="http://www.linuxresources.com/"><img vspace="10" src=../gx/linux6.gif alt="Linux Resources" border=0></A></td></tr>
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<H1><font color="#BB0000">Table of Contents:</font></H1>
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<UL>
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<LI><A HREF="../index.html">The Front Page</A>
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<LI><A HREF="./lg_mail42.html">The MailBag</A>
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<ul>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_mail42.html#help">Help Wanted & Article Ideas</a>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_mail42.html#gen">General Mail</a>
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</ul>
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<LI><A HREF="./lg_bytes42.html">News Bytes</A>
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<ul>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_bytes42.html#general">News in General</a>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_bytes42.html#software">Software Announcements</a>
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</ul>
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<LI><A HREF="./lg_answer42.html">The Answer Guy</A>, by James T. Dennis
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<LI><A HREF="./lg_tips42.html">More 2 Cent Tips</A>
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<LI><A HREF="./nielsen.html">autofs tutorial revisited</a>, by Mark Nielsen
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<LI><A HREF="./lamb.html">Caldera 2.2 Quick Review</a>, by Sean Lamb
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<LI><A HREF="./adler.becker.html">From Word Processors to Super Computers</a>, by Stephen Adler
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<LI><A HREF="./gm/gm.html">Graphics Muse</a>, by Michael J. Hammel
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<LI><A HREF="./adler.fnal.html">Linus at Fermi Lab</a>, by Stephen Adler
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<LI><A HREF="./richardson.html">Linux Expo 1999</a>, by Marjorie Richardson
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<LI><A HREF="./coats.html">Book Review: Programming Web Graphics</a>, by
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Jack Coats
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<LI><A HREF="./stumpel.html">Setting up mail for a home network using exim</a>, by Jan W. Stumpel
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<LI><A HREF="./carlson.html">An xdm Session</a>, by Chris Carlson
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<LI><A HREF="./lg_backpage42.html">The Back Page</A>
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<ul>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_backpage42.html#authors">About This Month's Authors</a>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_backpage42.html#notlinux">Not Linux</a>
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</UL>
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<BR>
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<TD COLSPAN="3" WIDTH="100%" BGCOLOR="#000000"><IMG
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SRC="../gx/hammel/cleardot.gif" ALT="indent" HSPACE=30 VSPACE=2 HEIGHT=1
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<TD></TD>
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<!--=============================================================-->
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<P>
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<table>
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<tr><td>
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<A HREF="./issue42.txt.gz">TWDT 1 (gzipped text file)</A><BR>
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<A HREF="./issue42.html">TWDT 2 (HTML file)</A><BR>
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are files containing the entire issue: one in text format, one in HTML.
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They are provided
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strictly as a way to save the contents as one file for later printing in
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the format of your choice;
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there is no guarantee of working links in the HTML version.
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<TD COLSPAN="3" WIDTH="100%" BGCOLOR="#000000"><IMG
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SRC="../gx/hammel/cleardot.gif" ALT="indent" HSPACE=30 VSPACE=2 HEIGHT=1
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</TR>
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<center>
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<I>Linux Gazette</I><img src="../gx/tm.gif">, <A HREF="http://www.linuxgazette.com/">http://www.linuxgazette.com/</A><BR>
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This page maintained by the Editor of <I>Linux Gazette</I>,
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<A HREF="mailto: gazette@ssc.com"> gazette@ssc.com</A>
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<P>
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<H5>Copyright © 1996-99 Specialized Systems Consultants, Inc.</H5>
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<TD COLSPAN="3" WIDTH="100%" BGCOLOR="#000000"><IMG
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</table>
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<H4>"Linux Gazette...<I>making Linux just a little more fun!</I>"</H4>
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<HR>
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<center>
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<table width="100%" cellpadding=7><tr><td>
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<H2><a NAME="mail"><IMG SRC="../gx/mailbox.gif" ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT=" ">
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The Mailbag!</a> </H2>
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Write the Gazette at <A HREF="mailto:gazette@ssc.com"> gazette@ssc.com</A>
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</td><td>
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<H3>Contents:</H3>
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<ul>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_mail42.html#help">Help Wanted -- Article Ideas</a>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_mail42.html#gen">General Mail</a>
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</ul>
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</td></tr></table>
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</center>
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<a name="help"></a>
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<p><hr><p>
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<!-- =================================================================== -->
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<center><H3><font color="maroon">Help Wanted -- Article Ideas</font></H3></center>
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<P>
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Answers to these questions should be sent directly to the e-mail address of
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the inquirer with or without a copy to gazette@ssc.com. Answers that are
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copied to <I>LG</I> will be printed in the next issue in the Tips column.
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<P> <HR> <P>
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<!--====================================================================-->
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<IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/envelope.gif">
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Date: Thu, 27 May 1999 12:33:42 -0230 (NDT)<BR>
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From: Neil Zanella, <A HREF="mailto:nzanella@cs.mun.ca">
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nzanella@cs.mun.ca</A> <BR>
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Subject: <font color="navy">call for article: wireless ethernet</font>
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<P>
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It would be nice if someone wrote an article on wireless ethernet on Linux
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(eg. WaveLAN). I think it would make a good article.
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<P>
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Best Regards,
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<P>
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--<BR>
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Neil Zanella
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<P> <HR> <P>
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<!--====================================================================-->
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<IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/envelope.gif">
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Date: Mon, 03 May 1999 16:33:32 -0500<BR>
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From: Pete Nelson, <A HREF="mailto:pete.nelson@ci.stpaul.mn.us">
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pete.nelson@ci.stpaul.mn.us</A> <BR>
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Subject: <font color="navy">Any inetd wizards out there?</font>
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<P>
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I have been digging for the past several months to try and find any way
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to bind inetd to one IP / interface. I have a machine with several
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virtual hosts, and had originally intended for only the main IP /
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interface to respond to telnet, ftp, etc. The virtuals would only
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respond via httpd. Unfortunatly, this doesn't seem to be the way it's
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working - not only can I telnet / ftp to all addresses, it seems like
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every inetd connection shows up on the LAST IP interface for some
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reason.
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<P>
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I've looked thru manpages, NAG, websites, and while I know a lot more
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than when I started looking, I was never able to solve this binding
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problem.
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<P>
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Anyone have the answer?
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<P>
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--<BR>
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Pete
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<P> <HR> <P>
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<!--====================================================================-->
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<IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/envelope.gif">
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Date: Mon, 3 May 1999 13:07:07 -0700 <BR>
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From: Darrin Mossor, <A
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HREF="mailto:darrinm@Model.com">darrinm@Model.com</A><BR>
|
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Subject: <font color="navy">LILO Lock</font>
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<P>
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I have a Dell PII-450 with an STB4400 Riva TNT video board, 128M RAM. I
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dual boot Windows (for the kids and some games) and RedHat5.2. I use LILO
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to
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handle the booting, with Windows being the default. Occasionally, Windows
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will
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lockup (big surprise), especially when playing more recent, graphics
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intensive,
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games. When this happens, a reset is required and the magic reset button is
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<P>
|
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pressed. Most of the time, on the LILO screen, the boot locks, displaying
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"LIX". A
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second reset is required to get things moving again.
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<P>
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I'm looking for two things:
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<P>
|
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1) Possible explanations for what would cause LILO to hang (I suspect the
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video
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drivers, but I've tried the ones that shipped with the PC, the latest and
|
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even the
|
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Detonator drivers from nVidia - no change in the frequency of lockups or the
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LILO
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hang.
|
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<P>
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2) Where can I find out what (if anything) LILO is trying to tell me by
|
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displaying
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"LIX". I have a feeling it's trying to tell me something useful, if I new
|
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how to decode
|
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it. And I would like to know the source of this information. I have pretty
|
|
good luck
|
|
find the answers myself, but this one has eluded me.
|
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<P>
|
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Other possible details: SB16 for sound, 13.6G IDE HD.
|
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<P>
|
|
Thanks,
|
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<P>
|
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--<BR>
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Darrin Mossor
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|
|
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<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<!--====================================================================-->
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<IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/envelope.gif">
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Date: Sat, 8 May 1999 18:09:51 -0700 (PDT)<BR>
|
|
From: Ariel "Leon", <A HREF="mailto:a_soul@rocketmail.com">
|
|
a_soul@rocketmail.com</A> <BR>
|
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Subject: <font color="navy">I need some help here, please!</font>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Hi, I wonder if anyone can help me out here with my
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partitions. I have a P100 with 16RAM, i recently
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changed my HDD 'cause it died, i replaced it with a
|
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6.4Gb WesternDigital HDD. When i was installing it
|
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using EZ-Drive, the setup program detected that my
|
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bios wasn't going to support large drives so it
|
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installed EZ-Bios, EZ-Drive also partitioned the
|
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drive into four partitions (right now one has win95
|
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and the others are free).....when i tried to install
|
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debian 1.3.1 the setup insisted in trying to go
|
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through the partitioning process but it detected "bad
|
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logical partitions".
|
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<P>
|
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What can i do to install linux in two of the existing
|
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partitions without losing my data (i'd like to run
|
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dual boot). One more thing, the D:, E: and F:
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partitions have recycle bins and i can't get rid of
|
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them even when formating them, what's going on here.
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<P>
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|
Thanks
|
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<P>
|
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--<BR>
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|
Ariel
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<P>
|
|
Date: Sun, 9 May 1999 19:03:42 +0100 (BST)<BR>
|
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From: "D. Lovecraft", <A HREF="mailto:dl19@leicester.ac.uk">
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dl19@leicester.ac.uk</A> <BR>
|
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Subject: <font color="navy">Choosing GUI for users</font>
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<P>
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I have set up my PC to allow all the people in my household (we're
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students, by the way) to use various accounts in Linux. No problem
|
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there.
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<P>
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The thing is the user-interface we use. Everyone uses KDE for their
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chosen interface, but I prefer Afterstep. I use the kwm login program
|
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to allow people to,... well,... login, but it always defaults to using
|
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KDE. For the people in my household, this poses no great problem, as
|
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that is what they are after. I would like to be able to use Afterstep
|
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though.
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<P>
|
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But try as I might, I cannot get it to load Afterstep just for me. I
|
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have tried editing .xinitrc in my directory, and many other things
|
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besides, but I cannot get it to go.
|
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<P>
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Please, oh wise one, what should I do???
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<P>
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--<BR>
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Dela Lovecraft
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<P> <HR> <P>
|
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<!--====================================================================-->
|
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<IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/envelope.gif">
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Date: Mon, 10 May 1999 22:11:59 +0100<BR>
|
|
From: "Michael", <A HREF="mailto:michael@cimmj.freeserve.co.uk">
|
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michael@cimmj.freeserve.co.uk</A> <BR>
|
|
Subject: <font color="navy">Direct Cable Connection between Win95 and Linux</font>
|
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<P>
|
|
Just read issue 41 and read the great article about direct cable connections
|
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between
|
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Win95 and Linux, I tried implementing this method but came across a couple
|
|
of problems
|
|
running Windows 98. (4.10.1998)
|
|
<P>
|
|
I can get terminal emulation (using HyperTerminal) running at 38400 baud
|
|
but 115200 crashes at the password prompt. (115200 works with xon/xoff
|
|
using kermit as the terminal program).
|
|
<P>
|
|
Can't figure out how to get Windows to dial out over the serial line as in
|
|
your article.
|
|
I tried creating a new modem using the modems wizard in the control panel
|
|
using
|
|
'standard serial between 2 PC's' and it goes through the process reporting
|
|
success at
|
|
the end but no device appears anywhere.
|
|
<P>
|
|
In control-panel|System Devices|Com Ports another device appears for COM1 so
|
|
Windows
|
|
thinks I have 2 COM1's ?
|
|
<P>
|
|
I click on add Dial Up Connection and can't select anything other than the
|
|
Hayes accura
|
|
modem I have on COM3.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Any Ideas ?
|
|
<P>
|
|
Thanks in advance for any help you may be able to give.
|
|
<P>
|
|
PS.
|
|
<P>
|
|
I am running RedHat Linux 5.2 and can't find the ftpserver*.rpm. Do you
|
|
have details
|
|
on where I can get the sources/binaries (in any package format - I have the
|
|
alien
|
|
script and ar) so I can set up an ftp server on this machine.
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Michael
|
|
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<!--====================================================================-->
|
|
<IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/envelope.gif">
|
|
Date: Mon, 10 May 99 16:05:05 PDT<BR>
|
|
From: "Ross Waters", <A HREF="mailto:rwaters@tartannet.ns.ca">
|
|
rwaters@tartannet.ns.ca</A> <BR>
|
|
Subject: <font color="navy">Linux and Windows</font>
|
|
<P>
|
|
I am new to the computer world and I only have a 386 laptop running Win3.1.
|
|
Is there a small linux program I can Install without losing my win3.1.
|
|
I have 200 meg hard ddrive and 8Megs of RAM.
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Ross Waters
|
|
<blockquote> <I>
|
|
(Check out the article, <A HREF="../issue38/veselosky.html">"Windows/Linux Dual Boot"</A> by Vince Veselosky in issue
|
|
38. --Editor)</I> </blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<!--====================================================================-->
|
|
<IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/envelope.gif">
|
|
Date: Mon, 17 May 1999 13:52:34 -0600<BR>
|
|
From: Chris Hirsch, <A HREF="mailto:chris@symsystems.com">
|
|
chris@symsystems.com</A> <BR>
|
|
Subject: <font color="navy">Netscape Bookmark Window Width</font>
|
|
<P>
|
|
I'm trying to figure out how to adjust the bookmark window width for
|
|
netscape 4.51. My problem with the current size is that when looking at
|
|
bookmarks that have very long descriptions they get truncated in the
|
|
middle and make the descriptions worthless. Is there some way to
|
|
dynamically size them? I'll even settle for a static size as long as its
|
|
bigger than the defautlt.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Any suggestions?
|
|
<P>
|
|
Thanks,
|
|
Chris
|
|
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<!--====================================================================-->
|
|
<IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/envelope.gif">
|
|
Date: Thu, 20 May 1999 20:30:54 -0400<BR>
|
|
From: "Jesse Legg", <A HREF="mailto:jesse.legg@axom.com">
|
|
jesse.legg@axom.com</A> <BR>
|
|
Subject: <font color="navy">Good commercial Terminal Emulation</font>
|
|
<P>
|
|
I'm in need of a good commercial package for Linux and terminal
|
|
emulation. It needs a *very good* VT320 support and such. Any
|
|
suggestions?
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Jesse
|
|
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<!--====================================================================-->
|
|
<IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/envelope.gif">
|
|
Date: Fri, 21 May 1999 18:01:02 -0500<BR>
|
|
From: Noel Stoutenburg, <A HREF="mailto:mjolnir@ticnet.com">
|
|
mjolnir@ticnet.com</A> <BR>
|
|
Subject: <font color="navy">re: gzipping TWHT-1</font>
|
|
<P>
|
|
I am in the process of switching to Linux, however, I cannot complete
|
|
the process just yet, in addition, I am in the process of moving, and my
|
|
linux box is not presently functioning.
|
|
<P>
|
|
I have been downloading and saving the LG issues, using TWDT - 1, and
|
|
discovered that the last three issues have been gz files, but I cannot
|
|
figure out how to get these expanded on my win/dos system. Maybe you
|
|
can point me to a place where I can find out what process to use, and
|
|
where to get the appropriate software to accomplish the expansion on
|
|
DOS/WIN.
|
|
Thanks.
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Noel
|
|
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<!--====================================================================-->
|
|
<IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/envelope.gif">
|
|
Date: Fri, 21 May 1999 18:04:06 -0500<BR>
|
|
From: Noel Stoutenburg, <A HREF="mailto:mjolnir@ticnet.com">
|
|
mjolnir@ticnet.com</A> <BR>
|
|
Subject: <font color="navy">PS to re: gzipping TWHT-1</font>
|
|
<P>
|
|
I am in the process of switching to Linux, however, I cannot complete
|
|
the process just yet, in addition, I am in the process of moving, and my
|
|
Linux box is not presently functioning.
|
|
<P>
|
|
I have been downloading...[snip]...expansion on
|
|
DOS/WIN.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Thanks.
|
|
<P>
|
|
P.S. Maybe you could add TWDT 3, which would be an uncompressed file...
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Noel
|
|
<blockquote> <I>
|
|
(Check this month's 2 Cent Tips for ways to uncompress Linux files using Windows. The HTML file is not compressed and for most issues neither is the txt file. I just started compressing it lately at user's request. --Editor)
|
|
</I> </blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<!--====================================================================-->
|
|
<IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/envelope.gif">
|
|
Date: Sun, 23 May 1999 20:47:57 -0600<BR>
|
|
From: "Steven Koch", <A HREF="mailto:kochsb@home.com">
|
|
kochsb@home.com</A> <BR>
|
|
Subject: <font color="navy">How To Make A Bootable Linux (OpenLinux 2.2) Floppy?</font>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Question: How do I make a bootable OpenLinux 2.2 floppy? I have Windows
|
|
95 on my PC right now. I already installed OpenLinux 2.2 on my HDD. I
|
|
put Linux (Root & Swap) on my Second HDD - D: drive. I did a Full
|
|
install & works great. But I can't seem to boot to the Linux anymore.
|
|
I boot straight to Windows 95 (with no problems). I don't know if LILO
|
|
will work? On my PC (Acer Open - P133) I have EZ-Drive installed in theDC
|
|
BIOS (my BIOS couldn't handle the 6.4MB WD HDD). I've tried PM's
|
|
BootMagic, it won't work because of the EZ-Drive. That's why I want to
|
|
know if it's possible to Boot to Linux from a Floppy? I tried these
|
|
methods from a Web Site:
|
|
<P>
|
|
I have these 3 files in my C: root drive:<BR>
|
|
-> Loadlin.exe<BR>
|
|
-> Vmlinux<BR>
|
|
-> Linux.bat (Below is what's inside of LINUX.BAT file)....<BR>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
@echo off
|
|
cls
|
|
echo.
|
|
echo.
|
|
echo.
|
|
echo.
|
|
c:\windows\command\choice /t:y,5 "Do you wish to boot Linux?"
|
|
if errorlevel 2 goto End
|
|
c:\loadlin.exe c:\vmlinuz root=3D/dev/hdb4 ro
|
|
:End
|
|
</pre>
|
|
I also made this Boot Floppy (According to the Web Site) & it has these
|
|
2 files:<BR>
|
|
-> autoexec.bat (Below is what's inside of AUTOEXEC.BAT file)....
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
goto %config%
|
|
:win95=20
|
|
SET CTCM=3DC:\WINDOWS
|
|
SET SOUND=3DC:\PROGRA~1\CREATIVE\CTSND
|
|
SET MIDI=3DSYNTH:1 MAP:E
|
|
SET BLASTER=3DA220 I10 D3 H3 P300 T6
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
-> config.sys (Below is what's inside of CONFIG.SYS file)....
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
[menu]=20
|
|
menuitem=3DLinux, Boot to Linux
|
|
menuitem=3DWin95, Boot to Windows 95=20
|
|
menucolor=3D15,1
|
|
menudefault=3DLinux, 15
|
|
|
|
[linux]
|
|
shell=3Dc:\loadlin.exe c:\vmlinuz root=3D/dev/hdb4 ro
|
|
|
|
[win95]
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
When I Do Boot With The Floppy In The A: Drive, I Receive This Error
|
|
Message:
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
Invalid System Disk
|
|
Replace The Disk, And Then Press Any Key
|
|
</pre>
|
|
I Take Out Floppy & It Boots To Windows 95. Am I Doing Something Wrong
|
|
Here? I Did Exactly What The Web Site Said To Do. I Know It's Something
|
|
In One OF These Files Or There All Wrong? Or do you know a better
|
|
alternative?
|
|
Thanks,
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Steve
|
|
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<!--====================================================================-->
|
|
<IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/envelope.gif">
|
|
Date: Mon, 24 May 1999 12:58:40 -0400<BR>
|
|
From: Steve Ickes, <A HREF="mailto:stevei@paonline.com">
|
|
stevei@paonline.com</A> <BR>
|
|
Subject: <font color="navy">Help wanted</font>
|
|
<P>
|
|
I am currently trying to install Star Office so that I may finally do
|
|
away with my Microsloth products. However, when running ./setup, I get
|
|
a script error. I have searched and posted but to no avail. I did find
|
|
reference to using 'ldd' instead of 'exec' when running ./setup.bin.
|
|
However, being relatively new to Linux, this means very little to me.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Any ideas, help or suggestions? I wouldn't think that this is a big
|
|
issue. Yes, I am running the appropriate versions of glib and lib and
|
|
running Red Hat v5.2 with the GNOME desktop and FVWM.
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Steve
|
|
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<!--====================================================================-->
|
|
<IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/envelope.gif">
|
|
Date: Sun, 9 May 1999 20:48:19 -0400<BR>
|
|
From: "Timothy Gray", <A HREF="mailto:timgray@geocities.com">
|
|
timgray@geocities.com</A> <BR>
|
|
Subject: <font color="navy">CAD on Linux and X</font>
|
|
<P>
|
|
I have a CAD station that is currently windows crippled. I have a
|
|
summagraphics tablet and a hp plotter which both work great under WIN95/98
|
|
(both are old by most everyones standards.. circa 1989-1990). But, I cannot
|
|
find anything on the net about using a tablet with X windows, or a plotter.
|
|
Xfree86's sites all mention mice and never say anything about any other
|
|
input device. Both items have win/dos/cad drivers along with SCO and VMS
|
|
drivers.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Is there anything I can find about serious CAD under linux and using my
|
|
hardware on the net? If I can get this running under xfig I can save
|
|
thousands and give me one more reason to use my windows CD's as coasters.
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Timothy
|
|
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<!--====================================================================-->
|
|
<IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/envelope.gif">
|
|
Date: Tue, 11 May 1999 10:36:39 +0200
|
|
From: Matthias Mikuletz, <A HREF="mailto:matthias@theo2.physik.uni-stuttgart.de">
|
|
matthias@theo2.physik.uni-stuttgart.de</A>
|
|
Subject: Corrupt partition table
|
|
<P>
|
|
I need urgent HELP.
|
|
<P>
|
|
After having deleted a 8gig primary FAT32 partition and reinstalled a 4gig primary
|
|
<P>
|
|
and a 4gig extended FAT32 partition on a 13.5 gig drive the linux partition on the last 5gig
|
|
<P>
|
|
isn't accessible anymore.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Dos Fdisk works properly, doesn't show up anything unusual, but linux fdisk complains about
|
|
<P>
|
|
different logical/physical beginnings/endings and overlapping. Also PartitionMagic 3.0 only
|
|
tells me about a partition table error #116.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Windows95 works properly on the first two partitions.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Can anyone tell me about a tool to fix the partition table (to scan the disk and guess
|
|
correct cylinder/head values)?
|
|
<P>
|
|
Maybe the reassigning of the extended FAT32 partition has destroyed the linux partition.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Thanks a lot in advance.
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
matthias
|
|
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<!--====================================================================-->
|
|
<IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/envelope.gif">
|
|
Date: Wed, 26 May 1999 23:37:13 EDT<BR>
|
|
From: <A HREF="mailto:Robert8005@aol.com">
|
|
Robert8005@aol.com</A> <BR>
|
|
Subject: <font color="navy">Video Problems</font>
|
|
<P>
|
|
I new to linux and learning fast. I just got one problem when I use startx or
|
|
kde my screen just shows Black and gray stripes. I have a Diamond SpeedStar
|
|
A50 AGP card and a ViewSonic 17EA Monitor. I tried the optiond Caldera said
|
|
and none worked. ANy help would be great.
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Robert
|
|
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<!--====================================================================-->
|
|
<IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/envelope.gif">
|
|
Date: Wed, 2 Jun 1999 02:43:24 -0700 (PDT)<BR>
|
|
From: kenneth kenneth, <A HREF="mailto:monkeydrum_98@yahoo.com">
|
|
monkeydrum_98@yahoo.com</A> <BR>
|
|
Subject: <font color="navy">Red Hat</font>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Can you tell me where can i find the step to install
|
|
Linux Red Hat 5.2 ....
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Kenneth
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a name="gen"></a>
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!-- =================================================================== -->
|
|
<center><H3><font color="maroon">General Mail</font></H3></center>
|
|
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<!--====================================================================-->
|
|
<IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/envelope.gif">
|
|
Date: Fri, 04 Jun 1999 01:31:14 +1000
|
|
From: peter, <A HREF="mailto:marshypj@ozemail.com.au">
|
|
marshypj@ozemail.com.au</A>
|
|
Subject: netled article issue 41, by larry ayers
|
|
<P>
|
|
Zee correct address for Matthew Bevan site and NetLed Program is :
|
|
<P>
|
|
http://mars.ark.com/~mbevan/products/netled.shtml
|
|
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<!--====================================================================-->
|
|
<IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/envelope.gif">
|
|
Date: Tue, 4 May 1999 00:54:19 -0700 (PDT)<BR>
|
|
From: Felix Morley Finch, <A HREF="mailto:felix@crowfix.com">
|
|
felix@crowfix.com</A> <BR>
|
|
Subject: <font color="navy">Conversation with Craig Burton</font>
|
|
<P>
|
|
I think Mr Burton has a lack of imagination on how Linux can take over
|
|
a lot of desktops. He claims
|
|
<blockquote> <font color="navy">
|
|
Windows growth would have to go to zero and Linux would have
|
|
to grow exponentially for the next eight to ten years before
|
|
it would even begin to gain on Microsoft. And until Linux is
|
|
at 20% market share, no serious developer is going to give it
|
|
any respect.
|
|
</font></blockquote>
|
|
It might be so if the hundreds of millions of Windows PCs in use now
|
|
would still be in use eight to ten years from now. But PCs will be
|
|
replaced several times during that period. Each replacement is
|
|
another opportunity for Linux.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Most people use Windows for Office file compatibility and games.
|
|
StarOffice, ApplixWare, and Word Perfect already offer almost complete
|
|
Word compatibility, and games are beginning to appear. In a year or
|
|
two, Linux will be reasonable for a majority of uses. A few early
|
|
adaptors will smuggle Linux into offices, its viability will become
|
|
evident under practical conditions, and managers will realize they can
|
|
save money, downtime, and headaches by installing Linux.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Internet compatibility requirements, and resentment over expensive
|
|
upgrades, will prevent MS from force feeding many more incompatible
|
|
Office file format "upgrades". Cheaper and cheaper hardware will make
|
|
the cost of MS software more apparent. Just as MS Works was developed
|
|
as a cheaper alternative to Office, people will "settle" for Linux for
|
|
their kids.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Linux doesn't have to replace existing Windows machines. It only has
|
|
to be a proven viable alternative when people replace old PCs. Faced
|
|
with forced upgrades by MS's short sighted policies, people will
|
|
choose inexpensive compatible standards-friendly Linux over expensive
|
|
incompatible Redmond-protocols Microsft.
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Felix
|
|
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<!--====================================================================-->
|
|
<IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/envelope.gif">
|
|
Date: Mon, 3 May 1999 18:30:31 EDT<BR>
|
|
From: <A HREF="mailto:Robbo0119@aol.com">Robbo0119@aol.com</A> <BR>
|
|
Subject: <font color="navy">Linux and W98</font>
|
|
<P>
|
|
I use W98 for most of my essential tasks and also use it for "GAMES". I own a
|
|
lot of games.
|
|
<P>
|
|
HOWEVER i recently started to use Linux as an alternative operating system.
|
|
It has a steep learning curve , ( at least for me, because I don't seem to
|
|
own the hardware that it comes ready for and have had to hunt down drivers on
|
|
the net, and also learn to install them properly.)
|
|
<P>
|
|
The current state of Linux reminds me of OS/2 when it first came out. I liked
|
|
OS/2 (I had the 3.0 ). BUT . I stopped using it because there were very few
|
|
(almost none) programs for OS/2 at the time. I considered it a superior OS to
|
|
Windoze. It actually worked.But you had to learn how to make it work.
|
|
<P>
|
|
I will be really glad if Linux makes it in the market, Be assured that Bill
|
|
Gates with all of his money is not going to let an Operating System that's
|
|
essentially FREE take over his market share ( probably he thinks of it as his
|
|
domain).
|
|
Good Luck Linux!!
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
robbo
|
|
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<!--====================================================================-->
|
|
<IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/envelope.gif">
|
|
Date: Mon, 03 May 1999 23:58:12 -0500<BR>
|
|
From: <A
|
|
HREF="mailto:cbbrowne@godel.brownes.org">cbbrowne@godel.brownes.org</A> <BR>
|
|
Subject: <font color="navy">LinuxCAD Reviewz</font>
|
|
<P>
|
|
I think that it is a very good thing that you presented the Official
|
|
Reaction of Software Forge Inc to the previous "LinuxCAD" Review;
|
|
the quality of the response as well as the advertising material speaks
|
|
as loudly as any review could. (Including the one claimed to be
|
|
"fraudulent.")
|
|
<P>
|
|
It is clearly important for Linux Gazette to remain editorially objective;
|
|
in this case that has been quite successfully done. However badly you
|
|
may have wanted to use a spell-checker, the community will always remain
|
|
grateful for your self-control in throttling that impulse. :-).
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
cb
|
|
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<!--====================================================================-->
|
|
<IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/envelope.gif">
|
|
Date: Tue, 4 May 1999 20:41:47 +0200<BR>
|
|
From: Craig Schlenter, <A HREF="mailto:craig@qualica.com">
|
|
craig@qualica.com</A> <BR>
|
|
Subject: <font color="navy">NetLED security problem?</font>
|
|
<P>
|
|
I read an article in <I>Linux Gazette</I> about netled and the comment about not
|
|
prepending /dev/ to any of the command line arguments intrigued me so I
|
|
thought I'd look at the source code:
|
|
<P>
|
|
From netled.c:
|
|
<pre>
|
|
char tty[10] = "/dev/";
|
|
[snip]
|
|
strcat(tty,argv[1]);
|
|
if((ttyfd = open(tty,O_RDWR)) < 0) {
|
|
fprintf(stderr,"Error opening keyboard %s\n ",tty);
|
|
exit(1);
|
|
}
|
|
[snip]
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<P>
|
|
I'm not an expert in these matters but this would appear to be prone to
|
|
a buffer-overflow/stack-smashing attack. The fact that it's part of
|
|
main() and not some subroutine might have some bearing on the matter as
|
|
I'm not too sure whether exit() will look for some sort of return
|
|
address on the stack (and no libc source handy to check) but either way
|
|
it looks like something that needs fixing ...
|
|
<P>
|
|
I'd recommend a
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
if (strlen(argv[1]) >= 5) {
|
|
fprintf(stderr, "argument too long");
|
|
exit (1);
|
|
}
|
|
</pre>
|
|
be added before the strcat. This is especially relevant since you recommend
|
|
running the program SUID root. Actually a size of 10 for tty is too low as a
|
|
size since you want argv[1] to be "console" ...
|
|
<P>
|
|
I've cc'ed the author of the article, linux-gazette too and one of the
|
|
security mailing lists maintainers who is probably far more
|
|
knowledgeable than me about stack overflows to shed some light on the
|
|
matter.
|
|
Thank you,
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Craig
|
|
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<!--====================================================================-->
|
|
<IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/envelope.gif">
|
|
Date: Tue, 11 May 1999 11:12:05 -0600<BR>
|
|
From: <A HREF="mailto:njg@itmin.com">njg@itmin.com</A> <BR>
|
|
Subject: <font color="navy">Desktop Users</font>
|
|
<P>
|
|
I wish to make a request to the editor of the LG and hope others in my
|
|
category will support me. I was prompted to do this after reading mail in
|
|
your journal. The letter in April <BR>
|
|
From: "Michael J. Hammel", mjhammel@graphics-muse.org <BR>
|
|
Subject: Re: a newbie's grief : Erik Refner & Clara Lundqvist: "<BR>
|
|
is one such example.
|
|
(I must admit that in my debut I created a partition with FIPS and installed
|
|
RedHat Linux ver 2.1 on my PC in 1995 with only few problems. So it is not
|
|
THAT bad really..But I could not get my modem to work!)
|
|
<P>
|
|
Linux is more than a BIG OS for developers and programmers. It has a great
|
|
future for ordinary PC DESKTOP users like me. Many people in the world
|
|
cannot afford Microsoft software. The OS and their Offfice suite is very
|
|
expensive. The restrictions of a single PC means if you have more than one
|
|
PC the cost increases.
|
|
Linux is affordable. One copy of the latest version in a library can be
|
|
shared by many. In poorer countries this will be a great boon. People will
|
|
learn to manage with the free software that is there to use. Going on the
|
|
internet will be easy as Netscape, familiar to everyone is available. A
|
|
simple x-based email client allowing multiple users will be all that is
|
|
needed, as Netscape does not allow multiple addresses on the same PC.
|
|
Also viruses are not a problem in linux, as yet!!! :-)
|
|
I read in the news in lg that Corel was going to build a desktop PC version
|
|
for ordinary PC users in MAY lg news...
|
|
<P>
|
|
"Ottawa, Canada - April 21, 1999 - Corel Corporation (NASDAQ: COSFF, TSE:
|
|
COS) today announced an alliance with
|
|
two major Open Source developer communities to advance the development of
|
|
its proposed Linux distribution; a user-friendly
|
|
Linux installation and graphical user interface (GUI) for the desktop PC."
|
|
<P>
|
|
But this may be costly. In the April news there was some hope...
|
|
"Project Independence: Linux for the Masses,
|
|
http://independence.seul.org/distribution/ "
|
|
<P>
|
|
Therefore my request.
|
|
Could you please reserve a little section of your lg for simple desktop uses
|
|
of Linux, as opposed to programmers, LAN users, Server users etc.? News as
|
|
well as software reviews specially of value to us could be great!
|
|
Thanks
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Nandalal Gunaratne
|
|
<blockquote> <I>
|
|
(I'd be happy to have deskopt uses included. Anyone who submits this type of
|
|
article can be assured that we will post it. --Editor)
|
|
</I> </blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<!--====================================================================-->
|
|
<IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/envelope.gif">
|
|
Date: Wed, 5 May 1999 16:53:53 -0400<BR>
|
|
From: Larry Kollar, <A HREF="mailto:lkollar@my-dejanews.com">
|
|
lkollar@my-dejanews.com</A> <BR>
|
|
Subject: <font color="navy">Re: KDE is bloated and slow (not</font>)
|
|
<P>
|
|
I keep hearing all this stuff about KDE is bloated, KDE is slow, KDE
|
|
put a nasty stain on my favorite T-shirt and I can't get it clean,
|
|
you get the idea....
|
|
<P>
|
|
I run Linux part-time on a Mac G3/266 (the beige box, "only" 32MB of
|
|
RAM), with KDE as my standard GUI, and I don't see what people are
|
|
complaining about. Maybe I'd feel different if I had to run it on
|
|
a Pentium, or on a Mac IIsi running NetBSD or Linux-68k, but KDE
|
|
responds well to decent hardware. I recently updated from a beta
|
|
to 1.1, and it does feel a bit snappier.
|
|
<P>
|
|
I'll admit to shutting down X to compile large projects, but only
|
|
because of my current RAM limits. Once I add more RAM, I'll probably
|
|
change the runlevel to 5 and have X + KDE running all the time.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Besides, my wife would kill -9 me if I removed KDE -- she learned how
|
|
to boot into Linux & start X just so she can play kmahjongg and a couple
|
|
of the other games. This by itself is a reason to have KDE available;
|
|
you can spend a few minutes showing newbies a comfortable interface
|
|
and blunt the irrational fear of not-Windows.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Looking for a 3-button ADB mouse,
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Larry
|
|
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<!--====================================================================-->
|
|
<IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/envelope.gif">
|
|
Date: Mon, 24 May 1999 14:52:06 +0200<BR>
|
|
From: Roger
|
|
Subject: <font color="navy">MTBF for Craig Burton</font>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Craig Burton said "Show me the MTBF figures"
|
|
<P>
|
|
I am used to a hardware background, where we calculate MTBF figures
|
|
before releasing systems. If nothing else, they give a rougth guide to
|
|
how many spares you need;-)
|
|
<P>
|
|
BUT, basicly speaking, this calculation is done by taking an MTBF figure
|
|
for each element (This type of component employed in this manner has
|
|
this MTBF), which are text book figures derived from statistical
|
|
analysis, and then you add them all together.
|
|
<P>
|
|
This means if system A has 10 widgets and 6 doofas, whilst system B has
|
|
15 widgets and 12 doofas, then system A will have a much lower MTBF.
|
|
<P>
|
|
It may seem a harsh way to calculate reliability, but generaly speaking
|
|
it works, and one always regards system reliability as being inversely
|
|
proportional to system complexity. Most of us are not able to review the
|
|
NT source, but it is believed to be far more complex than Linux, which
|
|
would suggest that the MTBF is proportionatlely lowwer.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Of course in software there are many other parameters, but nontheless
|
|
complexity is a major parameter. Another biggie is the language used for
|
|
development, C programming is far more vulnerable than higher level
|
|
languages for obscure bugs such as memory leaks, but for performance
|
|
reasons so low level languages are considered essential for OS work, and
|
|
so both have the same vulnerability (in fact one can easily find
|
|
disaster tales of e.g. memory leaks on both platforms).
|
|
<P>
|
|
Another major factor is using tried and trusted methods (or re-using
|
|
well proven code). Much of the reason for NT's additional complexity is
|
|
that it has to support so many MS invented protocols designed to render
|
|
it incompatible with the rest of the world. This is particularly so when
|
|
one get's out of kernel space into userland, Linux makes heavy (re)use
|
|
of legacy *nix software such as sendmail which has a very long history.
|
|
<P>
|
|
In a nutshell, there are sound scientific arguments as to why Linux may
|
|
be more relaible than NT, indeed one of Linus's rallying cries is to
|
|
keep things simple, and he resists attempts to over complicate the
|
|
kernel. MS (IMHO) appear to have tied themselves in knots with all thier
|
|
attempts to do things in a proprietry manner.
|
|
<P>
|
|
I think Craigs comments that imply that people who say Linux never goes
|
|
down are talking shit and are just Linux worshippers are a bit
|
|
excessive. Of course Linux does go down, but these people are just
|
|
reflecting a common appearence that Linux boxes do seem to go months
|
|
before re-boots (so one forgets when one last re-booted), wheras NT
|
|
reboots tend to be common enougth to be frustrating (...but we re-booted
|
|
just a couple of weeks ago). It is a subtle difference, but Linux by
|
|
being a little better appears to cross the memory threshold.
|
|
<P>
|
|
All I will add is that at work I use both a Linux and NT server, neither
|
|
are particularly loaded, and both are doing file and print sharing
|
|
(allthougth the Linux box does handle a mega printer which often has
|
|
100's of megabytes in the queue, it was moved from the NT box because it
|
|
did not work there). The Linux box has only ever gone down during power
|
|
outages (no UPS), whilst the NT box (which does has a UPS), has gone
|
|
down several times in the two year period I have been in this
|
|
environment. Note that the Linux server was just loaded and set up on
|
|
the fly by ourselves, whilst the NT box was set up, and is maintained,
|
|
by an outside firm with MS certified personel.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Am I a religious nut for pointing this out?
|
|
<P>
|
|
I think Craigs comments that imply that people who say Linux never goes down are talking shit and are just Linux worshippers are a bit excessive. Of course Linux does go down, but these people are just reflecting a common appearence that Linux boxes do seem to go months before re-boots (so one forgets when one last re-booted), wheras NT reboots tend to be common enougth to be frustrating (...but we re-booted just a couple of weeks ago). It is a subtle difference, but Linux by being a little better appears to cross the memory threshold.
|
|
<P>
|
|
--
|
|
Bye for now, And watch out for those
|
|
low flying Penguins.......
|
|
<P>
|
|
Roger
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
<center>Published in <i>Linux Gazette</i> Issue 42, June 1999</center>
|
|
<!--====================================================================-->
|
|
<H4>"Linux Gazette...<I>making Linux just a little more fun!</I>"</H4>
|
|
<HR>
|
|
<center>
|
|
<table cellpadding=7><tr><td>
|
|
<IMG SRC="../gx/bytes.gif" border=1 ALT="News Bytes">
|
|
</td><td>
|
|
<H3>Contents:</H3>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_bytes42.html#general">News in General</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_bytes42.html#software">Software Announcements</a>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</td></tr></table>
|
|
</center>
|
|
|
|
<a name="general"></a>
|
|
<p><hr><p>
|
|
<!-- =================================================================== -->
|
|
<center><H3><font color="green">News in General</font></H3></center>
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!-- =================================================================== -->
|
|
|
|
<center><IMG ALT=" " SRC="./gx/cover63.jpg"></center>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
|
|
<font color="green">
|
|
July 1999 <I>Linux Journal</I>
|
|
</font>
|
|
</H3>
|
|
<P>
|
|
The July issue of <A HREF="http://www.linuxjournal.com/"><I>Linux
|
|
Journal</I></A> will be hitting the newsstands June 11.
|
|
This issue focuses on Science and Engineering. Feature articles include
|
|
"Archaeology and GIS", "SCEPTRE: Simulation of Nonliear Electric Circuits",
|
|
Stuttgart Neural Network Simulator" and "Real-Time Geophysics Using Linux".
|
|
Also included are an article by Dan York on "Building a Linux Certification
|
|
Program, one by Jon "maddog" Hall about his visit to Fermi Labs at Spring
|
|
COMDEX and an interview with Dev Mazumdar and Hannu Savolainen of 4Front
|
|
Technolgies.
|
|
<I>Linux Journal</I> now has articles that appear "Strictly On-Line".
|
|
Check out the Table of Contents at
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.linuxjournal.com/issue62/index.html">
|
|
http://www.linuxjournal.com/issue62/index.html</A> for articles in this
|
|
issue as well as links to the on-line articles.
|
|
To subscribe to <I>Linux Journal</I>, go to <A
|
|
HREF="http://www.linuxjournal.com/ljsubsorder.html">
|
|
http://www.linuxjournal.com/ljsubsorder.html</A>.
|
|
<P>
|
|
<font color="green">
|
|
For Subcribers Only</font>: <I>Linux Journal</I> archives are now available
|
|
on-line at <A
|
|
HREF="http://interactive.linuxjournal.com">http://interactive.linuxjournal.com/</A>
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!-- =================================================================== -->
|
|
|
|
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
|
|
<font color="green">
|
|
1999 USENIX Annual Technical Conference
|
|
</font>
|
|
</H3>
|
|
<P>
|
|
June 6-11, 1999 -- Monterey Conference Center, Monterey, California
|
|
|
|
<P> The Keynote will be by John Ousterhout, creator of Tcl/TK, speaking on a
|
|
fundamental shift in software development to applications created by
|
|
extending existing applications, protocols, frameworks, and devices.
|
|
|
|
<P> The FREENIX track is devoted to high-level technical discussion of open
|
|
source software. Peer-refereed papers, expert talks, and evening sessions
|
|
will be led by leading OSS developers including Linus Torvalds, Kirk
|
|
McKusick, Theodore Ts'o, Theo de Raadt, and Robert J. Chassell for Free
|
|
Software Foundation/GNU. (Richard Stallman had planned to lead a BoF but
|
|
will be in Turkey on FSF business.)
|
|
|
|
<P> Web site: <A HREF=http://www.usenix.org/events/usenix99>
|
|
http://www.usenix.org/events/usenix99</A>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!-- =================================================================== -->
|
|
|
|
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
|
|
<font color="green">
|
|
2000 USENIX Annual Technical Conference: Call For Papers
|
|
</font>
|
|
</H3>
|
|
<P>
|
|
June 18-23, 2000 -- San Diego, California
|
|
<P>
|
|
The Program Chair, Christopher Small, Lucent Technologies-Bell Labs, and
|
|
the Program Committee seeks to bring together the broad advanced computing
|
|
community under a single roof to share the results of the latest and best
|
|
work, find points of common interest and perspective, and develop new ideas
|
|
that cross and break boundaries. They invite your submission of original
|
|
and innovative papers. Invited Talk proposals and suggestions and
|
|
proposals of tutorials are also very welcome.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Paper submissions are due November 29, 1999.
|
|
<P>
|
|
See <A HREF=http://www.usenix.org/events/sec99/cfp.html>
|
|
http://www.usenix.org/events/sec99/cfp.html</A>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!-- =================================================================== -->
|
|
|
|
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
|
|
<font color="green">
|
|
Linux support in Indonesia
|
|
</font>
|
|
</H3>
|
|
<P>
|
|
PT Cakram DataLingga Duaribu has announced it's first commercial Linux support
|
|
in Bogor, West Java, INDONESIA. The support includes Linux consultation
|
|
service, Home PC pre-installed with RedHat Linux, Linux Servers with special
|
|
configurations.
|
|
<P>
|
|
For more information, contact <A HREF=http://cdl2000.or.id/linux.html>
|
|
http://cdl2000.or.id/linux.html</A> or
|
|
<A HREF=mailto:linux-support@cdl2000.or.id>linux-support@cdl2000.or.id</A>.
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!-- =================================================================== -->
|
|
|
|
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
|
|
<font color="green">
|
|
Linux 3D Gaming Initiative looking for volunteers
|
|
</font>
|
|
</H3>
|
|
<P>
|
|
The Linux 3D Gaming Initiative (<A HREF=http://www.linux3d.net>
|
|
http://www.linux3d.net</A>) is a pro-bono community resource project initiated
|
|
by Full On 3D (<A HREF=http://www.fullon3d.com>http://www.fullon3d.com</A>).
|
|
It is open to and depending on contributors from all sorts of hardware and
|
|
gaming websites..
|
|
<P>
|
|
Voluteers needed:
|
|
<UL>
|
|
<LI> Linux gurus of many shades, especially XServer and OpenGL=20
|
|
<LI> networking under Linux ( LAN setup, internet, etc... )
|
|
<LI> 3D theory and application
|
|
<LI> Graphic artist(s)
|
|
<LI> News hunters/updaters - this is a daily work, little HTML
|
|
knowledge is needed
|
|
<LI> Forum moderators
|
|
</UL>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!-- =================================================================== -->
|
|
|
|
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
|
|
<font color="green">
|
|
Linux Administrators Security Guide 0.1.0
|
|
</font>
|
|
</H3>
|
|
<P>
|
|
<A HREF=https://www.seifried.org/lasg/>https://www.seifried.org/lasg/</A><BR>
|
|
150+ pages, Adobe Acrobat format. An https:-capable browser is required for
|
|
download (This means a browser that can view secure webpages, such as recent
|
|
versions of Netscape or Internet Explorer.)
|
|
<P>
|
|
There is an LASG FAQ in HTML format, but https: is still required.<BR>
|
|
<A HREF=https://www.seifried.org/lasg/lasg-faq.html>
|
|
https://www.seifried.org/lasg/lasg-faq.html</A>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!-- =================================================================== -->
|
|
|
|
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
|
|
<font color="green">
|
|
sourceXchange: Software-Development Model of the Future
|
|
</font>
|
|
</H3>
|
|
<P>
|
|
More than just a job-posting or recruiting Web site, sourceXchange is
|
|
the industry's first vehicle to manage the open-source development
|
|
process that protects the interests of both corporate sponsors and
|
|
open-source developers.
|
|
<P>
|
|
The sourceXchange is a Web site that maintains a database of all
|
|
published project RFPs posted by corporate sponsors, registers
|
|
open-source developers and their teams, manages RFP responses from the
|
|
developer community, and manages payment. It also will incorporate
|
|
peer review and project milestones to ensure quality and reliability of
|
|
each development project.
|
|
<P>
|
|
SourceXchange, an affiliate of O'Reilly & Associates, was founded in
|
|
conjunction with HP, the founding sponsor. The two companies plan to
|
|
launch the service in early summer with an array of open-source
|
|
development projects from HP that expand its commitment to open-source
|
|
technologies. Pending a successful beta launch in July, sourceXchange
|
|
will accept projects from other enterprise sponsors.
|
|
<P>
|
|
See <A HREF=http://www.sourcexchange.com>www.sourcexchange.com</A> for
|
|
details.
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!-- =================================================================== -->
|
|
|
|
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
|
|
<font color="green">
|
|
Cosource.com: another service to fund Open Source development
|
|
</font>
|
|
</H3>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Redmond, WA -- Veriteam, Inc., today announced the launch of their
|
|
web-based service, Cosource.com (
|
|
<A HREF=http://www.cosource.com>www.cosource.com</A>), which will
|
|
enable users of Open Source Software to directly influence the
|
|
development of Open Source Projects.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Cosource.com will launch the beta-testing phase of their service on
|
|
June 1, 1999. During the beta-testing phase, registered sponsors will
|
|
nominate seed projects for development by Open Source developers, while
|
|
programmers will register as potential developers of sponsored
|
|
projects. After the beta phase, Cosource.com will begin accepting
|
|
sponsorships for specific projects from consumers of Open Source
|
|
Software.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Cosource.com allows individuals to offer financial rewards to
|
|
developers of Open Source Projects in exchange for creating software
|
|
that meets the individuals' needs. On the web site, a database records
|
|
the specifications and initial sponsorship amount offered for a
|
|
project. After the initial sponsorship, other sponsors can easily add
|
|
their sponsorship amounts to the project, thus increasing the bounty
|
|
offered for the project.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Once a significant bounty has accrued, developers bid for the right to
|
|
produce the software according to the specifications detailed by the
|
|
project's sponsors. The Staff at Cosource.com coordinate the interface
|
|
between the sponsors and developers, making sure the needs of the
|
|
sponsors are met and the developers are paid for their efforts.
|
|
Sponsors make their payments via a secure credit card payment system,
|
|
and the developer is paid with one check issued by Cosource.com.
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!-- =================================================================== -->
|
|
|
|
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
|
|
<font color="green">
|
|
O'Reilly "Open-Sources" <EM?OpenSources: Voices From the Revolution</EM>
|
|
</font>
|
|
</H3>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Sebastopol, CA-O'Reilly & Associates announced today that they a
|
|
are making the entire new book, <EM>?OpenSources: Voices From the
|
|
Open Source Revolution</EM> freely available (or "open-sourced")
|
|
on their
|
|
<A HREF=http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/opensources/book/toc.html>
|
|
web site</A>.
|
|
<EM>Open Sources</EM> is a collection of essays that offer insight into
|
|
how the Open Source movement works, why it succeeds, and
|
|
where it is going.
|
|
<P>
|
|
<EM>OpenSources</EM>, published in January 1999, has earned considerable
|
|
critical acclaim. In "OpenSources", Open Source pioneers such as Brian
|
|
Belendorf (Apache), Scott Bradner (Internet Engineering Task Force),
|
|
Jim Hamerly (Netscape), Kirk McKusick (Berkeley Unix), Tim O'Reilly
|
|
(O'Reilly & Associates), Tom Paquin (mozilla.org.), Bruce Peren (Open
|
|
Source Initiative), Eric Raymond (Open Source Initiative), Richard
|
|
Stallman (Free Software Foundation), Michael Tiemann (Cygnus
|
|
Solutions), Linus Torvalds (Linux), Paul Vixie (Bind), Larry Wall
|
|
(Perl), and Bob Young (Red Hat) share their vision of the Open Source
|
|
movement.
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!-- =================================================================== -->
|
|
|
|
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
|
|
<font color="green">
|
|
Pacific HiTech and Computer Associates announce Linux partnership
|
|
</font>
|
|
</H3>
|
|
<P>
|
|
ISLANDIA, N.Y., and TOKYO, JAPAN, May 18, 1999--Computer Associates
|
|
International, Inc. (CA) and Pacific HiTech today announced a partnership
|
|
to broaden the acceptance of Linux and Linux-based applications by
|
|
corporate users across the Pacific Rim and worldwide.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Under terms of the agreement, CA and Pacific HiTech will create a unique,
|
|
high-value operating system solution that incorporates both Pacific
|
|
HiTech's TurboLinux and CA's industry-leading Unicenter TNG management
|
|
technology. CA will develop versions of Unicenter TNG and Unicenter TNG
|
|
Framework to support TurboLinux, while Pacific HiTech will promote the use
|
|
of Unicenter TNG as the premier management solution for its Linux customer
|
|
base. The companies have also agreed to collaborate closely on engineering
|
|
multiprocessor clustering and failover support for their respective
|
|
solutions.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Here's the
|
|
<A HREF=http://www.cai.com/press/1999/05/ca_pacific_hitech.htm>
|
|
full press release</A>.
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!-- =================================================================== -->
|
|
|
|
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
|
|
<font color="green">
|
|
Pacific HiTech and IBM
|
|
</font>
|
|
</H3>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Pacific HiTech and IBM announced an industry first partnership whereby Pacific
|
|
HiTech will ship IBM's DB2 Universal Database with its Linux Operating
|
|
Suite, TurboLinux.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Pacific HiTech will sell its TurboLinux products integrated with IBM
|
|
middleware - beginning with DB2 Universal Database - through its channels in
|
|
Asia and North America.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Also announced today was the largest deployment to date of IBM NetFinity
|
|
servers running Linux. The deployment, which took place at Kyoto Sangyo
|
|
University, a leading university based in Kyoto, Japan, involves more than
|
|
600 IBM NetFinity 3000 servers running on Pacific HiTech's TurboLinux
|
|
workstation. The installation of this technology will enable the
|
|
university's students, faculty and researchers to run both the TurboLinux
|
|
workstation and Microsoft Windows NT operating systems on a single network.
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!-- =================================================================== -->
|
|
|
|
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
|
|
<font color="green">
|
|
Intel and H-P: Linux on Merced
|
|
</font>
|
|
</H3>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Intel and HP have announced that the
|
|
Merced program has included Linux as one of the Operating Systems the
|
|
chip will be certified on at its release date.
|
|
<P>
|
|
The announcement is on
|
|
<A HREF=http://developer.intel.com/design/processor/future/overview/sld020.htm>
|
|
Intel's website</A>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!-- =================================================================== -->
|
|
|
|
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
|
|
<font color="green">
|
|
USALogin web site revamp (pre-configured Linux systems)
|
|
</font>
|
|
</H3>
|
|
<P>
|
|
USALogin specializes in pre-configured Linux solutions designed to snap into your existing corporate network.
|
|
<P>
|
|
USALogin's solution will
|
|
<UL>
|
|
<LI> Protect your network through firewalling
|
|
<LI> Manage your REAL-TIME email - both within your office and to the outside world. (yourname@yourcompany.com)
|
|
<LI> Host the corporate website (www.yourcompany.com)
|
|
<LI> Allow multple users to access the Internet through one telephone line
|
|
<LI> Manage the corporate email lists
|
|
<LI> Interface seamlessly with Microsoft Outlook, Office and Netscape
|
|
</UL>
|
|
<P>
|
|
The system is complete and installed into your office with a single low monthly cost.
|
|
<P>
|
|
USALogin's web site is <A HREF=http://www.usalogin.net>www.usalogin.net</A>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!-- =================================================================== -->
|
|
|
|
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
|
|
<font color="green">
|
|
CTiTEK replaced Windows NT with Linux on a client's webserver
|
|
</font>
|
|
</H3>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Chesterfield, MO - May 18, 1999 - CTiTEK Inc.
|
|
<P>
|
|
"This is the fourth Linux installation in two months. Others consisted of
|
|
firewalls and Email servers.
|
|
<P>
|
|
An estimated $2,000 - $10,000 annual savings can be realized when switching to
|
|
a Linux server. (Includes labor, hardware, and software savings).
|
|
<P>
|
|
A Microsoft FrontPage error on an Email form was the last straw that caused
|
|
this conversion to Linux.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Instead of consistent errors and copious amounts of time spent on Microsoft's
|
|
software undocumented 'issues', it was decided to rebuild the system into a
|
|
Linux machine.
|
|
<P>
|
|
It all started by using Windows NT with Option Pack 4 to run multiple web sites
|
|
one year ago. The customer wanted to run several websites on one machine, so
|
|
Windows NT with Option Pack 4 was used.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Today it became necessary to run an Email Form (an area on the website that one
|
|
can fill-in and the info is sent by email to someone in the company) on the
|
|
website, and FrontPage was used to keep everything in the MS 'family'.
|
|
Unfortunately the FrontPage Email Form did not work properly with the
|
|
webserver. After spending countless hours trying to solve the problem,
|
|
including several calls to Microsoft, we realized that the Windows NT Operating
|
|
system will have to be rebuilt with the latest version of the Management
|
|
Console (An uninstall and installation of the latest option pack did not work).
|
|
<P>
|
|
We selected Linux because it is a robust, free Operating System (benchmark
|
|
tests with reputable magazines indicate a minimum 75% higher performance).
|
|
<P>
|
|
TRADEMARKS. Microsoft, Windows, Windows NT, and/or other Microsoft products
|
|
referenced herein are either trademarks or registered trademarks of Microsoft."
|
|
<P>
|
|
CiTEK's website is <A HREF=http://www.citek.com>www.citek.com</A>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!-- =================================================================== -->
|
|
|
|
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
|
|
<font color="green">
|
|
Alpha Processor, Inc. joins Linux International
|
|
</font>
|
|
</H3>
|
|
<P>
|
|
LINUX EXPO, Raleigh, NC, May 19, 1999 - Alpha Processor, Inc. (API), the
|
|
leading provider of the world's fastest 64-bit microprocessor and related
|
|
technologies, today announced it has joined the non-profit Linux
|
|
International organization, formally pledging its continued commitment to
|
|
support application development for the Linux operating system.
|
|
<P>
|
|
"In becoming a member of Linux International, API joins industry
|
|
forerunners dedicated to the mass acceptance of Linux," said Jon "Maddog"
|
|
Hall, executive director of Linux International. "Offering today's leading
|
|
high-performance platform for Linux, API is an ideal candidate for
|
|
membership. This symbol of API's commitment to growing this market
|
|
undoubtedly will inspire innovations throughout the Linux community."
|
|
<P>
|
|
API is committed to developing enabling technologies to speed adoption and
|
|
growth of applications built on the Alpha Linux platform. Alpha's superior
|
|
speed, performance and reliability make it a natural environment for Linux.
|
|
API's marketing and engineering partnerships and industry standard platform
|
|
price points are expected to expand Alpha's share in this growing market.
|
|
<P>
|
|
The company's website is
|
|
<A HREF=http://www.alpha-processor.com>www.alpha-processor.com</A>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!-- =================================================================== -->
|
|
|
|
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
|
|
<font color="green">
|
|
Magic Software announces the "Magic for Linux Really Cool Contest"
|
|
</font>
|
|
</H3>
|
|
<P>
|
|
IRVINE, CA (May 20, 1999) -- Magic Software Enterprises (NASDAQ: MGIC)
|
|
announced today that it will award a free 10-day cruise for two to
|
|
Antarctica to the developer who builds the best e-commerce solution for
|
|
the Linux platform using Magic, the company's highly productive
|
|
development technology. The contest, titled "The Magic for Linux Really
|
|
Cool Conte st", runs from May 20, 1999 through October 15, 1999, with all
|
|
entry forms d ue no later than September 30, 1999. Complete details on
|
|
the contest can be obtained through the company's web site,
|
|
<A HREF=http://www.magic-sw.com>www.magic-sw.com</A>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!-- =================================================================== -->
|
|
|
|
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
|
|
<font color="green">
|
|
Ardent Software delivers key data management software for Red Hat Linux
|
|
</font>
|
|
</H3>
|
|
<P>
|
|
WESTBORO, Mass., May 20, 1999 - Ardent Software, Inc. (Nasdaq: ARDT), a
|
|
leading global data management software company, today announced a
|
|
partnership with Red Hat Software, the market leading Linux distributor and
|
|
service provider. In partnership with Red Hat, Ardent will port key data
|
|
management software tools to Red Hat Linux (RHL), allowing Ardent's
|
|
extensive channel of resellers and distributors to make their business
|
|
applications available to Red Hat Linux users. Among the Ardent products to
|
|
be available on the Red Hat Linux platform are its UniVerse and UniData
|
|
relational databases and related development tools, including the System
|
|
Builder multi-tier 4GL and RedBack Web OLTP environment.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Ardent's web site is <A HREF=http://www.ardentsoftware.com>
|
|
www.ardentsoftware.com</A>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!-- =================================================================== -->
|
|
|
|
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
|
|
<font color="green">
|
|
IACT's Freedom of Choice Petition
|
|
</font>
|
|
</H3>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Join us in IACT's Freedom of Choice Petition, to stop the exclusive
|
|
pre-installation [bundling or tying] of a single company's software on the
|
|
computers sold, bought and used across the world. To bring real choice and
|
|
innovation to the PC market, we should be able to buy and sell new
|
|
computer systems compatible with Linux and a wide range of software
|
|
programs, in any combination.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Help us send that direct message to the PC companies, by signing and
|
|
supporting IACT's Freedom of Choice Petition! We're already getting great
|
|
support from the Internet community and from users, programmers and
|
|
resellers of Linux, OS/2, Unix, DOS, BeOS, BSD and yes, Windows, too. To
|
|
add your name to all of theirs, just use either our on-line form or
|
|
regular e-mail. Details are at
|
|
<A HREF=http://pages.cthome.net/iact/iaction-freechoice.html>
|
|
http://pages.cthome.net/iact/iaction-freechoice.html</A>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!-- =================================================================== -->
|
|
|
|
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
|
|
<font color="green">
|
|
Linux Links
|
|
</font>
|
|
</H3>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Rasterman explains his departure from Red Hat:
|
|
<A HREF="http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=99/05/31/1917240&mode=thread">
|
|
http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=99/05/31/1917240&mode=thread</A>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
LuCAS: Spanish-language Linux documentation:
|
|
<A HREF=http://lucas.hispalinux.es>http://lucas.hispalinux.es</A>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
IBM announces support of four Linux distributions:
|
|
<A HREF=http://www.theregister.co.uk/990525-000006.html>
|
|
http://www.theregister.co.uk/990525-000006.html</A>.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<A HREF=news.sco.txt>
|
|
SCO's views of Linux and comments on recent press articles
|
|
|
|
|
|
<a name="software"></a>
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!-- =================================================================== -->
|
|
<center><H3><font color="green">Software Announcements</font></H3></center>
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!-- =================================================================== -->
|
|
|
|
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
|
|
<font color="green">
|
|
Proven dk bookkeeping program
|
|
</font>
|
|
</H3>
|
|
<P>
|
|
May 3, 1999 -- Proven Software,Inc. today released Proven dk, Small Business
|
|
Edition. Proven dk is a single-user quick entry bookkeeping
|
|
package written specifically for the Linux desktop. The Small
|
|
Business Edition is priced at $99 (US). An evaluation copy is available
|
|
on the company's website.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Despite its low price, Proven dk, Small Business Edition is a
|
|
comprehensive accounting system which includes Sales Invoicing,
|
|
Accounts Receivable, CheckWriter, Accounts Payable, General
|
|
Ledger, and Financial Report Generator. This new product provides
|
|
the general bookkeeping and accounting essentials for most small
|
|
businesses and organizations.
|
|
<P>
|
|
The company's web site is
|
|
<A HREF=http://www.provenacct.com>www.provenacct.com</A>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!-- =================================================================== -->
|
|
|
|
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
|
|
<font color="green">
|
|
EasyCopy: printing and scanning prorgrams for CAD-related industries
|
|
</font>
|
|
</H3>
|
|
<P>
|
|
SAN JOSE, Calif., April, 1999 - AutoGraph International
|
|
(AGI) debuted EasyCopy 6.0 at the COE TechniFair with a
|
|
scheduled late May release to the marketplace. EasyCopy 6.0
|
|
is a major rewrite of AGI's flagship, EasyCopy/X, which has
|
|
an installed base of more than 150,000 users worldwide. With
|
|
this new generation EasyCopy has taken a major step from a
|
|
printing solution to a flexible set of image communication
|
|
tools.
|
|
<P>
|
|
The company says EasyCopy, EasyConvert, EasyCopy/Page, EasyCopy/Scan and
|
|
EasyCopy/Graphics run on Linux. Pricing of EasyCopy begins at $395.
|
|
<P>
|
|
The company's URL is <A HREF=http://www.augrin.dk>http://www.augrin.dk</A>.
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!-- =================================================================== -->
|
|
|
|
<H3><IMG ALT=" " SRC="../gx/bolt.gif">
|
|
<font color="green">
|
|
Other Products
|
|
</font>
|
|
</H3>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Harlequin Lispworks Beta for Red Hat on Intel (Common Lisp implementation):
|
|
<A HREF=http://www.harlequin.com/devtools/lisp>http://www.harlequin.com/devtools/lisp</A>.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
/BriefCase 3.0 Released as OpenSource (Software Configuration Management
|
|
solution):
|
|
<A HREF=http://www.applied-cs-inc.com/>
|
|
http://www.applied-cs-inc.com/</A>.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Sylvan Prometric to Deliver New Linux Certification Tests:<BR>
|
|
Information about the Sair Linux training and certification
|
|
program: <a href="http://www.linuxcertification.org/">www.linuxcertification.org</a><BR>
|
|
Locations of Sylvan APTCs:
|
|
<a href="http://www.sylvanprometric.com/">www.sylvanprometric.com</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Integrated Computer Solutions, Inc. (ICS) has released its flagship product, Builder Xcessory (BX PRO(tm)), is now
|
|
available for SuSE Linux. The press release is at
|
|
<A HREF=http://www.ics.com/about/whatshot/press_releases/bxlinux-suse.html>
|
|
http://www.ics.com/about/whatshot/press_releases/bxlinux-suse.html</A>.
|
|
This is a WSYWIG integrated development environment.
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Metroworks Code Warrior software development tool has been
|
|
ported to Red Hat.
|
|
<A HREF=http://www.metroworks.com>http://www.metroworks.com</A>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Web-4M(tm) 2.5 provides a comprehensive collaboration/groupware environment for
|
|
Linux. The Web-4M server supports email, news, phone, the Browseable Document
|
|
Library(tm), the Interactive Slide Show(tm), audio conferencing, chat, a white
|
|
board, a calendar, scheduler and more. The Web-4M server runs under Linux and
|
|
other platforms in conjunction with the Apache web server. Clients can be Linux
|
|
or any platform that supports a Java-compliant web browser.
|
|
<A HREF=http://www.jdhtech.com>http://www.jdhtech.com</A>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
SuperAnt releases Linux Security CD-ROM:
|
|
<A HREF=http://www.superant.com>http://www.superant.com</A>.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
VariCAD professional CAD system:
|
|
<A HREF=http://www.varicad.com>www.varicad.com</A>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
<center>Published in <i>Linux Gazette</i> Issue 42, June 1999</center>
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<!-- =================================================================== -->
|
|
<A HREF="./index.html"><IMG SRC="../gx/indexnew.gif" ALT="[ TABLE OF
|
|
CONTENTS ]"></A>
|
|
<A HREF="../index.html"><IMG SRC="../gx/homenew.gif" ALT="[ FRONT
|
|
PAGE ]"></A>
|
|
<A HREF="./lg_mail42.html"><IMG SRC="../gx/back2.gif" ALT=" Back "></A>
|
|
<A HREF="./lg_answer42.html"><IMG SRC="../gx/fwd.gif" ALT=" Next "></A>
|
|
|
|
<P><HR><P>
|
|
<h5>This page written and maintained by the Editor of <I>Linux Gazette</I>,
|
|
<A HREF="mailto: gazette@ssc.com">gazette@ssc.com</A><BR>
|
|
Copyright © 1999 Specialized Systems Consultants, Inc. </H5>
|
|
<P>
|
|
<H3>Contents:</H3>
|
|
<p><a href="#tag/greeting"
|
|
><img src="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" alt="(!)" border="0"
|
|
align="middle"><strong>Greetings From Jim Dennis</strong></A></p>
|
|
|
|
<DL>
|
|
<!-- index_text begins -->
|
|
<dt><A HREF="#tag/1"
|
|
><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" height="28" width="50"
|
|
alt="(?)" border="0"
|
|
></a>Setting up a Loopback Mount --or--
|
|
<dd><A HREF="#tag/1"
|
|
><strong>
|
|
Loopback (localhost) NFS Mounting for FTP
|
|
</strong></a>
|
|
|
|
<dt><A HREF="#tag/2"
|
|
><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" height="28" width="50"
|
|
alt="(?)" border="0"
|
|
></a>sites for general disk info? --or--
|
|
<dd><A HREF="#tag/2"
|
|
><strong>
|
|
General HD Info and Boot Code
|
|
</strong></a>
|
|
|
|
<dt><A HREF="#tag/3"
|
|
><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" height="28" width="50"
|
|
alt="(?)" border="0"
|
|
></a>TCP Sockets --or--
|
|
<dd><A HREF="#tag/3"
|
|
><strong>
|
|
SYN, SYN/ACK, ACK, ACK, ACK: TCP Handshaking
|
|
</strong></a>
|
|
|
|
"Pleased to meet you!"
|
|
<dt><A HREF="#tag/4"
|
|
><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" height="28" width="50"
|
|
alt="(?)" border="0"
|
|
></a>cvs tree for pam --or--
|
|
<dd><A HREF="#tag/4"
|
|
><strong>
|
|
PAM chroot
|
|
</strong></a>
|
|
|
|
Wherein Jim rants about PAM
|
|
<dt><A HREF="#tag/5"
|
|
><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" height="28" width="50"
|
|
alt="(?)" border="0"
|
|
></a>Resizing partitions --or--
|
|
<dd><A HREF="#tag/5"
|
|
><strong>
|
|
Filesystem Management: What must be "resident" at all times?
|
|
</strong></a>
|
|
|
|
<dt><A HREF="#tag/6"
|
|
><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" height="28" width="50"
|
|
alt="(?)" border="0"
|
|
></a>Hubs --or--
|
|
<dd><A HREF="#tag/6"
|
|
><strong>
|
|
Ethernet Switches vs. Hubs
|
|
</strong></a>
|
|
|
|
<dt><A HREF="#tag/7"
|
|
><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" height="28" width="50"
|
|
alt="(?)" border="0"
|
|
></a>procmail and saved variables. --or--
|
|
<dd><A HREF="#tag/7"
|
|
><strong>
|
|
MATCH and Replaceable Parameters in procmail
|
|
</strong></a>
|
|
|
|
<dt><A HREF="#tag/8"
|
|
><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" height="28" width="50"
|
|
alt="(?)" border="0"
|
|
><strong>RMA for Video Card</strong></a>
|
|
|
|
<dt><A HREF="#tag/9"
|
|
><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" height="28" width="50"
|
|
alt="(?)" border="0"
|
|
></a>Unix Internal --or--
|
|
<dd><A HREF="#tag/9"
|
|
><strong>
|
|
Inodes Numbering: An Academic Question
|
|
</strong></a>
|
|
|
|
<dt><A HREF="#tag/10"
|
|
><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" height="28" width="50"
|
|
alt="(?)" border="0"
|
|
></a>One Bad Sector thats gettin on my nerves! --or--
|
|
<dd><A HREF="#tag/10"
|
|
><strong>
|
|
One Bad Sector
|
|
</strong></a>
|
|
It Doesn't Ruin the Whole Disk
|
|
|
|
<dt><A HREF="#tag/11"
|
|
><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" height="28" width="50"
|
|
alt="(?)" border="0"
|
|
></a>Server shutdown/restart: 2-key keyboard --or--
|
|
<dd><A HREF="#tag/11"
|
|
><strong>
|
|
Server Shutdown Button
|
|
</strong></a>
|
|
|
|
<dt><A HREF="#tag/12"
|
|
><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" height="28" width="50"
|
|
alt="(?)" border="0"
|
|
></a>hal91 --or--
|
|
<dd><A HREF="#tag/12"
|
|
><strong>
|
|
HAL91 (Floppy Based Linux Distribution)
|
|
</strong></a>
|
|
|
|
<dt><A HREF="#tag/13"
|
|
><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" height="28" width="50"
|
|
alt="(?)" border="0"
|
|
></a>ping at a differnt port --or--
|
|
<dd><A HREF="#tag/13"
|
|
><strong>
|
|
Ping a Port: NOT
|
|
</strong></a>
|
|
|
|
<dt><A HREF="#tag/14"
|
|
><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" height="28" width="50"
|
|
alt="(?)" border="0"
|
|
></a>Hey answer guy!!! --or--
|
|
<dd><A HREF="#tag/14"
|
|
><strong>
|
|
Linux as a Job!
|
|
</strong></a>
|
|
Hobbies become fun and profit
|
|
<dt><A HREF="#tag/15"
|
|
><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" height="28" width="50"
|
|
alt="(?)" border="0"
|
|
><strong>New Kernel Loses Ether Driver;
|
|
Dial on Demand and Masquerading</strong></a>
|
|
<br>A grabbag of user questions.
|
|
|
|
<dt><A HREF="#tag/16"
|
|
><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" height="28" width="50"
|
|
alt="(?)" border="0"
|
|
><strong>pcmcia install on debian</strong></a>
|
|
<dt><A HREF="#tag/17"
|
|
><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" height="28" width="50"
|
|
alt="(?)" border="0"
|
|
></a>work-around for gdi printer? --or--
|
|
<dd><A HREF="#tag/17"
|
|
><strong>
|
|
WinPrinter Work-around
|
|
</strong></a>
|
|
|
|
<dt><A HREF="#tag/18"
|
|
><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" height="28" width="50"
|
|
alt="(?)" border="0"
|
|
></a>Question about 2 GB max? --or--
|
|
<dd><A HREF="#tag/18"
|
|
><strong>
|
|
Maximum Filesize vs. Maximum Filesystem Size
|
|
</strong></a>
|
|
|
|
<dt><A HREF="#tag/19"
|
|
><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" height="28" width="50"
|
|
alt="(?)" border="0"
|
|
></a>Advanced ipfwadm question. icmp forwarding. --or--
|
|
<dd><A HREF="#tag/19"
|
|
><strong>
|
|
ICMP Masquerading
|
|
</strong></a>
|
|
|
|
<dt><A HREF="#tag/20"
|
|
><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" height="28" width="50"
|
|
alt="(?)" border="0"
|
|
></a>RedHat 5.2 Kernel 2.0.36 --or--
|
|
<dd><A HREF="#tag/20"
|
|
><strong>
|
|
Upgrade Breaks Several Programs, <TT>/proc</TT> Problems, BogoMIPS Discrepancies
|
|
</strong></a>
|
|
<br>A visit to "Library Hell"
|
|
|
|
<dt><A HREF="#tag/21"
|
|
><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" height="28" width="50"
|
|
alt="(?)" border="0"
|
|
></a>Pls spare a minute: --or--
|
|
<dd><A HREF="#tag/21"
|
|
><strong>
|
|
Spare a Minute to Provide "Some Info"
|
|
</strong></a>
|
|
|
|
<dt><A HREF="#tag/22"
|
|
><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" height="28" width="50"
|
|
alt="(?)" border="0"
|
|
></a>HELP!!!!!!!!!! --or--
|
|
<dd><A HREF="#tag/22"
|
|
><strong>
|
|
Data "Losted" (sic)
|
|
</strong></a>
|
|
|
|
<dt><A HREF="#tag/23"
|
|
><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" height="28" width="50"
|
|
alt="(?)" border="0"
|
|
></a>"Network Neighborhood" --or--
|
|
<dd><A HREF="#tag/23"
|
|
><strong>
|
|
Network Neighborhood: Heterogenous File Sharing
|
|
</strong></a>
|
|
|
|
<dt><A HREF="#tag/24"
|
|
><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" height="28" width="50"
|
|
alt="(?)" border="0"
|
|
><strong>AOL</strong></a>
|
|
<!-- index_text ends -->
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<A NAME="tag/greeting"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A>
|
|
<H3 align="left"><img src="./../gx/dennis/bbubble.gif"
|
|
height="50" width="60" alt="(!) " border="0"
|
|
>Greetings from Jim Dennis</H3>
|
|
<!-- begin greeting -->
|
|
<h4 align="center">Lies, Damn Lies and Benchmarks</h4>
|
|
|
|
<p>Those of you who read slashdot (<a href="http://www.slashdot.org"
|
|
>http://www.slashdot.org</a>), the Linux Weekly News
|
|
(<a href="http://www.lwn.net">http://www.lwn.net</a>), or other common
|
|
Linux webazines and forums have undoubtedly tired of reading about
|
|
the Mindcraft fiasco. If so, maybe you'll skip this and go unto the
|
|
usual collection of "Answer Guy" questions.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The Mindcraft story has been interesting. As some of my colleagues
|
|
have pointed out their "attack" on Linux serves more to legitimize
|
|
Linux as a choice for business servers than to undermine it. In
|
|
addition it appears that the methodology they used has uncovered
|
|
some legitimate opportunities for improvement in the Linux process
|
|
scheduling facilities.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>I'm referring to the "thundering herd" issue that results from a
|
|
large number of processes all doing a <tt>select()</tt> call on a given
|
|
socket for file resource -- such as having a 150 Apache servers
|
|
listening on port 80. However that is not a new issue; Richard
|
|
Gooch (a significant contributor to the Linux kernel mailing list
|
|
and code base) discussed similar issues and possible patches almost
|
|
a year ago:</p>
|
|
|
|
<dl><dt>I/O Event Handling Under Linux
|
|
<dd><tt><a
|
|
href="http://wwwatnf.atnf.csiro.au/people/rgooch/linux/docs/io-events.html"
|
|
>http://wwwatnf.atnf.csiro.au/people/rgooch/linux/docs/io-events.html</a></tt>
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<p>It looks like some work will go into the Linux kernel and into
|
|
Apache to resolve some of those issues. In addition I know that
|
|
Andrew Tridgell and Jeremy Allison (a couple of the principal
|
|
members of the Samba development team) have been been continuing
|
|
thier work on Samba.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>So the Linux/Apache/Samba combination will show improvement for the
|
|
general case. Samba 2.0.4 just shipped and already has some of
|
|
these enhancements. Some of the interesting changes to the Linux
|
|
kernel might already be present in the 2.3.3 developmental kernel
|
|
(and might be easily pack ported as a set of 2.2.9 patches). So we
|
|
could see some of the improvements within a couple of weeks.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Some of these improvements may give Linux a better showing in any
|
|
"Mindcraft III" or similar benchmark. Maybe they won't. The
|
|
<em>improvements</em> will be for the general case --- and I don't see
|
|
much chance that open source developers will sneak in special case
|
|
code that will only improve "benchmark" performance without being
|
|
of real benefit.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>That's one of the problems with closed source vendors. There's
|
|
great temptation to put in code that isn't of real value to real
|
|
customers but will be great for benchmarks and magazine reviewers.
|
|
This has been detected on several occassions by several vendors;
|
|
but it would be completely blatant in any open source project.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Frankly, I don't care if we improve our Mindcraft results. I
|
|
prefer to question the very premises on which the whole discussion
|
|
is based.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>There are three I'd like to mention:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>Big Server for Little Jobs
|
|
<li>Apache for simple HTTP of static HTML
|
|
<li>SMB as a File Service
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>The fallacy of the whole Mindcraft mindset is that we should have
|
|
"big servers" to provide file and web services. Let's ask about that.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Why?</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The reason Microsoft wants to push big servers should be relatively
|
|
obvious. Microsoft's customers are the hardware vendors and VARs.
|
|
Most end customers, even the IT departments at large corporations,
|
|
don't install their own OS. They order a system with the OS and
|
|
major services pre-installed (or order systems and pay contractors
|
|
and/or consultants to perform the installation and initial
|
|
configurations).</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>So, it is in Microsoft's vested interest to encourage the sale of
|
|
high end and expensive systems. The cost of NT itself is then a
|
|
tinier fraction of the overall outlay. One or two grand for the OS
|
|
seems less outrageous when expressed as a percentage of 10 to 20
|
|
thousand dollars.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>So, how many customers really need 4-way SMP systems? Are 4-way
|
|
SMP systems <em>EVER</em> really a better choice for web and file services
|
|
than a set of four or more similar quality separate systems?</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Big 4 or 8 CPU SMP servers are probably the best choice for some
|
|
applications. It's even possible that such systems are optimal for
|
|
SOME web and file servers. What's really important, however, is
|
|
whether such systems are appropriate to YOUR situation.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Back when NT was first starting to emerge as a real threat to
|
|
Netware it was interesting that the press harped on the lack of
|
|
"scaleable SMP" support in Netware 3.x and 4.x. I'm sure there are
|
|
analysts today who would continue to argue that this was the
|
|
primary reason for Netware's loss of marketshare during the early
|
|
to mid '90s.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Personally I suspect that the bigger factors in Netware's woes were
|
|
from three other causes:</p>
|
|
|
|
<dl><dt>Client support: <dd>MS shipped Win '95 and WfW with
|
|
support for SMB. Novell never adapted their
|
|
servers to work with the support that was shipped
|
|
with the clients. By all accounts SMB is a
|
|
vastly inferior suite of protocols to Netware's
|
|
NCP. However, IT managers are often eager to
|
|
save a penny on every client by not having their
|
|
sysadmins and help desk people visit every new
|
|
system to install network client drivers.
|
|
|
|
<dt>TCP/IP: <dd>Novell provided TCP/IP early on --- in the
|
|
form of expensive addons to their main servers,
|
|
and a relatively expensive suite of client tools
|
|
for MS-DOS. They didn't adapt to the emergence
|
|
of the Internet in corporate circles by including
|
|
TCP/IP as standard features in their base
|
|
packages. Meanwhile IPX's SAP (service
|
|
advertising protocols) were sucking up a
|
|
noticable portion of the available bandwidth as
|
|
more companies put MANY more devices on their
|
|
LANs and WANs. Novell had the technology, but
|
|
they failed to rethink their pricing model,
|
|
probably in a doomed effort to protect some of
|
|
their revenue streams.
|
|
|
|
<dt>Pricing: <dd>Microsoft had a huge advantage over Novell.
|
|
They could afford to practically give away NT
|
|
server for a few years (and perhaps turn a blind
|
|
eye to some amount of piracy, temporarily) so
|
|
long as that would cost Novell some server licenses.
|
|
</dl>
|
|
|
|
<p>Of course, I could be wrong. I'm not an industry analyst.
|
|
However, I do know that the considered opinion of the Netware
|
|
specialists I knew back around '93 was that Netware didn't need SMP
|
|
support. It was plenty fast enough without additional processors.
|
|
NT, on the other hand, has so much overhead that it needs about 4
|
|
CPUs to get going.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>So, if we're not going to use "big servers" how do we "scale?"</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Replication and Distribution.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Look at how the whole Internet scales. We have the DNS system
|
|
which distributes (and delegates) the management of a huge database
|
|
over millions of domains. We don't even bat an eye that an average
|
|
DNS lookup takes less than a second. The SMTP mail system also has
|
|
proven scalability. It handles untold millions of messages a day
|
|
(some of which isn't even spam).</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Of course some people are already chomping at the bit to write to
|
|
me and explain what an idiot I am. There are problems with
|
|
replicating files and HTML across multiple servers. Some
|
|
applications are very sensitive to concurrency issues and race
|
|
conditions. There are cases where the accessor of a file must have
|
|
the absolute latest version and must be able to retain a lock on
|
|
it. There are cases where we want to lock just portions of files, etc.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>However, these are not the most common cases. Going for the "big
|
|
server" approach is often a sign of laziness. Rather than identify
|
|
the specific sets of applications that require centralized control
|
|
and access, they try to toss everything on the "one size stomps
|
|
all" server.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>In the degenerate case of the Mindcraft benchmarks it would be
|
|
amusing to pit four low cost PCs running Linux against one "big
|
|
server" running NT. I say "degenerate case" since the benchmarks
|
|
used there don't seem to have any concurrency or locking issues (at
|
|
least not for the HTTP portions of the test).</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Needless to say we'd also seem some advantages beyond the
|
|
scalability of our "hoard of cheap servers" approach. For example
|
|
we could use dynamic DNS and failover scripts to ensure that
|
|
transparent availability was maintained even through the loss of
|
|
three of the four servers. There's certainly some robustness to
|
|
this approach. In addition we can perform tests and upgrades to
|
|
one or more systems in these loose clusters without any service
|
|
down time.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Because these use commodity components it's also possible to keep
|
|
shelf spares in an on site depot. Thus reducing the downtime for
|
|
individual nodes and providing the flexibility to rapidly increase
|
|
the clusters capacity in the face of exceptional demands.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>All that --- and it's usually CHEAPER, too.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Naturally there are some challenges to this approach. As I
|
|
mentioned, we have to configure these systems with some sort of
|
|
replication software (<tt>rdist</tt>, <tt>rsync</tt>) and test
|
|
regularly to ensure that the replication process isn't introducing
|
|
errors and/or corruption. There are also the problems with writable
|
|
access and the needs for the nodes in a cluster to communicate about
|
|
file locking and application (i.e. CGI) state.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The point is not so much to promote the "hoard of thin servers"
|
|
approach as to question the premise. Do we really need a "big
|
|
server" for OUR task?</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>I've talked about the fundamental disconnect between mass marketing
|
|
and customer requirements before. "Mass marketing" sells features
|
|
in the hopes that masses will will buy them. Customers must
|
|
consider the "benefits" of each "feature" before accepting any
|
|
arguments about the superiority of one product's implementation of
|
|
a given "feature" over another.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>As an example let's consider Linux' much vaunted "multi-user"
|
|
feature. To many people this is not a benefit. Many people will
|
|
never have anyone else "logged into" their system. To people like
|
|
my mom "multi-user" is just an inconvenience that requires her to
|
|
"login" and means that she sometimes needs to 'su' to get at
|
|
something she wants. (Granted there are ways around those). In
|
|
some way Linux' "multi-user" features (and those of NT, for that
|
|
matter) are actually a detriment to some people. The represent a
|
|
cost (albeit a small and easily surmounted one) to some users.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>This leads us to the other two issues that I would question.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Apache is not necessarily the best package for providing
|
|
high speed, low-latency, HTTP of simple, static HTML files.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>There are lightweight micro web servers that can do this
|
|
better. I've also heard of people who use a small cluster
|
|
of Squid proxy servers interposed between their Apache servers
|
|
and their routers. Thus the end users are transparently
|
|
access an organizations Squid caches rather than directly accessing
|
|
it's web servers. This is a strange twist on the usual case
|
|
where the squid caches are located at the client's network.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>By all accounts SMB is a horrid filesharing protocol. The authors
|
|
of Samba take a certain amount of wretched glee in describing all
|
|
of the misfeatures of this protocol. Its sole "advantage" is that
|
|
it's included, preconfigured with 98% of the the client systems
|
|
that are shipped by hardware vendors today.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Note: I'm NOT saying that NFS is any better. Its main advantage
|
|
is that almost all UNIX systems support it.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Personally I have high hopes for CODA. Its about time we deployed
|
|
better filesystems for the more common requirements of a new millennia.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>I'm not the first to say it:</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
"There are lies, damned lies, and benchmarks"
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p>However, the important thing about any statistic or benchmark is
|
|
to understand the presenter. Look behind the numbers and
|
|
even the methodology and ask: "Who says?" "What do they want
|
|
from this?"</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Alternatively you can just reject statistics and benchmarks
|
|
from others, and make your decisions based on your own criteria and
|
|
as a result of your own tests.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The scientific method should not be used solely by scientists. It
|
|
has application for each of us.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>-- Jim Dennis</p>
|
|
|
|
<!-- end greeting -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<A NAME="tag/1"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A>
|
|
<!-- begin 1 -->
|
|
<H3 align="left"><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbubble.gif"
|
|
height="50" width="60" alt="(?) " border="0"
|
|
>Loopback (localhost) NFS Mounting for FTP</H3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>From Mark S. Turczan on Sun, 02 May 1999
|
|
</strong></p>
|
|
<!-- ::
|
|
Loopback (localhost) NFS Mounting for FTP
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
:: -->
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
James,
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Would you know of a way to setup a loopback mount within a <TT>/home/ftp</TT>
|
|
hierarchy?
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Or could you provide a better method to achieve the following?
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
I've got a set of disks setup under software raid, and I've mounted them
|
|
under <TT>/mnt/raid</TT>. What I'd like to do is include a link from a
|
|
directory under <TT>/home/pub/Archive</TT> to the actual files under
|
|
<TT>/mnt/raid/Archive</TT>.
|
|
I've tried doing this with a symbolic link, but it doesn't seem to
|
|
resolve it when I connect through ftp.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
When you connect as "anonymous" or "ftp" through the
|
|
conventionally configure FTP service, or as any member of
|
|
a "guestgroup" to a WU-FTP daemon, you are in a chroot
|
|
jail. This is intended to prevent you (an FTP client)
|
|
from wandering around the filesystem peeking into things
|
|
where you don't belong (as an anonymous or guest user).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Naturally symbolic links don't pierce through a chroot wall.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
It's possible to configure your system to act as an
|
|
NFS server and client (concurrrently) and to export a
|
|
directory tree (presumably in read-only mode) to yourself.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
This is one of several tricks that is referred to as a
|
|
"loopback mount" (not to be confused with the
|
|
<tt>mount -o loop=</tt>... option which is a way of mounting a
|
|
file image as a filesystem). In this case you're doing
|
|
a perfectly normal NFS export, and a perfectly normal
|
|
NFS mount. The only oddity is that the export and mount
|
|
are on the same machine and are going through the loopback
|
|
network interface.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
So you put a line in your <TT>/etc/exports</TT> file like:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><BlockQuote><Code>
|
|
<TT>/mnt/raid/ftparea</TT> 127.0.0.1(ro,insecure)
|
|
</Code></BlockQuote></BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
... and possibly some lines like:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><BlockQuote><Code>
|
|
<TT>/mnt/raid/ftparea/no/</TT> (noaccess)
|
|
</Code></BlockQuote></BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
(to define a set of subdirectories under the
|
|
exported directory tree to which you want to deny
|
|
access).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
... and then you use a command like:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><BLOCKQUOTE><CODE><BlockQuote>
|
|
mount -t nfs 127.0.0.1:/mnt/raid/ftparea <TT>/home/ftp/home</TT>
|
|
</BlockQuote></CODE></BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
... or whatever.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Personally I think it's a horrible kludge. But I've
|
|
done things sort of like this and it does work.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Thanks for any help you can offer.
|
|
<br>--
|
|
<br>Mark Turczan
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Hope that makes sense.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<!-- sig -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 1 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<A NAME="tag/2"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A>
|
|
<!-- begin 2 -->
|
|
<H3 align="left"><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbubble.gif"
|
|
height="50" width="60" alt="(?) " border="0"
|
|
>General HD Info and Boot Code</H3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>From Erik Bryer on Sun, 02 May 1999
|
|
</strong></p>
|
|
<!-- ::
|
|
General HD Info and Boot Code
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
:: -->
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Hi,
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG><DL><DT>
|
|
Got your email address from:
|
|
<DD><A HREF="http://www.linuxvalley.com/mirror/lg/issue36/tag/79.html"
|
|
>http://www.linuxvalley.com/mirror/lg/issue36/tag/79.html</A>
|
|
</DL></STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Wow! Someone who actually tells me where their
|
|
they found me! I've always thought that any e-mail
|
|
to someone you've never met should include some passing
|
|
reference of this sort.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Of course, there are cases where it might be superfluous. If
|
|
you were to e-mail Linux Torvalds he'd have a pretty good
|
|
idea where you got his address; it's in the <TT>/usr/src/linux</TT>
|
|
tree on millions of computers.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Anyway, linuxvalley.com looks like an interesting site ---
|
|
if you read Italian. I've seen quotes of myself translated
|
|
into Italian, Portugese and a couple of other languages
|
|
--- it's amusing. (I just feel sorry for the interpreters
|
|
--- any of you out there? I owe you each a beer!).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Do you know of any websites with general hard drive info. More
|
|
specifically, and I'm quite happy just with a web page reference if you
|
|
like, I wonder if, like dos, unix requires executable code in the boot
|
|
sector, if it even has a boot sector. I've tried alta vista, but found
|
|
mostly junk. Thanks.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Erik Bryer
|
|
Calgary
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Well I don't know about general hard drive info. Many
|
|
of the hard drive manufacturers put technical information
|
|
about their drives up on the web. Of course you usually
|
|
have to hunt through quite alot of marketing fluff that
|
|
clogs many corporate sites to get to the good stuff.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
However, I can answer the question regarding boot code.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
The PC BIOS requires that your OS, any OS be loaded from
|
|
somewhere. Your mainstream choices are: hard drive, floppy,
|
|
network and (most recently) CD-ROM. There are some devices
|
|
which emulate drives (sold under names like "ROMDisk" et
|
|
al.).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
When loading from a hard drive the BIOS loads the first
|
|
sector (512 bytes) on track zero. This is called the
|
|
MBR. It contains two parts: some boot loader code and
|
|
a partition table. The partition table is in the last
|
|
66 bytes of the MBR. Actually there are 4 primary
|
|
partition entries of 16 bytes each, and there's a
|
|
pair of "signature" bytes which indicate whether or not
|
|
the drive has ever been initialized. The other 446 bytes
|
|
of the MBR contains the primary bootloader code.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
As you mentioned, MS-DOS provides its own bootloader. That
|
|
just looks for the active partition and loads a secondary
|
|
bootloader from the first sector of that partition.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
OS/2, NT, and the various PC implementations of UNIX each
|
|
provide their own bootloaders. These load code from a
|
|
"boot manager" (usually a one track partition somewhere
|
|
on the primary drive).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Linux offers a number of alternatives for loading the
|
|
kernel. The most common is to use the LILO package. This
|
|
consists of a program, <TT>/sbin/lilo</TT>, that reads a
|
|
configuration file (<TT>/etc/lilo.conf</TT>, by default), and builds
|
|
a set of primary and secondary boot blocks, and a set of
|
|
"maps" and writes the primary boot code and the pointers
|
|
to the secondary blocks and maps into the MBR. LILO is a
|
|
very flexible utility. You can store information on
|
|
up to 16 different boot images, you can pass parameters to
|
|
the Linux kernel (which can set various boot time
|
|
options in the kernel, or be passed along to init, and
|
|
thence to the master environment and to the rc startup
|
|
scripts). You can password restrict some or all of your
|
|
LILO boot stanzas, define messages to be displayed at
|
|
boot time, issue a command that sets an automatic "one time"
|
|
set of boot parameters (<TT>/sbin/lilo</TT> -R), etc.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Another option is GRUB, the GNU "grand unified bootloader."
|
|
This is slated to be the bootloader for the GNU HURD (a free
|
|
microkernel based operating system which has been under
|
|
development since before Linus started on the Linux kernel).
|
|
I've heard that GRUB can be be used now with the HURD betas
|
|
and with Linux.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
One thing that's interesting about Linux, in contrast to
|
|
other operating systems, is that you can load it in
|
|
alternative ways. So you can load the PC Linux kernel using
|
|
LOADLIN.EXE (an MS-DOS program) or directly from Win '9x
|
|
using the updated LinLoad '95 (??? derived from LOADLIN?).
|
|
So you can have copies of your kernel in any MS-DOS
|
|
directory and "run them" from MS-DOS. You can put a Linux
|
|
kernel straight on a floppy (starting at the first block
|
|
thereon) and it will be directly loaded.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
You can also use SYSLINUX to put a Linux kernel on an MS-DOS
|
|
formatted floppy and load it from there. (If you mount up a
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.redhat.com/">Red Hat</A> installation floppy
|
|
you'll see a copy of the
|
|
SYSLINUX.CFG file that the SYSLINUX boot loader reads).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
It's also possible to load Linux over a network (given a
|
|
suitable bootp PROM, installed in a NIC, for example).
|
|
There is nothing to prevent a computer manufacturer from
|
|
installing a Linux kernel in their own ROMs --- loading it
|
|
with initrd (initialization RAM disk) support. There are
|
|
some people doing this for "embedded" systems already (seems
|
|
to be primarily in specialized systems, not in commodity
|
|
PCs).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Igel has been making Linux based Xterminal/etherterminal
|
|
systems using "Disk on a Chip" drivers for
|
|
years. (<A HREF="http://www.igelusa.com"
|
|
>http://www.igelusa.com</A>)
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
As for finding "mostly junk" .... Yeah! I get that,
|
|
too. However, a big part of "The Answer Guy's" success
|
|
is that I sift through enough of that junk to (usually)
|
|
come up with what I'm looking for. (Sometimes it's even
|
|
what my correspondents were asking about!)
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
I hope that helps.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<!-- sig -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 2 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<A NAME="tag/3"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A>
|
|
<!-- begin 3 -->
|
|
<H3 align="left"><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbubble.gif"
|
|
height="50" width="60" alt="(?) " border="0"
|
|
>SYN, SYN/ACK, ACK, ACK, ACK: TCP Handshaking</H3>
|
|
<H4 ALIGN="center">
|
|
"Pleased to meet you!"</H4>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>From Kent S on Sun, 02 May 1999
|
|
</strong></p>
|
|
<!-- ::
|
|
SYN, SYN/ACK, ACK, ACK, ACK: TCP Handshaking
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
"Pleased to meet you!"
|
|
:: -->
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
I need help in finding information regarding how sockets are
|
|
established (not how to code them). In other words, I know that
|
|
there is a standard procedure followed (SYN,SYN/ACK,ACK) in
|
|
getting a device talking with a server.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
This is referred to as a "three way handshake."
|
|
The "SYN" flags are requests by the TCP stack at one
|
|
end of a socket to synchronize themselves to the sequence
|
|
numbering for this new sessions. The ACK flags
|
|
acknowlege earlier packets in this session. Obviously
|
|
only the initial packet has no ACK flag, since there are
|
|
no previous packets to acknowlege. Only the second
|
|
packet (the first response from a server to a client)
|
|
has both the SYN and the ACK bits set.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
I am more curious in determining how, where, and who actually
|
|
handles this on the Linux server.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
The kernel.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
As an example - I have inetd looking at port 226 for me that will
|
|
start a program that will read from the socket. If this program
|
|
terminates (kill,alarm,etc...) then the device attempts to
|
|
re-establish (sends a SYN). Then one of two things happens
|
|
depending on how the program was stopped. Either the server never
|
|
responds until the device sends a reset or the server sends a
|
|
SYN/ACK and then sends a packets saying that it is finished
|
|
sending data. My questions are on the level of does RESET reset a
|
|
port or a socket, and why would a server send a finish sending
|
|
data flag if the device is requesting a connection. I have been
|
|
unable to find info about the protocols of communications that
|
|
should be taking place. Any help would be appreciated!
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Kenneth Scott
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
I don't really understand what you're asking or what
|
|
situation you are trying to describe. Giving examples
|
|
of what you see and the specific diagnostic commands
|
|
you're using to gather your data on the problem (ps,
|
|
netstat, lsof, etc) would probably help.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
However, I can take a guess at what you might be seeing.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
There is also a three way handshake at the termination
|
|
of a TCP session. Either side sends a packet with the
|
|
FIN (final) flag set, and waits for the other side to
|
|
acknowlege that with another FIN packet.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
After the local process as attempted to close the
|
|
socket (and the TCP stack has sent the FIN packet to the
|
|
remote system) the process will be listed as being in the
|
|
FIN_WAIT stat when you do a '<tt>netstat</tt>' command. Buggy
|
|
TCP clients may just close their end of the connection
|
|
without completing the three way session termination. This
|
|
seems to be mostly from certain MS Windows FTP clients.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
There seems to be no "timeout" for how long a processes
|
|
will sit in FIN_WAIT. When I managed a busy FTP server
|
|
farm for McAfee Associates (a shareware company with lots
|
|
of MS-DOS and Windows products) I used to see alot of zombies
|
|
which were children of FTP daemon processes that were in
|
|
FIN_WAIT. I had a skulker script that would find the
|
|
parents of the zombies, check their age and argument list
|
|
and summarily kill them.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
I don't know the details about the TCP RST (reset) process.
|
|
I've at the extreme edge of my knowlege of TCP in this
|
|
message --- so I can't go into any greater detail on this.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
However, I've heard that the best sources of information
|
|
about TCP protocols are a couple of books. One would be the
|
|
O'Reilly volume by Craig Hunt (the crab book), <em>Understanding
|
|
TCP/IP</em> <em>[ Actually, the "crab book" is
|
|
<a href="http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/tcp2/index.html"
|
|
>TCP/IP Network Administration</a>, now in its 2nd edition.
|
|
-- Heather ]</em>,
|
|
the other would be a three volume set by Comer and
|
|
Stevens <em><a href="http://www.prenhall.com/allbooks/esm_0132169878.html"
|
|
>Internetworking With Tcp/Ip: Principles, Protocols, and Architecture</a></em>.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
As you've suggested these are written more with the
|
|
programmer in mind. However the O'Reilly book seems to be
|
|
more suitable for sysadmins and users (besides being a
|
|
paperback, and therefore much less expensive than the three
|
|
volume hardcover text books from Prentice Hall).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
One of these days I'll get around to reading that one.
|
|
I'd been holding out for one that covered IPv6 in the
|
|
hope that IPv6 would be deployed more widely by the time
|
|
I got around to learning all the gory details. However,
|
|
it looks like we'll still be dealing with IPv4 (the
|
|
current suite of protocols) for the foreseeable future.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<!-- sig -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 3 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<A NAME="tag/4"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A>
|
|
<!-- begin 4 -->
|
|
<H3 align="left"><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbubble.gif"
|
|
height="50" width="60" alt="(?) " border="0"
|
|
>PAM chroot</H3>
|
|
<H4 ALIGN="center">
|
|
Wherein Jim rants about PAM</H4>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>From Terrell larson on Sun, 02 May 1999
|
|
</strong></p>
|
|
<!-- ::
|
|
PAM chroot
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
Wherein Jim rants about PAM
|
|
:: -->
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
I'm interested in a CHROOT option probably in pam-pwdb and I've
|
|
been unable to find it. If it does not exist I may be willing to
|
|
implement it IF I can find the current source tree and IF I can
|
|
find out where to forward it for general use.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Info will be appreciated...
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Thanx
|
|
<br>Terrell Larson
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Terrell,
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
It's an interesting question. I presume you're talking
|
|
about implementing/re-implementing PAM support for an old
|
|
convention among SVR4 UNIX implementations where
|
|
specific accounts can be marked for special chroot
|
|
handling by giving them a '<tt>*</tt>' as the "login shell"
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
This is described in O'Reilly & Associates'
|
|
<em><a href="http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/puis/noframes.html"
|
|
>Practical Internet and Unix Security</a></em>, p232, Garfinkel and Spafford
|
|
and most other books on UNIX security.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
(For our readers that are unfamiliar with the trick: the
|
|
login program; upon seeing that the login shell for a given
|
|
account is set to '<tt>*</tt>' does a <tt>chroot()</tt> system call to the
|
|
directory that's listed as that account's "home" directory.
|
|
Therein '<tt>login</tt>' <tt>exec()</tt>'s the appropriate copy of
|
|
'<tt>login</tt>' thereunder. This normally would then <tt>exec()</tt>
|
|
a normal shell, as listed in the /...(chroot top)...<tt>/etc/passwd</tt> file.)
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
I was doing some research on a paper (that I still plan on
|
|
submitting to USENIX, one of these days) when I first
|
|
read about this convention. My paper was on a completely
|
|
different use of <tt>chroot()</tt>, but I was doing a literature
|
|
search.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Naturally I tried this particular trick on one of my Linux
|
|
systems. It worked fine. In fact I just tested it, as I
|
|
write this, on a new <A HREF="http://www.debian.org/">Debian</A>
|
|
2.1 installation that I've been playing with and it works there.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
However on PAM based systems (using pluggable authentication
|
|
modules) --- notably on <A HREF="http://www.redhat.com/">Red Hat</A>
|
|
4.x, 5.x and presumably the new 6.0 system as well as any where the
|
|
admins have added Linux PAM after-the-fact --- it doesn't work.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
I mentioned this in e-mail to Andrew Morgan, the maintainer
|
|
and co-ordinator of the PAM development project. There is,
|
|
of course a listing for a pam_chroot module in the PAM
|
|
administrator's guide. However, that doesn't do the same
|
|
sort of thing --- and there's no example of how you'd
|
|
use it to accomplish the same job. It's also listed as
|
|
"unwritten." I did run across a file at the following URL
|
|
that you might want to look at:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><BLOCKQUOTE><CODE>
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.us.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/pre/forgotten/changeroot.tar.gz"
|
|
>http://www.us.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/pre/forgotten/changeroot.tar.gz</A>
|
|
</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
It's from late 1997 and is only about 3K. All it contains
|
|
is source to a simple command, a man page and a sample
|
|
configuration file. It seems to be an alternative
|
|
implementation of the chrootuid program that Weitse Venema
|
|
wrote years ago (part of his '<tt>logdaemon</tt>' package).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
This particular program (changeroot) seems to have nothing
|
|
to do with PAM. I'd also guess (from the parent directory
|
|
name) that the code is not under active development.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Obviously, you could use something like chrootuid, or this
|
|
changeroot program or you could write a simple C program (or
|
|
even a PERL script) that would implement this procedure and
|
|
use a reference to that in lieu of the '<tt>*</tt>' that I've been
|
|
talking about. In other words instead of an entry like:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><pre>guest:x:65533:65534:Jailed Guest:/usr/local/jail:*
|
|
</pre></blockquote>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
... where '<tt>login</tt>' spots the the '<tt>*</tt>', performs the
|
|
<tt>chroot()</tt> to <TT>/usr/local/jail</TT>, and <tt>exec()</tt>'s
|
|
the copy of <TT>/bin/login</TT> thereunder; we'd see something like:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><pre>guest:x:65533:65534:Jailed Guest:/usr/local/jail:/usr/local/sbin/jailsh
|
|
</pre></blockquote>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
... where <tt>jailsh</tt> is a hypothetical SUID root program that
|
|
performs these same steps.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
This approach will work with any version of UNIX (so its
|
|
more portable). Another advantage for Linux under a 2.2
|
|
kernel is that this hypothetical jailsh program could be
|
|
written to use the new "privileges" model (which are listed
|
|
in the sources under the "capabilities" misnomer --- but
|
|
let's not get into that peeve).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
The disadvantage of this approach is that we have to write a
|
|
custom program (which I'm calling <tt>jailsh</tt>). It has to run as
|
|
'root' (or with several rootly privileges, <tt>setuid()</tt>, and
|
|
<tt>chroot()</tt> at least). I might toss together something for use
|
|
on one of my systems (I have in the past) --- but I'd be
|
|
very reluctant to publish those as solutions that anyone
|
|
else would trust. I simply don't consider myself a
|
|
sufficiently experienced and skilled programmer to be
|
|
writing SUID root code for public consumption.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
So, this brings us back to your message. <tt>chroot()</tt> jails are
|
|
not used much. You'd expect them to see more widespread
|
|
use, but they they are a bit of a hassle to initially
|
|
configure (creating a suitable skeleton tree under the
|
|
target chroot point, getting the requisite shared libraries
|
|
and device nodes in place for your applications, etc.). In
|
|
addition there are ongoing concerns that chroot jails are
|
|
too easy to break out of. In cases where you want to
|
|
isolate a root/privileged program --- it's too easy for them
|
|
to chroot back out of the jail. This concern may be
|
|
addressed by clever use of the new "privileges" features in
|
|
the 2.2 kernels. However, since you're asking, I presume
|
|
you already have your application well considered.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
It sounds like you are willing to contribute some code to
|
|
this. So you might start with a small standalone program
|
|
(based on <tt>chrootuid</tt> or the <tt>changelog</tt> program listed above,
|
|
if their licenses are amenable to your needs).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><dl>
|
|
<dt>You can find chrootuid at:
|
|
<dd><code><A HREF="ftp://ftp.porcupine.org/pub/security/index.html"
|
|
>ftp://ftp.porcupine.org/pub/security/index.html</A></code>
|
|
<dt>... and there's some some of GNU package called <tt>g2s</tt>
|
|
<dd><code><A HREF="http://freshmeat.net/appindex/1998/05/11/894932721.html"
|
|
>http://freshmeat.net/appindex/1998/05/11/894932721.html</A></code>
|
|
<br>... that's listed as "an interesting alternative to
|
|
inetd/tcpwrapper/chrootuid/relay/tcp-env/antispam/etc."
|
|
</dl>
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
PAM pwdb is maintained by Christian Gafton. The canonical
|
|
forum for discussions relating to PAM development is the
|
|
pam-list (<A HREF="mailto:pam-list@redhat.com"
|
|
>pam-list@redhat.com</A>). The canonical web site is
|
|
at:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><BlockQuote><code>
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.kernel.org/pub/libs/pam"
|
|
>http://www.kernel.org/pub/libs/pam</A>
|
|
</code></BlockQuote></BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
... which is generally inaccessible (as kernel.org is the
|
|
master site for the Linux kernel --- which gets too much
|
|
traffic for a reasonable Internet connection). So it
|
|
should be accessed through one of the mirrors. The Linux
|
|
kernel crowd use a relatively simple and innovative
|
|
DNS trick to maintain a list of mirrors that we can use
|
|
without having to strain our memories. Basically you can
|
|
use URLs of the form:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><BlockQuote><code>
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.us.kernel.org"
|
|
>http://www.us.kernel.org</A>
|
|
</code></BlockQuote></BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
... to access a DNS round-robin collection of U.S. mirrors.
|
|
There are mirrors in many other countries and regions, from
|
|
Afghanistan (<tt><A HREF="http://www.af.kernel.org"
|
|
>http://www.af.kernel.org</A></tt>) to Zimbabwe
|
|
(<tt><A HREF="http://www.zw.kernel.org"
|
|
>http://www.zw.kernel.org</A></tt>). (Yes, they just use the
|
|
ISO two letter country codes as a subdomain prefix). Most
|
|
of these sites mirror the whole kernel.org FTP and web
|
|
trees. If you have trouble connecting to one of the
|
|
sites, try again. A check with '<tt>dig</tt>' lists about a dozen
|
|
U.S. mirror sites for www.us.kernel.org. Any decent
|
|
resolver libraries will cycle through the available
|
|
addresses until one works (upon successive access attempts).
|
|
That's part of what allows the whole DNS round robin scheme to work).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
These carry sources and links to the many ongoing PAM module projects.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
But I digress. Getting back to PAM. Personally I'm somewhat
|
|
disappointed in the Linux PAM project. I've expressed this
|
|
to the list and I've discussed it with Christian Gafton in
|
|
person. He and Andrew will probably be irritated to see
|
|
this published in Linux Gazette --- and they are invited to
|
|
compose and submit a rebuttal, or anything they like, to
|
|
the editors here. (I've courtesy copied them on this e-mail).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
My principal complaint is that the PAM project seems to be
|
|
permanently stuck near version 0.6x. It was at 0.57 about
|
|
two years ago. The response on the mailing list (and
|
|
direction from Christian) when I raised this concern was:
|
|
"So what, it's just an arbitrary version number."
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Of course I'm not a programmer or a distribution integrator;
|
|
I'm just a dumb user, admin and support guy <EM>and writer</EM> ---
|
|
so my opinion doesn't count for much. However, it does get
|
|
published, so others can beat up on me when they disagree.
|
|
It seems to be that a version number of 0.x still connotes
|
|
"beta" --- not ready for production use to most people. Red
|
|
Hat and <A HREF="http://www.caldera.com/">Caldera</A> are the
|
|
only distributions that include integrated PAM support. Many
|
|
authentication dependent packages, like <tt>ssh</tt>, don't include
|
|
PAM support "out-of-the-box" and it is non-trivial (read: "scary and
|
|
difficult") for an "average" Linux user or junior sysadmin
|
|
to install the PAM suite into an existing system.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
As one example if you'd been using Debian,
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.suse.com/">S.u.S.E.</A> or
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.slackware.org/">Slackware</A> for your application
|
|
(with the chroot'd users) and you installed PAM, you'd probably be pretty
|
|
distressed to find it suddenly broken. <em>[ hint: don't log out until
|
|
you've attempted to access all your desirable services via the localhost
|
|
interface and gotten them visible again, minimally telnet or ssh. Yes, I've
|
|
been there. -- Heather ]</em> Granted, this whole '<tt>*</tt>' shell
|
|
chroot business is pretty obscure to the "average" user
|
|
or the "junior" sysadmin. However, it is documented in
|
|
most books on Unix security (I reviewed about twenty books
|
|
at a couple of books stores with the words UNIX and security
|
|
in their titles --- over half of them described this
|
|
mechanism and several gave examples).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Another complaint that I have is that the existing PAM
|
|
deployment doesn't include S/Key or OPIE support, and
|
|
doesn't even include clear examples of how to add-in and
|
|
configure any form of pluggable OTP. Given that network
|
|
password sniffing is one of the most common problems that
|
|
one might want to solve with PAM this seems like a pretty
|
|
significant omission.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
The response to this on the list and in personal discussion
|
|
amounted to:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><BlockQuote>
|
|
"that's crypto --- and the U.S. government black helicopters
|
|
are hovering over our heads ready to bomb Red Hat's offices
|
|
if they include anything like it."
|
|
</BlockQuote></BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
(Yes, I'm paraphrasing). Personally I think this is absurd.
|
|
Yes, the U.S. federal government's restrictions regarding
|
|
the "export" of cryptography software are an embarassment to
|
|
free people everywhere. I'm personally ashamed of our
|
|
entire political process as a result of the ways in which
|
|
"my" government was repeatedly thwarted the popular will of
|
|
the people vis a vis cryptography. However, S/Key and OPIE
|
|
are not cryptography. They use hashes, fancy checksums, as
|
|
the basis for their authentication. Specifically OPIE uses
|
|
MD5 by default. (I guess that the spec for S/Key -- OPIE
|
|
allows for one to use alternative hash algorithms, MD2,
|
|
maybe SHA-1, etc. I don't know the details on that).
|
|
Ironically the code for the standard UNIX password hashing
|
|
method, use your password and some "salt" as a 56-bit DES
|
|
key to "encrypt" a string of NULs, is far more easily
|
|
subverted into true cryptographic use than MD5. Of course
|
|
both the conventional DES hashing and the MD5 code are
|
|
already in every major Linux distribution, and always have
|
|
been!
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
One compromise would be to include DOCUMENTATION. Give
|
|
us a URL that points to a script. Have the script walk one
|
|
through the processing of fetching, installing, and
|
|
configuring pam_opie. Granted it's not THAT difficult. I
|
|
was able to perform the task by hand in about an hour.
|
|
However, it would probably take an "average" sysadmin about
|
|
twice that and it would probably take an "average" Linux
|
|
user about four times that. Consequently it probably won't
|
|
happen in any significant number of sites. So it just
|
|
doesn't get done at all.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
(The argument that OPIE and other OTP, one-time-password
|
|
schemes, is an incomplete solution is also well considered.
|
|
It doesn't secure the connection so sniffing will still
|
|
reveal other confidential data, etc. ssh IS a much better
|
|
solution. The new <A HREF="http://www.xs4all.nl/~freeswan/">FreeS/WAN</A>
|
|
ipsec implementation is also a much better approach. However,
|
|
there are enough people out there that can't or won't install
|
|
strong cryptographic support that some stop gap is indicated.
|
|
Providing smooth easy installation and configuration of OTP is
|
|
one thing that PAM could do to address this problem).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
By far my biggest complaint about PAM is that it hasn't
|
|
delivered on its most important promise. It doesn't put
|
|
Linux on par with <A HREF="http://www.freebsd.org/">FreeBSD</A>,
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.netbsd.org/">NetBSD</A>, and
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.openbsd.org/">OpenBSD</A> for authentication.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
FreeBSD has supported S/Key compatible OTP "out-of-the-box"
|
|
for YEARS. (Note: Walnut Creek, the largest distributor of
|
|
FreeBSD CDs and books and the major sponsor for FreeBSD
|
|
development hasn't been hit by the "black helicopters").
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Beyond just this discussion of OTP, FreeBSD's libraries have
|
|
provided seams shadow and MD5 password hashing for years.
|
|
Regardless of PAM I still bump into Linux applications that
|
|
fail to authenticate because they don't properly handle some
|
|
aspect of shadowing and MD5 checksums. Just last week
|
|
one of my fellow techs at Linuxcare was fighting for a
|
|
couple of hours with that on a Yellow Dog (Linux for
|
|
PowerPC) installation at the office.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
That was the whole idea of the PAM project. However, PAM
|
|
can't deliver on that promise until it attracts widespread
|
|
support from the application/utility writers that perform
|
|
authentication. FreeBSD hides most of the details behind
|
|
their implemention of the standard library functions that
|
|
most programmers were already using to perform their
|
|
authentication (<tt>getpwent()</tt>, etc.). We can't do that with
|
|
PAM and glibc --- but we need to straighten out this
|
|
mess eventually.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
So, I would welcome any new blood that got involved in the
|
|
PAM project. I realize that Andrew will probably say:
|
|
"Quit your whining and turn in some code!" That's fair
|
|
enough. (However, as I've said before, you don't want to
|
|
see any C code from me, yet).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
PAM is an ambitious project. It goes beyond Linux (in
|
|
an effort to implement standards that have been proposed
|
|
to the IETF by Sun and other vendors). I realize that there
|
|
is some delay because these proposed standards are in draft
|
|
form and are still in flux (the XSSO, single-sign-on stuff
|
|
also seems to be languishing). However, I'd still like to
|
|
see it deliver more in the near term.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<!-- sig -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 4 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<A NAME="tag/5"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A>
|
|
<!-- begin 5 -->
|
|
<H3 align="left"><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbubble.gif"
|
|
height="50" width="60" alt="(?) " border="0"
|
|
>Filesystem Management: What must be "resident" at all times?</H3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>From peter on Sun, 02 May 1999
|
|
</strong></p>
|
|
<!-- ::
|
|
Filesystem Management: What must be "resident" at all times?
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
:: -->
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
I'm familiar with moving a portion of a UNIX file system that doesn't
|
|
need to be resident at all times to a larger partition. What's the
|
|
safest way to do this for a portion of the file system (<TT>/usr</TT> ?) that
|
|
needs to be resident at all times?
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Thanks for your help,
|
|
<br>Peter
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
The "resident" is not a "term of art" for Unix systems
|
|
administration. Also <TT>/usr</TT> doesn't have to be <EM>mounted</EM>
|
|
at <EM>all</EM> times. In particular you should be able to
|
|
bring the system up in single user mode and peform most
|
|
maintenance operations without <TT>/usr</TT> being mounted.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
That's why we have a <TT>/sbin</TT> directory. Originally we had
|
|
<TT>/bin</TT>, which was intended to contain just those files that
|
|
were necessary to bring the rest of the system online.
|
|
However, as UNIX systems developed shared libraries a number
|
|
of the items which were traditionally located in <TT>/bin</TT> (such
|
|
as sh --- the shell) came to depend on <TT>/usr/lib</TT> which was the
|
|
traditional location of the .so (shared object) files.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
So some vendors started creating a <TT>/sbin</TT> ('<tt>s</tt>' for
|
|
"statically linked" --- which theoretically allows one
|
|
to replace <TT>/bin</TT> with a symlink or use it as a mount point
|
|
for its own filesystem. Of course most Linux distributions
|
|
don't put <EM>statically linked</EM> binaries in <TT>/sbin</TT> --- we've
|
|
moved many of the shared libraries into <TT>/lib</TT>.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Personally I think the whole arrangement is a bit ugly.
|
|
The idea of having duplicate but statically linked versions
|
|
of many commands in <TT>/sbin</TT> is feasible. Having <TT>/bin</TT>
|
|
contain a set of symlinks to the <TT>/sbin</TT> command is fine
|
|
(since they will work while nothing is mounted over <TT>/bin</TT>
|
|
and the mount of any other filesystem over <TT>/bin</TT> will then
|
|
make those symlinks "disappear"). I don't like this
|
|
insistence on dynamically linked <EM>everything</EM> since that
|
|
means that you can't even run ldconfig to fix the
|
|
<TT>/etc/ld.so.cache</TT> file if it gets corrupted. You have to
|
|
boot from a floppy to get anything done.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
In any event: let's look at a typical Linux root directory
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><pre>
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1024 Apr 16 12:52 bin
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1024 Apr 16 05:20 boot
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 3072 Apr 25 11:11 cdrom
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 17408 Apr 25 07:00 dev
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 41 root root 3072 Apr 25 11:11 etc
|
|
drwxrwsr-x 5 root staff 1024 Apr 19 01:58 home
|
|
drwxrwsr-x 2 root floppy 1024 Feb 1 04:42 floppy
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1024 Feb 1 04:42 initrd
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 2048 Apr 16 12:38 lib
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Apr 16 04:46 lost+found
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 Apr 19 03:41 mnt
|
|
dr-xr-xr-x 6 root root 0 Apr 18 08:10 proc
|
|
drwx------ 4 root root 1024 Apr 22 15:42 root
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 2048 Apr 16 12:53 sbin
|
|
drwxrwxrwt 2 root root 1024 Apr 25 12:41 tmp
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 15 root root 1024 Apr 16 05:17 usr
|
|
drwxr-xr-x 17 root root 1024 Apr 17 11:01 var
|
|
</pre></BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
This is from a fairly new <A HREF="http://www.debian.org/">Debian</A>
|
|
2.1 installation. Here's the same list with some commentary:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><dl>
|
|
<dt>bin
|
|
<dd>contains many common commands. Should be able
|
|
to put this on a mounted fs. Ironically the mount
|
|
command is in this directory and is dynamically linked!
|
|
That's just WRONG. (And I don't care what the FHS
|
|
says about it).
|
|
<dt>boot
|
|
<dd>contains kernels and associates System.map files
|
|
and backups of the boot sector, as created by
|
|
<TT>/sbin/lilo</TT>. Oddly enough this can be a mounted
|
|
filesystem. As I've described many times, Linux
|
|
doesn't require that its kernel be located on its
|
|
root filesystem. The System.map file isn't
|
|
needed during the boot cycle (and isn't "needed"
|
|
by much of anything --- '<tt>lsof</tt>' seems to complain
|
|
if I don't have one or if it's mismatched to my
|
|
kernel version but that's about it).
|
|
<dt>dev
|
|
<dd>contains device nodes. MUST be on root fs.
|
|
(Richard Gooch has written a special devfs ---
|
|
sort of like <TT>/proc</TT> for device nodes. That would
|
|
allow this to be a mounted filesystem)
|
|
<dt>etc
|
|
<dd>contains passwd, group files, startup scripts and the
|
|
mtab (which tracks all of the mounted filesystems).
|
|
<dt>floppy
|
|
<dd>this is stupid. It's just a mount point. I prefer
|
|
to put most of my mount points under <TT>/mnt</TT> --- so I have
|
|
a <TT>/mnt/cdrom</TT>, a <TT>/mnt/floppy</TT>, <TT>/mnt/a</TT>
|
|
(DOS floppy), and others.
|
|
<dt>home
|
|
<dd>This should be either a mount point or a symlink to
|
|
some directory on a mounted fs. I sometimes use ->
|
|
<TT>/usr/local/home</TT> if I have a small number of filesystems
|
|
to work with.
|
|
<dt>initrd
|
|
<dd>I'd have put this under <TT>/boot</TT>. Anyway, mine is empty.
|
|
This is intended to remount any "initial RAM disk" that
|
|
was used. (I might do a kernel patch to move this)
|
|
When a kernel has initrd support enabled (compiled in)
|
|
then a compressed image of the initrd filesystem is
|
|
appended to the kernel. The kernel then automatically
|
|
creates the RAM disk, decompresses and copies the image
|
|
into it, and runs the <TT>/linuxrc</TT> program that it should
|
|
find there. (See <TT>/usr/src/linux/Documentation/initrd.txt</TT>
|
|
for details). This doesn't have to be here if you don't
|
|
want/need access to the initrd after boot.
|
|
<dt>lib
|
|
<dd>This <EM>MUST</EM> be on <TT>/</TT>; it contains your
|
|
<tt>libc.so</tt> and other shared libraries on which almost ALL
|
|
programs on your system depend.
|
|
<dt>lost+found
|
|
<dd>This must be at the top of every filesystem.
|
|
fsck will link any "lost clusters" into nodes under
|
|
this directory; giving you an opportunity to fix them.
|
|
Indeed, you should probably have a script that
|
|
periodically checks this and warns the sysadmin any time
|
|
any of these directories are non-empty.
|
|
<dt>mnt
|
|
<dd>This is conventionally used as a mount point or as a
|
|
directory containing a list of mount points. It's where
|
|
you mount "temporary" and "removable" filesystems.
|
|
<dt>opt
|
|
<dd>This is a place to store large "optional" packages
|
|
like WordPerfect, StarOffice, etc. I usually make
|
|
this a symlink to <TT>/usr/local/opt</TT>
|
|
<dt>proc
|
|
<dd>This is a "virtual filesystem" a representation of the
|
|
system's process state as a set of file nodes. The BSD
|
|
systems that implement the proc filesystem typically do
|
|
so much different than Linux. Under Linux you can read
|
|
much more info from <TT>/proc</TT> entries, and more of it is
|
|
represented a plain text. The idea of <TT>/proc</TT> is that we
|
|
can have the kernel provide a filesystem/directory
|
|
abstraction of its state and we can write programs like
|
|
'<tt>ps</tt>' and '<tt>top</tt>' to use normal UNIX file semantics to
|
|
read that information. Linux is unique in that you can
|
|
also modify many proc entries to changed the system
|
|
state. The most common case of this is to enable kernel
|
|
routing using '<tt>echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward</TT>'
|
|
<dt>root
|
|
<dd>this is the root user's home directory. Handy if you
|
|
have any scripts or data/configuration files that you want
|
|
to access during boot or single-user mode when <TT>/home</TT> will
|
|
not be mounted.
|
|
<dt>sbin
|
|
<dd>as I've noted, this should contain statically linked
|
|
versions of the files that you absolutely need to fix a
|
|
broken system. Linux, like Solaris and other modern
|
|
versions of UNIX has gone to the dark side of practically
|
|
requiring shared libraries for EVERYTHING. While shared
|
|
libraries are very useful for conversing disk space and
|
|
memory and offer huge performance benefits --- they are
|
|
just one extra thing to break (for robustness and security).
|
|
So a decent compromise is to have a subset of statically
|
|
linked programs for use when everything is broken.
|
|
(Having a kernel module or patch that could automatically
|
|
detect and repair a corrupt <TT>/etc/ld.so.cache</TT> file would
|
|
be a pretty good idea, too).
|
|
<dt>tmp
|
|
<dd>this can be a mounted filesystem or a symlink to a
|
|
directory on one.
|
|
<dt>usr
|
|
<dd>this normally <EM>should</EM> be a mounted filesystem
|
|
<dt>var <dd>this can be mounted or a symlink.
|
|
</dl></BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Of course the preceding is all must my opinion. The
|
|
most authoritative commentary on what Linux filesystems
|
|
should look like is the FHS --- the Linux Filesystem
|
|
Hierarchy Standard (co-ordinated by Dan Quinlan), homepage
|
|
<a href="http://www.pathname.com/fhs/">http://www.pathname.com/fhs/</a>.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<!-- sig -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 5 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<A NAME="tag/6"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A>
|
|
<!-- begin 6 -->
|
|
<H3 align="left"><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbubble.gif"
|
|
height="50" width="60" alt="(?) " border="0"
|
|
>Ethernet Switches vs. Hubs</H3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>From Louan Handke on Sat, 01 May 1999
|
|
</strong></p>
|
|
<!-- ::
|
|
Ethernet Switches vs. Hubs
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
:: -->
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
What is the difference between switch hub and unswitched hubs
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
The traditional ethernet hub (concentrator, repeater,
|
|
etc) is a relatively simple device which just amplifies
|
|
the signals on any of its ports out to all of the other
|
|
ports. A "switch" or "intelligent" hub is more of a
|
|
multiport bridge. It "learns" which MAC addresses
|
|
(ethernet hardware assignments) are on each of its ports
|
|
and only "repeats" (rebroadcasts) data frames to the
|
|
appropriate port.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
In a traditional hub only one system on a given network
|
|
segment can be "talking" at any given time. The whole
|
|
network segment is virtually a single wire. Any time
|
|
two or more systems attempt to send packets at close to
|
|
the same time there is a "collision." This is called
|
|
CSMA/CD --- carrier sense (listen for quiet), multiple
|
|
access (any card and "speak up"), with collision detection.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Whenever a collision occurs the cards involved send a
|
|
short jamming signal, and then they perform a psuedo
|
|
random "backoff" delay before attempting to re-broadcast.
|
|
Since it is incredibly unlikely that two cards will choose
|
|
the same amount of backoff delay one of them will usually
|
|
"win" and get to send first. That's fine with only a
|
|
couple of cards in contention. However, as utilization
|
|
approaches 20% or more, the number of collisions skyrockets
|
|
and the overall average throughput drags to a crawl.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
The traditional answer was to segment the systems ---
|
|
putting servers in close proximity to their clients
|
|
(work groups), put routers between segments, and
|
|
put lots of interfaces in your workgroup servers
|
|
(four to eight ethernet interfaces was not unusual
|
|
for big netware servers).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Etherswitches are used to alleviate some of these
|
|
problems. On a 24 port etherswitch its theoretically
|
|
possible for 12 pairs of systems to be concurrently
|
|
exchanging data frames. This allows for much
|
|
larger segments (called VLANs --- virtual local
|
|
area networks).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
On the downside, etherswitches are typically much more
|
|
expensive than their more passive cousins. They have to
|
|
contain processors, memory, and firmware. In addition
|
|
their processors have to be pretty quick (usually
|
|
quick RISC chips with a mess of ASICs I guess). Also
|
|
there are degenerate cases. If all of your servers are
|
|
located on one or two legs of an etherswitch then it
|
|
won't help much. All of the clients will be waiting for
|
|
that one (or those couple of) port(s) to be clear ---
|
|
a classic bottleneck.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Again the solution is to have lots of smaller servers
|
|
--- segment the network, and replicate the data and
|
|
services so that they clients tend to use local
|
|
copies of everythings. Hierarchies scale!
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
(Not to say that etherswitches don't have their
|
|
place --- its just to say that their deployment should
|
|
be based on an understanding of the situation and the
|
|
benefits vs. the costs of the technology. Most vendors
|
|
have little interest in your needs --- they want to
|
|
sell you the shiny expensive toy).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<!-- sig -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 6 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<A NAME="tag/7"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A>
|
|
<!-- begin 7 -->
|
|
<H3 align="left"><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbubble.gif"
|
|
height="50" width="60" alt="(?) " border="0"
|
|
>MATCH and Replaceable Parameters in procmail</H3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>From Nick Moffitt on Sat, 01 May 1999
|
|
</strong></p>
|
|
<!-- ::
|
|
MATCH and Replaceable Parameters in procmail
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
:: -->
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
So, here's one for the answer guy.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
I have a mhonarc user that creates drop points for a mhonarc script to
|
|
walk by every night and process. Thing is, I don't want to have to
|
|
edit the mhonarc user's <tt>.procmailrc</tt> every single time. That is, let's
|
|
say that I have the following:
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<Pre><STRONG>
|
|
:0:
|
|
* ^Sender: owner-potato-peelers
|
|
spool/potato-peelers
|
|
|
|
:0:
|
|
* ^Sender: owner-onion-skinners
|
|
spool/onion-skinners
|
|
</STRONG></Pre>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Is there some way that I can automate this format? e.g.:
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<Pre><STRONG>
|
|
:0:
|
|
* ^Sender: owner-\([^@]+\)
|
|
spool/$1
|
|
</STRONG></Pre>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
This likely breaks procmail's own regex syntax, but you get the point.
|
|
"Anything that has an owner-foo Sender header should go to spool/foo."
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Nick,
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
You have the right idea but, as you've guessed, the
|
|
wrong syntax. The answer is to use the <tt>MATCH</tt> variable
|
|
and the <tt>\/</tt> (fencepost) operator as described in this
|
|
excerpt from the <tt>procmailrc</tt>(5) man page:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><pre> MATCH This variable is assigned to by procmail when-
|
|
ever it is told to extract text from a match-
|
|
ing regular expression. It will contain all
|
|
text matching the regular expression past the
|
|
`\/' token.
|
|
</pre></blockquote>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
So, your recipe would look something like:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<blockquote><pre>:0:
|
|
* ^Sender: owner-\/.*
|
|
spool/$MATCH
|
|
</pre></blockquote>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
(though I haven't tested this specifically).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<!-- sig -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 7 -->
|
|
<HR WIDTH="40%" ALIGN="center">
|
|
<!-- begin 11 -->
|
|
<H3 align="left"><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbubble.gif"
|
|
height="50" width="60" alt="(?) " border="0"
|
|
>procmail and saved variables.</H3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>From Nick Moffitt on Sun, 2 May 1999
|
|
</strong></p>
|
|
<font color="#000066"><em>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
[Jim Dennis said]
|
|
So, your recipe would look something like:
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG><BlockQuote><Code>
|
|
<Br>:0:
|
|
<Br>* ^Sender: owner-\/.*
|
|
<Br>spool/$MATCH
|
|
</Code></BlockQuote></STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
(though I haven't tested this specifically).
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
</em></font>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
I have! It works like a charm.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<!-- end 11 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<A NAME="tag/8"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A>
|
|
<!-- begin 8 -->
|
|
<H3 align="left"><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbubble.gif"
|
|
height="50" width="60" alt="(?) " border="0"
|
|
>RMA for Video Card</H3>
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>From Siddhartha Bezbaruah on Sat, 01 May 1999
|
|
</strong></p>
|
|
<!-- ::
|
|
RMA for Video Card
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
:: -->
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
I am mailing this on behalf of Software Decsions Inc., Houton, TX
|
|
77036.
|
|
<em>[ normally, I etch out personalized information like this. But
|
|
this person seems to want their name up, so what the heck, I'll leave it
|
|
in. -- Heather ]</em>
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
I have been calling at 541-967-2450 to get an RMA number for one
|
|
of my company's VIPER V330 video card. The customer service
|
|
connected me to the technical support or RMA department and they
|
|
hunged up two times. I also faxed the required information at
|
|
254-750-9051 on April 21, 1999. But there is no reaponse.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Please, let me know how to get an RMA from Diamond Multimedia.
|
|
<br>Sincerely
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
I don't know. I suppose I could try to dig up the
|
|
phone number for the one guy that I know that works
|
|
there (in their QA department). I had lunch with him
|
|
last Saturday.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
However, Diamond is big company. I'd probably have to
|
|
do exactly the same sorts of things you're doing.
|
|
Call them up, go through some labyrinthine voice menu
|
|
system, explain my problem --- at least twice, and
|
|
feel like a supplicant at the high temple doing pennance
|
|
for my ill-informed purchasing decision.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
What's odd is that I was under the impression that
|
|
Diamond was releasing programming specs for most of their
|
|
recent video cards so I'm curious why you're having a
|
|
problem. I'm not familiar with this particular model
|
|
(manufacturers churn through video chipsets and models
|
|
so fast that I've just given up on tracking any names or
|
|
model numbers).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
In any event I'm not the customer service department
|
|
or the "consumer watchdog" so you can't sick ME on them.
|
|
You'll have to go fight that battle yourself.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<!-- sig -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 8 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<A NAME="tag/9"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A>
|
|
<!-- begin 9 -->
|
|
<H3 align="left"><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbubble.gif"
|
|
height="50" width="60" alt="(?) " border="0"
|
|
>Inodes Numbering: An Academic Question</H3>
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>From mcp on Sat, 01 May 1999
|
|
</strong></p>
|
|
<!-- ::
|
|
Inodes Numbering: An Academic Question
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
:: -->
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Hello,
|
|
<br>Could u pls explain me
|
|
As the inodes of unix file system are store in disk in the form of linear
|
|
arrays,the index value doesn't start from zero.But generally in
|
|
'C' the array index starts from zero.What is the reason
|
|
<br>Thanx
|
|
<br>Prakash
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Hmm. This is one of those questions where it's hard to
|
|
start on an answer. The set of premises upon which you're
|
|
basing your question is so shaky that the question itself
|
|
is hard to grasp.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
First, it seems to be a question about Unix internals.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
"Why isn't there an inode 0?"
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Because the programmers of the Unix implementation that
|
|
you're looking at may not have wanted to start numbering
|
|
at zero. Of course, I'm not sure that there is no inode
|
|
number zero. I'm not sure how you can be sure, either.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
It may be that the badblocks list is stored in inode zero
|
|
(on some filesystems). At least in some filesystems the
|
|
list of bad blocks is managed by "allocating" them to a
|
|
special system inode. They effectively become part of the
|
|
"bad blocks" file. Since this is done during the creation
|
|
of the filesystem (before even a base directory is created)
|
|
it would logically follow that this would have the
|
|
lowest numbered inode on a given fs.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
I wouldn't say that inodes are "store in disk in the form of
|
|
linear arrays." Inodes are stored in a filesystem in
|
|
whatever manner the designer of a fileystem chooses to
|
|
store them. They may be represented as arrays in most
|
|
see programs --- though they are probably more often
|
|
managed as linked lists of structs. They might be
|
|
doubly linked, hashed/btrees of structs. I'm not a C
|
|
programmer so I don't really know. Of course we could
|
|
go look at the code --- but I'm not even enough of a
|
|
programmer to infer the overall design from a worm's
|
|
eye perusal of the that.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
I've heard that some filesystems (like those in LVM ---
|
|
logical volume management systems) put different ranges of
|
|
inodes on each PV (physical volume). Thus they don't
|
|
start numbering the inodes for a given fs at 0 or one
|
|
or anything even close. There is no particular reason
|
|
why they should. The inode is just an arbitrary <EM>unique</EM>
|
|
identifier for all information about a file, sans it's
|
|
"names" (links).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
The greater questions is: "Why?"
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Why do you ask?
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<!-- sig -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 9 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<A NAME="tag/10"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A>
|
|
<!-- begin 10 -->
|
|
<H3 align="left"><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbubble.gif"
|
|
height="50" width="60" alt="(?) " border="0"
|
|
>One Bad Sector</H3>
|
|
<H4 ALIGN="center">
|
|
It Doesn't Ruin the Whole Disk</H4>
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>From John Gilbert on Tue, 04 May 1999
|
|
</strong></p>
|
|
<!-- ::
|
|
One Bad Sector
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
It Doesn't Ruin the Whole Disk
|
|
:: -->
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
I cant believe that its not possible to re-use or dispose of a bad
|
|
sector on a hard drive!!!
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Please tell me its possible to do something!
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
I only have one bad sector - but its really pissing me off!
|
|
Isn't there something I can do?
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Awaiting your response,
|
|
<br>JB.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Hmm. You can "dispose" of a bad sector by adding it to
|
|
the bad blocks list. The easiest way to do this is to
|
|
allow the <tt>mke2fs</tt> and <tt>e2fsck</tt> tools "check" the portions
|
|
of the disk that underlie a given filesystem by using the
|
|
<tt>-c</tt> options to each of them.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Thus, when you first create an ext2 filesystem you should
|
|
always add the <tt>-c</tt> option so that it will (transparently)
|
|
call the '<tt>badblocks</tt>' command and account for those that are
|
|
detected. (The installation front ends to most Linux and
|
|
GNU suite distributions, such as
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.redhat.com/">Red Hat</A>,
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.caldera.com/">Caldera</A>, etc.
|
|
have a checkbox on their menu/dialogs to enable this).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
When you suspect that additional sectors have gone bad
|
|
you should run '<tt>e2fsck -c</tt>' to add any newly bad sectors
|
|
to the bad blocks list that is maintained as part of the
|
|
the filesystem's metadata.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
There are similar features for other filesystem types ---
|
|
although in some cases you'll have to build the badblocks
|
|
table to a file and run the filesytem formatting utility
|
|
separately (I won't go into details about feeding a
|
|
badblocks list to each of the alternative Linux filesystem
|
|
types as I don't know them off hand and they'd only be of
|
|
interest to a tiny percentage of LG reader --- much less
|
|
than 1% by my guess).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
If the sector that goes bad is sector number one on track
|
|
zero --- then you have a paperweight. That one sector is a
|
|
single point of failure (SPOF) in the whole PC drive
|
|
management architecture. This is a limitation of the
|
|
architecture that lies below the OS level as it is imposed
|
|
by the BIOS. Certainly someone could write a BIOS to
|
|
overcome the problem. It's also possible that your hard
|
|
drive has quite a bit of built in redundancy to prevent the
|
|
problem from ever being visible to the BIOS.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Modern hard drives are sophisticated pieces of electronics.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
They have embedded microprocessors running programs that map
|
|
their own arrangements of data blocks into an abstraction
|
|
that's compatible with the BIOS representation of a hard
|
|
disk. A BIOS "thinks" of a hard disk as a flat three
|
|
dimensional array of head and tracks (cylinders) and
|
|
sectors. In reality modern drives are almost always more
|
|
complex and far less regular.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Most modern drives store more sectors on their outer tracks
|
|
than they do on the inner ones. This is referred to as ZBR
|
|
(zone-bit recording).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Most drives have "extra" sectors on each track --- and
|
|
they'll automatically map the "extras" in for any sector
|
|
that they detect as bad or "weak."
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
All hard drives have always implemented some error detection
|
|
into their electronics. All recent drives (the last decade
|
|
or so) have also implemented at least rudimentary ECC, error
|
|
correction coding. When a drive's electronics detect errors
|
|
they automatically try several re-reads to "get it right."
|
|
Many drives are programmed to move the successfully read
|
|
data into one of the "extras" on that track when this
|
|
occurs. Likewise if they detect "correctable" errors
|
|
through their ECC mechanisms. Some drives might even
|
|
migrate data to extra sectors on adjacent tracks or heads.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
So, you generally won't see bad sectors on a modern drive
|
|
until there are enough of them that all of the available
|
|
extras on a given track, cylinder, or within a given zone,
|
|
are all in use.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Most drives have a "hidden" extra cylinder on which they
|
|
store some of the persistent data for these low level
|
|
mapping and remapping operations. This is the "diagnostics
|
|
cylinder." I think that they also have at least one sector
|
|
per track or cylinder devoted to maintaining the bad block
|
|
remappings for that track. (Some drives might implement
|
|
this as an additional surface --- so that one drive head
|
|
is devoted to all diagnostics).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Most modern hard drives also have quite a bit of RAM on
|
|
them. A half meg is minimal, and two to four meg is common
|
|
on larger, high performance SCSI drives. I don't keep up on
|
|
these things so they may have drives with 8 or 16 Mb
|
|
onboard.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
I've often wondered if it wouldn't make more sense for drive
|
|
manufacturers to support a small (socketed?) bit of NVRAM to
|
|
store the MBR and the location of their diagnostics data
|
|
map. Of course it's possible that some of them ARE doing
|
|
this --- since I wouldn't know.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Of course I'm just speculating here. I've never designed
|
|
hard drives and my discussions with hardware engineers from
|
|
Seagate, Quantum and other aquaintances in the field have
|
|
been far less detailed than my preceding speculations.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
The key point here is that these drives are not just simple
|
|
arrays of heads, sectors and tracks. I think I read a
|
|
message from Linus recently (on the kernel-list, in
|
|
reference to discussions about implementing "elevator-seeking"
|
|
and similar tricks in the low level disk drivers) that
|
|
basically said: 'anyone who treats a modern hard drive as
|
|
anything other than a linear list of storage blocks is a
|
|
fool.'
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
As for "re-using" a bad sector: you shouldn't have to worry
|
|
about that. If you drive hasn't already done it automatically
|
|
and transparently then your best strategy is to mark it as
|
|
bad and let the OS work AROUND that spot. Occasional
|
|
surface defects and wear and tear are to be expected in any
|
|
mechanical equipment --- and hard drives are fundamentally
|
|
mechanical.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<!-- sig -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 10 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<A NAME="tag/11"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A>
|
|
<!-- begin 12 -->
|
|
<H3 align="left"><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbubble.gif"
|
|
height="50" width="60" alt="(?) " border="0"
|
|
>Server Shutdown Button</H3>
|
|
|
|
<hr align="center" width="40%">
|
|
<p>This follows up on "Secure Shutdown from the Console",
|
|
<a href="../issue39/tag/21.html"
|
|
>http://www.linuxgazette.com/issue39/tag/21.html</a>.</p>
|
|
<hr align="center" width="40%">
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>From Scot E. Wilcoxon on Sun, 02 May 1999
|
|
</strong></p>
|
|
<!-- ::
|
|
Server Shutdown Button
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
:: -->
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
About the "Answer Guy" comments in the April 1999 LG about
|
|
shutting down a server, perhaps with a special login:
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
I have also created Linux servers without monitors, but I used a
|
|
two-key keyboard: a cheap serial mouse. See `<tt>man gpm</tt>` for the
|
|
"SPECIAL COMMANDS" and "-S" instructions. With this option
|
|
enabled in <TT>/etc/rc.d/init.d/gpm</TT> you can triple-click the mouse to
|
|
initiate either a shutdown or a reboot. This gives operators a
|
|
safe way to shut down a server without having to have a monitor or
|
|
keyboard on the server. The BIOS does have to allow booting
|
|
without those plugged in, but many BIOSes can be configured to
|
|
continue despite those errors.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Cool! There's a man page I hadn't read recently and
|
|
thoroughly enough! The best part is you can configure
|
|
it with a set of three custom commmands instead of the
|
|
defaults (<tt>shutdown -r</tt>, <tt>shutdown -h</tt>, and an internal
|
|
<tt>init</tt> signalling routine). I don't know what I'll
|
|
do with that, but it sure sounds useful.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<!-- sig -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 12 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<A NAME="tag/12"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A>
|
|
<!-- begin 13 -->
|
|
<H3 align="left"><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbubble.gif"
|
|
height="50" width="60" alt="(?) " border="0"
|
|
>HAL91 (Floppy Based Linux Distribution)</H3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>From twager on Wed, 05 May 1999
|
|
</strong></p>
|
|
<!-- ::
|
|
HAL91 (Floppy Based Linux Distribution)
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
:: -->
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Hi..
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
I am trying to get hal91 going...I have the bootdisk running
|
|
ok but cannot get the data disk to load. with the <tt>init.disk2</tt>
|
|
command..It tell me it cannot find and ext2 file system on
|
|
<TT>/dev/fd0</TT> ...I got the system off a cheapbytes cdrom I thought this
|
|
might be faulty so I downloaded the file using <tt>lynx</tt> from the
|
|
author's site but the same result occurred...I then mounted a floppy
|
|
and <tt>cp</tt>'d the data file across This time the floppy was seen but it
|
|
told me it could not find <tt>usr.tar.gz</tt> I <tt>mv</tt>'d the file to
|
|
<tt>usr.tar.gz</tt> and it mounted but all that was there was
|
|
<tt>Lost+Found</tt>...
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Did you really '<tt>cp</tt>' the second image unto a mounted
|
|
filesystem on the floppy?
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
I have no experience with HAL91, although I've heard that it
|
|
is one of several floppy based mini-distributions) like
|
|
Tom's Root/Boot, MuLinux, MiniLinux, LOAF (Linux On A
|
|
Floppy), etc.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
It looks like the canonical home page for HAL91 is at:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><BlockQuote><code>
|
|
<A HREF="http://home.sol.no/~okolaas/hal91.html"
|
|
>http://home.sol.no/~okolaas/hal91.html</A>
|
|
</code></BlockQuote></BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
I found that by following one of the many related links at
|
|
the bottom of Tom Oehser's page (Tom's Root/Boot) at:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><BlockQuote><code>
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.toms.net/rb"
|
|
>http://www.toms.net/rb</A>
|
|
</code></BlockQuote></BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Images for most of these would be written to the raw floppy
|
|
device using dd rather than copied onto some filesystem that
|
|
you've put thereon. In other words normally you wouldn't
|
|
use the 'cp' command to create boot floppies for any
|
|
mini-distribution. Usually you'd use a command like:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><BlockQuote><Code>
|
|
dd bs=18k if=image.dat of=/dev/fd0
|
|
</Code></BlockQuote></BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
(while there is no MOUNTED fs residing on that flopppy
|
|
drive!).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
It's also possible to use a command like:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><BlockQuote><Code>
|
|
dd < image.dat > /dev/fd0
|
|
</Code></BlockQuote></BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
... though it is more efficient and reliable to set <tt>dd</tt>'s
|
|
block size (18K is size of one one track on a 1.44 Mb
|
|
diskette: 1440 blocks of 1K each is 1474560 bytes, as is
|
|
18K * 80 --- and most HD floppies support 80 tracks).
|
|
The use of <tt>dd</tt>'s <tt>if=</tt> and <tt>of=</tt> parameters
|
|
vs. the redirection operators is relatively inconsequential.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
The HAL91 pages don't explicitly say how you should create
|
|
the "datadisk" (supplemental diskette --- which can
|
|
be unpacked to a second RAM disk under <TT>/usr</TT> to provide
|
|
some additional programs and utilities). I presume that it
|
|
is supposed to be be written to the raw floppy device in
|
|
the same way that the boot diskette is prepared.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
I have done a strings on the file and looked through that
|
|
but there is not mention of either of the readouts I got.....I
|
|
have written to the author but no reply..I have written to all the
|
|
linux lists but no reply.... I would like to get this running as
|
|
I am giving a talk on Linux to the local ham radio club and would
|
|
like to take this prog as well as Mandrake and RedHat as I am
|
|
hoping it might get a few interested..If you have any tips or help
|
|
where else I could look a cc reply would be greatly
|
|
appreciated.....I struggled with Stampede from the cdrom but
|
|
this has me beat :>(
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Why have you selected HAL91 for this case? There are
|
|
several other choices (look at the bottom of Tom Oehser's
|
|
page, as listed above, for a few of them).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
I'm not saying that HAL91 is "the wrong choice" ---
|
|
what I'm suggesting is that you try a couple of these
|
|
so that you can form a basis for comparison. So far
|
|
my personal favorite is Tom's Root/Boot --- though I like
|
|
Trinux for other work.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
As for your ham radio group: consider looking at the
|
|
Linux Speaker's Bureau web site at:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><BlockQuote><code>
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.linuxresources.com/lsb/index.html"
|
|
>http://www.linuxresources.com/lsb/index.html</A>
|
|
</code></BlockQuote></BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
You might find someone in your area (or someone
|
|
who will be in your area on other business) who can
|
|
give a slick presentation about Linux and can help people
|
|
during an installfest.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Regards.
|
|
<br>Ted
|
|
<br><em>Beware of geeks bearing gifs</em>
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Be even more wary of geeks wearing GIFs!
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<!-- sig -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 13 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<A NAME="tag/13"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A>
|
|
<!-- begin 14 -->
|
|
<H3 align="left"><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbubble.gif"
|
|
height="50" width="60" alt="(?) " border="0"
|
|
>Ping a Port: NOT</H3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>From Derek Leung on Wed, 05 May 1999
|
|
</strong></p>
|
|
<!-- ::
|
|
Ping a Port: NOT
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
:: -->
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Hi,
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
I am just wondering if there is any way that I can
|
|
code to ping a destination if it is alive or not. However, the server
|
|
is known to be behind a firewall, and only one port is open to public.
|
|
So, is there anyone know how to code a "ping" program that could ping on
|
|
a certain port? I will greatly appreciate for any ideas.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
The '<tt>ping</tt>' command generates an ICMP echo request packet.
|
|
ICMP is a protocol over IP that implements "control
|
|
messages" (flow control, routing, etc.). At level the
|
|
very concept of TCP/UDP ports is completely irrelevant.
|
|
(TCP and UDP are other protocols that ride over IP, they
|
|
are orthogonal to ICMP).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
There are a number of programs that you can use for
|
|
port scanning (and your application seems to call for
|
|
testing a single port on a single host --- which is a
|
|
very short list ports to scan). I'd recommend that you
|
|
look at <tt>netcat</tt> (sometimes installed as '<tt>nc</tt>'
|
|
on some Linux systems) and <tt>nmap</tt>.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
A quick place to find these and many other interesting tools
|
|
would be the Trinux web site: <tt><A HREF="http://www.trinux.org"
|
|
>http://www.trinux.org</A></tt>
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Derek
|
|
<br>SDU TEAM
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
PS. I use PERL to code. If there are any available C module, please let
|
|
me know too. Thanks.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
There are some sophisticated PERL sockets and <tt>RAW::IP</tt> tools
|
|
--- you'd want to look at CPAN (<tt><A HREF="http://www.cpan.org"
|
|
>http://www.cpan.org</A></tt>) for
|
|
those. There are numerous modules to allow easy PERL coding
|
|
for specific network protocols and services --- and there
|
|
are many sample scripts there.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<!-- sig -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 14 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<A NAME="tag/14"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A>
|
|
<!-- begin 15 -->
|
|
<H3 align="left"><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbubble.gif"
|
|
height="50" width="60" alt="(?) " border="0"
|
|
>Linux as a Job!</H3>
|
|
<H4 ALIGN="center">
|
|
Hobbies become fun and profit</H4>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>From Nate Brazell on Fri, 07 May 1999
|
|
</strong></p>
|
|
<!-- ::
|
|
Linux as a Job!
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
Hobbies become fun and profit
|
|
:: -->
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
I am new to Linux and have a definate need to learn it. It is now my
|
|
job! Here are a couple of questions???
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
1. I need to establish a dial up server? How?
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
<tt>mgetty</tt>. Install <tt>mgetty</tt> and follow the directions in
|
|
its info file (using the emacs/xemacs '<tt>info</tt>' package
|
|
or the standalone '<tt>info</tt>' command). You can also read
|
|
the manual in HTML at:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><BlockQuote><code>
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.leo.org/~doering/mgetty/index.html"
|
|
>http://www.leo.org/~doering/mgetty/index.html</A>
|
|
</code></BlockQuote></BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<tt>mgetty</tt> is included with many Linux distributions.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
2. I need to install a new drive and mount an existing file system to
|
|
the new drive. This one I know how to do, however I haven't messed with
|
|
UNIX in a while and want to make sure my plan will work.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
The hard part is the hardware. Once that's done you
|
|
just run '<tt>fdisk</tt>' then '<tt>mke2fs</tt>' (<tt>mkfs.ext2</tt>)
|
|
and '<tt>mount</tt>' Finally you simply added the new filesystem and
|
|
mountpoint to your <TT>/etc/fstab</TT> (so that the system will mount
|
|
the new filesystem automatically after the next reboot).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Here's a couple of sample commands assuming that your adding
|
|
an IDE drive to a system's secondary controller. The
|
|
new drive will be <TT>/dev/hdc</TT>. I'm assuming that <TT>/dev/hda</TT>
|
|
is your existing OS installation and that <TT>/dev/hdb</TT> is a
|
|
CD-ROM slaved off of the same controller; that's best
|
|
since CDs are accessed relatively infrequently and most
|
|
often just to copy things to your local volume. Thus
|
|
putting the new drive on the other IDE chain in a typical
|
|
modern system gives a performance boost. Only one drive
|
|
per IDE chain can be accessed at any given modem by the
|
|
kernel. SCSI allows commands to the drives to be handled
|
|
in parallel (the request is issued, the drive is
|
|
"disconnected" from the bus and it issues an interrupt
|
|
when it is ready to provide or fetch more data).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
So you use commands like:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><BlockQuote><Code>
|
|
fdisk /dev/hdc
|
|
<br>
|
|
<BR># menu interface to configure new filesystems
|
|
<br>
|
|
<br>for i in 1 3 5 6 7 8; do
|
|
<br>mke2fs -c /dev/hdc$i
|
|
<br>done
|
|
<br>
|
|
<BR># -c enables automatic 'badblock' checking
|
|
<BR># This example assumes you created six filesystems
|
|
<BR># on the new drive, perhaps leaving partition two
|
|
<BR># as a swap partition and number 4 is used to house
|
|
<BR># the extension which contains 5 through 8
|
|
<BR># I use a bash/sh for loop to save typing and to
|
|
<BR># give me longer to sip my coffee while it works
|
|
<BR># unattended
|
|
<br>
|
|
<br>mount /dev/hdc1 /home
|
|
<br>mount /dev/hdc3 /usr/local
|
|
<br>mount /dev/hdc5 /u1
|
|
<br>mount /dev/hdc6 /var/log
|
|
<br>mount -o sync /dev/hdc7 /var/spool
|
|
<br>mount -o noatime /dev/hdc8 /var/spool/news
|
|
<br>
|
|
<br>vi /etc/fstab
|
|
<br>
|
|
<BR># add the new filesystem(s) as appropriate to
|
|
<BR># the fstab file format. See the appropriate
|
|
<BR># man page from manual section 5 (i.e. man 5 fstab)
|
|
</CODE></BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
In this (admittedly complicated) example I've put the
|
|
new filesystems on a few mount points that often need
|
|
to "grow" or are otherwise good candidates for having
|
|
their own filesystems.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
I've glossed completely over the details of mount each of
|
|
these on a temporary mount point (I use <TT>/mnt/tmp</TT>) and
|
|
copying/moving/migrating all the data from the extent
|
|
directories to their new filesytems. The short form
|
|
of that is (for each filesystem):
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><BlockQuote><pre>
|
|
mount $NEWFS /mnt/tmp
|
|
cp -pax $OLDDIR /mnt/tmp
|
|
umount /mnt/tmp
|
|
mv $OLDDIR $OLDDIR.old
|
|
mkdir $OLDDIR
|
|
chmod $OLD_DIR_PERMS $OLDDIR
|
|
mount $NEWFS $OLDDIR
|
|
</pre></BlockQuote></BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
.... and there are many variations. Once you've well
|
|
and truly confirmed that your copies are good you can then
|
|
rm -fr each of the $OLDDIR.old directories. One way to
|
|
compare two directory trees and ensure that the data and
|
|
the metadata (ownership and permissions) have been
|
|
faithfully replicated is to use a command like:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><BlockQuote><Code>
|
|
(cd $OLDDIR.old && tar cf - . ) |
|
|
<br>( cd $NEWDIR && tar df - )
|
|
</Code></BlockQuote></BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
(note the need for line continuation on this example.)
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Note: In all of these preceding examples I've only
|
|
give the basic idea. You should NOT just cut and paste
|
|
these commands without understanding them and editing them
|
|
to suit your actual needs and situation.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
One other note: I've shown a couple of mount examples
|
|
with options (<tt>sync</tt> for our spool fs, and <tt>noatime</tt> for
|
|
<TT>/var/spool/news</TT>). One of the key advantages to using
|
|
smaller, more focused filesystems is that you can then
|
|
apply mount options that are appropriate to them.
|
|
You can greatly increase the performce of a newspool
|
|
by preventng the kernel's fs drivers from updating the
|
|
"Access Time" (<tt>atime</tt>) stamps on each file each time it
|
|
is read. You can greatly reduce the risk of data damage
|
|
to your mail spools and queue using the <tt>sync</tt> option (so that
|
|
a catastrophic power supply failure or bump of the "off"
|
|
switch is less likely to mangle the filesystem.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Such options can trade off performance for features or
|
|
integrity assurance. Tune to taste and serve to your users.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Can you help me?
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Yes.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Will you help me?
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
I hope I already have.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<!-- sig -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 15 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<A NAME="tag/15"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A>
|
|
<!-- begin 15 -->
|
|
<H3 align="left"><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbubble.gif"
|
|
height="50" width="60" alt="(?) " border="0"
|
|
>New Kernel Loses Ether Driver; Dial on Demand and Masquerading</H3>
|
|
<H4 ALIGN="center">
|
|
A grabbag of user questions.</H4>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>From Adams, James on Sun, 02 May 1999
|
|
</strong></p>
|
|
<!-- ::
|
|
New Kernel Loses Ether Driver; Dial on Demand and Masquerading
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
A grabbag of user questions.
|
|
:: -->
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Answer Guy,
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
I know you are extrmely busy and such, I hope you can point me in
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
the right direction. I am trying to find the tell all instructions
|
|
for recompiling a new kernel for RH5.2 (Mandrake 5.3). I have
|
|
tried repeatedly to do this but still no luck.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
The main problem I run into is that my ethernet no longer works
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
after booting into the "new" setup. Something about SCIOFLAGS (I
|
|
think), and the network is not working.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
That means that you haven't successfully included the driver
|
|
for your ethernet adapter. You have to know what sort of
|
|
driver it takes. I realize that this is the problem. There
|
|
is no easy way to tell this from a running kernel --- none
|
|
the entries under <TT>/proc</TT> seem to say which ether driver is
|
|
active. You might find your ethernet card mentioned in
|
|
<TT>/proc/pci</TT> (a list of PCI devices recognized by your kernel).
|
|
Otherwise just open the case and look at the actual card
|
|
hardware.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
One trick I've occasionally used during installfests is an
|
|
ugly hack. I cd to <TT>/lib/modules/preferred/net</TT> (or
|
|
thereabouts) and do something like:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><BlockQuote><Code>
|
|
for i in <TT>./*;</TT> do insmod $i && echo $i; done
|
|
</Code></BlockQuote></BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
... which tries to load EVERY available module in that
|
|
directory. This could hang the system, but usually it just
|
|
spits out the name(s) of any modules that successfully
|
|
detect a card that they can drive.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
If you could point me in the right direction I would forever be in
|
|
your debt (sort of). I also want to be able to have dial on
|
|
demand, I have a small home network and want to use it with
|
|
ipfwadm.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
There is a program called 'diald' which used to be the main
|
|
"dial on demand" daemon (driver). However, I've read that
|
|
the latest versions of PPP have some built in "on demand"
|
|
features.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
I must admit that I haven't been using modem PPP for the
|
|
last several months. I'm spoiled rotten by my DSL line
|
|
(which as only been down once since I got it). I'd only
|
|
been using POTS PPP occasionally in the last couple of years
|
|
since I was using ISDN (with its own dial-on-demand in my
|
|
Trancell/WebRamp ISDN router) --- so I was only using
|
|
diald/pppd when that was being flaky.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
However, I've been meaning to play with the new pppd options
|
|
at some point. So I'll look into it.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
I presume that you mean that you want to use your PPP link
|
|
through IP masquerading (when you say "with ipfwadm").
|
|
There are numerous HOWTOs and numerous back issues of my
|
|
column where I've discussed masquerading. The short form is
|
|
to use the following commands on your router (the Linux box
|
|
with the ethernet the PPP links on it):
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><BlockQuote>
|
|
echo 1 > <TT>/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward</TT>
|
|
</BlockQuote></BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
(to enable routing)
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
and:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><BlockQuote>
|
|
ipfwadm -F -a acc -m -D 0.0.0.0/0 -S 192.168.0.0/16
|
|
ipfwadm -F -a acc -m -D 0.0.0.0/0 -S 10.0.0.0/8
|
|
ipfwadm -F -a acc -m -D 0.0.0.0/0 -S 172.16.0.0/12
|
|
</BlockQuote></BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
(you only need one of these, but all of them won't hurt).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
This last set of commands adds a set of rules to the Linux
|
|
packet filtering tables to masquerade any source addresses
|
|
in the 192.168.*.*, the 10.*.*.* and the 172.16.*.* through
|
|
172.31.*.* ranges. Those are all of the addressed reserved
|
|
in RFC 1918 for "private" use.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
As I've discussed before you should also put in some packet
|
|
filtering and anti-spoofing rules to protect your home
|
|
network from outside attack. Crackers and script-kiddies
|
|
are not a myth --- I see probes on my network all the time
|
|
and I've just recently let one of my system get cracked into
|
|
(I was being sloppy with that one --- it's part of why my
|
|
mail was down for a couple of weeks; though only a small
|
|
part).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Thanks
|
|
in Advance
|
|
Jim Adams
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<!-- sig -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 15 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<A NAME="tag/16"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A>
|
|
<!-- begin 16 -->
|
|
<H3 align="left"><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbubble.gif"
|
|
height="50" width="60" alt="(?) " border="0"
|
|
>pcmcia install on debian</H3>
|
|
|
|
<p>After every Bay Area Linux User Group
|
|
(<a href="http://www.balug.org/">BALUG</a>) meeting, we head
|
|
to a local deli named Max's to continue chatting until about
|
|
midnight. Some of the Debian folk are becoming regulars, so
|
|
Jim and I had a chance to ask a few questions.</p>
|
|
|
|
<hr width="40%" align="center">
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>From Joey Hess on Sun, 02 May 1999
|
|
</strong></p>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Hi Jim, I don't know you're proper email address, so I'm using
|
|
this one. At Max's tonight, your S.O. asked me about installing
|
|
debian on a system that needs PCMCIA to use the cd drive and how
|
|
to enable that. Well I dug around and the info she needs is at
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
That was resourceful. Our addresses are:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><BlockQuote>
|
|
Jim Dennis< <A HREF="mailto:jimd@starshine.org"
|
|
>jimd@starshine.org</A>>,
|
|
Heather Stern <<A HREF="mailto:star@starshine.org"
|
|
>star@starshine.org</A>>
|
|
</BlockQuote></BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
<A HREF="http://debian.org/releases/stable/i386/ch-init-config.en.html#s7.11"
|
|
>http://debian.org/releases/stable/i386/ch-init-config.en.html#s7.11</A>
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
I'm copying Heather on this reply.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
If the version of debian she's installing doesn't have a pcmcia
|
|
entry on the menu, she should install the most recent one, it's
|
|
documented to have it.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
And in respone to your own query about installing debian without
|
|
rebooting, another possibility would be to grab
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<PRE><STRONG>
|
|
<A HREF="ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/dists/stable/main"
|
|
>ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian/dists/stable/main</A>/disks-i386/2.1.9-1999-03-03/base2_1.tgz
|
|
</STRONG></PRE>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
This is a basic debian system, tarred. After you unpack that you
|
|
should be able to run dpkg --root=/wherever -i foo.deb and install
|
|
additional deb's if necessary. And you can chroot into it and play
|
|
around. If you "sh root/pkgsel" in there, you'll get to the
|
|
package group selection menu debian normally displays after the
|
|
install from booth floppies.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Sounds interesting. I'll try that soon.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Do you know of a project to complete a more complete system
|
|
integrity auditing tool than debsums? I like that the rpm -Va
|
|
command tells me about changes to <EM>permissions</EM>, <EM>ownership</EM>,
|
|
and other metadata. debsums seems to be a light wrapper around
|
|
md5sum.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
On slackware systems I can just use 'tar df ...' to get this
|
|
sort of info. When I met Patrick Volkerding at LinuxWorld I
|
|
suggested he write a script to do that for a whole CD full of
|
|
of tar files --- sort of an "auditors workbench." (I also
|
|
suggested that he make this an option from the boot menu on
|
|
the CD and that he make a custom boot floppy for system
|
|
auditing; so that the <A HREF="http://www.slackware.org/">Slackware</A> sysadmin is encouraged to
|
|
do proper audits of their system, from a clean boot off of a
|
|
write protected floppy).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
I'd like to encourage the <A HREF="http://www.debian.org/">Debian</A> team to also come up with
|
|
such a beast (and I'll try to devote some time and Linuxcare
|
|
resources to actually DOING it). However, it occurs to me that
|
|
the existing Debian hacks can probably do something like this
|
|
practically overnight. (I'll be fighting a much longer learning
|
|
curve before I'm ready to contribute a production quality
|
|
package to this effort).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
I've heard that Debian packages encapsulate .tar files. Is that
|
|
true? Are they tar or tar.gz? (no problem, 'tar dzf ...' works).
|
|
I suppose I could use alien to extract tar files from .deb files
|
|
(one at a time) and then use tar df on each of those.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
--
|
|
see shy jo
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 16 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<A NAME="tag/17"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A>
|
|
<!-- begin 17 -->
|
|
<H3 align="left"><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbubble.gif"
|
|
height="50" width="60" alt="(?) " border="0"
|
|
>WinPrinter Work-around</H3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>From harmbehrens on Sat, 01 May 1999
|
|
</strong></p>
|
|
<!-- ::
|
|
WinPrinter Work-around
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
:: -->
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Hello,
|
|
is there any work-around to get a gdi printer (Star Wintype 4000) to
|
|
work with Linux :-?
|
|
Harm
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Save the file to some supported format (something that
|
|
MS Windows can read), copy the file to a Windows system
|
|
(to which your GDI printer is attached) and/or reboot
|
|
your system into MS Windows, and use that to print.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
--- Alternatively I suppose you could configure a
|
|
Windows system to share its printer and use Samba
|
|
(smbclient) to print to that.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Those are WORKAROUNDS.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
I presume that these are NOT what you wanted to hear.
|
|
However, there is no way that I know of to support
|
|
a Winprinter without running drivers that are native
|
|
to MS Windows (and its GDI --- graphics device interface
|
|
--- APIs).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
I think that the development of GDI printers was a
|
|
devious and clever trick by Microsoft. Tie the
|
|
customer AND the printer manufacturers inextricably to
|
|
Microsoft's SOFTWARE and leave them both vulnerable to
|
|
MS upgrades for the lives of their products. It's
|
|
diabolically clever.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<!-- sig -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 17 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<A NAME="tag/18"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A>
|
|
<!-- begin 18 -->
|
|
<H3 align="left"><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbubble.gif"
|
|
height="50" width="60" alt="(?) " border="0"
|
|
>Maximum Filesize vs. Maximum Filesystem Size</H3>
|
|
<H4 ALIGN="center">
|
|
(From LinuxPPC Mailing List)</H4>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>From Charlie Romero on Thu, 27 May 1999
|
|
</strong></p>
|
|
<!-- ::
|
|
Maximum Filesize vs. Maximum Filesystem Size
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
(From LinuxPPC Mailing List)
|
|
:: -->
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
I'm a little confused on the 2 GB thing. Is it ok to have each partition
|
|
ie. <TT>/usr</TT> , <TT>/etc</TT>, <TT>/home</TT> at 2GB each or can the whole file system not exceed
|
|
2 GB.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
If I have a 10 GB drive, is this ok.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
<TT>/usr</TT> 2GB
|
|
<TT>/etc</TT> 2GB
|
|
<TT>/opt</TT> 2GB
|
|
<TT>/home</TT> 2GB
|
|
<TT>/swap</TT> 2GB
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
or do I have to keep the total under 2GB?
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Thanks,
|
|
Charlie
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Actually 2Gb is the maximum FILESIZE under 32-bit versions
|
|
of Linux. (Alpha, and presumably UltraSPARC ports are not
|
|
hampered by this).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Linux ext2 filesystems can be much larger than 2Gb ---
|
|
and can be much larger than any available consumer hard
|
|
drives or common arrays (although the lack of
|
|
journaling/logging means that fsck may take a prohibitively
|
|
long time on larger filesystems).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<!-- sig -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 18 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<A NAME="tag/19"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A>
|
|
<!-- begin 19 -->
|
|
<H3 align="left"><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbubble.gif"
|
|
height="50" width="60" alt="(?) " border="0"
|
|
>ICMP Masquerading</H3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>From Abraham S. Lin on Thu, 27 May 1999
|
|
</strong></p>
|
|
<!-- ::
|
|
ICMP Masquerading
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
:: -->
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Hi, jim,
|
|
This is your e-mail address on Linuxgazette, so I tried. Hope this
|
|
is not your personal mailbox.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
After reading all the docs, howtow, and the docs from www.xos.nl
|
|
(supposedly original ipfwadm site), there are little mention of icmp
|
|
forwarding, and no examples of it.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
So far it all goes to the same mailbox eventually.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
My setup is:
|
|
1. Redhat 5.2(full install), machine name ken. one interface to internet,
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
the other to localnet.
|
|
2. localnet machines with 10.1.1.x private addresses. (kolya and brian)
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
I did deny on all in/out/forward rules of ipfwadm. And then enabling them
|
|
one by one. It's a tuff job but seems like all is well.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Until I figured that ping and traceroute doesn't work from localnet. Not
|
|
even from the linux gateway to internet.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
You don't mention which version of the kernel you're using.
|
|
That's important because most versions of the 2.0 kernel
|
|
series didn't support ICMP masquerading. It's still listed
|
|
as an experimental feature.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Thanks for this in advance. After this is fixed I think we'll have to make
|
|
ipfirewalling HOWTO better than it is now. It didn't do on icmp forwarding.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Thanks again,
|
|
abe
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
P.S.
|
|
Here's the digest of my <TT>/etc/rc.d/rc.local</TT> on the icmp part:
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
><BlockQuote>
|
|
Your problem has to do with MASQUERADING of ICMP.
|
|
It has nothing to do with forwarding them.
|
|
</BlockQuote></BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
You probably have to compile a later 2.0.36 kernel
|
|
to add this support. You could also consider trying
|
|
the 2.2.9 or later kernels and switching to the newer
|
|
IP Chains model.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
IP Masquerading through IPChains is not well explained
|
|
in their HOWTO. I just had to figure that one out
|
|
while teaching Linux classes at SGI (one of my Linuxcare
|
|
roles).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
I don't have my example handy but the key is to
|
|
understand that the -j option to the ipchains command
|
|
is used both for "jumping" to a chain (that you've
|
|
created) and for declaring a disposition to a given
|
|
packet. Thus ACCEPT, DENY, REJECT, REDIR, RETURN and MASQ
|
|
are sorta treated like chains (you use tham as targets to
|
|
the -j option) but they will not be listed with the -L
|
|
and are not "flushed" with -F, etc.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
When you want to masquerade for a network all you really
|
|
need is:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><pre>ipchains -A forward -s $INTERNALNET -d 0.0.0.0/0 -j MASQ
|
|
</pre></blockquote>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
... add a rule to the (pre-defined) forwarding chain
|
|
so that any package with a source address (<TT>-s</TT>) matching
|
|
our internal address and a destination (<TT>-d</TT>) of anywhere
|
|
(else) is "just" MASQueraded.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
I've successfully configured masquerading with
|
|
just that rule (and the usual routes and ip_forwarding
|
|
enabled). It doesn't seem to need any special rule
|
|
to match addresses going from an internal address to
|
|
another internal address. So we don't need to
|
|
do something like:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><pre>ipchains -A forward -s $INTERNALNET -d ! $INTERNALNET -j MASQ
|
|
</pre></blockquote>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
... where the ! sign negates our address mask and
|
|
comes to refer to any destination that is NOT in our
|
|
internal network.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
This second variation of the rule is more precise and
|
|
probably more correct. However it doesn't seem to be
|
|
necessary.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
I have also been successful in setting up bidirectional
|
|
masqeurading with just two fowarding rules:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><pre>ipchains -A forward -s $MYNET -d 0.0.0.0/0 -j MASQ
|
|
ipchains -A forward -s $HISNET -d 0.0.0.0/0 -j MASQ
|
|
</pre></blockquote>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
... again this seems to work although:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><pre>ipchains -A forward -s $MYNET -d $HISNET -j MASQ
|
|
ipchains -A forward -s $HISNET -d $MYNET -j MASQ
|
|
</pre></blockquote>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
... would seem to be more precise and probably better.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
The examples in the HOWTOs seem to insist on creating
|
|
a separate chain for our masquerading rules using something
|
|
like:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><pre>ipchains -N mymasq
|
|
</pre></blockquote>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
... and then using various rules to jump (<TT>-j</TT>) into that
|
|
chain (which then just does a MASQ anyway, also using the
|
|
-j option). This added level of indirection seems to be
|
|
completely unnecessary for the simple case and is far too
|
|
confusing from the examples. I suggest that people start
|
|
with my simpler examples and only add the additional
|
|
chains of rules as their needs demand it.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Your excerpts:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><pre>> extip=_EXTERNAL_INTERFACE_IP
|
|
> intip=_INTERNAL_INTERFACE_IP
|
|
> localnet=10.1.1.0/24
|
|
> any=0.0.0.0/0
|
|
> # A ping from kolya to 132.206.1.11 Not right still...........
|
|
> /sbin/ipfwadm -I -a accept -V $intip -P icmp -S $localnet 8 -D $any
|
|
> /sbin/ipfwadm -O -a accept -V $extip -P icmp -S $extip 8 -D $any
|
|
> /sbin/ipfwadm -I -a accept -V $extip -P icmp -S $any 0 -D $extip
|
|
> /sbin/ipfwadm -O -a accept -V $intip -P icmp -S $any 0 -D $localnet
|
|
>
|
|
> # A traceroute from kolya to 132.206.1.11 Not right still.......
|
|
> /sbin/ipfwadm -I -a accept -V $intip -P icmp -S $localnet 8 -D $any
|
|
> /sbin/ipfwadm -O -a accept -V $intip -P icmp -S $intip 11 -D $localnet
|
|
>
|
|
> /sbin/ipfwadm -I -a accept -V $intip -P icmp -S $localnet 8 -D $any
|
|
> /sbin/ipfwadm -O -a accept -V $extip -P icmp -S $extip 8 -D $any
|
|
> /sbin/ipfwadm -I -a accept -V $extip -P icmp -S $any 11 -D $extip
|
|
> /sbin/ipfwadm -O -a accept -V $intip -P icmp -S $any 11 -D $localnet
|
|
>
|
|
> # This line just produces error message. Don't know the syntax for icmp.
|
|
> /sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -P icmp -S $localnet 3:11 -D $any
|
|
</pre></blockquote>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
I think you probably actually want something more like
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><pre>/sbin/ipfwadm -F -a accept -m -P icmp -S $localnet 3 11 -D $any
|
|
</pre></blockquote>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
... "port ranges" (the 3:11 syntax) aren't meaningful
|
|
for ICMP. I presume you are trying to limit the
|
|
packet filters to accepting/relaying "echo request" and
|
|
"echo reply" packets in this example. I don't have a
|
|
handy list of ICMP packet types but you definitely also
|
|
want to allow some other packet types to get through
|
|
(for MTU path discovery)!
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Actually I'm not sure that you need it when masquerading
|
|
since the ICMP message that informs a TCP stack that a
|
|
"Don't Fragment" packet was dropped might only need
|
|
to reach our router/gateway (the system performing the
|
|
masquerading). I'm not sure if it needs to get all the
|
|
way back to our host.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
In any event I'd suggest that you adopt the opposite
|
|
strategy with regards to ICMP packets. There are only a
|
|
few of them that need to be filtered out (redirects mainly).
|
|
So far it seems to be safe to let most other ICMP message
|
|
types through. (Well, about as safe as letting any sort
|
|
of IP traffic through, masqueraded or otherwise. Naturally
|
|
you should consider proxying with SOCKS, Dante or DeleGate
|
|
to tighten security even further).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<!-- sig -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 19 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<A NAME="tag/20"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A>
|
|
<!-- begin 20 -->
|
|
<H3 align="left"><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbubble.gif"
|
|
height="50" width="60" alt="(?) " border="0"
|
|
>Upgrade Breaks Several Programs, <TT>/proc</TT> Problems, BogoMIPS Discrepancies</H3>
|
|
<H4 ALIGN="center">
|
|
A visit to "Library Hell"</H4>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>From Pete Caffall on Thu, 27 May 1999
|
|
</strong></p>
|
|
<!-- ::
|
|
Upgrade Breaks Several Programs, <TT>/proc</TT> Problems, BogoMIPS Discrepancies
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
A visit to "Library Hell"
|
|
:: -->
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Jim:
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG><BlockQuote>
|
|
I'm kind of going nuts here trying to figure this one out. I
|
|
</BlockQuote></STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
have just recently upgraded my system at home with RedHat 5.2. It
|
|
previously had RedHat 5.0 on it. Since then I have been unable to
|
|
get Netscape (4.5.1 or 4.06) to work, as well as Word Perfect 7.0
|
|
, and not to be outdone - arena. All break on start up with a
|
|
segmentation fault (SYSSEGV) and a core dump. Prior to the
|
|
upgrade, all worked (well - don't know about arena - just tried
|
|
that to see if it might also break). I did not change my hardware
|
|
configuration and is the same as prior to the update. ASUS 5ab MB,
|
|
AMD K 6 II 3D 333mhz processor, 64 mb 100mhz sdimm, 5 gb WD IDE hd
|
|
drive where Linux is installed. XFree86, Afterstep that came with
|
|
the distribution, and ATI Xpert 98 video with 8mb.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
It sounds like the upgrade replaced your shared libraries
|
|
with versions that aren't quite compatible with these
|
|
applications. Netscape Navigator and Communicator have
|
|
both historically been pretty picky about their shared
|
|
libraries.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
There are occasions in the past where a GNU bug fix to their
|
|
libc has broken versions of Navigator and Communicator that
|
|
relied upon these bugs. You can find out which libraries
|
|
these files are linked against with the 'ldd' command.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
You can also rebuild your <TT>/etc/ld.so.cache</TT> file by running
|
|
the 'ldconfig' command (a good idea to try that any time
|
|
you suspect shared library problems).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
You say (later) that you tried using libc.so.5.4.33.
|
|
However you don't say <EM>how</EM> you tried to use it. There
|
|
are a couple of magic environment variables LD_PRELOAD and
|
|
LD_LIBRARY_PATH which can be used to override the
|
|
order in which shared libraries are loaded (and thus
|
|
can control which library gets loaded to supply a given
|
|
set of functions).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
You can read the ld.so(8) man page for some details about
|
|
how the linker/dynamic for shared objects works under Linux
|
|
and other GNU systems.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Typically you'd copy your old libraries (with which these
|
|
programs were working) into some directory
|
|
(<TT>/usr/local/lib-special</TT> for example) and then replace your
|
|
links to Navigator, Communicator, WordPerfect, and any other
|
|
affected programs with a short wrapper script that sets and
|
|
exports the appropriate environment variables and then
|
|
launches the original program. There are examples of such
|
|
scripts on the web (from people who've had to hack them up
|
|
to run earlier versions of Navigator after earlier upgrades
|
|
of glibc).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Most of this nonsense should be unnecessary under Linux.
|
|
First, programs should be written to rely on the
|
|
exposed/documented characteristics of the libraries against
|
|
which they are linked. Also it's supposed to be possible to
|
|
linked to more specific library versions in cases where
|
|
the more general version won't work with your application.
|
|
That's why we have so many symlinks like these:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><pre>-rwxr-xr-x libc-2.0.7.so
|
|
lrwxrwxrwx libc.so.4 -> libc.so.4.7.6
|
|
-rwxr-xr-x libc.so.4.7.6
|
|
lrwxrwxrwx libc.so.5 -> libc.so.5.4.46
|
|
-rwxr-xr-x libc.so.5.4.46
|
|
-rwxr-xr-x libc.so.5.4.7
|
|
lrwxrwxrwx libc.so.6 -> libc-2.0.7.so
|
|
</pre></blockquote>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
(from <TT>/lib</TT> on one of my <A HREF="http://www.suse.com/">S.u.S.E.</A> systems, actually).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
The idea is that we should be able to have a libc.so.4.6.XX
|
|
with a symlink to libc.so.4.6. libc.so.4.7.6 (from my
|
|
example) would still be the "default" for libc.so.4, but
|
|
programs that were linked to libc.so.4.6 would use our
|
|
libc.so.4.6.XX. Thus they would be more specifically
|
|
bound to the 4.6 versions of the libraries than to the
|
|
4.7 or 4.5.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
This is far more flexible than the implementation of DLLs
|
|
we see in MS Windows and NT. It can automatically tolerate
|
|
multiple concurrent versions of each library. The
|
|
LD_PRELOAD and LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variables give us
|
|
even more flexibility since we can override the linkage at
|
|
run time for a specific process (or family or processes).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
However, it can be a pain to manage for mere mortals
|
|
such as myself. Oddly enough it also seems to be more of
|
|
a problem for the commercial packages than for other Linux
|
|
software. I have to cope with far less "library hell"
|
|
resulting from typical binary packages than I do with
|
|
the big commercial ones.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
I supposed one thing that WordPerfect, Netscape, Applix,
|
|
and Star Division could all do is to include all of the
|
|
libraries that they require (with which they are linked and
|
|
tested) on their CDs. They could then have an installation
|
|
and/or configuration option to install those in a
|
|
special directory (<TT>/opt/${PACKAGE}/lib</TT>) and to automatically
|
|
invoke their programs in a "compatability mode" where they
|
|
set their own LD_PRELOAD variables properly and launch thier
|
|
binaries.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Such a scheme could allow these companies to be more robust
|
|
in the face of distribution updates (such as your
|
|
transition from <A HREF="http://www.redhat.com/">Red Hat</A> 5.0 to 5.2 and the more disastrous
|
|
change from 5.x to 6.0 that has broken StarOffice and other
|
|
packages for so many Red Hat users in recent weeks).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
(At the same time these packages would not need to take
|
|
up the additional disk space and memory footprint when
|
|
running on a system whose default libraries are suited
|
|
to the situation).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
In any event you might consider upgrading to RH 6.0 and
|
|
WP 8.0. I personally suggest letting the distribution
|
|
maintainers do as much of the work of getting you
|
|
out of "library hell" as possible.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<PRE><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
One thing I have noticed -it had problems trying to mount the
|
|
</STRONG></PRE>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
<TT>/proc</TT> file system - boot message indicated that it couldn't find
|
|
<TT>/proc</TT> in the fstab or mtab. I didn't notice it the last time I
|
|
booted, and looking in <TT>/proc</TT>, it shows as a file system, although
|
|
df -a doesn't show it. I tried using the libc.so.5.4.33 but this
|
|
did not resolve the problem.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
I presume that your reference to libc.so.5.4.33 relates back
|
|
to your problems with certain applications since the <TT>/proc</TT>
|
|
issues are very unlikely to relate to your shared libraries.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Classically the 'mount' command should be statically linked.
|
|
I notice that S.u.S.E. 5.2 and <A HREF="http://www.debian.org/">Debian</A> 2.1 and Red Hat 5.2
|
|
all have it dynamically linked against libc. This is BAD
|
|
(since a corrupt ls.so.cache or a damaged libc.so will then
|
|
prevent you from even mounting up an alternative filesystem).
|
|
There is an alarming trend to configure whole systems to
|
|
practically require dynamic linking for everything. This
|
|
makes the whole system less robust with greater and more
|
|
critical interdependencies. (In this regard we are
|
|
following in Sun's footsteps; it's practically impossible to
|
|
create a statically linked program under Solaris).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
However, I doubt that your problem with <TT>/proc</TT> has anything
|
|
to do with shared libraries.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Your mtab file should initially be empty when your reboot.
|
|
Your <TT>/etc/fstab</TT> file should have an entry from <TT>/proc</TT> that
|
|
looks something like:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><pre>none /proc proc defaults 0 0
|
|
</pre></blockquote>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
... If it doesn't, add one.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Any suggestions (nice ones) would be appreciated.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
One curiosity question: The system at home with the AMD K6 II
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
3D reports 663 bogomips. The system I have at work is a Pentium
|
|
II (not Celeron) 400 Mhz, and it reports 397 bogomips. What gives.
|
|
Thanks in advance for any help you can give.
|
|
Pete Caffall
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
I wouldn't worry about it. BogoMIPS are a measure of how
|
|
fast your processor executes a fast idle loop. That is to
|
|
say, how fast can your processor do NOTHING. In most cases
|
|
a stock Pentium CPU will have a BogoMIPS value that's
|
|
reasonably close to its clock speed. However Pentium MMX
|
|
and various clone CPUs with MMX like extensions (like
|
|
your AMD K6) will have higher BogoMIPS values.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
My Pentium 150 shows:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><pre>cpu MHz : 167.050963
|
|
bogomips : 66.56
|
|
</pre></blockquote>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
(excerpts from <TT>/proc/cpuinfo</TT>) while my Omnibook 800
|
|
(Pentium 166) shows a BogoMIPS of 328.50. My old
|
|
386DX/33 shows a BogoMIPS of about 6.6
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
There's a reason why Linus named these "BOGO"-MIPS
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
(I guess they're actually used in the kernel for
|
|
certain types of short idle loops).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<!-- sig -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 20 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<A NAME="tag/21"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A>
|
|
<!-- begin 21 -->
|
|
<H3 align="left"><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbubble.gif"
|
|
height="50" width="60" alt="(?) " border="0"
|
|
>Spare a Minute to Provide "Some Info"</H3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>From fujairah on Thu, 20 May 1999
|
|
</strong></p>
|
|
<!-- ::
|
|
Spare a Minute to Provide "Some Info"
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
:: -->
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
To william smith
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
I have read about your answers on different linux sites. We are
|
|
interested in LINUX and wish to see how it works, If it is fine we
|
|
will be interested to go for it.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
If you could kindly give us some info about LINUX it will be
|
|
really useful to us.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
- P.GOWRI SHANKAR
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Um. That's pretty open-ended. It took me over a
|
|
minute to format this replay and trim up the portions
|
|
of your message that I'm quoting for context.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Linux is an independent and free implementation of the
|
|
POSIX and UNIX programming APIs and conventions. Most
|
|
UNIX software can be ported to Linux with ease.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Because all of the core parts of a Linux/GNU system
|
|
are open source) it should be possible to port <EM>any</EM>
|
|
UNIX software to it.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
What else is there to say on the subject. You found
|
|
back issues of the "Answer Guy" so you must have found
|
|
numerous other links to Linux web sites. It is one of the
|
|
most popular subjects on the Internet.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
You are obviously already "interested" in it (enough
|
|
to look around on the web to find me and enough to
|
|
write to me). So you best strategy is to get a
|
|
copy of Linux to play with (it's free after all, though
|
|
you're best option is to pay for a copy of one of the
|
|
popular distributions, to save you the trouble, time and
|
|
expense of downloading a whole suite for yourself).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
As for matching Linux features to your needs: Only you
|
|
can do that. Certainly you can, and probably should,
|
|
hire a consultant (or contract with a consulting firm)
|
|
to perform a requirements analysis process.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
From what you've said here, all I can say is:
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><BlockQuote>
|
|
Well, I like it.
|
|
</BlockQuote></BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
As for how it works.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Well you install it, usually by booting from your CD or a
|
|
specially written floppy, then you follow a number of
|
|
installation dialogs, answering mysterious questions with
|
|
obscure parameters. A bit later after much disk activity,
|
|
often accompanied by "informative" progress indicator
|
|
dialogs, you reboot. Then you log in to either a text or
|
|
graphic session and you issues commands by typing them at a
|
|
command prompt, selecting them from text menus or using a
|
|
mouse.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
In other words, Linux works just like any other
|
|
microcomputer operating system. I can't be more specific
|
|
(because your minute is up, but also because there are many
|
|
different distributions of Linux and most of them have
|
|
many different options --- so you can choose almost any
|
|
aspect of your user interface, for yourself).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<!-- sig -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 21 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<A NAME="tag/22"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A>
|
|
<!-- begin 22 -->
|
|
<H3 align="left"><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbubble.gif"
|
|
height="50" width="60" alt="(?) " border="0"
|
|
>Data "Losted" (sic)</H3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>From Andres Martinez Pintor on Thu, 20 May 1999
|
|
</strong></p>
|
|
<!-- ::
|
|
Data "Losted" (sic)
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
:: -->
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
I lost all information in my drive using diskedit.The parameter
|
|
block BPB was losted.I don't have anything in diskedit ...it's all
|
|
in 00.All I want is the disk drive operating...the information and
|
|
programs not needed .Is there a program for this? to get to c:\
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Samsung VA 34324A 4.3G
|
|
Please help me.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
First this doesn't sound like a Linux question.
|
|
There isn't any Linux program named "diskedit" that
|
|
I've ever heard of, and we don't designate out filesystems
|
|
using names like "C:"
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Next, what were you doing in DiskEdit if you don't know
|
|
how to use it, and you didn't have a current backup?
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Last, if you don't care about the data (information and
|
|
programs not needed) then why not simply repartition the
|
|
drive and put new filesystems on it?
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
(If you do care about the data you could always try Norton
|
|
utilities "UNFORMAT.EXE" program. One trick we used to do
|
|
with that, when I was on the Norton tech support team, is to
|
|
FORMAT a drive, then immediately UNFORMAT it. This often
|
|
recovered most of the data, relatively quickly and
|
|
painlessly. However, I don't work for Norton, or Symantec,
|
|
anymore. so if you want their help, on the legacy DOS
|
|
derived platforms that I've abandoned, call them).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<!-- sig -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 22 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<A NAME="tag/23"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A>
|
|
<!-- begin 23 -->
|
|
<H3 align="left"><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbubble.gif"
|
|
height="50" width="60" alt="(?) " border="0"
|
|
>Network Neighborhood: Heterogenous File Sharing</H3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>From azlan on Thu, 20 May 1999
|
|
</strong></p>
|
|
<!-- ::
|
|
Network Neighborhood: Heterogenous File Sharing
|
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
:: -->
|
|
<P><STRONG><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/qbub.gif" ALT="(?)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
How do I configure the Network setting so that I can access other
|
|
PCs in a LAN regardless of what other PCs have as their
|
|
OSs(Linux/Windows/Macs) -- Network File Sharing.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Thank you,
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
AZLAN
|
|
Ipoh, Malaysia
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Using Samba on your Linux and other UNIX systems will allow
|
|
them to act as file and print servers to NT, Win '9x, WfW,
|
|
and OS/2 LANMan clients.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Netatalk will allow the same Linux and UNIX systems provide
|
|
file and print services to MacOS clients (although MacOS X
|
|
will probably be even better in this role --- if you want to
|
|
pay for it).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
While we're on the subject it's possible to run Novell
|
|
Netware under Linux (available through <A HREF="http://www.caldera.com/">Caldera</A>). There's
|
|
also the free mars_nwe (Netware emulator).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
So, the obvious answer to your question is to install the
|
|
appropriate software on your Linux and other UNIX systems.
|
|
This will allow them to communicate with your Windows and
|
|
MacOS systems using the protocols that are native to those
|
|
systems.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Naturally you could try installing NFS on the "other"
|
|
operating systems. However, NFS is a pretty lame protocol
|
|
(particularly in versions 1 and 2). Linux support for NFS
|
|
is still not sterling, though the new kernel driver is
|
|
getting better and we are seeing some preliminary v3 and NFS
|
|
over TCP support. More importantly we find that the various
|
|
NFS implementations for NT, Win '9x, MacOS, etc. are very
|
|
bad. These take lots of resources from these non-UNIX
|
|
operating systems, cause conflicts and make these systems
|
|
even less robust and stable (which is very bad considering
|
|
how often we have to reboot our NT, '9x and Macs already).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
I should point out that Samba and Netatalk aren't a bed of
|
|
roses. Actually, to question that old idiom a bit perhaps I
|
|
should say that they ARE a bed of roses, complete with
|
|
thorns!
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Presumably you'd like seamless filesharing with robust file
|
|
and record locking, security, and high reliability.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
The problems that come with this are often subtle. If you
|
|
took a given directory tree (say the home directories for
|
|
your users) and shared/exported it out over NFS, AppleTalk,
|
|
and SMB protocols you'd probably find numerous problems with
|
|
file corruptions and horrible concurrency issues. The low
|
|
level locking semantics and, in many cases, the file
|
|
formatting characteristics, even the file naming syntax, are
|
|
all just different enough to cause irreconcilable
|
|
differences.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Frankly your best bet for heterogenous file sharing to this
|
|
day is probably Netware. Naturally this means getting
|
|
Netware clients for you MacOS, Win '9x, and even OS/2, and
|
|
MS-DOS systems. Native Linux drivers for accessing Netware
|
|
servers are available. There are the ncpfs (free) drivers
|
|
(aren't those in the stock 2.2 kernels these days?) and the
|
|
clients from Caldera (non-free, based on code licensed from
|
|
Novell).
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Sometimes I wonder why FTP is still such a widespread and
|
|
popular protocol. Other times I look at the issues like
|
|
these, and I know.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<!-- sig -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 23 -->
|
|
<!-- .~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~.~~. -->
|
|
<A NAME="tag/24"><HR WIDTH="75%" ALIGN="center"></A>
|
|
<!-- begin 24 -->
|
|
<H3 align="left"><img src="./../gx/dennis/qbubble.gif"
|
|
height="50" width="60" alt="(?) " border="0"
|
|
>AOL</H3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><strong>From Ydoc10 on Mon, 17 May 1999
|
|
</strong></p>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Is there any way to access AOL E-mail without knowing the password
|
|
and being undetected?? As in showing mail read, etc.
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Also...same question for AOL IM's....
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<P><STRONG>
|
|
Really need to know
|
|
Thanks
|
|
</STRONG></P>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE><IMG SRC="./../gx/dennis/bbub.gif" ALT="(!)"
|
|
HEIGHT="28" WIDTH="50" BORDER="0"
|
|
>
|
|
Not that I know of. In any event it sounds like
|
|
such activities would be illegal and petty. In addition
|
|
this question has nothing to do with Linux.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
So, where do you idiots get my address and why do you
|
|
ask me these silly, irrelevant and juvenile questions?
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Actually you could "access" AOL E-mail by sniffing any
|
|
network connection over which it was travelling. Of
|
|
course you'd have get access to said network segment
|
|
while the victim was access his or her e-mail.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
You could probably also get it from the victim's
|
|
computer if you surrepticiously gained access to
|
|
that (it probably appears in temporary files and
|
|
possibly in removed/deleted file fragments.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Naturally you could send the victim a hacked up
|
|
"upgrade" to their AOL software and hope that
|
|
he or she is stupid enough to install it.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
Then again you could walk into one of the AOL
|
|
offices and try to gain direct access to their
|
|
servers. That should be entertaining.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
If you actually try any of these moronic schemes
|
|
I hope you get promptly arrested and suffer a
|
|
humiliating time in the press.
|
|
</BLOCKQUOTE>
|
|
<!-- sig -->
|
|
|
|
<!-- end 24 -->
|
|
<H4>"Linux Gazette...<I>making Linux just a little more fun!</I>"
|
|
</H4>
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
|
|
<!-- QUICK TIPS SECTION ================================================== -->
|
|
<center>
|
|
<H1><A NAME="tips"><IMG ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="" SRC="../gx/twocent.gif">
|
|
More 2¢ Tips!</A></H1> <BR>
|
|
Send Linux Tips and Tricks to <A HREF="mailto:gazette@ssc.com">
|
|
gazette@ssc.com
|
|
</A></center>
|
|
|
|
<p><hr><p>
|
|
<H3><font color="#CC0000">New Tips:</font></H3>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#jones">
|
|
IP address in Linux Gazette
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#bestor">
|
|
root Password
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#primes">
|
|
Shutting up your modem
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#jones2">
|
|
PPP IP address
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#magnus">
|
|
IP adress from ifconfig
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#stanford">
|
|
Modems
|
|
</a>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<H3><font color="#CC0000">Answers to Mail Bag Questions:</font></H3>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#leary">
|
|
Re: [SLL] Basic Question: Gnome Panel?
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#stern">
|
|
tar.gz on Windows, ZIP on Linux--1
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#murphy">
|
|
Linux Gazette Format--2
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#inskeep1">
|
|
Reading Linux Files from Win95--3
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#inskeep2">
|
|
a.out binaries not working--1
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#smith1">
|
|
Re: Linux partitions from Windows--1
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#smith2">
|
|
Re: a.out binaries not working--2
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#smith3">
|
|
Re: FTP access methods
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#bodony">
|
|
Windows NT and Linux hate each other?
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#frank">
|
|
Re: Linux partitions from Windows--2
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#murray">
|
|
Problems running your a.out executable--3
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#jensen">
|
|
Linux Partitions on Windows--3
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#killian">
|
|
Need help on Internet connection with Linux
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#michal">
|
|
Re: Linux Gazette Format--4
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#brown1">
|
|
Network boot disk for i386 without hd
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#brown2">
|
|
Subject: Linux partitions from Windows--4
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#hadess">
|
|
FTP access methods...
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#baker">
|
|
a.out--4
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#greene">
|
|
Re: Linux Gazette Format--6
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#ruang">
|
|
The PPP problem, followup.
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#berkley">
|
|
Re: ANSWER: Word to PostScript
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#walsh">
|
|
3COM cards
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#powell">
|
|
HD-less
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#wood">
|
|
3COM cards
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#crane">
|
|
Re: question for the board
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#radovan">
|
|
Re: Network boot disk for i386 without hd
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#radovan2">
|
|
Re: FTP access methods...
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#jay">
|
|
re: soundpro
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#saiorse">
|
|
Re: Question about 2 GB max?
|
|
</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_tips42.html#rini">
|
|
Re: Question about 2 GB max?
|
|
</a>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="jones"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<font color="navy">
|
|
IP address in Linux Gazette
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Wed, 5 May 1999 08:39:07 -0400<BR>
|
|
From: "F. D. Jones", <A HREF="mailto:mrj@magicnet.net">mrj@magicnet.net</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
FYI, the current implementaion of pppd automatically runs the
|
|
script /etc/ppp/ip-up when the ppp connetion is established. One of
|
|
the variables created in the script is $IPLOCAL which is your assigned
|
|
ip address. No perl or awk required, and it's reliable because it's
|
|
reported by the daemon handling your ppp! There are a few other
|
|
conditional scripts invoked by pppd, also. Check them out.
|
|
<P>
|
|
From the man page for pppd:
|
|
<P>
|
|
SCRIPTS
|
|
Pppd invokes scripts at various stages in its processing which can be used to perform
|
|
site-specific ancillary processing. These scripts are usually shell scripts, but could
|
|
be executable code files instead. Pppd does not wait for the scripts to finish. The
|
|
scripts are executed as root (with the real and effective user-id set to 0), so that
|
|
they can do things such as update routing tables or run privileged daemons. Be careful
|
|
that the contents of these scripts do not compromise your system's security. Pppd runs
|
|
the scripts with standard input, output and error redirected to /dev/null, and with an
|
|
environment that is empty except for some environment variables that give information
|
|
about the link. The environment variables that pppd sets are:
|
|
<P>
|
|
DEVICE The name of the serial tty device being used.
|
|
<P>
|
|
IFNAME The name of the network interface being used.
|
|
<P>
|
|
IPLOCAL
|
|
The IP address for the local end of the link. This is only set when IPCP has
|
|
come up.
|
|
<P>
|
|
IPREMOTE
|
|
The IP address for the remote end of the link. This is only set when IPCP has
|
|
come up.
|
|
<P>
|
|
PEERNAME
|
|
The authenticated name of the peer. This is only set if the peer authenticates
|
|
itself.
|
|
<P>
|
|
SPEED The baud rate of the tty device.
|
|
<P>
|
|
UID The real user-id of the user who invoked pppd.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Pppd invokes the following scripts, if they exist. It is not an error if they don't
|
|
exist.
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="bestor"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<font color="navy">
|
|
root Password
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Wed, 05 May 1999 23:40:19 -0400<BR>
|
|
From: David Bestor, <A HREF="mailto:dab@indenial.com">dab@indenial.com</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Forgot root password?<BR>
|
|
Sendmail hangs on boot?<BR>
|
|
That new startup script locks up your system..
|
|
<P>
|
|
Instead of breaking into your system just
|
|
boot up into single user mode.
|
|
<P>
|
|
At the lilo prompt just type: <tt>linux -s</tt>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Example:
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
LILO:linux -s
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
This will boot up into single user mode
|
|
and it doesnt even ask for a password...
|
|
<P>
|
|
Much easier than trying to break in..
|
|
<P>
|
|
Thanks<BR>
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
David
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="primes"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<font color="navy">
|
|
Shutting Up Yer Modem
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Thu, 06 May 1999 06:54:30 PDT
|
|
<A HREF="mailto:primes@hotmail.com">primes@hotmail.com</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
This shuts up or quietens noisy modems during dialup. recall the following
|
|
AT commands.
|
|
<P>
|
|
controls speaker volume:
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>L0 low volume.
|
|
<li>L1 low volume.
|
|
<li>L2 medium volume (default).
|
|
<li>L3 high volume.
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<P>
|
|
operates speaker:
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>M0 speaker always off.
|
|
<li>M1 speaker on until connect (default).
|
|
<li>M2 speaker always on.
|
|
<li>M3 speaker on after dial, until connect.
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<P>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>Z resets modem
|
|
<li>DT tone dials specified phone number.
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<P>
|
|
you now have to modify the expect-send pairs in your chat script. note that
|
|
the above commands should be prefixed by AT. the following chat script turns
|
|
off the modem speaker.
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
/usr/sbin/chat \
|
|
ABORT '\nBUSY\r' \
|
|
ABORT '\nNO ANSWER\r' \
|
|
ABORT '\nRINGING\r\n\r\nRINGING\r' \
|
|
'' ATZ \
|
|
'OK' ATM0 \
|
|
'OK' ATDT1234567 \
|
|
CONNECT '' \
|
|
ogin:--ogin: mylogin \
|
|
assword? mypassword
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
after specifying the ABORT strings, the sequence will first expect nothing;
|
|
and then send the string ATZ to reset the modem. the expected response to
|
|
this is the string OK, after which the string of ATM0 is sent to turn off
|
|
the modem speaker. when it receives OK, the phone number 1234567 is dialed
|
|
out, after which the login procedure begins.
|
|
<P>
|
|
to vary the speaker's volume, just suitably modify the expect-send pairs
|
|
before the ATDT command, eg. replacing ATM0 by ATL0 uses low volume for the
|
|
speaker.
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
primes
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="jones2"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<font color="navy">
|
|
PPP IP address
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Tue, 11 May 1999 10:53:27 -0400<BR>
|
|
From: Robert Jones, <A
|
|
HREF="mailto:rjones@chaotika.net">rjones@chaotika.net</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
In response to the recent couple tips about finding the IP address of a PPP
|
|
interface, I offer the following script, which will tell you the IP address of
|
|
any properly configured network interface on your system.
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
#!/bin/sh
|
|
|
|
if [ -z $1 ]; then
|
|
echo "You must specify a network interface."
|
|
elif [ -z "`grep $1: /proc/net/dev`" ]; then
|
|
echo "Interface '$1' does not exist on this system."
|
|
else
|
|
IPADDR=`ifconfig $1 | grep inet | cut -d: -f2 | cut -d\ -f1`
|
|
echo "The IP address for $1 is $IPADDR."
|
|
fi
|
|
</pre>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Robert
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="magnus"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<font color="navy">
|
|
IP adress from ifconfig
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Wed, 12 May 1999 00:43:31 +0100 (GMT+0100)<BR>
|
|
From: Magnus & Tina, <A HREF="mailto:magnus@gol.com">magnus@gol.com</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
I couldn't resist. Why use perl or awk?
|
|
<P>
|
|
Here is another one of those "How to get an IP adress from pppd" tips.
|
|
In this specific case for the gateway.
|
|
It needs to be changed depending on the printout format of ifconfig though.
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
ifconfig | fgrep P-t-P | cut -c42-56 > /tmp/gw_ip
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Magnus
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="stanford"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
<font color="navy">
|
|
Modems
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Sun, 16 May 1999 10:40:34 -0600
|
|
From: "Joey Stanford", <A HREF="mailto:rescue@telebot.net">
|
|
rescue@telebot.net</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Just wanted to let you know that, contrary to the lists circulationg
|
|
around, ASKEY V1433VQH-X modems are Linux Compatable! You have to
|
|
disable PNP and set it up as COM3 (their terms) and IRQ4. Took me
|
|
almost a week to figure that out. =3D) Thought it would be helpful to
|
|
others!
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Joey
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
<H4><font color="maroon">
|
|
Tips in the following section are answers to questions printed in the Mail
|
|
Bag column of previous issues.
|
|
</font></H4>
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="leary"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
ANSWER: <font color="navy">
|
|
Re: [SLL] Basic Question: Gnome Panel?
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Tue, 25 May 1999 21:53:30 -0700<BR>
|
|
From: Michael Leary, <A HREF="mailto:leary@nwlink.com">leary@nwlink.com</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
My thanks to Bradley Willson. For anyone else, here's what was wrong:
|
|
<P>
|
|
my .xinitrc was:
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
exec /usr/bin/enlightenment
|
|
</pre>
|
|
as per the enlightenment docs (I think?), anyway, when it should have been:
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
exec gnome-session
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
as per the gnome FAQ on gnome.org. This works great now, and all is well.
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Michael
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="stern"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
ANSWER: <font color="navy">
|
|
tar.gz on Windows, ZIP on Linux--1
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Mon, 03 May 1999 00:52:17 +0000<BR>
|
|
From: Heather Stern, <A HREF="mailto:star@starshine.org">star@starshine.org</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
I'll try to keep this short enough to stay at the Two Cent Tips level :)
|
|
<P>
|
|
'zip and 'unzip' are the Linux tools to deal with .ZIP files. According
|
|
to the
|
|
man page, it's been around since 1990, so it predates Linux itself by
|
|
several
|
|
years, it exists on other UNIX and UNIX-like systems too. (And it's
|
|
been ported
|
|
to MSwin - see <A HREF="http://www.itribe.net/virtunix/">http://www.itribe.net/virtunix/</A> for an unzipper that
|
|
handles long
|
|
names and fixes line ends.)
|
|
<P>
|
|
At any rate, I can see your point -- MSwin users are used to finding
|
|
apps and
|
|
documentation wrapped in .ZIP files, but true newvies don't know what a
|
|
.TGZ is,
|
|
and assume it's useless to them.
|
|
<P>
|
|
It's not. tough! WinZIP (<A HREF="http://www.winzip.com/">http://www.winzip.com/</A>) handles tar-gzipped
|
|
files
|
|
with no hassle whatsoever. I have two laptops, one w95 and one Linux -
|
|
and with
|
|
these two utilities I really don't have to think about file formats when
|
|
I toss
|
|
archives back and forth.
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Heather
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="murphy"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
ANSWER: <font color="navy">
|
|
Linux Gazette Format--2
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Mon, 3 May 1999 19:54:46 -0700<BR>
|
|
From: "Nichole Murphy", <A HREF="mailto:Nichole-Murphy@worldnet.att.net">Nichole-Murphy@worldnet.att.net</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
You can Download the text or HTML files and untar them with WinZip. Winzip
|
|
will tell you that the tar.gz files contain a compressed file and ask if you
|
|
would like to uncompress the second file. Chose "yes" then read the files
|
|
with any program you want.
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Nichole
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="inskeep1"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
ANSWER: <font color="navy">
|
|
Reading Linux Files from Win95--3
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Mon, 03 May 1999 22:10:53 -0400<BR>
|
|
From: Peter Inskeep, <A
|
|
HREF="mailto:pinskeep@iglou.com">pinskeep@iglou.com</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
I know of at least one program that will read Linux files from your
|
|
Windows 95 operating system. It is called "explore2fs.exe." It is
|
|
about 486K long, and is self contained, if I recall correctly. I know
|
|
it is a long note, but I have copied the author's Readme.txt file
|
|
below. The author, John Newbigin, is from Australia. The program
|
|
opens an explorer like window showing your Linux file systems, ie.,
|
|
/dev/hda5, /dev/hdb6, or whatever. You can read most files, if I
|
|
recall correctly. I also use a program called Windows Commander, by
|
|
Deiter Prissing, I believe, in Germany. It may be that program that
|
|
enables me to read individual files, but it is John's program that
|
|
makes it possible to read and scan the Linux file systems.
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Pete
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="inskeep2"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
ANSWER: <font color="navy">
|
|
a.out binaries not working--1
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Mon, 03 May 1999 21:59:04 -0400<BR>
|
|
From: Peter Inskeep, <A HREF="mailto:pinskeep@iglou.com">
|
|
pinskeep@iglou.com</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Darren,<BR>
|
|
Try running the a.out binary with the command line:
|
|
./a.out
|
|
I recently installed RedHat 5.2 and found that its $PATH statement
|
|
does not include a path of " ./: "
|
|
./ is the path of the current directory that you are in.
|
|
Remarkably, RedHat does not set up paths so that your current path is
|
|
looked at to execute a file.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Pete
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="smith1"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
ANSWER: <font color="navy">
|
|
Re: Linux partitions from Windows--1
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Mon, 3 May 1999 23:44:59 +0200 (CEST)<BR>
|
|
From: <A HREF="mailto:rsmith@xs4all.nl">rsmith@xs4all.nl</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
You can read (but not write) ext2 filesystems ubder Windows with the
|
|
FSDEXT2 driver. See http://www.yipton.demon.co.uk/
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Roland
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="smith2"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
ANSWER: <font color="navy">
|
|
Re: a.out binaries not working--2
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Mon, 3 May 1999 23:32:30 +0200 (CEST)<BR>
|
|
From: <A HREF="mailto:rsmith@xs4all.nl">rsmith@xs4all.nl</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
You should probably install a different C development package. Most
|
|
distributions have two available: one for a.out and one for ELF
|
|
binaries. Install the package that makes ELF binaries.
|
|
<P>
|
|
If you want to run the a.out binaries, you have to have support for
|
|
that in the kernel. Either compiled in or as a module (binfmt_aout).
|
|
<P>
|
|
Roland
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="smith3"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
ANSWER: <font color="navy">
|
|
Re: FTP access methods
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Mon, 3 May 1999 23:27:08 +0200 (CEST)<BR>
|
|
From: <A HREF="mailto:rsmith@xs4all.nl">rsmith@xs4all.nl</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Regarding your question about mounting FTP sites...
|
|
<P>
|
|
I do not think you can mount an ftp site directly.
|
|
<P>
|
|
But you might want to check if the FTP site also supports NFS (Network
|
|
File System) access. That should do what you want.
|
|
<P>
|
|
If you just want to synchronize a remote with a local directory, rsync
|
|
might be a better choice.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Hope this helps,
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Roland
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="bodony"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
ANSWER: <font color="navy">
|
|
Windows NT and Linux hate each other?
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Tue, 11 May 1999 06:49:10 -0500<BR>
|
|
From: "Daniel J. Bodony", <A HREF="mailto:bodony@purdue.edu">
|
|
bodony@purdue.edu</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Dear Pepijn,
|
|
<P>Just recently, my roomate and I installed RH5.2 and NT/4.0 on the same
|
|
machine and had a problem very similar to the one you describe. The
|
|
network card used was a 3C509b that had been in an 486 running RH5.0 and
|
|
was known to work. In the new machine, NT/4.0 could see and use the
|
|
network card fine but RH5.2 could not. More specifically, RH5.2 could
|
|
find the network card but could not initialize it and Tx/Rx packets.
|
|
The answer turned out be that NT/4.0 would <I>Reset and Change</I> the
|
|
card's IO port and interupt values to a different set of numbers each time
|
|
the computer was rebooted so that the card was on a different IO/IRQ each
|
|
time RH5.2 started. Perhaps Win95 is doing something similar.
|
|
<P>The fix was to force NT/4.0 to choose one and only one IO/IRQ combination.
|
|
Then all worked fine.
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Dan
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="frank"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
ANSWER: <font color="navy">
|
|
Re: Linux partitions from Windows--2
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Tue, 4 May 1999 19:42:35 +0200 (CEST)<BR>
|
|
From: Der Guru, <A HREF="mailto:frank@di-net.de">frank@di-net.de</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Mark,<BR>
|
|
I use fsdext2. It gives you read access to your Linux partitions. You can
|
|
find the URL at freshmeat.
|
|
Regards
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Frank Maloschytzki
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="murray"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
ANSWER: <font color="navy">
|
|
Problems running your a.out executable--3
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Thu, 6 May 1999 16:38:27 +0100<BR>
|
|
From: "D.McMurray", <A HREF="mailto:d.mcmurray@dccl.net">
|
|
d.mcmurray@dccl.net</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
This sounds to me like a very common mistake with newcomers to this type =
|
|
of operating system, especially those with a DOS/Windows background. I =
|
|
am assuming you are merely typing:
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
a.out
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
at the command prompt, which in DOS would normally execute the program. =
|
|
You may find that the mishap is due to the path enviroment variable, =
|
|
Which usually has the current directory '.' added by default in DOS but =
|
|
not so in Linux, well RedHat in particular, I cannot speak for the other =
|
|
distributions.
|
|
<P>
|
|
When you type 'a.out' the directories in your path variable are =
|
|
searched, if the file a.out is not found you will receive an error =
|
|
message along the lines of 'command not found' or similar. Try =
|
|
specifying the location of the executable, assuming you are in the =
|
|
directory containing the file try typing:
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
./a.out
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
This specifies that the file can be found in the current directory. If =
|
|
this works you can save having to type the './' each time by adding the =
|
|
directory '.' to your user profiles path enviroment.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Hope this helps,
|
|
regards,
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
David McMurray
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="jensen"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
ANSWER: <font color="navy">
|
|
Linux Partitions on Windows--3
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Sat, 8 May 1999 17:39:32 +0200 (CEST)<BR>
|
|
From: Torben Dam Jensen, <A HREF="mailto:tdj@hco.kol.ou.dk">
|
|
tdj@hco.kol.ou.dk</A> <BR>
|
|
<blockquote> <font color="navy">
|
|
I got a question for ya... is there a driver or application I can use to
|
|
get at least read access to my Linux partitions from Windows? Thanks,
|
|
</font></blockquote>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Yep !
|
|
<P>
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.yipton.demon.co.uk/">http://www.yipton.demon.co.uk/</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
<A HREF="ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/filesystems/ext2">
|
|
ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/filesystems/ext2</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.diskwarez.com/other/ext2tool.zip">
|
|
http://www.diskwarez.com/other/ext2tool.zip</A>
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.diskwarez.com/other/ext2tool.txt">
|
|
http://www.diskwarez.com/other/ext2tool.txt</A> (for a description)
|
|
<P>
|
|
Above links should get you going...
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Torben
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="killian"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
ANSWER: <font color="navy">
|
|
Need help on Internet connection with Linux
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Sat, 08 May 1999 12:17:37 -0400<BR>
|
|
From: Laurin Killian, <A HREF="mailto:lek@uconect.net">
|
|
lek@uconect.net</A>
|
|
<blockquote> <font color="navy">
|
|
First I used kppp (script based)
|
|
</font></blockquote>
|
|
You sure you want script based? I don't think you do. I went to the
|
|
homepage for what appears to be your internet provider
|
|
(<A HREF="http://www.asiaaccess.net.th/">http://www.asiaaccess.net.th/</A>), and I see no mention of the logins requiring a
|
|
script. Try "PAP" under kppp - it stands for Password Authentication
|
|
Protocol. Since you're using kppp this should be easy to set up.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Might as well go all the way since I'm trying to help:
|
|
When you create a new account under kppp, all you should need to fill in
|
|
is:
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
(Dial Tab):
|
|
Connection Name and Phone Number
|
|
Authentication: PAP!
|
|
(DNS Tab):
|
|
Primary and secondary DNS #'s from ISP.
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
It is advisable to backup/delete ppp.options (as you originally did),
|
|
since kppp generates its own options (but may get confused if you added
|
|
conflicting options in that file).
|
|
<P>
|
|
It looks like AsiaAccess does have an option for a script, but
|
|
using PAP is easier and supposedly faster
|
|
<P>
|
|
Let me know if this works.
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Laurin
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="michal"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
ANSWER: <font color="navy">
|
|
Re: Linux Gazette Format--4
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Sun, 9 May 1999 13:57:00 -0600 (MDT)<BR>
|
|
From: Michal Jaegermann, <A HREF="mailto:michal@ellpspace.math.ualberta.ca">
|
|
michal@ellpspace.math.ualberta.ca</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
this is a comment to a complaint in Mail Bag, LG#41, from
|
|
jcclemen@SHERWIN.RMC.com that LG is not available in a format accessible
|
|
to Windows user and your response to that.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Even under 'doze there are tools available which handle .tar.gz
|
|
files. WinZip, for example, has even pointy-clicky interface
|
|
and accepts many different formats beyond zip; tar.gz is one
|
|
of these.
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Michal
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="brown1"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
ANSWER: <font color="navy">
|
|
Network boot disk for i386 without hd
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Wed, 12 May 1999 17:41:31 +0200<BR>
|
|
From: BROWN Nick, <A HREF="mailto:Nick.BROWN@coe.int">
|
|
Nick.BROWN@coe.int</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Several distributions exist for floppy-only machines. Check out mulinux or
|
|
tomsrtbt (<A HREF="http://www.toms.net/rb/">http://www.toms.net/rb/</A>).
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Nick
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="brown2"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
ANSWER: <font color="navy">
|
|
Subject: Linux partitions from Windows--4
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Wed, 12 May 1999 17:43:12 +0200<BR>
|
|
From: BROWN Nick, <A HREF="mailto:Nick.BROWN@coe.int">
|
|
Nick.BROWN@coe.int</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Check out e2fs at <A HREF="http://uranus.it.swin.edu.au/~jn/linux/">
|
|
http://uranus.it.swin.edu.au/~jn/linux/</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Nick
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="hadess"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
ANSWER: <font color="navy">
|
|
Linux partitions from Windows--6
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Fri, 14 May 1999 14:27:36 +0200<BR>
|
|
From: Hadess, <A HREF="mailto:hadess@infonie.fr">
|
|
hadess@infonie.fr</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Try-out Fsdext2 that you can grab at http://www.yipton.demon.co.uk/
|
|
It's only a read-only driver, but would you want to break your linux drive, hum ?
|
|
Ciao
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Hadess
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="hadess"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
ANSWER: <font color="navy">
|
|
FTP access methods...
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Fri, 14 May 1999 14:34:36 +0200<BR>
|
|
From: Hadess, <A HREF="mailto:hadess@infonie.fr">
|
|
hadess@infonie.fr</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
If you want to have Unix-like access on a remote machine, you'd better use NFS. It's
|
|
not possible to mount FTP shares (if it's, mail-me =).
|
|
<P>
|
|
Your Windows apps were only hiding you the whole FTP thingy. They did the same thing
|
|
KFM does: show folders _as if_ they were local, no more.
|
|
<P>
|
|
NFS is in stock distro now and 2.2.x NFS performances are rather good, but worse than
|
|
FTP of course. Compile a new kernel for your rescue disk w/ NFS included.
|
|
Ciao
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Hadess
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="baker"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
ANSWER: <font color="navy">
|
|
a.out--4
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Fri, 14 May 1999 14:50:33 -0400<BR>
|
|
From: Help Desk, <A HREF="mailto:help-desk@utc.edu">help-desk@utc.edu</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
>Is your current directory in your PATH? If not try ./a.out to execute.
|
|
You can get a more meaningful name w/ <tt>gcc -o myprogram myprogram.c</tt>. This
|
|
gives the executable the name myprogram. To set the path edit your
|
|
bash_profile and add '.' w/o the quotes to the path statement. Similiarly, for
|
|
other shells.
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Charles Baker
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="greene"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
ANSWER: <font color="navy">
|
|
Re: Linux Gazette Format--6
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Sun, 16 May 1999 04:30:55 +0200<BR>
|
|
From: "Anthony E. Greene", <A HREF="mailto:agreene@pobox.com">
|
|
agreene@pobox.com</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
In Linux Gazette #41, you wrote:
|
|
<blockquote> <font color="navy">
|
|
Many of us have and use Linux, but are still bound by the need to
|
|
standardize in the corporate world to the Windows environment. As a Linux
|
|
newbie, I still do not have a high speed modem bought and installed on
|
|
my Linux box at home so have no way to get the tar, etc formats, and, of
|
|
course, many of us have a higher speed lines at work. Is there a way to
|
|
download the file in a format that can be unzipped, etc. on a Windows
|
|
workstation then print out? Also, a format easily read by Windows machines
|
|
would make publicizing the Linux system possible to others now
|
|
using Windows. For example, our local PCC users club(Coastal Areas PC
|
|
Users Group, www.caug-pc.org http://www.caug-pc.org) has a web
|
|
site. I guess what I'm saying, is if we only publish Linux documents in
|
|
formats that Linux users and/or Linux gurus can use, how do we grow the
|
|
user base?
|
|
</font></blockquote>
|
|
There are many native Win95/98 freeware and shareware compression utilities
|
|
listed at Winfiles:
|
|
<P>
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.winfiles.com/">http://www.winfiles.com/</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Anthony
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="ruang"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
ANSWER: <font color="navy">
|
|
The PPP problem, followup.
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Sun, 16 May 1999 10:19:15 +0700<BR>
|
|
From: Ruangvith Tantibhaedhyangkul, <A HREF="mailto:ruangvith@linuxfan.com">
|
|
ruangvith@linuxfan.com</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
To all generous "Linuxians",
|
|
<P>
|
|
I've solved my problem about Internet connection with Linux, as I called
|
|
for help in <I>Linux Gazette</I>. After that, tens of suggestions have come
|
|
from almost all parts of the world. I've tried almost all as well. One
|
|
of these sent me to the right solution. It was from document "How to
|
|
Hook up PPP in Linux" by W.G. Unruh, recommended to me by Jerry Boyd.
|
|
Thanks for all your kindness.
|
|
<P>
|
|
The best of this is not the solution itself, but the way it comes, such
|
|
generosity which has been bringing about this wonderful OS. It's a true
|
|
Linux way!
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Ruangvith
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="berkley"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
ANSWER: <font color="navy">
|
|
Re: ANSWER: Word to PostScript
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Sun, 16 May 1999 10:27:23 -0700<BR>
|
|
From: Mike Berkley, <A HREF="mailto:Mike.Berkley@ec.gc.ca">Mike.Berkley@ec.gc.ca</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
<blockquote> <font color="navy">
|
|
From: "Asle Aursand", asle@sentinel.no <BR>
|
|
It is possible to print to file. The resulting *.prn file is
|
|
really a Postscript file, at least if you are using a postscript
|
|
printer. Anyway, this *.prn file you can import into Ghostview.
|
|
</font></blockquote>
|
|
<P>
|
|
I read your tip, Asle, and there is one problem with it. Some
|
|
Microsoft printer drivers do not yield legal Postscript documents when
|
|
printing to a file.
|
|
<P>
|
|
I have experienced the following two misfeatures:
|
|
<P>
|
|
1. HP Postscript drivers add a single line of HP printer codes to
|
|
the top of the file, to force the printer to use Postscript
|
|
mode. Since the first line of the file no longer begins with
|
|
%!PS, Ghostscript and non-HP printers will give an error and
|
|
refuse to display the file. You have to hand edit the file to
|
|
get real Postscript.
|
|
<P>
|
|
2. Some NT print drivers mix up a few of the %Page comments, so
|
|
that Ghostview cannot digest the file. Ghostscript can indeed
|
|
display the Postscript, but Ghostview cannot be used.
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Mike Berkley
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="walsh"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
ANSWER: <font color="navy">
|
|
Uninstalling Software
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Tue, 18 May 1999 17:54:01 +0000<BR>
|
|
From: Tom Walsh, <A HREF="mailto:tom@mytoys.com">tom@mytoys.com</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
You can uninstall a binary distribution of software that was unpacked
|
|
from a tarball by using: "tar ztf some-name.tgz | xargs -ikillit echo '
|
|
rm -f killit' | /bin/sh". Try the command without using the final pipe
|
|
into the shell to see what the resulting list of commands will be to the
|
|
shell. BTW, I use this technique a lot to reduce the tedium of
|
|
repetitious operations on files/directories.
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Tom
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="powell"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
ANSWER: <font color="navy">
|
|
HD-less
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Wed, 19 May 1999 22:38:45 -0500<BR>
|
|
From: "Charles W. Powell MD", <A HREF="mailto:cwpowell@kuhub.cc.ukans.edu">
|
|
cwpowell@kuhub.cc.ukans.edu</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Slackware (and other distributions, I suppose) has a "rescue disk" that
|
|
becomes the "root disk" of the boot-root floppy disk pair. If one uses
|
|
the "boot" floppy called 'net.i' and the "root" disk called 'rescue.gz'
|
|
one finds a highly funtional system at hand. Using this pair I recently
|
|
initialized the network card (an Intel EtherExpress Pro) when the
|
|
standard kernel failed at the task. Using the 'ifconfig' and 'route'
|
|
commands I put the machine on my network in minutes.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Just about any site that handles various distributions will have this
|
|
disk set available. Create the floppies using:
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
dd if=/path/to/boot/or/root/image of=/dev/fd0
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
under Linux, or with 'rawrite.exe' under DOS.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Network initialization is accomplished with the following commands:
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
ifconfig eth0 192.168.x.y
|
|
route add -net 192.168.x.0
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
or with appropriate addresses for your network. I hope this helps.
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Charles
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="wood"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
ANSWER: <font color="navy">
|
|
3COM cards
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Mon, 24 May 1999 14:25:33 +0100<BR>
|
|
From: Wood Alan, <A
|
|
HREF="mailto:WOOD_A@admiral.co.uk">WOOD_A@admiral.co.uk</A>
|
|
<blockquote> <font color="navy">
|
|
I've installed Linux Red Hat 5.2 on my friend's computer, and now for some
|
|
extremely odd reason the Red Hat machine and the NT Server 4.0 that's on
|
|
his
|
|
other machine can't see each other over the network. At all. They don't
|
|
even
|
|
respond to each other's ARP requests.
|
|
The link is alive (judging from the lights on his switching hub), and the
|
|
machines
|
|
can see each other fine when he runs Windows 95 on the machine where I've
|
|
installed Red Hat. TCP/IP is installed and configured correctly on both
|
|
machines.
|
|
The Red Hat machine has a 10 Mbps 3COM card, the NT machine a 100 Mbps
|
|
3COM, and the lights on the hub say that it's using those speeds on the
|
|
interfaces
|
|
that the machines are on, regardless of whether the one machine is running
|
|
Linux or Windows 95.
|
|
What on Earth could be going on here?
|
|
</font></blockquote>
|
|
<P>
|
|
I had a similar problem with the kernel as supplied with RH5.2, even when
|
|
recompiled. I tracked it down to not being able to properly determine the
|
|
IRQ
|
|
that was being used by my 3c509 in PnP mode. I just forced the card to use a
|
|
<P>
|
|
fixed IRQ, and passed the module the correct IRQ, and all came back to me. I
|
|
now can boot the machine into either Linux or W95, and networking works
|
|
fine.
|
|
I keep meaning to try it with the 2.2.7 kernel to see if it can determine
|
|
the correct
|
|
IRQ, but have not gotten around to it as it works now.
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Alan Wood
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="crane"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
ANSWER: <font color="navy">
|
|
Re: question for the board
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Tue, 11 May 1999 11:05:13 +0100<BR>
|
|
From: Stephen Crane, <A HREF="mailto:scrane@flexicom.com">
|
|
scrane@flexicom.com</A>
|
|
<blockquote> <font color="navy">
|
|
I am confused about what I will need to install Red
|
|
Hat 5.2 on my new dell system last attempt met me
|
|
with a command line only --- xfree 3.3.3.1+ was
|
|
needed for my video card TNT chipset however I was
|
|
looking for the files - and I am hoping for RPMS
|
|
out there for me to do it the easy way.
|
|
</font></blockquote>
|
|
<P>
|
|
XFree86-3.3.3.1 rpms are in the usual place, i.e.,
|
|
updates.redhat.com or, my favourite mirror, Sunsite:
|
|
<P>
|
|
<A HREF="http://sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/Linux/redhat-updates/5.2/i386/">
|
|
http://sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/Linux/redhat-updates/5.2/i386/</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
The best index for, well almost everything, is
|
|
rpmfind.net, e.g.:
|
|
<P>
|
|
<A HREF="http://rpmfind.net/linux/RPM/redhat/5.2/">
|
|
http://rpmfind.net/linux/RPM/redhat/5.2/</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Cheers,
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Steve
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="radovan"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
ANSWER: <font color="navy">
|
|
Re: Network boot disk for i386 without hd
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Thu, 27 May 1999 15:38:42 +0200<BR>
|
|
From: Radovan Garabik, <A HREF="mailto:garabik@melkor.dnp.fmph.uniba.sk">
|
|
garabik@melkor.dnp.fmph.uniba.sk</A>
|
|
<blockquote> <font color="navy">
|
|
I have a Linux machine in my office network and several i386 that has no hd,
|
|
but has 1.44 floppy. They also have ne2000 network card, without no proms.
|
|
Is there a way to make a boot disk that allow my i386 to boot and login into
|
|
my Linux machine??? I searched the web but found only solutions that reffer
|
|
to using network cards with eproms/proms. Thanks.
|
|
</font></blockquote>
|
|
How much memory do the i386's have?<BR>
|
|
You can check out one of one-floppy mini distributions, or set up nfs-root
|
|
linux on them - it requires loadlin.exe and kernel with compiled nfsroot
|
|
support, and (depending on how much memory you have) swapping over nfs.
|
|
It is not that difficult to be done, but not for a beginner.
|
|
Alternatively you can boot into DOS and use good old NCSA telnet to connect
|
|
to your linux machine.
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Radovan
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="radovan2"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
ANSWER: <font color="navy">
|
|
Re: FTP access methods...
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Thu, 27 May 1999 15:48:22 +0200<BR>
|
|
From: Radovan Garabik, <A HREF="mailto:garabik@melkor.dnp.fmph.uniba.sk">
|
|
garabik@melkor.dnp.fmph.uniba.sk</A>
|
|
<blockquote> <font color="navy">
|
|
Ok tough guys, I have written down more one-liners and cool tricks from the
|
|
Linux Gazette pages than from anywhere else.
|
|
And I finally have a good question: In both Window$ and O$/2 I had apps that
|
|
would treat ftp sites as folders (directories). It worked real well with
|
|
keeping data in sync off-site. Is there a tool that will allow an FTP site
|
|
to be mounted under Linux? It seems fairly useful to me, but freshmeat and
|
|
other resources turned up nada.
|
|
</font></blockquote>
|
|
Linux VFS is not very friendly to the idea of external filesystems...
|
|
However, check out http://atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~pavel/podfuk/podfuk.html
|
|
I have not tried it yet, but I am going in a short time.
|
|
<blockquote> <font color="navy">
|
|
I am working on a cool 1 disk Linux distro that has pilot backup features
|
|
and other remote file access ideas that could really benefit from this.
|
|
</font></blockquote>
|
|
<P>
|
|
probably NFS is the way to go....
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Radovan
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="jay"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
ANSWER: <font color="navy">
|
|
re: soundpro
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Fri, 28 May 1999 01:10:14 +0800 (SGT)<BR>
|
|
From: "Jayasuthan ......", <A HREF="mailto:suthan@eplx01.fairchildsemi.com">
|
|
suthan@eplx01.fairchildsemi.com</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Please check for linux supported soundcards.. second the might compatible
|
|
with other cards. Try compile soundcard driver as modules. And learn to
|
|
use isapnp and conf.modules which might help
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Jayasuthan
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="saoirse"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
ANSWER: <font color="navy">
|
|
Re: Question about 2 GB max?
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Fri, 28 May 1999 15:39:40 -0400 (EDT)<BR>
|
|
From: Deirdre Saoirse, <A HREF="mailto:deirdre@deirdre.net">
|
|
deirdre@deirdre.net</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
<blockquote> <font color="navy">
|
|
On Thu, 27 May 1999, Jim Dennis wrote:<BR>
|
|
Actually 2Gb is the maximum FILESIZE under 32-bit versions
|
|
of Linux. (Alpha, and presumably UltraSPARC ports are not
|
|
hampered by this).
|
|
Linux ext2 filesystems can be much larger than 2Gb ---
|
|
</font></blockquote>
|
|
That's fine as far as the general theory goes, however...:
|
|
See: <BR>
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.dartmouth.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/jonh/lppc/faq.pl?_highlightWords=partition%20size&file=494">
|
|
"http://www.dartmouth.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/jonh/lppc/faq.pl?_highlightWords=partition%20size&file=494</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Traditionally, there has been a 2GB partition size limit (not just a FILE
|
|
size limit) on PowerPC Linux partitions. I don't know if that will
|
|
continue to be true with newer versions but it is true of LinuxPPC up to
|
|
revision 4 and DR3 of MkLinux. I haven't checked if there's a
|
|
YellowDogLinux specific answer however.
|
|
<P>
|
|
pre-5 of LinuxPPC reportedly handles larger partitions but I haven't found
|
|
specifics for later versions (does anyone want to update the
|
|
FAQ-o-Matic?).
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Deirdre
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="rini"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
ANSWER: <font color="navy">
|
|
Re: Question about 2 GB max?
|
|
</font> </H3>
|
|
Date: Fri, 28 May 1999 19:13:24 -0400 (EDT)<BR>
|
|
From: Tom Rini, <A HREF="mailto:tmrini@ntplx.net">tmrini@ntplx.net</A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
<blockquote> <font color="navy">
|
|
On Fri, 28 May 1999, Deirdre Saoirse wrote:<BR>
|
|
That's fine as far as the general theory goes, however...:
|
|
|
|
See: http://www.dartmouth.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/jonh/lppc/faq.pl?_highlightWords=p artition%20size&file=494
|
|
</font></blockquote>
|
|
<P>
|
|
This is however, WRONG. wrong wrong wrong wrong. Well, almost. :) If
|
|
you use a newer e2fsprogs (ie compile 1.14 or whatever is current) you're
|
|
fine. I'm not even sure if R4/DR3 really does have that problem (been a
|
|
while, and I forget just when that problem was fixed). R5/YDL/anything
|
|
w/ current e2fsprogs is fine.
|
|
<P>
|
|
--<BR>
|
|
Tom
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
<center>Published in <I>Linux Gazette</I> Issue 42, June 1999</center>
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<H4>
|
|
"Linux Gazette...<I>making Linux just a little more fun!</I>"
|
|
</H4>
|
|
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<!--===================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<center>
|
|
<H1><font color="maroon">Mark's autofs tutorial revisited</font></H1>
|
|
<H4><a href="mailto:mark@tcu-inc.com">by Mark Nielsen</a></H4>
|
|
</center>
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
|
|
<h1> Mark's autofs tutorial <u><i>revisited</i></u></h1>
|
|
<br><i> <a href="http://www.tcu-inc.com">at The Computer Underground</a></i>
|
|
</center>
|
|
<p>
|
|
If this document changes, it will be available here:
|
|
<a href="http://www.tcu-inc.com/mark/articles/Autofs2.html">
|
|
Mark's autofs tutorial revisited</a>.
|
|
Also, an earlier version of this tutorial is at
|
|
<a href="http://www.ssc.com/lg/issue24/nielsen.html">
|
|
January 1998 Issue #24.</a>
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr><P>
|
|
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li><a href="#Intro"> Some notes.</a>
|
|
<li><a href="#Install"> Installing Autofs</a>
|
|
<li><a href="#Explain"> Explaining what we did.</a>
|
|
<li> <a href="#Install2"> Installing for new users.</a>
|
|
<li><a href="#zip"> Installing a zip drive</a> and other resources.
|
|
</ol>
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
<a name="Intro"></a>
|
|
<h1> Some notes.</h1>
|
|
<p>
|
|
What is autofs? Autofs lets you use your floppy and cdrom drives a little
|
|
easier. In the MS Windoze world, when you need to access your floppy
|
|
drive, you just goto drive "a:" and it is there. To replicate this feature
|
|
in the Linux or UNIX world, you use an automounter that attaches a device
|
|
(like a floppy or cdrom drive) to a directory on the computer.
|
|
<p>
|
|
If you don't have an automounter, you must manually attach a device to
|
|
a directory using the commands "mount" and "umount". An example of attaching
|
|
your floppy drive to the directory "/mnt/floppy" would be
|
|
<pre>
|
|
mount /dev/fGd0 /mnt/floppy
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p>
|
|
If you need to explicitly define how the floppy drive was formatted, you
|
|
can
|
|
use these commands
|
|
<pre>
|
|
mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy ## For msdos formatted disks
|
|
mount -t ext2 /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy ## For "linux" formatted disks
|
|
</pre>
|
|
Also, you must make sure the directory "/mnt/floppy" exists. A command to
|
|
make the directory would be,
|
|
<pre>
|
|
mkdir -p /mnt/floppy
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
And this command unmounts or frees up the floppy drive from being used.
|
|
<pre>
|
|
umount /dev/fd0
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
Also, something one should be aware of, KDE and GNOME, which are desktop
|
|
environments for X, usually have their own way of using floppy drives.
|
|
The problem is, if you connect to your computer through telnet or ssh, these
|
|
features are not available to you. That isn't nice. Using Autofs, any
|
|
program or user entering a directory that is assigned to a device (like
|
|
a floppy drive) causes the device to be attached to that directory. This
|
|
happens at the system level rather than in the GUI level.
|
|
<p>
|
|
Also,
|
|
Autofs can be used to grab an nfs site (and other things) and attach it
|
|
to a directory. It can do more than just automouting your floppy and
|
|
cdrom drives.
|
|
<p>
|
|
If you need some more info, try these urls or commands on your computer,
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>man automount
|
|
<li>man autofs
|
|
<li>man /usr/man/man5/auto.master.5
|
|
<li>more /usr/doc/autofs-3.1.3/README
|
|
<li><a href="http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/mini/Automount.html">
|
|
Automount howto</a>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
|
|
NOTE: You also should consider any security hazards about using autofs.
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
<a name="Install"></a>
|
|
<h1> Installing Autofs.</h1>
|
|
|
|
How do you install Autofs? Well, although I hate to demonstrate things for
|
|
only one particular version of Linux (since I am heavily growing fond of
|
|
Debian), this demo will be made for RedHat 6.0.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
I assume "/dev/cdrom" is your cdrom drive and "dev/fd0" is your
|
|
floppy drive. I am also assuming you will backup your "/etc/auto.master"
|
|
file.
|
|
Use this script to create the following files and restart autofs.
|
|
Login as "root", goto
|
|
your home directory, copy whatever is between
|
|
the next two lines to a file called "CreateAutofs.script" and
|
|
then execute
|
|
the script with the command
|
|
<pre>
|
|
source CreateAutofs.script
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
<pre>
|
|
mkdir -p /root/Drives
|
|
cd /root/Drives
|
|
|
|
### Let us make sure the two directories exist, ignore errors
|
|
mkdir -p /mnt/Drives/floppy
|
|
mkdir /mnt/Drives/cdrom
|
|
### Let us backup the auto files in case they haven't
|
|
mv -f /etc/auto.master /etc/auto.master_old
|
|
mv -f /etc/auto.floppy /etc/auto.floppy_old
|
|
mv -f /etc/auto.cdrom /etc/auto.cdrom_old
|
|
### Create the files for autofs
|
|
echo "/mnt/Drives/cdrom /etc/auto.cdrom --timeout 10" > /etc/auto.master
|
|
echo "/mnt/Drives/floppy /etc/auto.floppy --timeout 3" >> /etc/auto.master
|
|
echo "floppy -fstype=auto :/dev/fd0" > /etc/auto.floppy
|
|
echo "cdrom -fstype=iso9660,ro :/dev/cdrom" > /etc/auto.cdrom
|
|
### Create the links to the floppy drive and cdrom drive
|
|
ln -s /mnt/Drives/floppy/floppy a:
|
|
ln -s /mnt/Drives/floppy/floppy floppy
|
|
ln -s /mnt/Drives/cdrom/cdrom d:
|
|
ln -s /mnt/Drives/cdrom/cdrom cdrom
|
|
### Lets retstart autofs
|
|
/etc/rc.d/init.d/autofs stop
|
|
/etc/rc.d/init.d/autofs start
|
|
### If it didn't work, you might have to reboot
|
|
cd /root/Drives
|
|
</pre>
|
|
----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
<a name="Explain"></a>
|
|
<h1> Explaining what we did.</h1>
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Now put a floppy disk formatted for MSDOS and a cdrom in and execute the
|
|
commands
|
|
<pre>
|
|
ls /root/Drives/a:
|
|
ls /root/Drives/d:
|
|
</pre>
|
|
to see if there is anything on them. Hopefully you don't get any error
|
|
messages.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Personally, my /etc/auto.floppy file looks like
|
|
<pre>
|
|
floppy -fstype=auto,defaults,user,suid :/dev/fd0
|
|
</pre>
|
|
and my /etc/auto.cdrom file look like this
|
|
<pre>
|
|
cdrom -fstype=iso9660,user,suid :/dev/cdrom
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
The reason why I gave conservative values in the script was the fact the
|
|
my values might be security hazards. But since I am the only person
|
|
using my computer, I wanted to make sure my personal account had full
|
|
access to the floppy and cdrom drives. Previously "-fstype=auto" wasn't
|
|
working quite right with msdos disks, but when I increased the timeout to
|
|
3 seconds, it seemed to be working fine.
|
|
I made the timeout value for the cdrom
|
|
10 seconds because it wasn't working really well at 1 second, and I
|
|
figured it was because the drive didn't have enough time to "warm up"
|
|
before it was being shut down. You might want to test what the timeout
|
|
value for your cdrom drive should be.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Your "/etc/rc.d/init.d/autofs" script first looks at "/etc/auto.master".
|
|
That file usually has three things on each line. It has
|
|
the directory which all mounts will be located at. Then next to that value
|
|
is the filename which contains the configuration(s) for what devices you
|
|
want mounted. We will call these filenames the "supplemental" files. Next
|
|
to that value is the timeout which you want to
|
|
occur after so many seconds of inactivity. The timeout will free or umount
|
|
all devices specified in the supplemental files after so many seconds of
|
|
inactivity.
|
|
<p>
|
|
Now, the supplemental files can have more than on entry, but for my
|
|
purposes I don't do that. Read below for the explanation. The supplemental
|
|
files can be named anything you want them to be named. They also have
|
|
three values for each entry. The first value is the "pseudo" directory.
|
|
I
|
|
will explain this later. The second value contains the
|
|
mount options. The third value is the device (like "/dev/fd0" which
|
|
is the floppy drive) which the "pseudo" directory
|
|
is connected to.
|
|
<p>
|
|
The "pseudo" directory is contained in the directory which is defined
|
|
in "/etc/auto.master". When people try to access this "pseudo"
|
|
directory,
|
|
they will be rerouted to the device you specified. For example, the above
|
|
script will generate a link called "a:" which if you list with the
|
|
command "ls a:" will give you a list of files in the floppy drive. Or, a
|
|
similar command would be "ls /mnt/Drives/floppy/floppy". But if you do the
|
|
command "ls /mnt/Drives/floppy", you don't see anything even
|
|
though the directory
|
|
"/mnt/Drives/floppy/floppy" should exist. That is because
|
|
"/mnt/Drives/floppy/floppy"
|
|
doesn't exist as a file or directory, but somehow the system knows that
|
|
if you specifically ask for "/mnt/Drives/floppy/floppy", it will reroute you
|
|
to the floppy drive.
|
|
<p>
|
|
Now as to the reason why I didn't combine the floppy drive and cdrom drive
|
|
into the same supplementary file. Each definition in the
|
|
"/etc/auto.master" file will have its own "automount" program running for
|
|
it. If you have several devices running on the same automount program and
|
|
one of them fails, it could force the others not to work. That is why
|
|
I want every device running on its own automount program which means
|
|
there is one device per supplementary file per entry in the
|
|
"/etc/auto.master" file.
|
|
<p>
|
|
Also, another thing to note is, I use links to the "pseudo" directories.
|
|
Non computer geeks will get confused if they try to manually use the
|
|
"pseudo" directories. Basically, the "pseudo" directories are
|
|
directories
|
|
that don't exist until you try to use them. I like to use links to the
|
|
"pseudo" directories so that the user sees and uses the link,
|
|
and thus is happy
|
|
because they are just always "there", which is unlike the
|
|
"pseudo" directories which come and go as you need them.
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
<a name="Install2"></a>
|
|
<h1> Installing for new users.</h1>
|
|
<p>
|
|
How do you install this for new users?
|
|
First, you must understand, the mount options you put into the autofs
|
|
configuration files heavily determine how much a user can use the floppy
|
|
or cdrom drives or other types of devices. There are also security hazards
|
|
using autofs one should be aware of.
|
|
|
|
Do the following,
|
|
<hr>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
mkdir -p /etc/skel/Drives
|
|
ln -s /mnt/Drives/floppy/floppy /etc/skel/Drives/floppy ## link to floppy
|
|
ln -s /mnt/Drives/floppy/floppy /etc/skel/Drives/a:
|
|
ln -s /mnt/Drives/cdrom/cdrom /etc/skel/Drives/cdrom ## link to cdrom
|
|
ln -s /mnt/Drives/cdrom/cdrom /etc/skel/Drives/d:
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<hr>
|
|
<p>
|
|
How do you install it for a user called "frank"?
|
|
<p> Well assuming that Frank's home directory is /home/frank,
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
mkdir -p /home/frank/Drives ## make a path for frank
|
|
chown frank /home/frank/Drives ## Let frank own the directory
|
|
|
|
ln -s /mnt/Drives/floppy/floppy /home/frank/Drives/a: ## link to floppy
|
|
ln -s /mnt/Drives/floppy/floppy /home/frank/Drives/floppy
|
|
ln -s /mnt/Drives/cdrom/cdrom /home/frank/Drives/d: ## link to cdrom
|
|
ln -s /mnt/Drives/cdrom/cdrom /home/frank/Drives/cdrom
|
|
|
|
chown frank /home/frank/Drives/* ### Let frank own the contents of directory
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<hr>
|
|
|
|
A truly risky command to install for a user after installing it for new
|
|
users would be
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
### DO NOT DO THIS UNLESS YOU LIKE RISK
|
|
mkdir -p /home/frank/Drives
|
|
|
|
if [ -d /etc/skel/Drives ]; then
|
|
tar -C /etc/skel -c Drives | tar -C /home/frank -xv Drives
|
|
chown -R frank /home/frank/Drives
|
|
else
|
|
echo "Dude, like try to make a /etc/skel/Drives directory first."
|
|
fi
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
<a name="zip"></a>
|
|
<h1> Installing a zip drive or other resources.</h1>
|
|
Okay, now for some more funky stuff. I am going to use one more
|
|
configuration file to both do the zip drive and an nfs site.
|
|
First, I am assuming the zip drive is the slave on the primary
|
|
IDE controller of your computer. Actually, I tried to connect to this
|
|
site through nfs, and it didn't work. I tried it to one of my local
|
|
computers and it worked fine.
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
echo "/mnt/Drives/zip /etc/auto.zip --timeout 10 --timeout 5" >> /etc/auto.master
|
|
echo "kernel -ro,soft,intr ftp.kernel.org:/pub/linux" > /etc/auto.zip
|
|
echo "zip1 -fstype=auto,rw :/dev/hdb1 " >> /etc/auto.zip
|
|
echo "zip2 -fstype=auto,rw :/dev/hdb2 " >> /etc/auto.zip
|
|
echo "zip3 -fstype=auto,rw :/dev/hdb3 " >> /etc/auto.zip
|
|
echo "zip4 -fstype=auto,rw :/dev/hdb4 " >> /etc/auto.zip
|
|
|
|
ln -s /mnt/Drives/zip/kernel /etc/skel/Drives/kernel
|
|
ln -s /mnt/Drives/zip/zip4 /etc/skel/Drives/zip ## link to cdrom
|
|
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<hr>
|
|
<i>
|
|
Mark works for <a href="http://www.tcu-inc.com">The Computer Underground</a>
|
|
as JALG. In his spare time, he tries to do volunteer stuff. Mark takes an
|
|
active role in
|
|
<a href="http://bopper.wcbe.org/~COLUG/">COLUG
|
|
</a>
|
|
located in Columbus, Ohio.
|
|
</i>
|
|
|
|
<!--===================================================================-->
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<center><H5>Copyright © 1999, Mark Nielsen <BR>
|
|
Published in Issue 42 of <i>Linux Gazette</i>, June 1999</H5></center>
|
|
|
|
<!--===================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<H4>
|
|
"Linux Gazette...<I>making Linux just a little more fun!</I>"
|
|
</H4>
|
|
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<!--===================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<center>
|
|
<H1><font color="maroon">Caldera 2.2 Quick Review</font></H1>
|
|
<H4>By <a href="mailto:slambo42@my-dejanews.com">Sean Lamb</a></H4>
|
|
</center>
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
|
|
Yesterday I installed the Caldera 2.2 CD that I got at Comdex over my existing RH 5.2 install. The short review is "cool!" The longer review follows:
|
|
<P>
|
|
This distro is really aimed at the newbie. From the boot floppy, immediately after running LILO, the disk loads a graphical, although text-based, interface while it loads the modules and does some basic hardware probing. The interface is smart enough to load basic keyboard and mouse drivers for those, like me, who are migrating from MSWindows (it does go through a mouse test page so you can refine your
|
|
rodential setup if you need to). It also autoprobes for the setup files and loads the appropriate modules to access them. The first thing it does that
|
|
requires user-supplied answers is partitioning. Setup launches a custom version of Partition Magic to create/resize partitions for Linux. I didn't
|
|
make any changes to my partition table, so I just acknowledged through it after determining that it could see all my partitions.
|
|
<P>
|
|
The next step is the only step of the setup that I didn't like so much; it forced me to reformat the Linux partition. For a newbie without a lot of data on the drive, this isn't that big of a problem. But experienced users are likely to have data that they still want/need to keep on those partitions. There is an Expert mode for setup that you can choose before
|
|
partitioning that likely addresses this issue, but I didn't try that. If I really needed to, I could have canceled setup and backed up my important data at this time and then restarted setup. For my installation, I allowed it to reformat the drive and setup continued.
|
|
<P>
|
|
After the partition was formatted and ready to continue, setup asked me what packages I wanted to install. For my install, there wasn't an expert
|
|
option, but there were a few choices here: minimum packages, all recommended packages, or all packages. I chose all recommended packages for this step. It installs all the core packages and almost everything that a basic user will need to get the machine going. However, there are a couple of interesting choices that the developers have made for us (this option
|
|
installs Apache but not any of the Office suites). What impressed me here is that as soon as you told it which package option you wanted, it started copying those packages to the disk immediately, while it still prompted for user information. This setup really shows off the multitasking capabilities of the OS nicely.
|
|
<P>
|
|
I've probably got the next few options out of order, but while it's copying packages to the hard drive, setup asks for your basic ethernet configuration, assigns a root password and creates user accounts, sets up XFree86 to your hardware and resolution choices (prompts with an extensive list of monitors but allows you to customize the monitor choice; similar
|
|
options with the video card, but autoprobe worked for me) and tests the X configuration that you selected. There are probably some other options in there that I forgot, but you get the idea.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Once setup has gathered all the information it needs, setup does something that we will probably never see from an MS install: it lets you play tetris while setup finishes copying files. When it finishes copying files, it turns on the Finish button at the bottom of the screen next to the progress indicator to indicate that it is done. It doesn't stop your game, but waits patiently until you are done (it also doesn't force you to stop playing when the game ends, if you really want to play another game right now).
|
|
<P>
|
|
After setup is done, it launches the kernel and packages that are installed on the hard drive and boots into KDE, where it prompts for the username and
|
|
password. At this point it looks much like a WinNT install, except that the widgets are different shapes/sizes, it presents a list of users' accounts on
|
|
the machine (login names only). The login window does give you the option of how you want to login (either directly into KDE or into "failsafe" mode that is just the command shell) as well as a shutdown/reboot button. I've already found that the reboot button is very handy here, because now I don't have to give out the root password to the rest of the family in case they don't catch LILO in time and really want to boot MSWin.
|
|
<P>
|
|
On each user's first login to the system, assuming they choose to login to KDE directly (which is the default option), they are presented with the KDE
|
|
Desktop Setup Wizard. This wizard asks the user to setup a theme and asks what handy icons to put on the desktop. One neat thing that the wizard does is that it gives you the option of placing icons on the desktop for floppy and CD drives that automount the media. One problem that I found was that as myself, as soon as I setup the color scheme that I wanted, I got logged out. It took a while to find the Wizard again, but he is setup in the Utilities menu if you want to run it again (this didn't happen when I was root).
|
|
<P>
|
|
The only problem that I had with setup is that it didn't setup LILO for me. When I rebooted, it hung with LI. From all the reading that I did, I knew
|
|
that this was a fairly common issue, so finding possible solutions wasn't that difficult (it helped that I had a second machine here that was untouched that had a modem connection). What I found to help here was to boot from the setup boot disk and type "boot root=/dev/hda4" at the LILO boot prompt (change the root param as appropriate for your system). This
|
|
booted the kernel that I had installed on the hard drive so that I could make the necessary config changes. I found that I was able to setup LILO
|
|
properly by using Lisa and following the prompts (while logged in as root, of course). The cool thing here is that the setup boot disk can be used as
|
|
a sort of rescue disk in case there are problems.
|
|
<P>
|
|
For me, the next step will be to setup my PNP devices to get my sound, ethernet and modem connections working (yeah, booted in Win95 right now). I'll probably end up disabling PNP on those cards and setting their configs manually to what Win95 set them up to be, but that's for next weekend.
|
|
|
|
<!--===================================================================-->
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<center><H5>Copyright © 1999, Sean Lamb <BR>
|
|
Published in Issue 42 of <i>Linux Gazette</i>, June 1999</H5></center>
|
|
|
|
<!--===================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<H4>
|
|
"Linux Gazette...<I>making Linux just a little more fun!</I>"
|
|
</H4>
|
|
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<!--===================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<center>
|
|
<H1><font color="maroon">From Word Processors to Super Computers<br>
|
|
Donald Becker Speaks about Beowulf at NYLUG</font></H1>
|
|
<H4>By <a href="mailto:adler@bnl.gov">Stephen Adler</a></H4>
|
|
</center>
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
|
|
<br>
|
|
<img src="gx/adler.becker/DB20VSmall.jpg" align="left" vspace=10 hspace=10>
|
|
<center><font size=+2>
|
|
<img src=gx/adler.becker/DB18VSmall.jpg>
|
|
<spacer type=vertical size=10>
|
|
<img src=gx/adler.becker/IBMLogoSmall.jpg>
|
|
<spacer type=vertical size=10>
|
|
</center></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<font size=-1>
|
|
</font>
|
|
<br clear="left">
|
|
<P> Editor's note: In the
|
|
<A HREF=http://ssadler.phy.bnl.gov/adler/DB/DonaldBecker.html>
|
|
original article</A> on Adler's website, many of the
|
|
inline images display a larger copy of themselves when clicked on. These
|
|
larger images are not included in the <EM>Linux Gazette</EM> version, to
|
|
keep the total size of the <EM>Gazette</EM> small.
|
|
<hr>
|
|
<br>
|
|
I got an e-mail over the weekend announcing that Donald Becker would
|
|
be addressing the NYLUG on May 19th. That's the New York Linux users
|
|
group for those of you out west. From out here on Long Island, NYC is
|
|
a long way away. But I figured I would rough out the commute into NYC
|
|
to catch what Donald had to say about his Beowulf project. Actually,
|
|
if you can keep a secret, I'll admit to having fun writing up my
|
|
encounters with Internet luminaries like Donald and publishing them on
|
|
the Internet. This would give me a chance to do so once again, so the
|
|
long commute into NYC didn't seem so bad.
|
|
<p>
|
|
<table align=left>
|
|
<caption align=bottom><font size=-1>
|
|
A rainy day in New York City, and I'm hustling around looking for a
|
|
parking lot.
|
|
</font></caption>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<img src="gx/adler.becker/DB02Small.jpg" vspace=10 hspace=20>
|
|
</table>
|
|
Wednesday came flying along, I spent most of the afternoon beating up
|
|
on an alpha personal workstation 433au, trying to get Linux installed
|
|
on it. Hey, Red Hat 6.0 was out and since they have a generic kernel
|
|
which seems to run on all Alpha variants, I figured this should be a
|
|
snap. <b>Wrong!</b> For some reason, MILO refuses to boot up on the
|
|
machine. I've been trying off and on to get alpha/Linux installed on
|
|
this machine since January. It belongs to a professor at Stony Brook
|
|
who is a real Linux enthusiast, and started down the path of the Linux
|
|
install, and ran into this MILO problem. I gave it a try, a graduate
|
|
student from Columbia gave it a try, and we have all failed. The <a
|
|
href="http://www.rhic.bnl.gov/html2/tour2.html">Relativistic Heavy Ion
|
|
Collider</a> is coming on line soon so we don't have much time to
|
|
spend on this box. It has become somewhat like King Author's
|
|
sword. Who ever can pull that sword out of the rock, or install Linux
|
|
on that machine, will lead a blessed life... Roy, (The professor who
|
|
owns the Alpha) has now put up a reward for who ever can get Linux
|
|
installed on the damn thing. The reward right now stands at 2 tickets
|
|
to see the NY Yanks. (Or Knicks if you are of that persuasion...)
|
|
<br clear="left">
|
|
<p>
|
|
<table align=right>
|
|
<caption align=bottom><font size=-1>
|
|
Gucci bags and Rolex watches for sale abound. Where are the damn
|
|
umbrella sellers!
|
|
</font></caption>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<img src=gx/adler.becker/DB04Small.jpg vspace=10 hspace=20>
|
|
</table>
|
|
Time flies when you are having trouble getting Linux installed on
|
|
something, as it did that Wednesday afternoon. I ended up missing the
|
|
4:05pm train into Penn Station and decided to drive in. To my dismay,
|
|
it would have taken just as long to wait for the next train, as it
|
|
would have to drive in. Rain poured out of the sky as I topped 20MPH
|
|
speeds on the Long Island Expressway heading west into Manhattan. I
|
|
wanted to get to the meeting in time to be able to meet Donald and the
|
|
rest of the NYLUG members. That was just not going to happen. At this
|
|
rate, I would be lucky to get to hear him speak at all.
|
|
<p>
|
|
It's 6:20pm and I'm heading up 3rd Ave in search of a parking lot. The
|
|
meeting starts at 6:30pm. Damn, I'm always running just on time. With
|
|
little effort, I was able to find a very reasonable parking lot which
|
|
charged $10 'till closing. It's usually about $25 for a mid town
|
|
parking lot. I dropped the car off, and dash out in search of the IBM
|
|
building where the NYLUG was meeting. Rain is coming down, I'm getting
|
|
soaked, and I'm looking all over the place for those street vendors
|
|
who always have what you don't need at the time. Fake Rolex watches
|
|
were up for sale, as were Gucci bags, but no umbrellas. I could feel
|
|
the rain starting to seep onto my scalp as I ran across Madison,
|
|
heading north towards 57 St.
|
|
<p>
|
|
IBM, a while back, started to get a clue about the benefits of Open
|
|
Source/Free software and has now donated one of their meeting rooms
|
|
for the NYLUG, who meet about once a month. (Rasterman is talking at
|
|
the next one.) The IBM building stands very tall on the corner of 57th
|
|
and Madison. It boasts some modern work of some sort at its entrance.
|
|
One needs to sign in, in order to be let into the building. The
|
|
meeting was being held on the 9th floor.
|
|
<br clear=right>
|
|
<p>
|
|
I arrive to the meeting room where NYLUG is gathered. A projector is
|
|
setup with Donald's laptop plugged into it. There are about 30 or 40
|
|
people present. Jim Gleason, the organizer of the meeting, who works
|
|
for VA Research, is there talking with Donald, looking rather
|
|
busy. He sees me and introduces me to Donald. I have just drove in
|
|
through about 2.5 hours of LIE traffic, dashed across several streets
|
|
and avenues under the rain, and my bladder had been screaming at me
|
|
since exit 40 on the LIE that it needed to be relieved. I couldn't
|
|
concentrate much on what I was saying at the time. I shook hands with
|
|
Donald, and muttered something like, "We use lots of computers at
|
|
BNL". I don't remember how he responded, I think he didn't say
|
|
anything. I then managed to get myself away, find a seat, store my
|
|
laptop and look for a good place to take a photo of the room.
|
|
<br clear=left>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<center>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption align=bottom><font size=-1>
|
|
A shot of the NYLUG meeting room, courtesy of IBM. By the time Donald's
|
|
talk was well underway, there was basically standing room only.
|
|
</font></caption>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<img src=gx/adler.becker/DB12Small.jpg>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</center>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Jim Gleason took the mike, and called on people to sit down. He wanted
|
|
to get the meeting going on time, (it was getting close to 7pm by
|
|
now). I settled down into my seat, booted my laptop, and proceeded to
|
|
ignore my aching bladder. I had more important business to take care
|
|
at the time.<p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<table align=left>
|
|
<caption align=bottom><font size=-1>
|
|
A solemn moment for Jim Gleason, the VA Research guy who is one of the
|
|
NYLUG contacts and organizers. Actually, the shot was taken as he
|
|
happened to look down at his notes. The only time he did so during his
|
|
introduction. Murphy's law is at work here. Jim is a very energetic
|
|
guy who is excited about his work.
|
|
</caption></font>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<img src=gx/adler.becker/DB14Small.jpg vspace=10 hspace=10>
|
|
</table>
|
|
At this point, I started to take notes, as Donald start talking. Since
|
|
my notes are always rather jumbled, it will be easer to me to cover in
|
|
broad stokes the topics he talked about instead of trying to give a
|
|
word by word reproduction of what he said.
|
|
<p>
|
|
His introductory slide showed two things. His affiliation with the NASA
|
|
Goddard Space Center and a company called Scyld Computing
|
|
Corporation. My guess is that he has been given the liberty at NASA to
|
|
work with this Scyld startup to help bring the Beowulf into the
|
|
private sector. Good for him. At this point, something rather annoying
|
|
started to happen. The projector which was hooked up to Donald's
|
|
laptop, started to lose sync with it. Donald, who has a bit of
|
|
shyness to himself, was having a hard time giving his talk while at
|
|
the same time, pressing various auto sync buttons on the projector to
|
|
try and get his transparencies back up on the screen. This went on
|
|
through his talk. It really didn't matter since he didn't bother to
|
|
walk through his slides, rather he just talked from the top of his
|
|
head about what he as been doing for that past 7 years.
|
|
<p>
|
|
Donald's talk went on until 8:20pm. During that time I got the
|
|
following out of his talk.
|
|
<p>
|
|
<table align=right>
|
|
<caption align=bottom><font size=-1>
|
|
A bad picture of Donald at the beginning of his talk. It looks like my
|
|
camera is getting out of sync with the fabric of space-time. (One of these
|
|
day's I'm going to upgrade my analog camera to a digital one. But with
|
|
the increase in property taxes out on Long Island and the small salary
|
|
a "junior" scientist makes at BNL, it will be some time be for I do so.)
|
|
</caption></font>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<img src=gx/adler.becker/DB15Small.jpg vspace=10 hspace=20>
|
|
</table>
|
|
He introduced the concept of a Beowulf system. Basically, it is a
|
|
cluster of many, off-the-shelf PC's, running Linux, and tied together
|
|
through a high speed, low latency networking infrastructure. The
|
|
network topology of this system tends to be a flat one which makes it
|
|
easier on the application side. Fast Ethernet, tied through a fast
|
|
Ethernet switch is the current network hardware of choice for a
|
|
Beowulf cluster. ATM is too expensive at this point and I believe he
|
|
mentioned that the latency tends to be greater than with fast
|
|
Ethernet. (But don't hold me to that statement.) He did mention that
|
|
the ATM "overhead" was way too large. After the talk was
|
|
over, one of the questions from someone in the audience revealed that
|
|
Beowulf is basically a library of software which one uses to help
|
|
implement a distributed application. This includes facilities such as
|
|
providing a global PID, methods of remote execution of processes, much
|
|
like rsh, etc. There was some mention of mpi/vpm (and mpiII) which are
|
|
parallel processing abstractions sitting above the Beowulf
|
|
distributed processing layer. One of the tasks on my list is to
|
|
clearly learn about this software, but unfortunately, Donald's talk was
|
|
not a HOWTO on using Beowulf to parallelize your application. It was
|
|
more like, "I've worked on Beowulf, and here are some interesting
|
|
things about it...". So, the specifics of Beowulf still elude me.
|
|
<p>
|
|
Donald talked a bit about the open source nature of the project. In
|
|
short, being an open source project was crucial in making it as
|
|
reliable as it is. This also holds for the Linux kernel itself. While
|
|
working on building Beowulf clusters, Donald ran across some problems
|
|
with the Linux kernel which he had to fix. Things like only being able
|
|
to mount 64 file systems got in his way. Having hundreds of PC's
|
|
talking to each other on the network stressed the networking data
|
|
structures in the Kernel which he also had to deal with. Being that he
|
|
had the source code to the kernel he was able to make the Beowulf
|
|
project work. He also took in contributions from outsiders. If the
|
|
contributed software was of relevance and worked well, he would
|
|
include it.
|
|
<p>
|
|
<table align=left>
|
|
<caption align=bottom><font size=-1>
|
|
The side of the IBM building, as I face Madison Ave. Thank you IBM for
|
|
letting the NYLUG use your meeting rooms so that we can hear Donald
|
|
speak. Although it would be nice if you guys got a Linux friendly
|
|
projector. Its OK if the projector is not Y2K certified. We'll take it
|
|
any way.
|
|
</caption></font>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<img src=gx/adler.becker/DB09small.jpg vspace=10 hspace=20>
|
|
</table>
|
|
Donald spoke a bit about the history of his project. His first cluster
|
|
was made up of 100MHz DX4Somethings (DX486?). (Due to the projector not
|
|
being able to sync properly to Donald's PC, I could only read part of
|
|
the slides. You have to give credit to the IBM folk though. The
|
|
projector was certified as being Y2K compliant. It had a rather
|
|
official looking sticker on its side saying so...) In 1996, a 2.2
|
|
GF/sec cluster was built, followed by a 10GF/sec system in 1997. This
|
|
was a threshold crossing system. NASA considered 10GF/sec to be the
|
|
minimum computing power for a system to be called a "super
|
|
computer". In 1998, a 40+GF/sec system was put together, (at Los
|
|
Alamos National Laboratory I believe.) What made all this possible was
|
|
the fact that price per performance was gaining rather rapidly for PC
|
|
based machines. The threshold was crossed between 1996/1997 making the
|
|
Beowulf type system competitive with the big Cray type systems. The
|
|
Beowulf project crossed another watershed when a Beowulf system won
|
|
the Gordon Bell prize for $/performance. (I believe this was around
|
|
1997.) The NASA Goddard Space Center at the time had a "Super
|
|
Computer" in its basement, called the T3D I believe. It was a 10GF/sec
|
|
machine. Donald was able, through open source software, a good network
|
|
and cheap PC's, in essence beat it.
|
|
<p>
|
|
Donald spent some time showing pictures of current Beowulf clusters in
|
|
operation. Some were rack mounted systems, some were bunches of PC's
|
|
on a shelfs. The PC's on shelfs Beowulf system is called LOBOS which
|
|
stands for Lots of Boxes on Shelves. One of the systems built in the 19
|
|
inch racks was called the hive due to the noise the large cabinet
|
|
fans made.
|
|
<p>
|
|
<table align=right>
|
|
<caption align=bottom><font size=-1>
|
|
The art work standing at the entrance to the IBM
|
|
building. Unfortunately, I can't tell the difference between this and a
|
|
bunch of steel beams welded together.
|
|
</caption></font>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<img src=gx/adler.becker/DB08Small.jpg vspace=10 hspace=20>
|
|
</table>
|
|
Some applications which are currently using Beowulf systems are
|
|
climate modeling, ray tracing and galaxy evolution modeling. He was
|
|
particularly intrigued with the galaxy evolution modeling
|
|
application. In order to model a galaxy, you need to have every star
|
|
in the galaxy, interact with every other star in the galaxy. Gravity's
|
|
force is felt at infinite distances. One would think that this kind of
|
|
find grained application would not work well on a network distributed
|
|
system. But the guys at Los Alamos, came up with a tree structured
|
|
algorithm which mapped very well onto a network topology, thus making
|
|
a Beowulf architecture work for this type of computing problem. NASA
|
|
uses the Beowulfs for image processing of satellite and Hubble
|
|
images. The Hubble images had to be refocused because of the "over
|
|
site" of one of the mirror polishers. One application of satellite
|
|
image processing is to splice together all the satellite photos taken
|
|
from various angles and positions of one area on earth, to form one
|
|
large coherent image.
|
|
<p>
|
|
Some of the specifics about Beowulf clusters he mentioned were the
|
|
following. Usually one of the nodes is set aside and dedicated to
|
|
managing the rest of the nodes in the cluster. It's the job
|
|
distributor. Some very simple techniques are used to keep track of
|
|
which systems have not crashed. A multicast coming from each machine
|
|
is received by the controlling node or it pings the rest of the
|
|
nodes in the cluster. If one of the nodes goes down, the controller
|
|
quits submitting jobs to it. There are some mechanisms within the
|
|
Beowulf software for process migration from one node to another. He
|
|
also talked about how he uses RPM extensively to maintain the software
|
|
on the nodes. He referred to RPM as a "key technology" enabling the
|
|
easy maintainability, software wise, of large clusters of PC's. A
|
|
question came up asking about how he maintains his Beowulf code. He
|
|
didn't answer the question very well. He didn't really want to answer
|
|
the question since he did not want to endorse any kind of source code
|
|
management software like rcs or cvs. But he did stress that RPM was
|
|
key in order to be able to distribute software to may PC's.
|
|
<p>
|
|
<table align=left>
|
|
<caption align=bottom><font size=-1>
|
|
Who's that imposter! (I've gotta' upgrade that damn camera...)
|
|
</caption></font>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<img src=gx/adler.becker/DB10Small.jpg vspace=10 hspace=20>
|
|
</table>
|
|
He also talked about the stability of the machines he works with. Most
|
|
of his systems had been up for over a 100 days. I believe some of the
|
|
Beowulf clusters had been up for over 200 days. What is important is
|
|
not that a single machine has been up that long, but that large
|
|
numbers of machines have been up and running for that amount of
|
|
time. Because of the long running nature of a Beowulf cluster, one
|
|
tends not to use the latest and greatest software release of
|
|
anything. He was using a 2.0.3x version of Linux on his machines. He
|
|
also pointed out a critical feature of having the source code
|
|
available for the kernel and all the software which makes up a Beowulf
|
|
system. If there is a bug found, then one can fix it by modifying a
|
|
few lines of code. That one module or program gets recompiled and you're
|
|
off and running again, with a minimum amount of administrative
|
|
work. If one works with closed source systems, it is often the case
|
|
that when a similar small bug is found and fixed, a whole cascade of
|
|
software upgrades result. This is due to the fact that the bug fix
|
|
will come in the form of a new software release. This release then
|
|
upgrades your shared libraries. The shared library upgrades then force
|
|
you to upgrade all your applications and on and on. After which you
|
|
are then forced into revalidating your whole cluster for production
|
|
use. Something which can take a <b>long</b> time. Donald mentioned
|
|
that he validates his systems by running Linux kernel compilations for
|
|
two days to "burn in" his systems.
|
|
<p>
|
|
Donald also spent some time talking about how one runs a
|
|
Beowulf cluster and keeps it reliable. This is done by monitoring the
|
|
hardware for possible future failures. The most common one is due to
|
|
failing fans. There seems to be a host of applications which monitor
|
|
system performance, from the temperature of the boxes, to network
|
|
packet error checking. Keeping an eye on these problems helps keep a
|
|
Beowulf cluster healthy.
|
|
<p>
|
|
<table align=right>
|
|
<caption align=bottom><font size=-1>
|
|
Donald answering questions after his talk. I nice shot of his left
|
|
back side.
|
|
</caption></font>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<img src=gx/adler.becker/DB13Small.jpg vspace=10 hspace=20>
|
|
</table>
|
|
One last thing worth mentioning. With all this talk of running Linux
|
|
systems for 100's of days on end, a Windows "story" came up. It turns
|
|
out that there is a bug in the timer software for Windows. It will
|
|
cause your PC to crash in 49 days. This bug was just recently found
|
|
and has been around for a long time. Since a Windows system rarely
|
|
stays up for that long, its has only been until recently that this bug
|
|
has been found.
|
|
<p>
|
|
One person in the audience asked why Donald used Linux as the kernel
|
|
for building up his Beowulf project instead of one of the BSD
|
|
kernels. Donald had an interesting answer to that question. First off,
|
|
the BSD kernels were not as stable as Linux, back when he started
|
|
working on his project. He then proceeded to complain that working
|
|
with the BSD developers was very difficult. They tend to hide the
|
|
development process thus making it harder to contribute the needed
|
|
upgrades. (Remember that Donald had to work with the internal data
|
|
structures of the kernel in order to make his project scale.) He then
|
|
said that these BSD developers had very large egos. "Their ego's would
|
|
fill this room" he said, thus implying the difficulty of working with
|
|
them. He then went on to say that he was quite able to work with
|
|
Linus. Linus was a laid back guy.
|
|
<p>
|
|
<center>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption align=bottom><font size=-1>
|
|
Another shot of Donald left backside. Although I'm starting to work
|
|
around towards his front. If I'm lucky I may get him looking into the camera.
|
|
</caption></font>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<img src=gx/adler.becker/DB17Small.jpg>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</center>
|
|
<p>
|
|
There were many other interesting questions which were discussed
|
|
during Donald's talk. You can read my <a
|
|
href="http://ssadler.phy.bnl.gov/adler/DB/nylug.5.19.1999.txt">jumbled notes</a> if you care to try and
|
|
decipher them for more information.
|
|
<p>
|
|
<table align=left>
|
|
<caption align=bottom><font size=-1>
|
|
Well, that's as far forward as I could get. Although I did get a nice
|
|
shot of him and his book which I proudly display at the top of
|
|
this write up.
|
|
</caption></font>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<img src=gx/adler.becker/DB16Small.jpg vspace=10 hspace=20>
|
|
</table>
|
|
The session came to an end about 8:20pm. During his session he plugged
|
|
his
|
|
<a href="http://mitpress.mit.edu/book-home.tcl?isbn=026269218X">
|
|
new book about Beowulf clusters</a> titled <u>How to Build a
|
|
Beowulf</u>. The book was written in collaboration with several of the
|
|
Beowulf developers and is a compilation of a lot of the tutorials and
|
|
documentation on the software. It's published by MIT Press and fits in
|
|
with the other "definitive" references to mpi, mpiII and pvm also
|
|
published by MIT Press. He said that he makes about 30 cents per book
|
|
sold and was counting up the number of people in the audience to see
|
|
if he could buy dinner with the proceeds if every one bought one. One
|
|
guy in the audience offered him 60 cents for the book he had in his
|
|
hand, doubling his take home profit. Donald declined the offer.
|
|
<br clear=left>
|
|
<p>
|
|
People got up and started to leave the room after the talk was over. I
|
|
stuck around to take some pictures of Donald as he talked to some
|
|
NYLUGers. I eventually was able to get a chance to re-introduce myself
|
|
to him. I have him my card and invited him out to BNL if he were ever
|
|
in the area again. (I'm really bad at this sort of thing.) I then
|
|
asked him if he had trouble getting funding for his first Beowulf
|
|
system. He told me that he got the Beowulf idea back when he was
|
|
working for the NSA. He presented the idea to his superiors. He needed
|
|
$50K to put a cluster of nodes to together. For the NSA, $50K just too
|
|
little to bother with and his request was declined. So he took his
|
|
idea over to NASA. NASA thought it was worth funding, so he got a job
|
|
there specifically to work on his Beowulf idea. The rest, as they say,
|
|
is history.
|
|
<p>
|
|
<center>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<caption align=bottom><font size=-1>
|
|
My last shot of Donald as we start receiving our dinner orders. I was
|
|
fortuitous enough to take this shot just as the waiter held Donald's
|
|
plate right over his mouth. It is truly amazing how often Murphy's law
|
|
kicks in. The guy looking right into the camera is named Judd. He
|
|
works for Netscape and announced at the NYLUG meeting an install fest
|
|
he was organizing.
|
|
</caption></font>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<img src=gx/adler.becker/DB01Small.jpg>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</center>
|
|
<p>
|
|
I left the room and spent some time with Jim Gleason in the hallway
|
|
just outside. VA Research is about to deliver a 36 node system to BNL
|
|
this coming week and we talked about that a bit. Suddenly, my
|
|
bladder screamed at me and I broke off in mid sentence, "Where's the
|
|
men's room!". To my fortune, it was about 10 feet behind me. I don't
|
|
know how I was able to ignore my bodily functions from exit 40 of the
|
|
LIE until now...
|
|
<p>
|
|
<table align=right>
|
|
<caption align=bottom><font size=-1>
|
|
A picture of the other table where the 2nd half of the NYLUGers hung
|
|
out while waiting for their food to show up.
|
|
</caption></font>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<img src=gx/adler.becker/DB23Small.jpg vspace=10 hspace=20>
|
|
</table>
|
|
A small fraction of the group then headed over to Kapland's deli for a
|
|
real NYC deli meal. I ordered an extra lean pastrami sandwich. In
|
|
typical NY deli fashion, I was delivered just that, a mountain of
|
|
extra lean pastrami sandwiched between two thin slices of rye bread;
|
|
nothing else. The pickles and cole slaw were delivered on dishes as we
|
|
sat down. I had to manually apply the Russian dressing myself.
|
|
<p>
|
|
I sat across one guy who seemed to do business with wall street. One
|
|
tidbit which I found rather interesting was that he had this friend
|
|
who put systems together for wall street trading firms. One would
|
|
assume that these systems are bullet proof; 100% reliable. It turns
|
|
out that they crash all the time. There is enough redundancy in these
|
|
systems so that these crashes can be afforded. After hearing Donald
|
|
talk about large numbers of systems being up for 100's of days at a
|
|
time, and then hearing that wall street trading systems crash
|
|
continuously was a real shock. Maybe wall street will begin to
|
|
understand the power of Open Source. Until then, my retirement
|
|
fund will not be as safe as it could be.
|
|
<p>
|
|
<table align=left>
|
|
<caption align=bottom><font size=-1>
|
|
Another shot of Jim Gleason along with Matthew Hunt and Ari. Ari is
|
|
the guy in the back who also works for VA Research. He's coming out to
|
|
BNL to setup the 36 node machine I'm aching to submit my jobs to. The
|
|
guy in the middle is Matthew Hunt, President of the Linux Users of NY
|
|
group (LUNY).
|
|
</caption></font>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<img src=gx/adler.becker/DB22Small.jpg vspace=10 hspace=20>
|
|
</table>
|
|
At about 9:30pm, Jim Gleason was getting worried about getting Donald
|
|
to JFK to catch his 11:30pm flight to NC. Donald was headed down to
|
|
attend the LinuxExpo. It was getting late for me as well. I said good bye
|
|
to the crowd of NYLUGers and headed out in search of that lot
|
|
where I parked my car. The drive back to where I live on Long Island
|
|
proceeded in standard form. After giving the MTA guy the $3.50 toll
|
|
for using the Midtown Tunnel, I start counting the exists along the
|
|
LI as I drive by them. 1, 2, ... 10, 11, ... 20, ..., 30...
|
|
<p>
|
|
Driving along on the LIE always leads my mind to wandering in
|
|
thought. This time, my mind wandered around open source land. I still
|
|
cannot get a grip on the power of the Internet. What really made
|
|
Donald's project possible was the fact that he had access to
|
|
Linux. You could never build a Beowulf cluster out of windows 3.1
|
|
machines. Think about it, this is what was running on those powerful
|
|
100MHz DX486 machines back when he started this project. I can imagine
|
|
going to one of the NSA administrators and trying to convince him that
|
|
you could take all those PC's the secretaries were using to write up
|
|
memos using MS Word, gang them together and turn them into a super
|
|
computer. And do so for only $50K. Back in 1992, that was a radical
|
|
idea! And look at what we have now, super computers popping up and the
|
|
beginning of a new industry. Also, has anyone ever heard of an NT
|
|
Beowulf cluster? I'm sure Micro Soft would boast of one if there was
|
|
one. (And take credit for the idea as well.) That would be a good way
|
|
to test the stability of NT. Run 100 NT machines in a cluster and see
|
|
how long you would keep them <b>all</b> up and running. It would be
|
|
nice to see Mindcraft perform such a feat. Having 100 Linux machines
|
|
running for over a hundred days translates to 10,000 cpu days of
|
|
continuous running. Benchmark that Mindcraft...
|
|
<p>
|
|
Exit number 67, exit number 68. Ahhh, exit 68, home at last.
|
|
<br><br>
|
|
<hr>
|
|
<br>
|
|
Please <a href="mailto:adler@bnl.gov">e-mail</a> me your comments, if
|
|
you have any. I'm always interested in what you may have to say
|
|
related to this write up or anything else on your mind.
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a href="http://ssadler.phy.bnl.gov/adler/adler/SAArticles.html">Click
|
|
here</a> if you want to read other articles I've published on the
|
|
Internet, or <a href="http://ssadler.phy.bnl.gov/adler/adler">click
|
|
here</a> to view my home page.
|
|
|
|
<!--===================================================================-->
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<center><H5>Copyright © 1999, Stephen Adler <BR>
|
|
Published in Issue 42 of <i>Linux Gazette</i>, June 1999</H5></center>
|
|
|
|
<!--===================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<H4>
|
|
"Linux Gazette...<I>making Linux just a little more fun!</I>"
|
|
</H4>
|
|
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<!--===================================================================-->
|
|
<!-- =============================================================
|
|
These pages are designed by Michael J. Hammel. Permission to
|
|
use all graphics and other content is granted provided you give
|
|
me (or the original authors/artists) credit for the work and this
|
|
copyright notice is not removed.
|
|
|
|
(c)1997, 1998 Michael J. Hammel (mjhammel@graphics-muse.org)
|
|
============================================================= !--><!-- The Button box as a client side imagemap --><map NAME="nav-main"><area SHAPE="rect" HREF="#mews" coords="10,10 170,40"><area SHAPE="rect" HREF="#webwonderings" coords="0,55 175,85"><area SHAPE="rect" HREF="#musings" coords="75,115 170,145"><area SHAPE="rect" HREF="#resources" coords="5,170 110,195"></map>
|
|
<table BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=0 COLS=2 NOSAVE >
|
|
<tr NOSAVE>
|
|
<td ALIGN=LEFT VALIGN=TOP NOSAVE><img SRC="gm/images/gm-logo-3.jpg" height=169 width=400></td>
|
|
|
|
<td ALIGN=LEFT VALIGN=CENTER NOSAVE>
|
|
<br><b><font size=+1>muse:</font></b>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<i><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>v; to become absorbed in
|
|
thought </font></font></i></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<i><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>n; [ fr. Any of the nine
|
|
sister goddesses of learning and the arts in Greek Mythology ]: a source
|
|
of inspiration</font></font></i></li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
|
|
<center><font size=-2>© 1999 by <a href="mailto:mjhammel@graphics-muse.org">mjh</a></font></center>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<table BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=0 COLS=2 WIDTH="100%" NOSAVE >
|
|
<tr NOSAVE>
|
|
<td WIDTH="187" NOSAVE><img SRC="gm/images/muse-image-map.jpg" ALT="Button Bar" USEMAP="#nav-main" height=200 width=185 align=LEFT></td>
|
|
|
|
<td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="65%" NOSAVE>
|
|
<br><img SRC="gm/images/w.gif" ALT="W" height=28 width=36 align=BOTTOM><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>elcome
|
|
to the Graphics Muse! Why a "muse"? Well, except for the sisters aspect,
|
|
the above definitions are pretty much the way I'd describe my own interest
|
|
in computer graphics: it keeps me deep in thought and it is a daily source
|
|
of inspiration. </font></font>
|
|
<center>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>[<a href="#mews">Graphics
|
|
Mews</a>][<a href="#webwonderings">WebWonderings</a>][<a href="#musings">Musings</a>][<a href="#rsrc">Resources</a>]</font></font></center>
|
|
|
|
<p><img SRC="gm/images/t.gif" ALT="T" height=28 width=26><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>his
|
|
column is dedicated to the use, creation, distribution, and discussion
|
|
of computer graphics tools for Linux systems.</font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<table BORDER=0 COLS=2 WIDTH="100%" NOSAVE >
|
|
<tr NOSAVE>
|
|
<td ALIGN=LEFT VALIGN=TOP NOSAVE>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>I've been working on some
|
|
extensions and updates to my XNotesPlus program this month, which I've
|
|
had to work on in between the Muse, TheGimp.com, and a number of articles
|
|
and cover art work for the Linux Journal. Suprising how busy I'm
|
|
keeping considering that, officially, I'm unemployed.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Part of the work I was doing
|
|
this month for both the Muse and TheGimp.com wasn't for this months issues.
|
|
I was preparing for some future articles, ones which require more than
|
|
the usual week and a half I spend on them for normal issues. That
|
|
led to an even more compressed time frame for this months Muse. Running
|
|
on a bit of brain strain, I opted for a little brain stimulus, or rather
|
|
eye stimulus. That, and a little followup to last months issue, which
|
|
brought in quite a bit of email. That, too, was a bit suprising.
|
|
But very welcome. </font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>In this months column you'll
|
|
find:</font></font>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>A little eye candy, please -
|
|
XScreensaver</font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>A followup to last months Vector
|
|
Drawing Tools for Linux</font></font></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>And, of course, the requisite
|
|
set of product announcements, interesting bits of news and Web sites, and
|
|
reader email. Keep those letters coming!</font></font>
|
|
<center><table BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=5 COLS=1 WIDTH="100%" NOSAVE >
|
|
<tr NOSAVE>
|
|
<td ALIGN=CENTER NOSAVE><a href="http://www.clbooks.com/home.html?from=CJK692"><img SRC="gm/images/cla_small.gif" HSPACE=10 BORDER=0 height=60 width=234 align=CENTER></a></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table></center>
|
|
</td>
|
|
|
|
<td ALIGN=CENTER VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="220" NOSAVE>
|
|
<table BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=4 COLS=1 NOSAVE >
|
|
<tr NOSAVE>
|
|
<td ALIGN=CENTER VALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="219" NOSAVE><img SRC="gm/images/artistsguide.jpg" height=140 width=110></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr NOSAVE>
|
|
<td NOSAVE><b><i><font face="Arial,Helvetica">The Artists' Guide to the
|
|
Gimp</font></i></b>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Available online from <a href="http://www.fatbrain.com">FatBrain</a>,
|
|
<a href="http://www.softpro.com/softpro/1-57831-011-3.html">SoftPro
|
|
Books</a> and <a href="http://search.borders.com/fcgi-bin/db2www/search/search.d2w/Details?&mediaType=Book&prodID=51315727">Borders
|
|
Books</a>.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>In Denver, try the <a href="http://www.tatteredcover.com/cgi-bin/bookfind.pl?lit_ttl=Gimp&Id=733947.13300&refer=list&page=book&isbn=1-57831-011-3&str=1">Tattered
|
|
Cover Book Store.</a></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Also, check out the associated
|
|
web site, <a href="http://www.thegimp.com">TheGimp.com</a>, sponsored by
|
|
SSC, Inc. and edited by The Graphics Muse - <b><font color="#993300">Michael
|
|
J. Hammel</font></b>.</font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<br><a NAME="mews"></a><img SRC="gm/images/mews.jpg" height=50 width=245>
|
|
<table BORDER=0 COLS=3 WIDTH="100%" NOSAVE >
|
|
<tr NOSAVE>
|
|
<td ALIGN=LEFT VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="140" NOSAVE>
|
|
<table BORDER CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=2 COLS=1 WIDTH="100%" HEIGHT="100%" BGCOLOR="#FE992B" NOSAVE >
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Other Announcements:</font></font></b></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="gm/mews.html#Superficie 0.5">Superficie
|
|
0.5</a></font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="gm/mews.html#Graphic Counter Language 2.20.3.D">Graphic
|
|
Counter Language 2.20.3.D</a></font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr NOSAVE>
|
|
<td NOSAVE><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="gm/mews.html#MathMap">MathMap</a></font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr NOSAVE>
|
|
<td ALIGN=LEFT VALIGN=TOP NOSAVE><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="gm/mews.html#Panorama Tools v1.7.2">Panorama
|
|
Tools v1.7.2</a></font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr NOSAVE>
|
|
<td NOSAVE><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="gm/mews.html#GIMP 1.1.5">GIMP
|
|
1.1.5</a></font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="gm/mews.html#Gimp ImageMap Plug-In Release 0.9">Gimp
|
|
ImageMap Plug-In Release 0.9</a></font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="gm/mews.html#DiaCanvas 0.10.">DiaCanvas
|
|
0.10</a></font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="gm/mews.html#tgif 4.1.9">tgif
|
|
4.1.9</a></font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="gm/mews.html#Swift Generator 0.7.1">Swift
|
|
Generator 0.7.1</a></font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="gm/mews.html#Giram 0.0.17">Giram
|
|
0.0.17</a></font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="gm/mews.html#Install-Webserver 0.1">Install-Webserver
|
|
0.1</a></font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="gm/mews.html#povfront 0.9-2">povfront
|
|
0.9-2</a></font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="gm/mews.html#Wacom Driver for XFree86 alpha 3">Wacom
|
|
Driver for XFree86 alpha 3</a></font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="gm/mews.html#xfsft 1.1.5">xfsft
|
|
1.1.5</a></font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="gm/mews.html#XawTV 2.44">XawTV
|
|
2.44</a></font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="gm/mews.html#RenderDotC 3.1">RenderDotC
|
|
3.1</a></font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="gm/mews.html#Terraform 0.3.1">Terraform
|
|
0.3.1</a></font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="gm/mews.html#AleVT 1.4.5">AleVT
|
|
1.4.5</a></font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr NOSAVE>
|
|
<td ALIGN=CENTER NOSAVE><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><
|
|
<a href="gm/mews.html">More
|
|
Mews</a> ></font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</td>
|
|
|
|
<td WIDTH="1" NOSAVE></td>
|
|
|
|
<td ALIGN=LEFT VALIGN=TOP NOSAVE>
|
|
<table BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=3 COLS=1 WIDTH="100%" NOSAVE >
|
|
<tr NOSAVE>
|
|
<td NOSAVE><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><b>Disclaimer</b>:
|
|
Before I get too far into this I should note that any of the news items
|
|
I post in this section are just that - news. Either I happened to run across
|
|
them via some mailing list I was on, via some Usenet newsgroup, or via
|
|
email from someone. I'm not necessarily endorsing these products (some
|
|
of which may be commercial), I'm just letting you know I'd heard about
|
|
them in the past month.</font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<hr NOSHADE WIDTH="100%"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>RealPlayer G2 alpha</font></font></b>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1> J-Dog - May 19th
|
|
1999, 10:16 EST </font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>RealPlayer for Unix allows
|
|
you to play streaming audio and video over the Internet in real-time. </font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://www.real.com/">http://www.real.com/</a></font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://www.real.com/products/player/linux.html">http://www.real.com/products/player/linux.html</a></font></font>
|
|
<br><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Editor's Note:
|
|
Whoohoo! Works great!</font></font></b>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<br><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>The Linux Image Montage
|
|
Project pre-1120</font></font></b>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1> Jordan Husney - May
|
|
17th 1999, 07:15 EST </font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>The Linux Image Montage Project
|
|
("LIMP"), is an attempt to distill the Linux community's spirit down into
|
|
one cool looking poster using user-contributed images and the GIMP. </font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Changes: Now 70% complete,
|
|
only 480 image to go until project completion.</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://linux.remotepoint.com/">http://linux.remotepoint.com/</a></font></font></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td></td>
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<td></td>
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<td></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<br><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>IBM ANNOUNCES OPEN-SOURCE
|
|
AVAILABILITY OF 3D VISUALIZATION SOFTWARE</font></font></b>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>IBM Visualization Data Explorer
|
|
Source Code Made Available to Developer Community.</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://www.research.ibm.com/dci/software.html">http://www.research.ibm.com/dci/software.html</a></font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://www.research.ibm.com/dci/dx_release.html">http://www.research.ibm.com/dci/dx_release.html</a></font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<br><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>ImageMagick 4.2.6</font></font></b>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1> Necronom IV - May
|
|
19th 1999, 16:03 EST</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>ImageMagick (TM) is a package
|
|
for display and interactive manipulation of images for the X Window System.
|
|
It is written in C and interfaces to the X library, and therefore does
|
|
not require any proprietary toolkit in order to compile. Although the software
|
|
is copyrighted, it is available for free and can be redistributed without
|
|
fee. ImageMagick is known to compile and run on virtually any Unix system
|
|
and Linux. It also runs under Windows NT, Windows 95, Macintosh, and VMS.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Changes: Many new features
|
|
and bugfixes, see the Changelog for more information.</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://www.wizards.dupont.com/cristy/ImageMagick.html">http://www.wizards.dupont.com/cristy/ImageMagick.html</a></font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<br><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>IPAD 0.9.00</font></font></b>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1> sergio - May 19th
|
|
1999, 10:04 EST</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>IPAD is an intelligent vector
|
|
drawing package built using the multiplatform IPAD-Pro core and so provides
|
|
a very powerfull consistant interface across all supported platforms without
|
|
the need to have X11 or MS Windows available. It allows easy editing across
|
|
files using multiple overlapping windows. The graphics objects drawn and
|
|
edited by IPAD have built in intelligence. They react to the mouse and
|
|
each other so as to maximise user productivity and reduce tedious repetitive
|
|
setup sequences.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Changes: Faster character
|
|
drawing under X11, new grid support, new guide line support, new window
|
|
manager dialog and much more info in file selector.</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://www.demon.co.uk/titan/">http://www.demon.co.uk/titan/</a></font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<br><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>Image::Grab 0.9.3</font></font></b>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1> Mark Hershberger
|
|
- May 19th 1999, 09:59 EST</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>The Image::Grab Perl module
|
|
allows you to easily grab an image with an oft-changing URL from the internet.
|
|
This makes it possible to write simple scripts to download weather maps
|
|
or comic strips on a daily or hourly basis without user intervention. It
|
|
is also useful for bypassing advertising banners.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Changes: Updated the realm
|
|
code so that HTTP authentication actually works, changed the interface,
|
|
but if you tried to use the realm call before, you should have gotten an
|
|
error.</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://everybody.org/mah/hacks/Image-Grab-0.9.3.html">http://everybody.org/mah/hacks/Image-Grab-0.9.3.html</a></font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<br><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>Panorama 0.11.2</font></font></b>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1> Angel Jimenez - May
|
|
18th 1999, 13:31 EST</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Panorama is a framework for
|
|
3D graphics production. It will include modelling, rendering, animating,
|
|
post-processing, etc. There's currently no support for animation, but this
|
|
feature will be added soon.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Changes: Added a new text
|
|
image filter, a new configuration file, and documentation. Lots of bug
|
|
fixes.</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/panorama/panorama.html">http://www.gnu.org/software/panorama/panorama.html</a></font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<br><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>Sketch 0.6.0</font></font></b>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1> Bernhard Herzog -
|
|
May 18th 1999, 12:58 EST</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Sketch is a drawing program
|
|
similar to CorelDraw or Adobe Illustrator. It is written almost completely
|
|
in python with some modules written in C, thus combining the flexibility
|
|
and power of Python with the speed of C. Advanced features include gradient
|
|
fills, clip masks, text along a path, blend groups, convert text to curves,
|
|
and more.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Changes: First stable release.
|
|
Includes some national language support, improved Illustrator filters and
|
|
bug fixes.</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://www.online.de/home/sketch/">http://www.online.de/home/sketch/</a></font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<br><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>FFTW 2.1.2</font></font></b>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1> Steven G. Johnson
|
|
- May 18th 1999, 12:57 EST</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>FFTW is a fast C FFT library.
|
|
It includes complex, real, and parallel transforms, and can handle arbitrary
|
|
array sizes efficiently. FFTW is typically faster than other publically-available
|
|
FFT implementations, and is even competitive with vendor-tuned libraries
|
|
(benchmarks are available at the homepage). To achieve this performance,
|
|
FFTW uses novel code-generation and runtime self-optimization techniques
|
|
(along with many other tricks).</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Changes: Fixed a problem
|
|
with our parallel MPI transform test programs under MPICH.</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~fftw/">http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~fftw/</a></font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<br><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>LAGII 0.1.4</font></font></b>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1> XoXus - May 18th
|
|
1999, 12:02 EST</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>LAGII lets you run AGI games
|
|
natively under Linux. AGI games include the Sierra classics such as Kings
|
|
Quest, Space Quest, etc. Most games don't work fully, but they work quite
|
|
well most of the time.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Changes: Functional X11 driver
|
|
is nearly done.</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://www.zip.com.au/~gsymonds/LAGII/">http://www.zip.com.au/~gsymonds/LAGII/</a></font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<br><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>Glide 2.60</font></font></b>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1> Lee Reynolds - May
|
|
18th 1999, 11:44 EST</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>This is the first alpha release
|
|
of Glide 2 for the Banshee and Voodoo 3 cards. According to the author
|
|
the Quake 3 test will run under it, your mileage may vary. As of now it
|
|
will only do 3D full screen, windowed support will be included later. The
|
|
author will be at Linux Expo till the 23rd and has said he will ignore
|
|
all email during this period. Those in need of support are advised to use
|
|
the 3dfx newsgroups.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Changes: This is the first
|
|
version of Glide for linux with support for the Voodoo Banshee and Voodoo
|
|
3 chipsets. This is still glide 2.x, glide 3 has not been ported to linux
|
|
as of yet</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://glide.xxedgexx.com/3DfxRPMS_vb_glibc.html">http://glide.xxedgexx.com/3DfxRPMS_vb_glibc.html</a></font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<br><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>LibGGI 2.0 Beta 2.1</font></font></b>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1> Andreas Beck - May
|
|
17th 1999, 07:19 EST</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>LibGGI is an attempt to unify
|
|
all those graphical output systems that exist on Unix. It is a very fast,
|
|
simple (ever tried to make a small graphics app directly in Xlib?) and
|
|
lightweight interface layer, that allows you to run the very same binary
|
|
on many different graphics subsystems like X, SVGAlib, Glide, etc.
|
|
LibGGI will detect (or you can select, of course) the environment you are
|
|
running in, and redirect its output as required.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Changes: Better autoconf
|
|
checking for some targets and other bugfixes, fbdev target uses acceleration
|
|
on kernel-native matroxfb, better mode-switching for non-kgicon fbdev drivers,
|
|
svgalib target enhanced, X target fixed for remote displays with different
|
|
endianness as well as small enhancements for LibGII (especially for the
|
|
Linux-Console input).</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://www.ggi-project.org/">http://www.ggi-project.org/</a></font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<p><!--
|
|
-- Did You Know Section
|
|
-->
|
|
<h2>
|
|
Did You Know?</h2>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>...there is a story
|
|
in EETimesOnline about ILM's camera work, including a mention of Linux.</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://www.eet.com/story/career/timespeople/OEG19990517S0023">http://www.eet.com/story/career/timespeople/OEG19990517S0023</a></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>...and another on how working
|
|
on special effects expose engineers to the hot technologies of the day.</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://www.eet.com/story/career/timespeople/OEG19990513S0020">http://www.eet.com/story/career/timespeople/OEG19990513S0020</a></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>...there is a project online
|
|
that aims to produce a short (10 minute) 3D animated movie using POV-Ray.
|
|
The Internet Movie Project can be found at <a href="http://www.imp.org/">http://www.imp.org/</a></font></font>
|
|
<p>.<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>..RealPlayer is an <a href="http://w3c.org/AudioVideo/">SMIL
|
|
(Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language)</a> enabled player?
|
|
SMIL is based on XML and was designed by the good people at W3C.
|
|
Since SMIL is another text-based markup language, you can, as always, use
|
|
any text editor to author SMIL files. If you're interested in other
|
|
SMIL players and some links to some GUI based authoring tools, take a look
|
|
at <a href="http://www.justsmil.com">http://www.justsmil.com</a>.
|
|
So far, no authoring tools for Linux are listed, although I've sent email
|
|
to the people working on GRiNS to ask if they plan on a Linux port (they
|
|
are working on both IRIX and Solaris ports, so I'd think it wouldn't be
|
|
a difficult port to Linux).</font></font></blockquote>
|
|
<!--
|
|
-- Q and A Section
|
|
-->
|
|
<h2>
|
|
Q and A</h2>
|
|
<i><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Q: Marjorie Richardson
|
|
asks: Could you tell me if there is a Linux graphics program that
|
|
will convert RGB to CMYK easily? (easily as in push a button)</font></font></i>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>A: <b><font color="#CC6600">ImageMagick</font></b>
|
|
has the command line tool <b>convert</b> that will convert between many
|
|
different file formats. One output format is raw CMYK. Keep
|
|
in mind that raw CMYK may not be quite right for print output - it doesn't
|
|
take into consideration display characteristics of either the monitor on
|
|
which you viewed the original or the device on which you'll be printing.
|
|
But it will probably be fairly close for many images.</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>See: <a href="http://www.wizards.dupont.com/cristy/www/convert.html">http://www.wizards.dupont.com/cristy/www/convert.html</a></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>A: blah</font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<h2>
|
|
Reader Mail</h2>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Hadess <<a href="mailto:hadess@writeme.com">hadess@writeme.com</a>>
|
|
writes:</font></font>
|
|
<blockquote><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>First I'd like you
|
|
to know that the only thing worth reading in the Linux Gazette (at least
|
|
for me) is the Graphics Muse ^_^</font></font></blockquote>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><b><font color="#993300">'Muse</font></b>:
|
|
I'm flattered, but I often read most of the rest of the Gazette myself.
|
|
Larry Ayers and the other regular and guest writers tend to know a lot
|
|
more about systems administration than I do, and I often find bits of very
|
|
useful into there. I'm just the graphics guy.</font></font>
|
|
<blockquote><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Well, I use the
|
|
GIMP everyday and I frequently use a file-manager to launch it associated
|
|
with an image. I'd like GIMP to start only once. I'd like to launch it
|
|
once and then, afterwards, launch another image and make it load by the
|
|
first GIMP instance I launched. Any ideas ?</font></font></blockquote>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><b><font color="#993300">'Muse</font></b>:
|
|
If you want to work on the new image interactively, then I can only think
|
|
of one way to do it - Perl::Fu. But getting the Perl extension to
|
|
work with the Gimp can take a bit of work. I'm going to do an article
|
|
on it for the June issue of <a href="http://www.thegimp.com">TheGimp.com</a>
|
|
(this month will be on Gimp 1.2 status). You can also take a look
|
|
at the new O'Reilly text "<i>Programming Web Graphics with Perl and GNU
|
|
Software</i>". There is a chapter on the Gimp which goes into a
|
|
fair amount of detail on the Perl scripting interface for the Gimp.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>The Perl extension has a
|
|
server portion, so you could write a perl script to connect to the server
|
|
and pass it the name of a plug-in and file that could be used to pop open
|
|
a new image window for the currently running Gimp. It will even,
|
|
I believe, launch the Gimp if its not already running.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>I'm no Perl::Fu expert, however.
|
|
This is just my impression of how things work.</font></font>
|
|
<p>A<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>ntti Huotari <<a href="mailto:ahuotari@cc.hut.fi">ahuotari@cc.hut.fi</a>>
|
|
writes:</font></font>
|
|
<blockquote><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>You said in your
|
|
latest Graphics Muse column that Macromedia Flash 3 runs only on non-Linux
|
|
systems. Well, infact it does run almost flawlessly on Linux with the latest
|
|
WINE release (OK, it still has a few bugs, but you can create Flash
|
|
movies, etc. with it).</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>The following setup is used:</font></font>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>RedHat-5.2</font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Kernel-2.2.9</font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Wine-990508</font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Flash 3 is installed in Windows95
|
|
(dual boot)</font></font></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><b><font color="#993300">'Muse</font></b>:
|
|
Ok, I stand corrected. I just don't run WINE - I want these tools
|
|
to run natively on Unix. I've been waiting 10 years (since working
|
|
on the Dell Unix product) for applications to run natively on desktop Unix.
|
|
So I guess that's why I didn't consider WINE.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>I never have figured out
|
|
how to do this, though. I mean, where do I get Windows95/98?
|
|
You go into computer stores and all they stock is "Upgrades". No
|
|
one sells a complete installation apparently. Not that I've looked
|
|
too hard.</font></font>
|
|
<blockquote><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Just to let you
|
|
know,</font></font></blockquote>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><b><font color="#993300">'Muse</font></b>:
|
|
I appreciate the feedback. I'm sure there are qutie a few readers
|
|
who would love to know this works.</font></font>
|
|
<blockquote><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>PS. Thanks for the
|
|
nice book about Gimp.</font></font></blockquote>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><b><font color="#993300">'Muse</font></b>:
|
|
Your quite welcome. I'm glad you find it useful!</font></font>
|
|
<p>A<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>ntti Huotari <<a href="mailto:ahuotari@cc.hut.fi">ahuotari@cc.hut.fi</a>>
|
|
followed up with:</font></font>
|
|
<blockquote><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Just to clarify
|
|
things, Wine+Flash3 isn't ready for production yet. For example the text
|
|
tool doesn't work and there are lots of little problems. But like I said
|
|
you <i>can</i> play, create movies with it, etc. Sound effects seem to
|
|
work fine too. And it gets better with every new release of Wine.</font></font></blockquote>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><b><font color="#993300">'Muse</font></b>:
|
|
I'll post this too. Its good info. I'm sure it will help keep
|
|
expectations in line for anyone who tries it.</font></font>
|
|
<blockquote><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>From <a href="http://www.winehq.com">www.winehq.com</a>:</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Wine is an implementation
|
|
of the Windows 3.x and Win32 APIs on top of X and Unix. (So it isn't an
|
|
emulator and you don't need Microsoft Windows.) Wine consists of a program
|
|
loader, which loads and executes a Windows binary, and a library that implements
|
|
Windows API calls using their UNIX or X11 equivalents.</font></font></blockquote>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><b><font color="#993300">'Muse</font></b>:
|
|
Hmmm. I didn't realize that. I guess I could try it eventually.
|
|
I just <i>hate</i> using any MS-based tools. But I should open my
|
|
mind to different options. It is, after all, part of my own preachings
|
|
to people: Choice. Thats the key.</font></font>
|
|
<blockquote><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>But, I do agree
|
|
with you that it would be much better to have applications that are especially
|
|
made for *NIX.</font></font></blockquote>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><b><font color="#993300">'Muse</font></b>:
|
|
It's happening. Slowly, but I think it's an inevitable process at
|
|
this point. I'm looking forward to the ports of graphics applications
|
|
that I'm sure we'll be hearing about over the next 6-12 months.</font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<hr NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<br><a NAME="webwonderings"></a><img SRC="gm/images/webwonderings.jpg" height=57 width=246>
|
|
<h2>
|
|
blah</h2>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>I wondered around the Net a
|
|
bit this month, but couldn't find anything interesting to write about relating
|
|
to Web development. Oh, sure there are lots of topics. I just
|
|
couldn't find one that peaked my curiousity - and I could fit into my writing
|
|
schedule. I thought about looking at Zope, but it had some system
|
|
requirements I didn't have. I spent a bit of time trying to install
|
|
some other packages, some for the Vector Tools followup article and some
|
|
for some future articles, and didn't really want to deal with it again
|
|
for yet another package. But Zope does look interesting. I'll
|
|
try to take a look at it sometime in the near future.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Other than that, I only came
|
|
up with one Web-related item: After a couple of years of wondering
|
|
how to make this work, I finally figured out how to force text to flow
|
|
around a table. I like to use tables to place an image with a caption
|
|
below it, image in the top cell and the caption in a cell below it, but
|
|
I've always been stuck with shoving text into a cell in the table - I couldn't
|
|
just have text flow around the table like I do with non-tabled images.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Well, it seems that my use
|
|
of Netscape Composer had led me to ignore checking the completeness of
|
|
the HTML it created. I was perusing some other sites on the net -
|
|
I think it was the BBC news site - and saw one with a configuration just
|
|
like I wanted to make: image in a table, caption below it, text flowing
|
|
around it to the right. I looked at the HTML and didn't see anything
|
|
special. So I copied everything from that site's table to one of
|
|
my own, then started removing items one at a time to find the key element.
|
|
The key, it seems, is the ALIGN= argument.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>It is possible to make text
|
|
flow around a table, but not directly with Composer. Composer, although
|
|
it provides a toggle for the Align argument, doesn't actually place this
|
|
argument in the TABLE tag if you use the default option of "Left".
|
|
Arrgghh! You have to edit the TABLE tag and add the ALIGN=LEFT by
|
|
hand. So, configure your text editor in Netscape. I use vi
|
|
(if you use Emacs there is a good chance you're not using Composer anyway).
|
|
You'll want to create the table first, just as always. Make the table
|
|
just a bit wider than the image and leave the image left aligned in it's
|
|
cell (which leaves space between the image and the text that will flow
|
|
around it). Then add your text. Later, go back and edit the
|
|
HTML by hand (Edit->HTML Source) and add the ALIGN=LEFT argument to your
|
|
table. Viola! Right-side flowing text around your tables.
|
|
This modification will stay as long as you don't edit that table again.
|
|
If you do make changes to the table, you'll have to go back and add the
|
|
ALIGN=LEFT argument by hand again.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>I guess it helps to check
|
|
these automated contraptions every now and then - just to keep them honest.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Oh, and as to why this was
|
|
titled "blah": that's the text placeholder in the template file I
|
|
use for the main page of the Graphics Muse. It seemed appropriate.
|
|
The alternative was "Yada Yada Yada", but I wasn't sure how many Seinfeld
|
|
fans there were reading the Muse.</font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<hr NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<p><a NAME="musings"></a>
|
|
<table BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=3 COLS=2 NOSAVE >
|
|
<tr NOSAVE>
|
|
<td ALIGN=LEFT VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="245" NOSAVE><img SRC="gm/images/musings.jpg" height=50 width=245></td>
|
|
|
|
<td NOSAVE>
|
|
<center><table BORDER CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=3 COLS=1 WIDTH="100%" BGCOLOR="#FE992B" NOSAVE >
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="gm/musings.html">Also:
|
|
A Followup to last months Vector Drawing Tool on Linux</a></font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table></center>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<h2>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica">A Little Eye Candy, Please - XScreensaver</font></h2>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>In most issues of the Graphics
|
|
Muse, I talk about useful tools, things with which you can perform some
|
|
real world task. That's fine, most of the time. But one needs
|
|
to have a little fun every now and then. Sometimes, you just need
|
|
to do something that, well, has no real purpose. Except to make you
|
|
smile.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>In the world of graphics
|
|
tools for Linux there are probably several programs (we can't <i>really</i>
|
|
call them tools, per se) that could be considered just fun. No, I
|
|
don't mean games. That's entertainment. Despite what you read
|
|
in the press or hear from politicians, games are not completely mindless
|
|
jaunts for the juvenile crowd. No, we need something that has nothing
|
|
to offer but stunning visual preoccupation.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Thank goodness for screensavers.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Watching the ever streaming
|
|
line of announcements over at <a href="http://www.freshmeat.net">freshmeat</a>,
|
|
I noticed an announcement for something called cmatrix. It was said
|
|
to be a screensaver in the style of <a href="#movie">The Matrix</a>, that
|
|
wonderfully confusing cinema fantasy starring Keanu Reeves. Unfortunately,
|
|
it's not an X-based program. It runs under Curses, a terminal based
|
|
graphical interface. Then I saw that Jamie Zawinsky, late of Netscape,
|
|
had added a Matrix hack to his xscreensaver program. So I scrounged
|
|
around a bit and found xscreensaver, downloaded it and put it to work.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Cool.</font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<table ALIGN=LEFT BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=4 WIDTH="376" NOSAVE >
|
|
<tr NOSAVE>
|
|
<td NOSAVE><img SRC="gm/images/xmatrix.gif" height=304 width=366></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<center><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>The Matrix (xmatrix)
|
|
Screensaver</font></font></b></center>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Xscreensaver is a program that
|
|
manages other programs that draw on the root window. The root window
|
|
is a special window - it's the window inside which all other windows get
|
|
drawn. It doesn't look like a window like you might expect because
|
|
it doesn't have a window frame around it. But any program, properly
|
|
written, can draw on the root window. Jamie's design is to make xscreensaver
|
|
a daemon - a program that runs all the time in the background - that would
|
|
wait to see when there was a period of inactivity from the user.
|
|
When that period expires, xscreensaver runs another program. This
|
|
other program is the one that actually draws on the root window.
|
|
These other programs are called, in xscreensaver vernacular,
|
|
<a href="#hacks vs. demos">hacks</a>.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>I don't usually run screensavers,
|
|
a screen blanking or energy-saving monitor suffices most of the time.
|
|
But the shear number of hacks available for xscreensaver was somewhat astounding.
|
|
I counted over 80 of these in the hacks directory. Jamie has screenshots
|
|
for most of these on his xscreensaver Web site (<a href="http://www.jwz.org/xscreensaver/">http://www.jwz.org/xscreensaver/</a>).
|
|
Be warned: it can take quite a while to download the page with the
|
|
screenshots if you're on a slow link. You don't really have to download
|
|
the latest version from this web site since most Linux distributions will
|
|
contain a version of xscreensaver already. But you might want to
|
|
check to see if any new hacks have been added or if a new version is availalble.
|
|
On my Red Hat 5.2 I had a considerably older version than the latest (3.12)
|
|
posted on Jamie's site.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Since xscreensaver runs as
|
|
a daemon and a client (the hack), you need to look at these seperately.
|
|
The daemon, <i>xscreensaver</i>, has no user interface. It's configuration
|
|
is controlled by a standalone client program called <i>xscreensaver-demo</i>.</font></font>
|
|
<center>
|
|
<p><img SRC="gm/images/xs-demo.gif" height=281 width=553>
|
|
<br><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>xscreensaver-demo</font></font></b></center>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>If you don't have an <i>$HOME/.xscreensaver</i>
|
|
file, then xscreensaver uses its default configuration. In this example
|
|
case this means the demo window has all 80+ hacks available. This
|
|
if fine for the demo, but when you put together a menu option for your
|
|
favorite Window Manager to launch the screensavers, you may want to limit
|
|
this list using your own configuration file. We'll talk about the
|
|
configuration file a little later in this article.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font size=-1><font face="Arial,Helvetica">The demo dialog allows you
|
|
to double click on an entry in the list of hacks to start it. To
|
|
stop the hack just move the mouse or click a mouse button once. This
|
|
is handy for looking through the list of hacks to see what they all do.
|
|
You can also type a hack command (the command uses ordinary command line,
|
|
aka shell, syntax) in the text field just below the list. The buttons
|
|
perform obvious functions - run the next hack in the list, run the previous
|
|
hack in the list, quit the demo program and open the preferences dialog.
|
|
Quitting will exit the demo window but does not kill off the xscreensaver
|
|
demo. You do that manually with the <i>xscreensaver-command</i> program's
|
|
</font><tt>-exi</tt><font face="Arial,Helvetica">t
|
|
option.</font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<table ALIGN=LEFT BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=4 WIDTH="412" NOSAVE >
|
|
<tr NOSAVE>
|
|
<td NOSAVE><img SRC="gm/images/xs-prefs.gif" height=346 width=402></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<center><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>Preferences Dialog
|
|
Window</font></font></b></center>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>The demo window also has a preferences
|
|
dialog. Here you can configure the daemon's behaviour with respect
|
|
to when it notices inactivity and whether or not it requires using a password
|
|
to log back in. You'll notice there isn't any field for specifying
|
|
a password. Xscreensaver will use your password from the /etc/password
|
|
(or /etc/shadow, if you have that) file. Saver Timeout is the inactivity
|
|
period to wait on, while Cycle Timeout is the period of time the current
|
|
hack gets run. Xscreensaver will cycle through the list of hacks
|
|
in your .xscreensaver file's <u>programs</u> entry if more than one entry
|
|
exists and if the cycle timeout is set to something other than 0 (0 means
|
|
never cycle).</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>The Fade Duration is used
|
|
only with writable colormaps. This causes the screen to fade to black
|
|
when the screensaver starts or between hacks when cycling is enabled.
|
|
Fade ticks controls how fast this fade should occur. Higher numbers
|
|
make for smoother fades, but take longer to complete. Fading to black
|
|
may not work with your hardware and X server configuration, so changes
|
|
to this field may have no effect.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>The Lock Timeout is the grace
|
|
period after the screensaver has kicked in where no password is required,
|
|
even if Require Password has been set. If this value were 5 minutes,
|
|
for example, and the screensaver had only been running for 3 minutes before
|
|
you typed something or moved the mouse, then you wouldn't have to type
|
|
a password. Useful for those short periods you run to the bathroom
|
|
and hate having to retype your password just to get going again.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Password Timeout is the time
|
|
for which the password dialog will remain on the screen waiting for a valid
|
|
response before it gives up and returns to the screensaver.
|
|
In the example here, the dialog would be present for 30 seconds - ample
|
|
time for a decent typist with the right password.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>While the demo window and
|
|
it's preference dialog allow you to configure how the daemon will run,
|
|
it isn't really how you want to run xscreensaver in the background, say
|
|
from a Window Manager menu. As mentioned earlier, another program
|
|
is used to kill off the xscreensaver daemon - <i>xscreensaver-command</i>.
|
|
This is a command line program designed to issue commands to the daemon
|
|
without using windowing interface (although it can launch the Demo window
|
|
too). A hack in the programs list of your configuration file can
|
|
be called directly using the xscreensaver-command program. This is
|
|
how I set up a menu under FVWM2 to specifically run the Matrix screensaver.</font></font>
|
|
<p><b><u><font face="Arial,Helvetica">The .xscreensaver configuration file</font></u></b>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>All of the options you can
|
|
set interactively with the Preferences dialog can also be set using the
|
|
xscreensaver-command program. Alternatively, you can specify often
|
|
used options in your .xscreensaver configuration file. We've already
|
|
mentioned the programs entry, which is a list of programs to run in shell-syntax
|
|
format. You list one program per line and use shell continuation
|
|
marks, but cannot use semicolons. So, an entry like this</font></font>
|
|
<blockquote><tt>programs: \</tt>
|
|
<br><tt> xmatrix; qix -root;
|
|
xv -root -rmode 5 image.gif -quit</tt></blockquote>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>is invalid. Instead, you
|
|
would enter it like this:</font></font>
|
|
<blockquote><tt>programs:
|
|
\</tt>
|
|
<br><tt> xmatrix
|
|
\n\</tt>
|
|
<br><tt> qix -root \n\</tt>
|
|
<br><tt> xv -root -rmode 5 image.gif
|
|
-quit \n\</tt></blockquote>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Each of these programs are found
|
|
via your PATH environment variable, so if they aren't available from an
|
|
ordinary command line, then you may want to fully qualify the path name.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>When you use xscreensaver-command
|
|
to launch one of these programs specifically, you reference the program
|
|
by the order in which it appears in the list. So xmatrix is program
|
|
number 1, qix is number 2 and so forth. You can then invoke this
|
|
screensaver directly using a command line like this:</font></font>
|
|
<blockquote><tt>% xscreensaver-command -select 1</tt></blockquote>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>The -select option tells xscreensaver
|
|
to blank the screen immediately and run the hack specified. There
|
|
are variations on how you can do this using the xscreensaver-command program.
|
|
Check the man page that comes with the source for complete details.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>All of the options in the
|
|
.xscreensaver configuration file use a name:token format. That is,
|
|
you specify the name of the option, followed by a colon and the setting
|
|
for that option. Since the configuration option uses the same option
|
|
names as the X Resources file, you can also place these settings in your
|
|
.Xdefaults file if you like. I prefer using program specific files
|
|
like .xscreensaver because if I screw up that one file I don't take the
|
|
chance of breaking some other program like I might if I used my .Xdefaults
|
|
file instead.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>[ <a href="gm/musings.html#A Little Eye-Candy, Please (continued)">More
|
|
Eye Candy</a> ]</font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Footnotes:</font></font>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a NAME="movie"></a><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>If you haven't
|
|
seen this movie yet, go now! The story line far outpaces the special
|
|
effects, which themselves are some of the best I've ever seen. This
|
|
movie is the 2001 of the current generation.</font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<a NAME="hacks vs. demos"></a><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>In
|
|
the documentation, hacks are also often called demos. Don't let the
|
|
terminology confuse you.</font></font></li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
|
|
<table BORDER=0 COLS=1 WIDTH="100%" BGCOLOR="#000000" NOSAVE >
|
|
<tr NOSAVE>
|
|
<td NOSAVE><img SRC="apr98/gm/images/cleardot.gif" height=2 width=2></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
<a NAME="rsrc"></a><img SRC="gm/images/resources.jpg" height=50 width=245>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>The following links are
|
|
just starting points for finding more information about computer graphics
|
|
and multimedia in general for Linux systems. If you have some application
|
|
specific information for me, I'll add them to my other pages or you can
|
|
contact the maintainer of some other web site. I'll consider adding other
|
|
general references here, but application or site specific information needs
|
|
to go into one of the following general references and not listed here.</font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<table BORDER=0 COLS=2 WIDTH="100%" NOSAVE >
|
|
<tr NOSAVE>
|
|
<td NOSAVE><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Online Magazines
|
|
and News sources </font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://www.news.com/">C|Net
|
|
Tech News</a></font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://www.eklektix.com/lwn/">Linux
|
|
Weekly News</a></font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://slashdot.org/">Slashdot.org</a></font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://TheGimp.com">TheGimp.com</a></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>General Web Sites </font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://www.graphics-muse.org/linux.html">Linux
|
|
Graphics</a></font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://www.bright.net/~dlphilp/linux_soundapps.html">Linux
|
|
Sound/Midi Page</a></font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://LinuxArtist.org">Linux
|
|
Artist.org</a></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Some of the Mailing Lists
|
|
and Newsgroups I keep an eye on and where I get much of the information
|
|
in this column </font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://www.gimp.org">The
|
|
Gimp User and Gimp Developer Mailing Lists</a>. </font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://www.irtc.org">The
|
|
IRTC-L discussion list</a></font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="news:comp.graphics.rendering.raytracing">comp.graphics.rendering.raytracing</a></font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="news:comp.graphics.rendering.renderman">comp.graphics.rendering.renderman</a></font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="news:comp.graphics.api.opengl">comp.graphics.api.opengl</a></font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="news:comp.os.linux.announce">comp.os.linux.announce</a></font></font></td>
|
|
|
|
<td><img SRC="gm/images/gmuse-2.jpg" HSPACE=10 BORDER=2 height=248 width=200></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
<a NAME="future"></a>
|
|
<h2>
|
|
Future Directions</h2>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Next month: I'd like to
|
|
look at TV and motion capture cards, but I don't have any so the best I
|
|
can do is write about the drivers for them. Barring that, I'm not
|
|
sure what I'll look at. Maybe a little about dealing with drawing
|
|
using Gtk and Motif widgets, something I've been working on lately.
|
|
We'll see.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="mailto:mjhammel@graphics-muse.org">Let
|
|
me know what you'd like to hear about!</a></font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<hr NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
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<div align=right><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>© 1999
|
|
<a href="mailto:mjhammel@graphics-muse.org">Michael
|
|
J. Hammel</a></font></font></div>
|
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<!--===================================================================-->
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<center><H5>Copyright © 1999, Michael J. Hammel <BR>
|
|
Published in Issue 42 of <i>Linux Gazette</i>, June 1999</H5></center>
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<!--===================================================================-->
|
|
<br><img SRC="gm/images/mews.jpg" height=50 width=245>
|
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<table WIDTH="100%" >
|
|
<tr>
|
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<td ALIGN=RIGHT WIDTH="100%"><font size=-2>© 1999 <a href="mailto:mjhammel@graphics-muse.org">Michael
|
|
J. Hammel</a></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR="#000000" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><img SRC="gm/images/cleardot.gif" ALT="indent" align=LEFT></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<table BORDER=0 COLS=3 WIDTH="100%" NOSAVE >
|
|
<tr NOSAVE>
|
|
<td ALIGN=LEFT VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="140" NOSAVE>
|
|
<table BORDER CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=2 COLS=1 WIDTH="100%" HEIGHT="100%" BGCOLOR="#FE992B" NOSAVE >
|
|
<tr>
|
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<td><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="#Superficie 0.5">Superficie
|
|
0.5</a></font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="#Graphic Counter Language 2.20.3.D">Graphic
|
|
Counter Language 2.20.3.D</a></font></font></td>
|
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</tr>
|
|
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<tr NOSAVE>
|
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<td NOSAVE><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="#MathMap">MathMap</a></font></font></td>
|
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</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr NOSAVE>
|
|
<td ALIGN=LEFT VALIGN=TOP NOSAVE><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="#Panorama Tools v1.7.2">Panorama
|
|
Tools v1.7.2</a></font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="#GIMP 1.1.5">GIMP
|
|
1.1.5</a></font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="#Gimp ImageMap Plug-In Release 0.9">Gimp
|
|
ImageMap Plug-In Release 0.9</a></font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="#DiaCanvas 0.10.">DiaCanvas
|
|
0.10</a></font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="#tgif 4.1.9">tgif
|
|
4.1.9</a></font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="#Swift Generator 0.7.1">Swift
|
|
Generator 0.7.</a> </font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="#Giram 0.0.17">Giram
|
|
0.0.17</a> </font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
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<tr>
|
|
<td><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="#Install-Webserver 0.1">Install-Webserver
|
|
0.1</a> </font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="#povfront 0.9-2">povfront
|
|
0.9-2</a> </font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
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<tr>
|
|
<td><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="#Wacom Driver for XFree86 alpha 3">Wacom
|
|
Driver for XFree86 alpha 3</a> </font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
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<tr>
|
|
<td><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="#xfsft 1.1.5">xfsft
|
|
1.1.5</a> </font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="#XawTV 2.44">XawTV
|
|
2.44</a> </font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="#RenderDotC 3.1">RenderDotC
|
|
3.1</a> </font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="#Terraform 0.3.1">Terraform
|
|
0.3.1</a> </font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="#AleVT 1.4.5">AleVT
|
|
1.4.5</a> </font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</td>
|
|
|
|
<td WIDTH="1" NOSAVE></td>
|
|
|
|
<td ALIGN=LEFT VALIGN=TOP NOSAVE>
|
|
<table BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=3 COLS=1 WIDTH="100%" NOSAVE >
|
|
<tr NOSAVE>
|
|
<td NOSAVE><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><b>Disclaimer</b>:
|
|
Before I get too far into this I should note that any of the news items
|
|
I post in this section are just that - news. Either I happened to run across
|
|
them via some mailing list I was on, via some Usenet newsgroup, or via
|
|
email from someone. I'm not necessarily endorsing these products (some
|
|
of which may be commercial), I'm just letting you know I'd heard about
|
|
them in the past month.</font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<hr NOSHADE WIDTH="100%"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
<a NAME="Superficie 0.5"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>Superficie
|
|
0.5</font></font></b>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1> Juan Pablo - May
|
|
17th 1999, 07:19 EST </font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Superficie (surface) is a
|
|
little program for viewing and doing basic manipulation of 3D surfaces.
|
|
It reads a file with the data, and displays the object in a window, so
|
|
you can interact with it. </font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Changes: Improved autoconf
|
|
scripts, bug fixes, mathematica package, etc.</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://www.linuxsupportline.com/~superficie/">http://www.linuxsupportline.com/~superficie/</a></font></font>
|
|
<br> </td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
|
|
<td></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<br><a NAME="Graphic Counter Language 2.20.3.D"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>Graphic
|
|
Counter Language 2.20.3.D</font></font></b>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1> G. Adam Stanislav
|
|
- May 17th 1999, 07:37 EST</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>GCL is a new CGI programming
|
|
language that allows webmasters to create fully customized web counters
|
|
in as few as 15-20 lines of code. The webmaster provides images for the
|
|
digits in gif, xbm, or gd format, plus optional comma, head, tail, and
|
|
background images. The webmaster can choose how the various elements that
|
|
will comprise the final graphic counter are aligned. As of version 2.10,
|
|
the webmaster may compile images directly to the binary executable.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Changes: 64-bit counter size
|
|
allowing the count to go up to trillions and a faster lexical analyzer.</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://www.whizkidtech.net/gcl/">http://www.whizkidtech.net/gcl/</a></font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<br><a NAME="MathMap"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>MathMap</font></font></b>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>MathMap is a GIMP plug-in
|
|
which allows distortion of images specified by mathematical formulae. For
|
|
each pixel in the generated image, an expression is evaluated which should
|
|
return a pixel value. The expression can either refer to a pixel in the
|
|
source image or can generate pixels completely independent of the source.
|
|
MathMap not only allows the generation of still images but also of animations.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>The MathMap homepage can
|
|
be found at</font></font>
|
|
<blockquote><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://www.unix.cslab.tuwien.ac.at/~schani/mathmap/">http://www.unix.cslab.tuwien.ac.at/~schani/mathmap/</a></font></font></blockquote>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>It includes a user's manual
|
|
as well as screenshots and examples.</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Mark Probst</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Student, Programmer</font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<br><a NAME="Panorama Tools v1.7.2"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>Panorama
|
|
Tools v1.7.2</font></font></b>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Panorama Tools is a free
|
|
program which can be used to generate, edit and transform many kinds of
|
|
panoramic images. Its five main functionalities are:</font></font>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Correction of images.</font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Automatic cropping of images
|
|
to brightest rectangle.</font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Remove all sorts of barrel and/or
|
|
pincussion distortion.</font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Correct light fall-off at edges
|
|
of your wide angle shots.</font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Correct chromatic errors (colour
|
|
separation) of your lens.</font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Correct chromatic errors (colour
|
|
separation) of your scanner.</font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Skew/Unskew your images horizontally
|
|
or vertically.</font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Correction of scanning slit
|
|
cameras.</font></font></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Perspective Control</font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Simulates a shift lens in software</font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>For normal and fisheye lenses</font></font></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Remap from any projection to
|
|
any projection</font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Warp and unwarp normal, panoramic
|
|
and fisheye images.</font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Convert equirectangular LivePicture
|
|
panoramas to QTVR-panoramas and vice-versa.</font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Convert mirror images (BeHere-setup
|
|
or similar) to any panorama and vice-versa. Convert fisheye images to any
|
|
panorama and vice-versa</font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Unwarp panorama sections (QTVR,
|
|
LivePicture, or VRML-cubes) to edit in GIMP, then rewarp and seamlessly
|
|
insert back.</font></font></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Adjust images into a panoramic
|
|
view</font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Generate full panoramic view
|
|
using any mixture of normal, fisheye and panoramic images.</font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Built-in optimizer to find optimum
|
|
pitch/roll/yaw for a given image to fit a panorama</font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Built-in optimizer to find optimum
|
|
correction settings for a given image.</font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Built-in stitching tool to automatically
|
|
merge images into a panoramic view.</font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Automatic colour adjustment
|
|
of to be merged images</font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Extract any view (normal/fisheye/panoramic)
|
|
from any panorama (RealVR/QTVR/rectilinear/VRML-cubes)</font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Insert any image (normal/fisheye/panoramic)
|
|
into any panorama (RealVR/QTVR/rectilinearVRML-cubes)</font></font></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Realtime Panorama Editor</font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>The realtime Panorama Editor
|
|
is a separate Plug-in which makes the GIMP window an editable VR-viewer.
|
|
You can pan left and right, tilt up and down, and zoom in and out. At any
|
|
time you can use all GIMP tools to edit the image and instantly apply the
|
|
changes to the warped panoramic image while keeping the interactive window
|
|
open. This can be done with any view ("camera") and any panorama (see 'adjust'
|
|
above).</font></font></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>H. Dersch</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>-------------------------------------</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Spherical Panoramas, Macro
|
|
Panoramas,</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Free Panorama Software:</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><<a href="http://www.fh-furtwangen.de/~dersch">http://www.fh-furtwangen.de/~dersch</a>></font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%"><a NAME="GIMP 1.1.5"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>GIMP
|
|
1.1.5</font></font></b>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="ftp://ftp.gimp.org/pub/gimp/unstable/v1.1.5/">ftp://ftp.gimp.org/pub/gimp/unstable/v1.1.5/</a></font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>GTK+ 1.2.x is required.
|
|
Grab it at: <a href="ftp://ftp.gimp.org/pub/gtk/v1.2/">ftp://ftp.gimp.org/pub/gtk/v1.2/</a></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>What's new? Lots.</font></font>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Many UI changes, including revamped
|
|
tool options and togglable tools</font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>All the PDB wrappers in the
|
|
app are autogenned by the pdbgen tool. There may be some brokenness as
|
|
a result of this, please report problems to <a href="mailto:bugs@gimp.org">bugs@gimp.org</a></font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Crop tool rework</font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Persistant global parasites</font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Some new plugins: rcm, gdyntext.
|
|
Plug-in bugfixes</font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>OS/2 port merges</font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Lots more stuff that I forgot,
|
|
see ChangeLog</font></font></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>-Yosh</font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<br><a NAME="Gimp ImageMap Plug-In Release 0.9"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>Gimp
|
|
ImageMap Plug-In Release 0.9</font></font></b>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Release 0.9 of my plug-in
|
|
for the creation of clickable imagemaps is now available on my homepage:
|
|
<a href="http://home-2.consunet.nl/~cb007736">http://home-2.consunet.nl/~cb007736</a>
|
|
. This release contains new functionality (List of standard prefixes
|
|
in settings dialog, better handling of invalid input, 'view source' dialog
|
|
for easy copy/paste to other programs, etc.) and some cosmetic bugfixes.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>This is the last release
|
|
before 1.0. Version 1.0 will basically be the same as 0.9 but with all
|
|
(?) bugs removed. Any volunteers for seriously beta testing this release?</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Maurits Rijk</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="mailto:lpeek.mrijk@consunet.nl">lpeek.mrijk@consunet.nl</a></font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<br><a NAME="DiaCanvas 0.10."></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>DiaCanvas
|
|
0.10.</font></font></b>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>It's a generalization of
|
|
the very nice canvas used by the drawing tool DIA. It is about to offer
|
|
the same features, only at a more generic way. It's much more GTK
|
|
oriented than the original DIA.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>You can find it at:</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://web.inter.nl.net/hcc/klem">http://web.inter.nl.net/hcc/klem</a></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>I know it's not perfect at
|
|
all, but it will give a nice impression of what it's suposed to be.</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Arjan Molenaar</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="mailto:arjan@inter.nl.net">arjan@inter.nl.net</a></font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<br><a NAME="tgif 4.1.9"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>tgif
|
|
4.1.9</font></font></b>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1> Bill Cheng - May
|
|
20th 1999, 10:50 EST</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>tgif is a vector-based draw
|
|
tool, with the additional benefit of being sort of a web-browser. That
|
|
is, you can fetch drawings from a web server with it, and you can make
|
|
objects in your picture into hotlinks to other parts of the drawing, or
|
|
to other drawings accessible via http.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Changes: Fixed a few bugs
|
|
and added a new X default, Tgif.PSFontAliases to allow fake font names
|
|
in Tgif.AdditionalFonts. Using this X default, different encodings of the
|
|
same PS font can be used. Also added 3 new internal commands: set_allow_interrupt(),
|
|
size_named_obj_absolute(), and get_named_obj_bbox().</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://bourbon.cs.umd.edu:8001/tgif/">http://bourbon.cs.umd.edu:8001/tgif/</a></font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<br><a NAME="Swift Generator 0.7.1"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>Swift
|
|
Generator 0.7.1</font></font></b>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1> Olivier Debon - May
|
|
23rd 1999, 17:45 EST</font></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Swift-Generator is a utility
|
|
'ala' Macromedia Generator. It aims at dynamically replacing texts, fonts,
|
|
sounds and movie clips in either Template Generator files or standard Flash
|
|
files. This allows Webmasters to create dynamic content such as stock tickers,
|
|
news tickers, weather forecasts and the like.</font></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Changes: Serious bug fixed.</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://www.swift-tools.com/">http://www.swift-tools.com/</a></font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<br><a NAME="Giram 0.0.17"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>Giram
|
|
0.0.17</font></font></b>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1> David Odin - May
|
|
26th 1999, 22:38 EST</font></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Giram Is Really A Modeller.
|
|
It is a multi-purpose 3D modeller written with the GTK+ User interface
|
|
v1.2. It can load and save POV-Ray and AutoCAD DXF sources files. Some
|
|
basic modelling tools are already there and it is growing very fast.</font></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Changes: Better and easier
|
|
to use Plugins interface, better support for DXF, Giram can now export
|
|
in S3D format, rotation can now be restrained to fixed angles, as well
|
|
as various bugfixes.</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://www.minet.net/giram/">http://www.minet.net/giram/</a></font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<br><a NAME="Install-Webserver 0.1"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>Install-Webserver
|
|
0.1</font></font></b>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1> Donncha O Caoimh
|
|
- May 26th 1999, 22:34 EST</font></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Install-Webserver will install
|
|
Apache, PHP and MySQL for you. All you have to do is run one script.</font></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Changes: First release.</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://members.xoom.com/xeer/">http://members.xoom.com/xeer/</a></font></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Editors Note: It's
|
|
not graphics, but it is web based and for people like me, could be very
|
|
useful for testing things on my local box before uploading to my remote
|
|
web server.</font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<br><a NAME="povfront 0.9-2"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>povfront
|
|
0.9-2</font></font></b>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1> Philippe P.E. DAVID
|
|
- May 26th 1999, 22:32 EST</font></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>PovFront is a front-end for
|
|
POVray ray tracing engine. It manages all the available options as well
|
|
as the script only ones. It provides multiple rendering possibility and
|
|
trace of them. It will provide network rendering in the future.</font></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Changes: This is intended
|
|
to be the last version before 1.0. The next major version will introduce
|
|
network rendering.</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://perso.club-internet.fr/clovis1/">http://perso.club-internet.fr/clovis1/</a></font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<br><a NAME="Wacom Driver for XFree86 alpha 3"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>Wacom
|
|
Driver for XFree86 alpha 3</font></font></b>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1> Fred - May 26th 1999,
|
|
09:34 EST</font></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>This is an XFree86 XInput
|
|
driver for Wacom tablets. It handles wacom IV and V protocols.</font></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Changes: Corrected lens cursor
|
|
support for Intuos models.</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://www.lepied.com/xfree86/">http://www.lepied.com/xfree86/</a></font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<br><a NAME="xfsft 1.1.5"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>xfsft
|
|
1.1.5</font></font></b>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1> Ross_Campbell - May
|
|
25th 1999, 17:05 EST</font></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>The Xfsft patches to X11R6
|
|
enable X11 servers (including XFree86) and the font server xfs to use TrueType
|
|
fonts and improves on the way X11 handles international scalable fonts.</font></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Changes: This version fixes
|
|
a bug in the previous version and includes a version of mkfontdir that
|
|
causes it to automatically build `encodings.dir' files.</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/home/jec/programs/xfsft/">http://www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/home/jec/programs/xfsft/</a></font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<br><a NAME="XawTV 2.44"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>XawTV
|
|
2.44</font></font></b>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1> funnyguy - May 25th
|
|
1999, 12:59 EST</font></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>XawTV is a simple Xaw-based
|
|
TV program which uses the bttv driver or video4linux. It contains various
|
|
command-line utilities for grabbing images and avi movies, for tuning in
|
|
TV stations, etc. A grabber driver for vic and a radio application (needs
|
|
KDE) for the boards with radio support are included as well.</font></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Changes: fbtv: added -q switch,
|
|
started lirc support , changed float to double for X resources, fixed the
|
|
radio programs, webcam bugfix.</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://www.in-berlin.de/User/kraxel/xawtv.html">http://www.in-berlin.de/User/kraxel/xawtv.html</a></font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%"><a NAME="RenderDotC 3.1"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>RenderDotC
|
|
3.1</font></font></b>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1> Emil Mikulic - May
|
|
25th 1999, 12:01 EST</font></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>RenderDotC (RDC) is a photorealistic
|
|
rendering toolkit which adheres to the RenderMan(R) standard. Using the
|
|
Reyes architecture, RDC supports advanced capabilities such as motion blur,
|
|
depth of field, trim curves, texture/environment/displacement mapping,
|
|
and programmable shading in the RenderMan Shading Language. The shader
|
|
compiler included in the toolkit compiles shaders all the way to machine
|
|
language for the highest possible performance.</font></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Changes: Now available for
|
|
Linux</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://www.dotcsw.com">http://www.dotcsw.com</a></font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<br><a NAME="Terraform 0.3.1"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>Terraform
|
|
0.3.1</font></font></b>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1> RNG - May 25th 1999,
|
|
11:43 EST</font></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Terraform allows you to create
|
|
fractal terrain (also called a height field) and transform it using a number
|
|
of algorithms. It is meant to be a tool for those who want to generate
|
|
digital terrain models for use in raytracing or other simulations. Terraform
|
|
features different views and colormaps and has a preview mode which features
|
|
interactive real-time rotation of the terrain object. Terraform is written
|
|
using Gtk-- (the C++ wrapper for Gtk+).</font></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Changes: Better dialogs,
|
|
faster 2D redraw, lots of bug fixes, and some internal code changes</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://www.peoplesoft.com/peoplepages/g/robert_gasch/terraform/">http://www.peoplesoft.com/peoplepages/g/robert_gasch/terraform/</a></font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<br><a NAME="AleVT 1.4.5"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>AleVT
|
|
1.4.5</font></font></b>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1> froese - May 25th
|
|
1999, 11:03 EST</font></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>AleVT is an X11 teletext/videotext
|
|
decoder and browser for the bttv driver. It features multiple windows,
|
|
a page cache, regexp searching, built-in manual, and more. Also included
|
|
is a program to get the time from teletext.</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="http://user.exit.de/froese/">http://user.exit.de/froese/</a></font></font>
|
|
<table WIDTH="100%" >
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN="4" BGCOLOR="#000000" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><img SRC="gm/images/cleardot.gif" ALT="indent" align=LEFT></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<table WIDTH="100%" >
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td ALIGN=RIGHT><font size=-2>© 1999 by <a href="mailto:mjhammel@graphics-muse.org">Michael
|
|
J. Hammel</a></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
============================================================= !-->
|
|
<br><img SRC="gm/images/musings.jpg" height=50 width=245>
|
|
<table WIDTH="100%" >
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td ALIGN=RIGHT WIDTH="100%"><font size=-2>© 1999 <a href="mailto:mjhammel@graphics-muse.org">Michael
|
|
J. Hammel</a></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR="#000000" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><img SRC="gm/images/cleardot.gif" ALT="indent" align=LEFT></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<table BORDER=0 COLS=3 WIDTH="100%" NOSAVE >
|
|
<tr NOSAVE>
|
|
<td ALIGN=LEFT VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="140" NOSAVE>
|
|
<table BORDER CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=2 COLS=1 WIDTH="100%" HEIGHT="100%" BGCOLOR="#FE992B" NOSAVE >
|
|
<tr NOSAVE>
|
|
<td NOSAVE><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="#A Follow Up to Vector Drawing Tools on Linux">A
|
|
Follow Up to Vector Drawing Tools on Linux</a></font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><a href="#A Little Eye-Candy, Please (continued)">A
|
|
Little Eye Candy, Please (continued)</a></font></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</td>
|
|
|
|
<td WIDTH="1" NOSAVE></td>
|
|
|
|
<td ALIGN=LEFT VALIGN=TOP NOSAVE>
|
|
<table BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=3 COLS=1 WIDTH="100%" NOSAVE >
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>more musings...</font></font></b></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<br><a NAME="A Follow Up to Vector Drawing Tools on Linux"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>A
|
|
Follow Up to Vector Drawing Tools on Linux</font></font></b>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>I received a lot of email
|
|
in response to my article on Vector Drawing tools for Linux. That's
|
|
good - it's really the only way I know anyone really reads this stuff.
|
|
Fortunately, it was all positive feedback, some praise and a lot of helpful
|
|
hints relating to the tools I discussed. Here is some of the email
|
|
I received, and my responses to them.</font></font>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="85%">
|
|
<br><u><font face="Arial,Helvetica">One package I missed: ImPress</font></u>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#990000"><font size=-1>I'll
|
|
admit that ImPress has some bugs. Please give it a try sometime.</font></font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#990000"><font size=-1><a href="http://www.ntlug.org/~ccox/impress/index.html">http://www.ntlug.org/~ccox/impress/index.html</a></font></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#990000"><font size=-1>Regards,</font></font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#990000"><font size=-1>Chris</font></font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#990000"><font size=-1><a href="mailto:ccox@acm.org">ccox@acm.org</a></font></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><b><font color="#993300">'Muse:</font></b>
|
|
Whoa. I didn't even know that ImPress was a vector tool. So
|
|
much for my research capabilities. I downloaded it and took a quick
|
|
look. I have to say, this may be the simplest tool of the bunch.
|
|
For someone who wants to create simple diagrams and then print them out,
|
|
this may just be the tool. It has a simple interface that includes
|
|
all the basic shapes you might want, plus support for embedded text and
|
|
Postscript output. It's not nearly as full featured as the TGIF or
|
|
XFig, but it is simple to use and requires no special configuration.
|
|
It doesn't even require compiling - it's a Tcl/Tk script! Very impressive.
|
|
Here are a few screen shots.</font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<center><table BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=4 NOSAVE >
|
|
<tr NOSAVE>
|
|
<td NOSAVE>
|
|
<center><img SRC="gm/images/impress-1.gif" height=276 width=559></center>
|
|
</td>
|
|
|
|
<td>
|
|
<center><img SRC="gm/images/impress-2.gif" height=308 width=94></center>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<center><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>Impress main window</font></font></b></center>
|
|
</td>
|
|
|
|
<td>
|
|
<center><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>Toolbox</font></font></b></center>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table></center>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>The downloadable package
|
|
doesn't include much in the way of documentation, unfortunately.
|
|
The Web site only contains HTML-ized versions of the documentation that
|
|
comes with the package. But this small amount of documentation should
|
|
still be enough to get you moving pretty quickly in this package.
|
|
I did note that at least one part of the documentation was wrong:
|
|
double clicking on the color palette entry in the main dialog doesn't bring
|
|
up the color editing dialog. You need to double click on the Fill
|
|
button instead. Minor detail. The program still works pretty
|
|
good.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>My only question: how
|
|
did Chris get those pictures of Tux and the dinosaur into his example?
|
|
The dinosaur looks like it might be clip art (vector graphics), but the
|
|
Tux image looks like an imported raster graphic. There doesn't appear
|
|
to be a raster import feature in the version I have. Maybe its something
|
|
under development.</font></font>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="80%">
|
|
<br><u><font face="Arial,Helvetica">KIllustrator</font></u>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>Killustrator
|
|
requires egcs 1.x OR gcc 2.8 since gcc 2.7.2 is so very broken for C++
|
|
code (ie no ANSI compliance). Not a problen on Redhat 5.x, since
|
|
the default C++ compiler on Redhat is egcs, and gcc is only for C code,
|
|
especially the old stable kernel series. 2.0.x</font></font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>With KDE
|
|
installed already on my system, it was a standard source code install with
|
|
./configure ; make ; make install working flawlessly. (for 0.6.3 , there
|
|
are later versions)</font></font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>It imports
|
|
Xfig drawings, apparantly, and exports GIF, eps, ppm, and xpm (it may support
|
|
more, but I don't have for instance tiff or png development libraries installed,
|
|
so configure may simple have selected to use those installed.) It also
|
|
saves to its own (XML?) based format.</font></font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>For running
|
|
KDE applications you need the Qt libraries and the KDE libraries, nothing
|
|
more. To compile them Qt-devel, and kdesupport packages are needed.</font></font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>For a
|
|
full KDE install, install packages in the order Qt, kdesupport, kdelibs,
|
|
all others in any order {kdebase, kdegames, kdegraphics, kdenetwork, korgransier,
|
|
klyx, kdeutils, kdetoys, kdemultimedia}</font></font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>Killustrator
|
|
was designed from the start as a KDE application so its unlikely to be
|
|
uncoupled. (unlike Gimp, which precedes GNOME). It only needs the kdelibraries
|
|
and Qt - it will happily run on any X11 system with them installed. Its
|
|
also the vector graphics package for the KDE office suite, and I think
|
|
0.6.x is the last release which will have a compile time option of running
|
|
without koffice support. (The website might need checked for that one)</font></font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>As its
|
|
a koffice application, it can be emabedded in other applications using
|
|
the KOM/OP corba orb, which is usable independent of Qt and KDE, so it
|
|
may be possible to embed killustrator in another application understanding
|
|
KOM/OP. ie as is done throughout koffice (SuSE 6.1 has an alpha release
|
|
included)</font></font></font></li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>George
|
|
Russell</font></font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1><a href="mailto:george.russell@clara.net">george.russell@clara.net</a></font></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><b><font color="#993300">'Muse:</font></b>
|
|
This was very helpful information, especially the bit about what libraries
|
|
are needed to run and what libraries are needed to compile KDE applications.
|
|
Unfortunately, since it appears that KIllustrator is being tied to another
|
|
suite of tools (KDE Office Suite), I doubt I'll try it myself. I
|
|
don't need all those other pieces. Maybe they'll be part of the next
|
|
full distribution I purchase, in which case I'll take a look at them then.
|
|
I just don't feel like downloading huge amounts of stuff I won't really
|
|
use anyway.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>Your
|
|
comments about KIllustrator in the Linux Gazette are missleading.
|
|
Killustrator isn't "tied to KDE" as you indicate, it runs perfectly fine
|
|
on any desktop. KIllustrator, however, uses KDE as application development
|
|
framework, which is something completely different.</font></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>This
|
|
has nothing to do with "being KDE-aware", it's all about writing applications.
|
|
KDE is not just a desktop, it's a set of libraries and tools that makes
|
|
it possible to write applications. By asking programmers not to use
|
|
modern tools to develop their applications, you force them to re-invent
|
|
the wheel over and over again.In the best case this will provide us with
|
|
applications similar to xfig and tgif (which both cannot compete with modern
|
|
standards). In the worst case this leads to no applications at all.</font></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>Come'on,
|
|
installing software on linux today means a few clicks in kpackage, that
|
|
can't be that hard ;-)</font></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>Matthias
|
|
Ettrich <<a href="mailto:ettrich@kde.org">ettrich@kde.org</a>></font></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><b><font color="#993300">'Muse:</font></b>
|
|
End users don't distiguish between "application development framework"
|
|
and dependencies. It's just symantics. KIllustrator is tied
|
|
to KDE because you need the appropriate KDE libraries to run the program
|
|
and/or compile it. The same is true of the Gimp - it's tied to Gtk.
|
|
The difference is that Gtk has been available in most Linux distributions,
|
|
and for a number of other Unix platforms, for some time now (at least the
|
|
past year). KDE is just now becoming part of most Linux distributions,
|
|
which will make grabbing the occassional extra KDE package from the net
|
|
a less complex issue in the future.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>This isn't to say KDE is
|
|
a problem to deal with, it's just not currently convenient to the end user.
|
|
Gnome applications have the same problem. But for users on non-Linux
|
|
platforms, for which neither Gnome or KDE are available, these applications
|
|
are of no use. It's your choice as a developer, of course.
|
|
I prefer to write for any Unix platform, or at least as many as I can reasonably
|
|
support.</font></font>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="80%">
|
|
<br><u><font face="Arial,Helvetica">XFig</font></u>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>I read
|
|
in your LG article that you could not get xfig to export or print. Is your
|
|
problem perhaps that you have not got fig2dev installed? This program
|
|
is part of the transfig package (see the xfig docs).</font></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>Yours,</font></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>Jeroen
|
|
Nijhof</font></font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1><a href="mailto:J.H.B.Nijhof@aston.ac.uk">J.H.B.Nijhof@aston.ac.uk</a></font></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><b><font color="#993300">'Muse:</font></b>
|
|
Looks like that could be the reason. I, indeed, do not have fig2dev
|
|
installed.</font></font>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="80%">
|
|
<p><u><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Sketch</font></u>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>I've
|
|
just read the new issue of the Linux Gazette and your Graphics Muse column
|
|
and I was delighted to see that you investigated the vector drawing programs
|
|
available for Linux.</font></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>As
|
|
the developer of Sketch, I was somewhat disappointed, as you can imagine,
|
|
when I read that you weren't able to install it. The points you raise are
|
|
perfectly valid, although most of the problems are caused by misleading
|
|
statements in PILs README, I think. I guess that everybody who is not very
|
|
experienced with building Python C-Extensions will have similar problems,
|
|
and I don't know how many people have given up installing Sketch because
|
|
of this.</font></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>In
|
|
your column, you write:</font></font></font>
|
|
<blockquote><i><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Sketch requires
|
|
Python v1.5.1 or later, the Python Imaging Library, v1.0b1 and Tcl/TK,
|
|
version 8.0 or later. To build the Python Imaging Library (aka PIL)
|
|
you can't use the RPM version of Python - you have to build the python
|
|
distribution from source and install it. This is because you have
|
|
to build PIL under the "Extensions" directory of the Python 1.5 directories.</font></font></i></blockquote>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>This is
|
|
not true, actually. The PIL README says that you should unpack the archive
|
|
in Python's Extensions directory, but you can in fact unpack it anywhere
|
|
you like (in your home directory for instance) and build it there.</font></font></font>
|
|
<blockquote><i><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Although I have
|
|
Python 1.5 installed on my stock RH 5.2 box, there is no Extensions directory.
|
|
Plus, if I just made the directory where 1.5 is installed (/usr/lib/python1.5),
|
|
I'd have to build the PIL as the root user. Not a good thing.
|
|
So I downloaded the Python 1.5 source, built it, then tried the PIL buid.
|
|
It didn't work - something about missing a config directory.</font></font></i></blockquote>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>You don't
|
|
need the Python sources to build the PIL as long as you have a complete
|
|
installation of the Python interpreter and the C-header-files, libraries
|
|
and configuration files. RedHat has split Python into several packages.
|
|
The header files and configuration files are in the python-devel rpm, as
|
|
far as I can tell (I don't use RedHat, but I had a look at their ftp server),
|
|
so if you install that rpm you should be able to build PIL with these commands:</font></font></font>
|
|
<blockquote><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>% tar xvzf Imaging-1.0b1.tar.gz</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>% cd Imaging-1.0b1/libImaging/</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>% ./configure</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>% make</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>% cd ..</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>% make -f Makefile.pre.in
|
|
boot</font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>% make</font></font></blockquote>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>and install
|
|
it under /usr/lib/python1.5/site-packages as described in the PIL README.
|
|
After that, installing Sketch itself should be simple, I hope :)</font></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>All
|
|
in all, I have to thank you for the article. As a developer, it's difficult
|
|
to guess where user's may have problems and the information you provide
|
|
is exactly what I need to make Sketch easier to install.</font></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>I really
|
|
hope that you give Sketch another try and perhaps write about it and the
|
|
other programs again in a future graphics muse column.</font></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>Bernhard
|
|
Herzog <<a href="mailto:sketch@online.de">sketch@online.de</a>></font></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><b><font color="#993300">'Muse:</font></b>
|
|
Attention developers - this is <u>exactly</u> the way you should respond
|
|
to end user and press criticisms! I applaud Bernard for taking my
|
|
issues to heart and offering such useful feedback. I hope, for my
|
|
own projects, that I reply to criticisms' in the same professional and
|
|
meaningful manner.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Oh, and Bernard's feeback
|
|
was perfect. I managed to get things running pretty quick with his
|
|
help. Note that he is correct about the Red Hat RPMs - if you are
|
|
using the Red Hat 5.2 distribution you may not have automatically installed
|
|
the Python development package, which you need to build PIL. You'll
|
|
know this is the case if you try to run the Makefile.pre.in step (above)
|
|
and get a message about</font></font>
|
|
<blockquote><tt><font size=-1>No rule to make target `/usr/lib/python1.5/config/Makefile</font></tt></blockquote>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>That would be because the "config"
|
|
directory for Python only gets installed (using RPMs) with the <a href="http://rufus.w3.org/linux/RPM/redhat/5.2/i386/python-devel-1.5.1-5.i386.html">python-devel-1.5.1-5
|
|
RPM for i386 </a>package. Don't forget to also install the three
|
|
header files from PIL into the python include directories. The INSTALL
|
|
file for Sketch describes this simply enough. After getting the Python
|
|
development package and Python Imaging Library installed, the build for
|
|
sketch was very simple. Just folllow the steps in the README.
|
|
Sketch itself is easy to build. It's all the bits and pieces it requires
|
|
from Python that were a bit of a pain to get going.</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>One other thing: make
|
|
sure you build with the 0.6.0 version. I tried with an earlier 0.5.5
|
|
version and had some build incompatibilities with my Python 1.5.1 installation.
|
|
You can get around these easily enough, but its even easier if you just
|
|
grab the 0.6.0 (or later) source code.</font></font>
|
|
<center>
|
|
<p><img SRC="gm/images/sketch.gif" VSPACE=10 height=424 width=583></center>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Sketch's interface is fairly
|
|
simple to learn. Unlike TGIF or XFig, Sketch is more of an artists
|
|
tool, something like Adobe Illustrator (it even reads and writes Illustrator
|
|
files!). I wouldn't really put sketch in the same category as the
|
|
other two - they seem meant for different uses. Being more of an
|
|
artist (or at least a wanna-be artist), I really liked Sketch. Once
|
|
I managed to get it running.</font></font>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<hr SIZE=1 NOSHADE WIDTH="80%">
|
|
<p><u><font face="Arial,Helvetica">And just a little praise...</font></u>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>This
|
|
is a letter from a real Graphics Muse fan! You are doing a great
|
|
job with your column in the Linux Gazette, and all that monthly.
|
|
Congratulations!</font></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><font color="#993300">'Muse:</font>
|
|
Thanks!</font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>Sometimes,
|
|
I think of contributing more to the Linux community myself, but my daytime
|
|
job eats up most of my time/energy. How can you make such a neat
|
|
article every month? Where do you get your energy from? Kryptonite?
|
|
:-)</font></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><font color="#993300">'Muse:</font><font color="#000000">
|
|
No, but a lack of anything that remotely resembles a social life helps.
|
|
As for your contribution to the cause - you're making it now, by providing
|
|
feedback to me. Don't underestimate the importance such feedback
|
|
plays.</font></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>Why
|
|
I'm really writing this letter...</font></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>In
|
|
[last] month's Gazette you compare tgif and xfig. In brief:
|
|
Well done. Great job! I liked especially the sentence that
|
|
your preference towards tgif is _not_ mirrored in the numerical "test"-result.
|
|
If every software comparison/test were done so carefully, we would have
|
|
far fewer flame wars in the news groups.</font></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><font color="#CC0000">'Muse:
|
|
</font><font color="#000000">Maybe,
|
|
but human instinct is toward clarification from the point of view of the
|
|
reader. Which means argument is almost guaranteed at some point (at
|
|
least between relatively intellectually motivated individuals). But
|
|
I digress.</font></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>As
|
|
I am a long-time (old-time?) user of both programs, I just want to add
|
|
some fine points to your careful judgment. Why the heck would you
|
|
want to use both? Well, once you are in the boat, you must row.</font></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>Almost
|
|
all of the documents I produce are typeset with LaTeX. From time
|
|
to time I have to include simple drawings. Now, because TeX produces
|
|
such wonderful looking documents, the graphics have to match that.
|
|
This means all the text (e.g. labels, legend) in a graph must be typeset
|
|
with TeX. Using fonts from a different family does not look good.
|
|
The problem is that TeX's graphing capabilities (i.e. the picture-environment)
|
|
are very limited. What the user wants is the full power of Postscript.
|
|
That said, xfig and it's companion programs transfig, and fig2dev are a
|
|
blessing. They allow for exactly what I have been describing.</font></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>The
|
|
typical data-flow looks like this:</font></font></font>
|
|
<p><tt> editor
|
|
TeX
|
|
dvips</tt>
|
|
<br><tt>|-------> doc.tex ---------------+----> doc.dvi ---+----> doc.ps</tt>
|
|
<br><tt>
|
|
^
|
|
^</tt>
|
|
<br><tt> xfig
|
|
fig2dev |
|
|
|</tt>
|
|
<br><tt>|-------> graph.fig ----+---> graph.tex
|
|
|</tt>
|
|
<br><tt>
|
|
|
|
|
|</tt>
|
|
<br><tt>
|
|
+---> graph.ps ----------->+</tt>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>The
|
|
dependencies between the files are automatically updated with a Makefile.
|
|
OK, now you know why I am stuck with xfig: it is the only program that
|
|
can separate the text-output (read: TeX) from the graphic-output (read:
|
|
Postscript).</font></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>Enter:
|
|
Postscript files.</font></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>Imagine
|
|
a colleague walking in and saying: "We should include one of these fancy
|
|
XYZ [insert program name yourself] outputs, you know that thing can produce
|
|
Postscript-files." Oh, oh -- this is bad news.</font></font></font>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>Sad but
|
|
true Postscript is not always Postscript. Some software has a very
|
|
particular idea of what makes up the Postscript-standard.</font></font></font></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>Sure,
|
|
the program's output looks fancy, but it cannot be published without some
|
|
editing. How to edit a Postscript file? Lucky if you have Wolfgang
|
|
Glunz's pstoedit [currently version 3.03]. <i>pstoedit</i> translates
|
|
a ps-file with the help of ghostscript into a tgif-compatible file.
|
|
For a long time pstoedit's tgif-driver was the only one leading from un-editable
|
|
Postscript back to an editable format. Later it was the best driver
|
|
to do that. Today the xfig-driver does as well as the fig-driver.
|
|
But I started editing my ps-files a long time ago, and that is why I am
|
|
using tgif. Once upon a time I was the only tool to do what I needed.</font></font></font></li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>You see,
|
|
the stories behind the usage of this tool or that tool can be quite convoluted.
|
|
The numbers of an "arbitrary" test may not tell you what you need.
|
|
Therefore, your xfig versus tgif comparison is a shining example of how
|
|
to write about performance, usability and all that.</font></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>Christoph
|
|
L. Spiel</font></font></font>
|
|
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>cspiel@ccmr.cornell.edu</font></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><font color="#993300">'Muse:</font>
|
|
All very good points! So often we measure tools objectively, using
|
|
what we think are absolute comparisons of speed or performance. But
|
|
we often fail to measure the seemingly intangible value of comfort that
|
|
lies within a tool for the individual user. Perhaps we should look
|
|
at software less as abstract pieces of pseudo-machinery and more as extensions
|
|
of our daily lives. We give life to our automobiles by referring
|
|
to them as "she". And if that automobile provides no comfort, then
|
|
it has limited value to the owner. Comfort, it seems, should be an
|
|
intrinsic part of our measurements of a software tool's usefulness to the
|
|
individual.</font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<hr SIZE=3 NOSHADE WIDTH="100%">
|
|
<br><a NAME="A Little Eye-Candy, Please (continued)"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=+1>A
|
|
Little Eye Candy, Please (continued)</font></font></b>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>In my fvwm-menu file I've
|
|
added the following entries to run xscreensaver:</font></font>
|
|
<p><tt><font size=-1>AddToMenu XScreensaver "Screen Saver"
|
|
Title</font></tt>
|
|
<br><tt><font size=-1>+ "Matrix"
|
|
Function ScreenSaverMatrix</font></tt>
|
|
<br><tt><font size=-1>+ "XSaver On"
|
|
Function ScreenSaverOn</font></tt>
|
|
<br><tt><font size=-1>+ "XSaver Off"
|
|
Function ScreenSaverOff</font></tt><tt><font size=-1></font></tt>
|
|
<p><tt><font size=-1>AddToFunc ScreenSaverMatrix</font></tt>
|
|
<br><tt><font size=-1>+ "I" Exec
|
|
exec xscreensaver -no-splash &</font></tt>
|
|
<br><tt><font size=-1>+ "I" Exec
|
|
exec xscreensaver-command -select 1&</font></tt>
|
|
<p><tt><font size=-1>AddToFunc ScreenSaverOn</font></tt>
|
|
<br><tt><font size=-1>+ "I" Exec
|
|
exec xscreensaver -no-splash &</font></tt><tt><font size=-1></font></tt>
|
|
<p><tt><font size=-1>AddToFunc ScreenSaverOff</font></tt>
|
|
<br><tt><font size=-1>+ "I" Exec
|
|
exec xscreensaver-command -exit&</font></tt>
|
|
<br><tt><font size=-1>+ "I" Exec
|
|
exec xset s on</font></tt><tt><font size=-1></font></tt>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>The first entry, Matrix,
|
|
will run only the xmatrix screensaver immediately and leave it running.
|
|
The second entry just starts the screensaver using the first entry in my
|
|
programs list in $HOME/.xscreensaver and allows it to cycle through the
|
|
list. This also starts only when the configured inactivity period
|
|
has expired. The last entry shuts xscreensaver off and returns my
|
|
X servers screen blanker back on.</font></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>The three programs that come
|
|
with xscreensaver - the xscreensaver daemon, xscreensaver-demo and xscreensaver-command
|
|
- also include extensive man pages in HTML format. It seems
|
|
a bit odd that there are som many options for something as simple as a
|
|
screensaver, but they are all useful options. Be sure to read through
|
|
the documentation before trying to set up running the screensaver from
|
|
your window manager as I have done in the examples above.</font></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Some of the other intersting
|
|
hacks I have configured are:</font></font>
|
|
<center><img SRC="gm/images/decayscreen.jpg" VSPACE=10 height=432 width=576>
|
|
<br><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Decay Screen</font></b>
|
|
<p><img SRC="gm/images/spotlight.jpg" VSPACE=10 height=176 width=252>
|
|
<br><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Spotlight</font></b><br CLEAR=BOTH>
|
|
<BR>
|
|
<br><img SRC="gm/images/radar.jpg" VSPACE=10 height=432 width=576>
|
|
<br><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Radar</font></b></center>
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>It's just a fun thing to
|
|
play with, not much else really. If you dig into the code for some
|
|
of these hacks (and xscreensaver itself), however, you might just learn
|
|
quite a bit about how low level graphics work under X.</font></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font>
|
|
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Enjoy!</font></font>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<table WIDTH="100%" >
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN="4" BGCOLOR="#000000" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><img SRC="gm/images/cleardot.gif" ALT="indent" align=LEFT></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<table WIDTH="100%" >
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td ALIGN=RIGHT><font size=-2>© 1998 by <a href="mailto:mjhammel@graphics-muse.org">Michael
|
|
J. Hammel</a></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<br><img SRC="gm/images/webwonderings.jpg" height=50 width=245>
|
|
<table WIDTH="100%" >
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td ALIGN=RIGHT WIDTH="100%"><font size=-2>© 1999 <a href="mailto:mjhammel@graphics-muse.org">Michael
|
|
J. Hammel</a></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td VALIGN=TOP BGCOLOR="#000000" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><img SRC="gm/images/cleardot.gif" ALT="indent" align=LEFT></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<table WIDTH="100%" >
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td VALIGN=TOP COLSPAN="4" BGCOLOR="#000000" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><img SRC="gm/images/cleardot.gif" ALT="indent" align=LEFT></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<table WIDTH="100%" >
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td ALIGN=RIGHT><font size=-2>© 1999 by <a href="mailto:mjhammel@graphics-muse.org">Michael
|
|
J. Hammel</a></font></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<H4>
|
|
"Linux Gazette...<I>making Linux just a little more fun!</I>"
|
|
</H4>
|
|
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<!--===================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<center>
|
|
<H1><font color="maroon">Linus at Fermi Lab</font></H1>
|
|
<H4>By <a href="mailto:adler@bnl.gov">Stephen Adler</a></H4>
|
|
</center>
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
|
|
<br>
|
|
<table align="left">
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<img src="gx/adler.fnal/comdex9977Small.jpg" align="center" hspace=20 vspace=10>
|
|
<caption align="bottom">
|
|
<font size=-1>
|
|
FNAL main building. It's 5:28pm and I'm rushing to get to Ramsey
|
|
Auditorium, which is through and on the other side of the main
|
|
building.
|
|
</font>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
</table>
|
|
<table><tr><td>
|
|
<center>
|
|
<img src="gx/adler.fnal/comdex9992Small.jpg" hspace=20 vspace=10>
|
|
</center>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<font size=+1>
|
|
<center>
|
|
<b>Linus at Fermi Lab</b>
|
|
</center>
|
|
</font>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<br>
|
|
<font size=-1>
|
|
Authors note: Slashdot posted this page on their site but the article
|
|
really starts at <a
|
|
href="http://ssadler.phy.bnl.gov/adler/Torvalds/comdex99.html">http://ssadler.phy.bnl.gov/adler/Torvalds/comdex99.html
|
|
</a>. It's an introductory page which puts my FNAL and Comdex write-up into
|
|
perspective. If you are only interested in what Linus had to say at FNAL,
|
|
then just read on.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Editor's note: In the original article on Adler's website, many of the
|
|
inline images display a larger copy of themselves when clicked on. These
|
|
larger images are not included in the <EM>Linux Gazette</EM> version, to
|
|
keep the total size of the <EM>Gazette</EM> small.
|
|
</font>
|
|
</table>
|
|
<br clear="left">
|
|
<hr>
|
|
<center>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<img src="gx/adler.fnal/comdex9997Small.jpg" hspace=20 vspace=10>
|
|
<caption align="bottom">
|
|
<font size=-1>
|
|
A clear day for flying. Long Island Islip Airport lies ahead.
|
|
</font>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</center>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
April 19th, the day of Linus's talk at FNAL, dawned to be a gorgeous
|
|
day on Long Island. I'm going to fly Southwest, the 1:20pm flight,
|
|
through Baltimore, and transfer to the Chicago Midway flight. I'm to
|
|
arrive in Chicago at 4:30pm. Linus's talk is scheduled for
|
|
5:30pm. Trying to get my reservation setup to fly out to Chicago was a
|
|
mess. Originally, Linus was scheduled to talk at 7:30pm. And I planned
|
|
my flight scheduled around that. (4:30pm arrival, 7:30pm talk, no
|
|
problem.) But, that changed when I got a message about Linus's talk
|
|
being rescheduled. By then I had no choice except brave the tight
|
|
time table. So, I had a relaxing morning, enjoying some quality time
|
|
with my wife. Flight time came and off to the airport I go. With such nice
|
|
weather, all flights were on time. (The Free Software Gods were
|
|
looking after me...)
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<img src="gx/adler.fnal/comdex9996Small.jpg" hspace=20 vspace=10 align="right">
|
|
|
|
4:25pm arrives, the plane wheels up to the midway terminal gate, and
|
|
bam, I'm off running. Those 1970's or 80's commercials of OJ Simpson
|
|
running through airports was the title theme of my thoughts at the
|
|
time. (Where is the running lane!!!) I hit the National Car Rental
|
|
booth. Two rather relaxed attendants are shooting the breeze. I
|
|
quietly but firmly tell one of them that I have a rental
|
|
reservation. ("Get me my car <b>now</b>!!!") The attendant gets a little
|
|
nervous, shuts up and starts processing my car rental. The rental cars
|
|
are located in an adjacent parking lot just out side the main terminal
|
|
building. No need wait for a bus to take me to the car rental lot,
|
|
(again, the Free Software Gods are looking over my shoulder...) Within
|
|
10 minutes after landing, I'm in my car looking for a way out of the
|
|
airport. For those of you familiar with the Chicago area, I got on I-55
|
|
south (south west really...) to I-355. I-355 north to I-88 west. Turn off
|
|
on 59 heading north. From there you hit Batavia rd west and bang, your
|
|
at the FNAL main building. 4:45pm, on I-55. 5:00pm 355 north, 5:08 I-88
|
|
west. 5:18pm 59 north. 5:20 pm Batavia rd. 5:25pm FNAL main
|
|
building. 2 minute walk to Ramsey Hall, site of Linus's talk. (Mind
|
|
you I did not break any traffic laws. The Free Software Gods will
|
|
attest to that. You can take the issue up with them.)
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<br clear="right">
|
|
<table align="left">
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<img src="gx/adler.fnal/comdex9991Small.jpg" hspace=20 vspace=10>
|
|
<caption align="bottom">
|
|
<font size=-1>
|
|
My first shot of Mad Dog. Dan Yocum is on the left and G P Yeh on the
|
|
right.
|
|
</font>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
</table>
|
|
Ramsey hall is an elegant auditorium. It has a red motif to it. Red
|
|
carpeting and seating is the cause of that. Many a physicist have given
|
|
talks in this auditorium, including <a
|
|
href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0553380168/o/qid=924795188/sr=2-1/002-2436774-1420814">
|
|
Stephen Hawking</a>. Now it's Linus's turn. The guy who organized this
|
|
event is named Dan Yocum. He wrote to me in an e-mail that it was easy
|
|
to get Linus to come out to FNAL. He e-mailed Mad Dog an
|
|
invitation. ("It's easy, I just asked!") I
|
|
later learned that Linus and Mad Dog had a rather thorough tour of the
|
|
Lab. This included some accelerator facilities, one of the large
|
|
collider detector facilities (CDF) and the computing center. Now it
|
|
was Linus's turn to entertain some question from the audience. In
|
|
some e-mail exchanges with Dan, I told him that I may not make it to
|
|
Linus's talk and that his Comdex keynote address would probably be
|
|
very similar. Dan replied telling me that Linus hates speeches. His
|
|
plan was to make this a question and answer session. He wanted to hear
|
|
from the physicists and not to hear himself talk.
|
|
<br clear="left">
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<table align="right">
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<img src="gx/adler.fnal/comdex9990Small.jpg" hspace=20 vspace=10>
|
|
<caption align="bottom">
|
|
<font size=-1>
|
|
Linus sitting amongst curious Ph.D. graduate students answering
|
|
questions before his talk. This shot was taken seconds after I saw
|
|
Linus for the first time.
|
|
</font>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
</table>
|
|
You have to walk through FNAL's main building to get to Ramsey. I got
|
|
there, went down to the front seats so that I could get a good
|
|
position from where to take some snaps of Linus giving his talk. I
|
|
put my notebook down and looked around to see if Linus was around. I
|
|
was sitting on the right side of the auditorium. I looked over to the
|
|
left and noticed a cluster of people. The first one who stood out was
|
|
this guy with rather long beard, and frizzy white hair. It took a
|
|
minute, but soon realized he was "Mad Dog". Out comes the camera and I
|
|
walk (rush?) over to the left side of the auditorium, go right up to
|
|
Mad Dog and take his picture. He looked at me like, who the hell are
|
|
you! I waved at him or something to try and let him know that I'm a
|
|
friendly guy, not this weirdo maniac running around taking pictures
|
|
of strangers. I then turn to my left and sitting amongst a bunch of
|
|
young guys, I see Linus. I remember the phrase going through my head,
|
|
"There his is, Linus". He didn't notice me, he was too busy talking to
|
|
the guys who were sitting next to him. Again, I take my camera, try and
|
|
get as close as I can, zoom in and snap, I take another picture. I'm
|
|
in this rather "fanatic" state right now. I'm not really thinking
|
|
clearly, and all I can seem to do is take pictures of the guys who in
|
|
reality are total strangers. I stand around and try and take some more
|
|
pictures. I then go over to Mad Dog, introduce myself, give him my
|
|
card and ask a bunch of dumb questions he really does not want to
|
|
answer. Finally, my mental state settles down a bit, and I manage to
|
|
get myself back over to my side of the auditorium from where I sit
|
|
down, take out my note book, clear my head, and try to take some
|
|
sensible notes of the talk.
|
|
<br clear="right">
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<img src="gx/adler.fnal/comdex9989Small.jpg" hspace=20 vspace=10 align="left">
|
|
|
|
With that, Dan Yocum gets up, and starts the standard Fermi Lab/Ramsey
|
|
Hall tradition in introducing speakers. He introduces John Hall, and
|
|
in turn John introduces Linus. (I've seen it worst at BNL where there
|
|
were 4 introductory speakers ...) John gets up and starts in with this
|
|
story about how he met Linus 5 years ago at a DECUS meeting in New
|
|
Orleans. He gave some specifics about getting Linus's trip financed,
|
|
(I thought I had it tough) and then some detail of Linus at the New
|
|
Orleans convention. The one bit of John's introduction which stuck in
|
|
my mind was his piano analogy. If one sits down to play a piano, the
|
|
pianist can get a feeling for the quality of the piano as he plays
|
|
it. A rough piano has a rough feeling, a great piano has a great
|
|
feeling. It's in the touch. At the New Orleans conference, a Linux
|
|
installation was underway, I believe headed by Mad Dog himself. He
|
|
heard a voice over his should saying "Can I help you?". It was Linus,
|
|
offering assistance in getting his Linux kernel up and running. Mad
|
|
Dog tells the audience that within about 10 minutes, with Linus's help,
|
|
Linux was up and running. (I can't remember if Mad Dog mentioned the
|
|
hardware specs of this machine.) In any case, Mad Dog, keyboarding on
|
|
this machine, was getting that first feel of Linux. 10 minutes later
|
|
he made a mental note. Linux was going to be inevitable. It has that
|
|
feel of a great piano. He continues on to talk a bit about his
|
|
relationship with Linus which is clearly a deep one. With that, he
|
|
ends and Linus comes up on stage to start his talk. Or rather his
|
|
question and answer session.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Linus starts by saying he does not like podium and thus will not stand
|
|
behind one for this Q&A session. He has this wireless mike which Dan has
|
|
hooked him up with. I also notice that the FNAL media guys are
|
|
recording this session for posterity, so if you don't like my write-up,
|
|
you can contact them to get a full playback of Linus's talk. In
|
|
any case, Linus starts off with a very brief history of Linux. It was
|
|
1992(?), he had a PC, but there was no Unix available for it. Since,
|
|
and I quote "he was the best programmer since Jesus," he would fix
|
|
that. He would write his own Unix like OS. So off he went and wrote
|
|
it. The concept that need fosters development was key in getting the
|
|
Linux kernel going and has been key through out all of its
|
|
development. And then he did something which was, as he says, the
|
|
most important decision of his life. He posted the code on the
|
|
Internet, via some news group and asked for feedback. That he got. He
|
|
expected people to download his code, run it and tell him whether it
|
|
works or not. "Linus, this really sucks!" He got some of those
|
|
responses; but more importantly, he got code back in the form of patch
|
|
fixes and enhancements. And from then on it was history. With that he
|
|
ends his introductory talk and starts in on the questions.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Dan Yocum starts it off by asking about the 2.3 kernel and/or plans
|
|
for large files systems (i.e. file system journaling.) A good question,
|
|
since in High Energy and Nuclear Physics there is a big need now for
|
|
this type of file system. Petabytes of data will soon be recored and
|
|
file systems which can handle this type of data load will be
|
|
necessary. (Maybe not a petabyte file system, but terabyte file systems
|
|
will be a must.) Linus's answer to that question was that up to this
|
|
point, large files systems were not an issue. He reminded us that back
|
|
in the days when he was starting the kernel, there was a 64 Meg
|
|
partition limit which he had to solve. He then said something about
|
|
how new users bring new problems and how this was the "development
|
|
model" for the kernel.
|
|
<br clear="left">
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
At this point my notes get rather fuzzy so I'm just going to
|
|
paraphrase from what I can decipher from them.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Someone asked about security issues with Linux. Linus said that people
|
|
are keeping after the bug fixes. From my personal experience with Linux
|
|
and the Red Hat distribution, this is the case.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Someone asked about addressing more than 2 Gigs on a 32 bit
|
|
system. His answer was to use a 64 bit machine. Linux is fully 64 bit
|
|
compliant.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
There was a complicated SMP question to which the answer was that 2.0
|
|
and to some extent 2.2 are really a single spinlock SMP
|
|
implementation. Linus will work on making it more fine grain.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<img src="gx/adler.fnal/comdex9987Small.jpg" hspace=20 vspace=10 align="right">
|
|
He then talked about how one should not design for the theoretical
|
|
perfect implementation since this will screw up another
|
|
implementation. The kernel lives in a world of diverse needs and one
|
|
needs to try and fit them all in. Therefore no one need gets all the
|
|
attention but all needs are tended to some extent. This type of
|
|
clear-headedness of Linus is an indication to me as to why the kernel
|
|
has gotten as far as it has.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
There was a question about capabilities. I believe this is like
|
|
splitting up the super user function into separate users through
|
|
access control lists. Theoretically it's a good idea, but in practice
|
|
it's too complex. Most of the time, one sets up the system in the wrong
|
|
way, making it less secure. He claimed it's a feature which needs to be
|
|
added to Linux just so that one can check it off on the "Linux can
|
|
do this" matrix, but then have a README on how to disable it.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Someone asked the copyright question. Linus talked about the license
|
|
he released his original kernel code under. Basically, its intent was
|
|
that anyone could use it, distribute it and modify it. But the
|
|
modifications had to be freely distributable as well. The people were
|
|
starting to sell the Linux kernel at computer shows by charging a
|
|
couple of bucks for the floppies. They asked Linus if this was
|
|
OK. Clearly, Linus said that it was obviously OK, since he wanted the
|
|
code to be distributed and could not expect people to lose money on
|
|
the distribution cost. So he modified his license. I'm not sure
|
|
whether he modified his license further, but the fact is that he
|
|
eventually switched over to the GPL license. He said that it was an
|
|
awful piece of legalese but it fulfilled all his requirements. Also,
|
|
the one bit of software which it really depended on was the GNU C
|
|
compiler. That played a role in the adoption of GPL for the Linux
|
|
code. Again, the main emphasis was that the source code had to be
|
|
available to the "community" as well as the modifications, which were
|
|
brought back into the Linux source repository.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
A question on the Merced was asked. Linus said he would not sign any
|
|
Non-Disclosure Agreements. The reason for this is that he does not want
|
|
to be put in the situation where he cannot release his source code due
|
|
to conflicts with an NDA. A very wise choice on his part. He lets
|
|
others sign the agreements, which has been done by others. Notably,
|
|
there are some people at CERN who are working on the Merced
|
|
port. Linus defended Intel's move on asking for NDA's to be signed. It's
|
|
done so that Intel can keep control over the flow of the technical
|
|
information into the public domain. Once the CPU has been fully
|
|
released by Intel into the "market," then they certainly want every one
|
|
to know how to use it. But before that, it's clear that they need to
|
|
keep their specs under wraps to keep the competition at bay. The big
|
|
problem with the Merced is in the compiler technology sector. All the
|
|
kernel needs is a version of gcc that will generate
|
|
a Merced executable. It's up to the gcc guys to get it to generate
|
|
Merced instructions. Linus is confident that once gcc is
|
|
ready, which should be by the time the Merced is released, then the
|
|
Linux port will follow within a couple of days or weeks.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Someone asked what is better, one really fast CPU or many not so fast
|
|
CPUs. Linus's answer was that the best SMP system for the Linux kernel
|
|
is a dual CPU one. If one were to build a Beowulf type cluster, one
|
|
should do so using a set of dual CPU systems.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
There was a question about SVGAlib -- what its viability was for the
|
|
future. Linus's response to that was that 2 or 3 days after working
|
|
with X11, he decided never to go back to console mode. All he needs,
|
|
graphics wise, is to have 15 xterms open with the kernel compiling in
|
|
one of them. He kept reminding the audience that all he really likes
|
|
to do is compile the kernel. The fvwm2 window manager coupled to 15
|
|
concurrently opened xterms was all the graphics functionality he
|
|
needed. This question was one directed towards games. He said that
|
|
there was a good OS for running games called Windows. He claimed that
|
|
MS admitted to the fact that they could not write an OS very well and
|
|
basically kept out of the way of the software games developers by
|
|
letting them take over the system when the game app was active.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
A question was asked about how he decides whose code is to be included
|
|
in the kernel. He said that drivers were no-brainers. Since the code sits
|
|
outside the kernel, he tends to include them without much
|
|
thought. When it comes to adding something that exists in kernel
|
|
space, then his main requirement is that there be at least one person
|
|
who will take charge in maintaining it. My take on this is that items
|
|
like the TCP stack or the kernel version of NFS etc. are coordinated
|
|
and maintained by someone besides Linus.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<br clear="right">
|
|
<img src="gx/adler.fnal/comdex9981aSmall.jpg" hspace=20 vspace=10 align="left">
|
|
A question was asked about the recent benchmark comparison between NT
|
|
and Linux. The
|
|
<a href="http://www.mindcraft.com/whitepapers/nts4rhlinux.html">
|
|
benchmark</a> was done by Mindcraft, and the results showed that Linux
|
|
was 2 or 3 times slower at file and web serving than NT. There was an
|
|
interesting story behind this. Linus was paneling on a session down
|
|
in Atlanta. There was a Microsoft representative on the panel. Linus
|
|
was presented with this benchmark report from Mindcraft, who seem to
|
|
have a lot of credibility in the IT world regarding doing
|
|
benchmarks. The report was presented to him just as he was sitting
|
|
down at the panelist table. This left Linus in a rather awkward
|
|
position of having to defend Linux against NT with this Microsoft Rep on
|
|
the same panel and not having any time to digest these benchmarks. It
|
|
turns out later that this company specializes in Microsoft OSes and
|
|
has done a series of benchmarks comparing NT with Solaris etc. All the
|
|
benchmarks come out in favor of NT and the large Unix companies (Sun
|
|
etc.) have to mount a PR campaign to refute the results. Linux in this
|
|
case has no corporate machine backing it up with resources to fight
|
|
back. What surprised Linus was that the journalists came out
|
|
defending Linux. It was the journalists who came out questioning the
|
|
validity of this Mindcraft benchmark. As of this time, it seems that
|
|
the benchmarks are going to be performed again, this time with an
|
|
equally well-tuned Linux system.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Someone asked him if he ever has talked with Bill Gates. His reply was
|
|
that, no he has not, but if he did, he would "be talking money." (His
|
|
palms rubbed together as he was finishing his answer.)
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
More questions on benchmarks. The conclusion to his answer on
|
|
benchmarks is that the best benchmark is your own application. It's not
|
|
easy since this requires the vendors to give you access to their
|
|
hardware and you have to do some porting. The bottom line is that your
|
|
own application is truly the best benchmark.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Someone asked about frame buffers or rather how one could get a DVD
|
|
app ported to Linux. Linus said that most of the work is in setting up
|
|
the hardware. Once done, the hardware takes care of getting the DVD
|
|
imagery onto the screen. The trick is to get this to interface to
|
|
X11. He didn't seem to have any immediate plans on taking on this
|
|
project. Also he mentioned that DVD encryption is a trade secret. I
|
|
assumed this means that an open source application would be difficult
|
|
to implement.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Someone who works at Lucent asked a question related to drivers for
|
|
modems made by Lucent. The question lead to a discussion about how one
|
|
can get companies to release the specs of their hardware. Linus made a
|
|
point about how sometimes it's not a question about keeping the
|
|
engineering design behind some gizmo a secret and thus keeping a market
|
|
advantage. But rather one wants to keep secret the bad engineering
|
|
that went into making the gizmo. He hypothesized an example of a gizmo
|
|
that in order to get it to run, you need to write to xyz registers in
|
|
some specific order, then toggle some interrupt lines, followed by
|
|
holding the reset bit in the CSR high for 30 clock cycles
|
|
etc. etc. This kind of kludgey design is the real reason behind not
|
|
releasing specification. It's all hidden in the binary version of the
|
|
driver.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Someone asked about UDI, Unified Driver Interface. Linus replied that
|
|
it's in the Nice Theory stage but he is keeping an open mind about
|
|
the idea.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<img src="gx/adler.fnal/comdex9982Small.jpg" hspace=20 vspace=10 align="left">
|
|
Some question was asked which led to some interesting statements by
|
|
Linus. This regards software development through Internet
|
|
collaboration. Talk is very cheap, and he never takes anyone at face
|
|
value. The best way to collaborate with Linus is to show him code
|
|
that works. That is what he want to see. Otherwise, my guess is that
|
|
unless your ideas are of obvious importance, they will go ignored.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
A question came up about GUIs. He as no interest in GUI design or
|
|
interfaces, and has no influence in current GUI theological
|
|
discussions ongoing right now. (My guess is that this refers to
|
|
GNOME vs. KDE type of theoretical friction.) He is happy using fvwm2
|
|
and his 15 xterms to apply patches to the kernel and rebuild it again
|
|
and again.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
I asked a question about how he maintains the Linux source
|
|
repository. I wanted to know if he used CVS. His reply was that he has
|
|
his own method. I should think of it as lovingly hand-crafted
|
|
maintenance of the kernel source. He does not use CVS because he does
|
|
not need it. He is the only one who applies patches or updates the source
|
|
code, and he does not care to use the history logging mechanism CVS
|
|
provides. He does use CVS at work, so he knows what it's capable of
|
|
doing, but chooses not to use it.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
By this time we started to run out of time, and a few more questions
|
|
were asked. From these questions, the following general statements
|
|
were given by Linus. MS is a good OS for running games. The bottleneck
|
|
in the development cycle of the kernel was the users. A project
|
|
should never grow beyond the scope of what can be kept in one person's
|
|
head. My take on this is that the kernel is broken up into many
|
|
"projects," each one with a leader in charge of it. And whatever that
|
|
one person is in charge of, he must keep the whole concept and source
|
|
code layout/structure/functionality in his head. Keeping "things"
|
|
modular is the Unix way.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Developers grow linearly, while the users
|
|
exponentially. The users of Linux have grown by 7 orders of magnitude,
|
|
and his goal of global domination is only 2 orders of magnitude
|
|
away. "What's 2 orders of magnitude after growing 7..." (Global
|
|
domination is in reach.) Avoid black and white when trying to solve a
|
|
problem. There is never a silver bullet which can be applied to a
|
|
project or problem to "fix it".
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<table align="right">
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<img src="gx/adler.fnal/comdex9980Small.jpg" hspace=20 vspace=10 align="right">
|
|
<caption align="bottom">
|
|
<font size=-1>
|
|
Linus, Dan Yocum, and G P Yeh. Dan works in the FNAL IT department
|
|
providing Linux support to anyone who needs it at FNAL and
|
|
G P on CDF working on "event builders" for CDF. A bunch of Linux boxen
|
|
tied together with an ATM switch.
|
|
<font>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
The next great challenge for Linux is
|
|
to conquer the desktop. When it comes to servers there is no
|
|
loyalty. Servers are black boxes that sit in windowless rooms and
|
|
are used to serve files and printers etc. As soon as a newer, better
|
|
server comes out, the old one is replaced. No questions asked. This is
|
|
one of the reasons why Linux has been able to penetrate the server
|
|
market. It's the easiest one to crack. The desktop is totally
|
|
different. There are very strong loyalties attached to desktops. If a
|
|
new, better desktop comes out, people tend to get their shotguns out to
|
|
defend their old, not-so-good technology, often resorting to falsehoods
|
|
in order to defend them. Linus wants people to get used to using
|
|
Linux for their desktop. Linus also wants to see the day when he can
|
|
walk into CompUSA or equivalent store and find that one has a choice in
|
|
the OS one wants to run on their new PC. He does not want to see one
|
|
default OS, and does not want people to default to Linux either.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
Linus concluded with the statement that there has always been a
|
|
physical invariant regarding building his kernel. This being 12
|
|
minutes. It always took 12 minutes to compile the kernel. When he
|
|
started out with his 386, it was 12 minutes, when he moved up to a
|
|
66MHz 486, the code has grown such that it still took 12 minutes. The
|
|
growth of the code and the speed up of the Intel technology kept pace
|
|
with each other such that the kernel compile time always took 12
|
|
minutes. This has changed recently. With his quad CPU development
|
|
system, it now takes him 73 seconds to build the kernel. He admitted
|
|
that the hardware development has now been recently out-paced his
|
|
software (kernel) development.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
With that, a physicist from FNAL named G P Yeh, who is one of FNAL's
|
|
strongest Linux advocates, closed the session by thanking Linus for
|
|
all his work. FNAL is now using Linux in a <em>big</em> way to process all
|
|
the data coming out of the large collider detectors that will start
|
|
taking data within a year or so. The data rate from these detectors is
|
|
expected to increase 200 fold from the last time they took data. This
|
|
is due to an upgrade to the Tevetron called the Main Injector. It's
|
|
designed to increase the proton flux by <em>a lot</em>, and thus 200 times
|
|
more data will flow out of the detectors. Linux will play a big part
|
|
in analyzing all this data. (I can attest that Linux is playing a big
|
|
role at BNL as well. It will be used on about 500 processors to
|
|
analyze the data coming out of the 4 detectors being built for the
|
|
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The RHIC is scheduled to turn on
|
|
this summer, and by this coming winter the Intel Linux farm will
|
|
start its first production data processing.)
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<center>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<img src="gx/adler.fnal/comdex9983Small.jpg" hspace=20 vspace=10>
|
|
<caption align="bottom" width=80%>
|
|
<font size=-1>
|
|
The audience crowds Linus after his talk.
|
|
</font>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</center>
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<img src="gx/adler.fnal/comdex9984Small.jpg" hspace=20 vspace=10 align="left">
|
|
With that final congratulatory announcement, the talk came to an
|
|
end. People got up and scattered about. I headed over to the left side
|
|
of the auditorium where Linus and Mad Dog were located. Linus was
|
|
surrounded by people asking questions. I was out of earshot, so I
|
|
could not listen to the back and forth between the guys and Linus. I
|
|
did get a chance to get over to Mad Dog and reintroduce myself. My
|
|
intent was to invite him out to BNL if and when he and/or Linus got
|
|
out to NY. I'm not sure if Mad Dog is interested in seeing yet another
|
|
collider facility, but he did encourage me to try and contact the
|
|
Bizzar Show people and set up a talk or panel. Something with a topic
|
|
along the lines of Linux in Physics. I told him I could do that, and
|
|
I'll try to follow up with the organizers of the Bizzar. I then hung
|
|
out with the Linus crowd for a bit, taking a couple of pictures. There
|
|
was this one guy who had on a tee shirt with an Intel logo announcing
|
|
the i80666 CPU. The phrase "Runs hotter than
|
|
hell" was written underneath. Linus told the guy he like his tee
|
|
shirt. This guy then took off his shirt so that Linus could see the
|
|
back of his tee shirt. It sported a picture of Bill Gates with horns,
|
|
looking like the devil. After another snap or two, I had my chance to
|
|
introduce myself to Linus. I gave him my business card (not that I
|
|
do any business, it's more like an identity card), and thanked him for
|
|
his work on Linux because it's made our lives some much easier. He
|
|
replied saying that he did not do it for me, he was just doing it for
|
|
himself and the users are just a big pain. "Yeah", I replied, "Users
|
|
are loosers..." I was a bit flush as I was talking to him, I really
|
|
don't know what I was saying. The fact of the matter is, Linux has made
|
|
my life a lot more complicated. Ever since I installed Linux on my
|
|
first PC 3 years ago, (built from parts bought at a computer show),
|
|
I've been so tied up in this Linux Open Source thing, and it's become
|
|
such a central theme in my work, that I can hardly say it's made my
|
|
life any easier. It's made it more fun, and it has save BNL and FNAL a
|
|
lot of money. It has saved millions of dollars at FNAL alone. But as I
|
|
said, I really wasn't thinking straight since I was talking to Linus for
|
|
the first time in my life.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<br clear="left">
|
|
<img src="gx/adler.fnal/comdex9986Small.jpg" hspace=20 vspace=10 align="right">
|
|
So I've had my chance of meeting Linus and Mad Dog. I must say that
|
|
Mad Dog comes across as a very serious, level headed guy. It's hard to
|
|
imagine someone with such a fantastic beard being so calm and
|
|
decisive. My guess is that he has to be in his line of work at DEC
|
|
(now Compaq?). I would also venture to guess that once you get to know
|
|
him, and he gets to know you, if you manage to get a beer in his hand,
|
|
then you're in for a ruckus of a good time. Linus impressed me as being
|
|
very down to earth. He is not aloof and was willing to take time to
|
|
talk to those interested in talking to him. He was very generous with
|
|
his signatures at the end of his talk. He also impressed me as someone
|
|
who has a practical approach to solving problems. In many of his
|
|
answers, he alludes to the fact that one should follow the middle
|
|
road. Don't make a project too grandiose. "A project has to sit inside
|
|
one person's head", "There is no silver bullet", "Never design to the
|
|
100% theoretical limit", and on and on. I'm sure that this is one of
|
|
the reasons why Linux is as successful as it has been. He also
|
|
mentioned during his talk that he is willing to listen to new
|
|
ideas. He said that it always starts off being a really dumb
|
|
idea. But the idea is not dismissed. (Maybe there are a lot of ideas
|
|
that are really dumb which he <em>has</em> dismissed.) But the point is that the
|
|
idea would be knocked around the kernel development news group or
|
|
e-mail list group and evolve into a not-so-dumb idea and finally into
|
|
something important that could be included in the kernel.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
I left Linus and Mad Dog behind in Ramsey. My plan was to stay at FNAL
|
|
for the night and drive in early to catch the opening keynote at
|
|
Comdex. Bill Gates was giving this keynote. From Linus to Bill, this
|
|
was going to be a real contrast.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
<!--===================================================================-->
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<center><H5>Copyright © 1999, Stephen Adler <BR>
|
|
Published in Issue 42 of <i>Linux Gazette</i>, June 1999</H5></center>
|
|
|
|
<!--===================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<H4>
|
|
"Linux Gazette...<I>making Linux just a little more fun!</I>"
|
|
</H4>
|
|
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<!--===================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<center>
|
|
<H1><font color="maroon">Linux Expo 1999</font></H1>
|
|
<H4>By <a href="mailto:ljeditor@ssc.com">Marjorie Richardson</a></H4>
|
|
</center>
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<A HREF="./photos.html">Photo Album</A>
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
Red Hat proved once again that they can put on a good show for the
|
|
Linux community. Bigger and better than ever, Linux Expo again doubled in
|
|
size and attracted top speakers such as Dr. Peter Braam and Dr. Theodore
|
|
Ts'o. Big business was there too, represented by such companies
|
|
as IBM, Hewlett Packard and SGI (formerly Silicon Graphics), as well
|
|
as the usual Linux vendors, such as SuSE, Caldera, VA Linux Systems,
|
|
Enhanced Software Technologies, Cygnus and many others.
|
|
<p>
|
|
I talked to Dave McAllister of SGI about their involvement in Linux
|
|
and Open Source and found SGI to be much more committed to this community
|
|
than I would have suspected. They released their most robust and scalable
|
|
file system, XFS, to the community in an effort to aid Linux in reaching
|
|
what he called ``Enterprise level''. Whatever their reasons
|
|
for doing so, this is certainly something that was applauded by everyone
|
|
I talked to at the show.
|
|
<p>
|
|
One of the most exciting announcements before the show was
|
|
O'Reilly's and HP's sourceXchange.com web site. I
|
|
attended a discussion about this site, which is designed to aid in
|
|
getting needed open source developed by obtaining sponsors who will
|
|
pay developers to write the code they need and then release it to
|
|
the public. This is an idea whose time has come, as another group
|
|
has also started a web site for the same purpose--this one
|
|
is CoSource.com from a couple of independents, Bernie Thompson and
|
|
Norman Jacobowitz, who write for LJ. It's obvious that Bernie,
|
|
Norman and O'Reilly are committed to the community and wish to
|
|
drive open source development, but I was a bit suspicious of HP. When
|
|
I asked about HP's motives for involvement in this project, Wayne
|
|
Caccamo told me HP felt this project was inevitable and wanted to take a
|
|
leadership role in it <i>and</i> they wanted to ``ingratiate''
|
|
themselves to the Open Source community--talk about honesty! After
|
|
that remark, I was ready to believe anything. I'm looking forward
|
|
to seeing how both these sites work out. (For more on this subject,
|
|
see Doc Searls' article on the <i>Linux Journal</i> web site
|
|
at http://www.linuxresources.com/articles/conversations/001.html and
|
|
Bernie Thompson's article in this issue, ``Market Making in
|
|
the Bazaar''.)
|
|
<p>
|
|
There were the usual fun things to do, such as a chili pepper
|
|
sauce contest and a paintball contest pitting vi against Emacs
|
|
once more--and once again vi won, proving it is the best editor
|
|
available--or that its advocates are the best shots. More than one
|
|
group bought blocks of tickets to a local showing of <i>Star Wars-The
|
|
Phantom Menace</i>. The ALS (Atlanta Linux Showcase) group invited me
|
|
to go along with them. Fun movie, but not as compelling as the first
|
|
one--then again, who expected it to be?
|
|
<p>
|
|
I especially enjoyed my booth time talking to current and future readers
|
|
and authors. In particular, it was a pleasure to finally meet Alan Cox
|
|
and Telsa Gwynne.
|
|
<p>
|
|
Alpha Processor, Inc., a Samsung company, announced they were
|
|
joining Linux International, and Guy Ludden presented a check to Jon
|
|
``maddog'' Hall. I got the picture and then took several
|
|
others of Jon, including one with a people-size Tux, who was roaming
|
|
the show floor.
|
|
<p>
|
|
Compared to LinuxWorld, Linux Expo came across as more polished, more
|
|
``we've done this before successfully''. LinuxWorld had
|
|
a lot of glitz--electricity and energy filling the air--that
|
|
just wasn't there at Linux Expo. I think this had mostly to do with
|
|
the fact that it wasn't the first time for these guys--the
|
|
experience showed. The speakers all like Linux Expo better, as the Expo
|
|
paid their travel expenses while LinuxWorld left them to get there on
|
|
their own. LinuxWorld had more people and more vendors, but they also
|
|
have the advantage of being in Silicon Valley.
|
|
<p>
|
|
Evan Leibowitz described the Expo as ``the show where Linux lost
|
|
its innocence'' due to two unpleasant situations that arose. One was
|
|
Pacific HiTech's being kicked out for passing out t-shirts without
|
|
buying booth space. The other was the use of the Red Hat trademark
|
|
without permission, by LinuxCare on their poster parodying a Palm Pilot
|
|
ad. No matter which side you took on this incident--the calling of
|
|
lawyers certainly signals the ``end of innocence''.
|
|
<p>
|
|
The show was a definitely a success. I talked to Bob Young on the last
|
|
day, and he certainly seemed pleased with how it had turned out. See
|
|
my interview with Bob in this issue. For more vendor announcements,
|
|
see ``Linux Kernels''.
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!--===================================================================-->
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<center><H5>Copyright © 1999, Marjorie Richardson <BR>
|
|
Published in Issue 42 of <i>Linux Gazette</i>, June 1999</H5></center>
|
|
|
|
<!--===================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<H4>
|
|
"Linux Gazette...<I>making Linux just a little more fun!</I>"
|
|
</H4>
|
|
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<!--===================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<center>
|
|
<H1><font color="maroon">Book Review: Programming Web Graphics with Perl &
|
|
GNU Software</font></H1>
|
|
<H4>By <a href="mailto:jcoats@colltech.com">Jack Coats</a></H4>
|
|
</center>
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
|
<li>Author: Shawn P. Wallace
|
|
<li>E-mail: info@ora.com
|
|
<li>URL: http://www.ora.com/
|
|
<li>Publisher: O'Reilly & Associates
|
|
<li>ISBN: 1-56592-478-9
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
While I am not a big time web developer or graphics enthusiast, I
|
|
found <i>Programming Web Graphics</i> to be very interesting reading. The
|
|
book begins with a down-to-earth explanation of graphics and file
|
|
formats. From there, it goes into how web servers serve the files and
|
|
reviews the free libraries available to develop graphics. The details of
|
|
the libraries may not be everyone's cup of tea, but understanding
|
|
what they can do helps with understanding how browsers and other utilities
|
|
can benefit you.
|
|
<p>
|
|
The graphic programming tools are not for the rookie Perl hacker,
|
|
but are explained in reasonable detail that anyone with some experience
|
|
in Perl can learn to use the available free tools.
|
|
<p>
|
|
The exciting part of writing programs to do graphics on the Web is
|
|
dynamic techniques. <i>PWG</i> covers image maps and animated GIFs, and
|
|
includes techniques on how to roll your own tools, such as web counters,
|
|
web cams and thumbnailing groups of images.
|
|
<p>
|
|
It is refreshing to see a book that does not ignore the non-graphical web
|
|
user, and reviews the good and bad of writing browser-specific web pages.
|
|
<p>
|
|
Overall this is a great book for understanding some of the more advanced
|
|
techniques and as a tool book for generating ideas and methods of your
|
|
own. If you are looking for a ``how-to'', hands-on tutorial,
|
|
for the un-initiated non-Perl coder, keep looking.
|
|
|
|
<!--===================================================================-->
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<center><H5>Copyright © 1999, Jack Coats <BR>
|
|
Published in Issue 42 of <i>Linux Gazette</i>, June 1999</H5></center>
|
|
|
|
<!--===================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<H4>
|
|
"Linux Gazette...<I>making Linux just a little more fun!</I>"
|
|
</H4>
|
|
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<!--===================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<center>
|
|
<H1><font color="maroon">Setting up mail for a home network using exim</font></H1>
|
|
<H4>By <a href="mailto:">Jan W. Stumpel, Oegstgeest, The Netherlands</a></H4>
|
|
</center>
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
|
|
<h4><a NAME="exim1"></a>1 Introduction</h4>
|
|
|
|
Setting up a home network with Linux and Win95, using Samba, IP
|
|
Masquerading, and diald has been described many times, also in the Linux
|
|
Gazette, but so far I have not found a recipe for setting up <i>mail</i> on
|
|
a small network with only one dial-up e-mail account. In this article I want
|
|
to explain how I did it. With this system:
|
|
|
|
<p><ul><li> users on the network can send local mail to each other, and
|
|
reply to it, also locally.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li> outgoing mail has a proper From: address, so the outside world can
|
|
reply to it.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li> the e-mail account is shared by the users, but each only receives
|
|
his/her personal mail.</li></ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>This is realized on my system (running Debian Linux 2.1) using the
|
|
following programs:
|
|
|
|
<p><ul><li> exim as the mail transfer agent (it is
|
|
<i>much</i> easier to configure than sendmail).</li>
|
|
|
|
<li> fetchmail for collecting the mail from the ISP.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li> pine as the mail client on the Linux side (but other clients can be
|
|
used as well, including <tt>mail</tt>).</li>
|
|
|
|
<li> Microsoft Internet Mail on the Windows side (but other clients can be
|
|
used as well).</li>
|
|
|
|
<li> qpopper as the POP3 server, for moving mail from the Linux system to
|
|
the Win95 machine.</li></ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>I have this set up for two machines (1 Linux + 1 Win95) but it will
|
|
probably also work for a somewhat larger network, and may be sufficient for
|
|
a small office. Note: this article is Debian-oriented. If you use another
|
|
distribution, change where appropriate!
|
|
|
|
<h4> <a NAME="exim2"></a>2 The network and the names</h4>
|
|
|
|
For this article I assume the following <i>names</i> (change these to
|
|
correspond with your own situation):
|
|
|
|
<p><ul><li> the owner / system administrator is called Joe Bloggs.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li> the Linux machine is called <b>heaven</b>.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li> the Win95 machine is called <b>earth</b>. It is mostly used by Emily
|
|
Bloggs.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li> Joe's user name on heaven is <tt>joe</tt>.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li> Emily's user name on heaven is <tt>emi</tt>.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li> Emily's user name on earth is also <tt>emi</tt>; her Linux password on
|
|
heaven and her 'password for Microsoft networking' on earth are the
|
|
same.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li> Joe has a dialup account (dynamic IP address) with an ISP called
|
|
<tt>isp.com</tt>. Mail from the ISP can be collected using POP3.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li> Joe's account name at the ISP is <tt>jbloggs</tt>.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li> Joe's e-mail address (also used by Emily) is
|
|
<tt>joe.bloggs@isp.com</tt>.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li> Joe's password for collecting POP3 mail is <tt>zaphod</tt>.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li> The ISP's mail server (for sending mail) is <tt>smtp.isp.com</tt>.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li> The ISP's POP3 server (for collecting mail) is <tt>pop3.isp.com</tt>.
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li> heaven and earth belong to a domain called <tt>home</tt>. This domain
|
|
name is meant for use only inside the home network; Joe has not registered
|
|
his domain name and it cannot be recognized by the outside world.</li> </ul>
|
|
I also assume that the local networking works, and that there is on-demand
|
|
dialup access using diald. There is no name server on heaven.
|
|
/etc/resolv.conf contains the addresses of two name servers supplied by the
|
|
ISP. These same addresses are entered into the TCP/IP configuration on
|
|
earth.
|
|
|
|
<p><tt>/etc/hostname</tt> on heaven is
|
|
|
|
<p><tt>heaven</tt>
|
|
|
|
<p><tt>/etc/hosts</tt> on heaven is
|
|
|
|
<p><tt>127.0.0.1 localhost</tt>
|
|
<br><tt>192.168.1.1 heaven.home heaven</tt>
|
|
<br><tt>192.168.1.2 earth.home earth</tt>
|
|
|
|
<p>On earth there is a file <tt>c:\windows\hosts</tt> with the same contents
|
|
as <tt>/etc/hosts</tt>.
|
|
|
|
<h4><a NAME="exim3"></a>3 Mail addresses</h4>
|
|
|
|
Mail messages can have more than just the address in the 'To:' and 'From:'
|
|
lines, for instance :
|
|
|
|
<p><tt>To: Emily Bloggs <joe.bloggs@isp.com></tt>
|
|
|
|
<p>'Emily Bloggs' in the above example is the 'real-name part'. It is set in
|
|
the e-mail program which composes the message. This 'real-name part' can be
|
|
used for delivering Emily's mail to her. Note: if the 'real-name part' has
|
|
dots in it, it must be quoted using " characters ("Joe C. Bloggs"). See also
|
|
<tt>man mailaddr</tt>.
|
|
|
|
<h4> <a NAME="exim4"></a>4 Configuring exim</h4>
|
|
|
|
On a Debian system this is done by running <tt>eximconfig. </tt>It asks a
|
|
number of questions which you can answer as follows:
|
|
|
|
<p><ul><li>your system is an Internet site using smarthost.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>the 'visible mail domain' is <tt>home</tt></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>other names apart from <tt>home</tt> and <tt>heaven.home</tt>: answer
|
|
<tt>heaven:localhost</tt></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>you don't want to relay for any non-local domains.</li>
|
|
|
|
<li>you want to relay for the local network <tt>192.168.1.0/16</tt></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>RBL (spam filter database): whatever you like. I said <tt>n</tt></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>The smarthost, handling outgoing mail, is <tt>smtp.isp.com</tt></li>
|
|
|
|
<li>System administrator mail should go to <tt>joe</tt> (not to
|
|
<tt>root</tt>!)</li> </ul>
|
|
|
|
In MS Internet Mail (or whatever mail client you use on Win95) <tt>heaven</tt>
|
|
must be entered both as the STMP server and as the POP3 server. Under 'pop3
|
|
account' and 'pop3 password', enter the username <tt>emi</tt> and her Linux
|
|
password. Enter the the name, Emily Bloggs, and the e-mail address, <tt>emi@home</tt>,
|
|
in the appropriate place. Note that the e-mail address must be in the <i>local
|
|
domain</i>!
|
|
|
|
<p>On the Linux side, nothing special has to be set. /etc/pine/conf and
|
|
the users' ~/.pinerc can be used 'out of the box'. The mail client (pine)
|
|
constructs local addresses using the hostname together with user information
|
|
from /etc/passwd.
|
|
|
|
<p>With the above setup, local users can happily send mail to each other
|
|
and reply to it. For instance, in pine at heaven, user <tt>joe</tt> sends
|
|
mail to user <tt>emi</tt>. Automatically, pine changes this to:
|
|
|
|
<p><tt>To: Emily Bloggs <emi@heaven.home></tt>
|
|
|
|
<p>The message is delivered immediately (as you can see if you run eximon,
|
|
the exim monitoring utility). <tt>emi</tt> (should she log in to heaven)
|
|
would see the message as coming from
|
|
|
|
<p><tt>From: Joe Bloggs <joe@home></tt>
|
|
|
|
<p>So <tt>home</tt> really functions like a local domain within which messages
|
|
can be exchanged. The problem is sending messages to the outside world.
|
|
A From: address like <tt><joe@home></tt> is no good because nobody on
|
|
the outside could reply to an address in the non-existent domain <tt>home</tt>.
|
|
|
|
<h4><a NAME="exim5"></a>5 Fixing the From: address</h4>
|
|
|
|
We must change the local From: address into a valid e-mail address (the
|
|
e-mail account at the ISP), but <i>only</i> in the case of outgoing messages.
|
|
With exim, we can do this by means of a 'transport filter'. The outgoing
|
|
mail passes through this filter, and the From: address is changed. Local
|
|
mail will not be affected.
|
|
|
|
<p>The following filter will do the trick, provided we are <i>sure</i> that
|
|
the address that we want to change is always between < and > signs. This
|
|
is not guaranteed, but <i>very</i> common: <tt>pine</tt>, <tt>mutt</tt>, and
|
|
<tt>mail</tt>, as well as MS Internet Mail all generate such addresses.
|
|
|
|
<p><pre>#!/usr/bin/perl
|
|
while (<STDIN>) {
|
|
if (/^From: /) {
|
|
s/<.*>/<'joe.bloggs@isp.com'>/;
|
|
print "$_"; last;
|
|
}
|
|
print "$_";
|
|
}
|
|
while (<STDIN>) { print "$_"; }
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
Don't forget to change the e-mail address to yours! Call this program
|
|
<tt>outfilt</tt>, do <tt>chmod +x outfilt</tt> and put it in
|
|
<tt>/usr/bin</tt>. Now we must add a line to <tt>/etc/exim.conf</tt>, so the
|
|
last lines of the <tt>TRANSPORTS CONFIGURATION</tt> section read:
|
|
|
|
<p><pre>remote_smtp:
|
|
driver = smtp
|
|
headers_remove = "sender"
|
|
transport_filter = "/usr/bin/outfilt"
|
|
end</pre>
|
|
|
|
Actually, we added <i>two</i> lines. The <tt>headers_remove</tt> line is
|
|
also new. This prevents exim from adding a Sender: header to the message (as
|
|
it would do with this setup, if you use pine). The Sender: line can cause
|
|
trouble with some (badly configured) mail destinations.
|
|
|
|
<p>With these changes to /etc/exim.conf, whenever anyone sends an e-mail
|
|
message to the outside world it is now delivered properly by exim. Exim
|
|
(through diald) opens the outside line at once. In a home situation this is
|
|
probably what you want. In a small office, with a lot of e-mail traffic, you
|
|
may want to defer messages and send them as a bunch at certain times, to
|
|
save phone costs. This is possible, but I don't need it myself and have not
|
|
looked into it. You could look at the 'Linux Mail-Queue mini-HOWTO'.
|
|
|
|
<h4><a NAME="exim6"></a>6 Fetchmail configuration</h4>
|
|
|
|
At the command <tt>fetchmail</tt> diald opens the line and the mail from the
|
|
ISP is collected (and passed to exim for local delivery). Only users who
|
|
have a <tt>.fetchmailrc</tt>, owned by themselves, in their home directory
|
|
can run fetchmail. This file can be created using the configuration tool
|
|
fetchmailconfig. You get something like:
|
|
|
|
<p><pre># Configuration created Sun Mar 28 03:15:20 1999 by fetchmailconf
|
|
set postmaster "postmaster"
|
|
poll pop3.isp.com with proto POP3
|
|
user "jbloggs" there with password "zaphod" is joe here options fetchall warnings 3600
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
The <tt>.fetchmailrc</tt> files belonging to the various users could all be
|
|
copies of each other, but with the ownership set to the user concerned. It
|
|
is not so nice that every user has the password in plain view. Maybe there
|
|
is a better way, but in a home situation it does not matter.
|
|
|
|
<p>The main point is that whoever runs fetchmail, the mail must always
|
|
be delivered to the <i>same</i> user mailbox (<tt>joe</tt>'s mailbox in
|
|
this case).
|
|
|
|
<h4><a NAME="exim7"></a>7 Removing exim's delivery limit</h4>
|
|
|
|
Exim by default does not deliver more than 10 messages at a time. I am sure
|
|
there are circumstances where this makes perfect sense, but having a dialup
|
|
account is not one of them. To get rid of this restriction, you must put
|
|
into the <tt>MAIN CONFIGURATION</tt> section of <tt>/etc/exim.conf</tt>,
|
|
before the <tt>end</tt> statement, a line
|
|
|
|
<p><tt>smtp_accept_queue_per_connection = 0</tt>
|
|
|
|
<h4><a NAME="exim8"></a>8 Delivering personal mail</h4>
|
|
|
|
Through <tt>fetchmail</tt> and <tt>exim</tt>, all mail from the outside
|
|
is by default delivered to Joe's mailbox (<tt>var/spool/mail/joe</tt>)
|
|
at heaven. In Joe's home directory he puts a file called <tt>.forward</tt>,
|
|
containing the following text:
|
|
|
|
<p><tt># Exim filter</tt>
|
|
<br><tt>if $header_to: contains Emily then deliver emi endif</tt>
|
|
|
|
<p>If mail contains 'Emily' in (the 'real name part' of) the To: address
|
|
(and this will almost always be the case when her friends send her mail) it
|
|
will go into her mail account on heaven, not into Joe's. She can move the
|
|
mail to her own machine using POP3 (see below).
|
|
|
|
<h4><a NAME="exim9"></a>9 Transferring mail with qpopper</h4>
|
|
|
|
To let heaven act as POP3 server for earth, qpopper can be installed. I
|
|
installed the Debian package <tt>qpopper_2.3-4.deb</tt>. Installation is
|
|
automatic; no configuration is necessary. If Emily presses 'get/send
|
|
messages' in MS Internet Mail, the contents of her mailbox on heaven get
|
|
transferred to earth (and all mail, local or outside, which she has written
|
|
gets delivered).
|
|
|
|
<h4><a NAME="exim10"></a>10 Manually checking the mail</h4>
|
|
|
|
Thanks to a 'shortcut' on earth's Win95 'desktop', which does a telnet to
|
|
heaven, Emily can log into heaven and start <tt>fetchmail</tt> by hand. That
|
|
is, if she does not want to wait for the scheduled <tt>cron</tt> times when
|
|
fetchmail runs. After the mail has been transferred from the ISP, she can
|
|
press 'get/send messages' to move any mail from her heaven mailbox into the
|
|
earth one.
|
|
|
|
<!--===================================================================-->
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<center><H5>Copyright © 1999, Jan W. Stumpel<BR>
|
|
Published in Issue 42 of <i>Linux Gazette</i>, June 1999</H5></center>
|
|
|
|
<!--===================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<H4>
|
|
"Linux Gazette...<I>making Linux just a little more fun!</I>"
|
|
</H4>
|
|
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<!--===================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<center>
|
|
<H1><font color="maroon">An xdm Session</font></H1>
|
|
<H4>By <a href="mailto:cwcarlson@home.com">Chris Carlson</a></H4>
|
|
</center>
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
So, you've got X Windows working on your system, you've
|
|
set your system to automatically start <i>xdm</i> by setting the default
|
|
run state to 5 and now you want to customize your personal windows session
|
|
by having certain applications start automatically after you log in.
|
|
<p>
|
|
At work, I like to log out of my system every evening before I go home
|
|
so that others may log in when I'm not there. It doesn't
|
|
happen often, but I don't want someone coming into my office and
|
|
using a window logged in as me. [You never know when someone gets curious
|
|
and starts wandering through my saved mail messages.] The problem is,
|
|
I have certain applications that I want brought up automatically, like
|
|
my list of things to do and my calendar program.
|
|
<p>
|
|
In this article, I'm going to explain an X Windows session,
|
|
how it is started and what you can do to customize it. It will show
|
|
you how to automatically start the window manager of your choice,
|
|
have applications start automatically and customize colors and fonts to
|
|
your liking. Since X Windows is pretty much identical on all platforms,
|
|
much of what I am going to explain can be used on other platforms that
|
|
use X Windows other than just XFree86 on Linux. As a matter of fact,
|
|
I will make some comparisons between the version of XFree86 that comes
|
|
with Red Hat 5.x and what comes with Silicon Graphics IRIX®. You may
|
|
note that the files I discuss on both systems have the same name but
|
|
are usually just in different directories.
|
|
<p>
|
|
I realize that other articles have been written about X Windows
|
|
configuration, for example Jay Ts' fine article in the December
|
|
issue entitled ``X Window System Administration.'' X Windows
|
|
is an extremely versatile windowing environment and, because of this,
|
|
can be very complex. For this reason, I believe it will require many
|
|
articles that might overlap but each will provide information from a
|
|
different perspective. This article is intended to be from a user's
|
|
perspective, rather than from an administrator's.
|
|
<p>
|
|
To start off with and to keep my article from becoming a book in itself,
|
|
this article is written with the following assumptions:
|
|
<p>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li> That you are working with the default configuration of xdm as
|
|
it is installed by Red Hat (see <a href="#foot">Footnote</a>). This means that you haven't
|
|
changed any of the files found in /etc/X11/xdm. (Since I don't
|
|
have an installation of any of the other Linux vendor releases, I'm
|
|
presuming their default configuration is identical or similar enough
|
|
that it won't cause any problems.)
|
|
With this in mind, I will refer to filenames that are used and
|
|
referenced by xdm (and their contents) as specified in the installed
|
|
configuration file. It should be noted, however, that almost all of
|
|
these filenames can be changed by modifying /etc/X11/xdm/xdm-config
|
|
or by specifying a different configuration file on the command
|
|
line when starting xdm. (On the SGI, the configuration file is
|
|
/var/X11/xdm/xdm-config and I have seen some installations use
|
|
/usr/lib/X11/xdm/xdm-config.)
|
|
<li> That you have a basic understanding of the server/client concept
|
|
used by X Windows. i.e. The X server handles the display and keyboard
|
|
and runs as an application. User's applications are clients that
|
|
request services from the X server to display things and provide input.
|
|
<li> That you have some familiarity with X resources and how they
|
|
are used in the X environment.
|
|
</ol>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<h3>User Session Initialization and Termination</h3>
|
|
<p>
|
|
When the X server is started automatically via <i>xdm</i>, the user is
|
|
presented with a login screen. When a user successfully logs in via this
|
|
screen, <i>xdm</i> starts the ``user session''. This session is
|
|
a shell script which, when it terminates, ends the user's session
|
|
and <i>xdm</i> resets the X server and returns to the login screen.
|
|
<p>
|
|
Prior to starting a session, <i>xdm</i> runs a small startup script with
|
|
root privileges to perform any user initialization that may be required.
|
|
Currently, this file, /etc/X11/xdm/GiveConsole, changes the ownership of
|
|
/dev/console to that of the user so messages sent there can be displayed
|
|
on a window in the user's environment.
|
|
<p>
|
|
In like manner, when the session ends, xdm runs another small exit script
|
|
with root privileges to clean up anything that might have been set up by
|
|
the startup script. Currently, this script, /etc/X11/xdm/TakeConsole,
|
|
changes the ownership of /dev/console back to root.
|
|
<p>
|
|
Note that these two files are /var/X11/xdm/GiveConsole and
|
|
/var/X11/xdm/TakeConsole on the SGI.
|
|
<p>
|
|
The step of interest to this article is the actual starting of the user
|
|
session itself. Here, <i>xdm</i> starts a subprocess running the script
|
|
/etc/X11/xdm/Xsession (/var/X11/xdm/Xsession on SGI) and waits for it
|
|
to exit. When it does, <i>xdm</i> processes the exit script and returns
|
|
to the login screen. This session script is run with the user's
|
|
privileges.
|
|
<p>
|
|
A resource has been set for <i>xdm</i> which causes the parameter
|
|
``failsafe'' to be passed to the user session if the user uses
|
|
the F1 key rather than the Enter key to complete his/her login. This can
|
|
be very useful if the user makes a mistake in his or her customized
|
|
session script which makes it impossible to log in. How this feature
|
|
is taken advantage of is discussed below. It should be noted that I
|
|
found this resource defined for both Linux and SGI and is used in an
|
|
identical manner on both.
|
|
<p>
|
|
<h3>The Xsession File</h3>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The /etc/X11/xdm/Xsession file provided by Red Hat is quite simple,
|
|
especially when compared to the /var/X11/xdm/Xsession file provided with
|
|
the SGI. This file is a standard Bourne shell script which performs
|
|
all the user startup and initialization that the system administrator
|
|
wants done for all users.
|
|
<p>
|
|
As described above, if the user logs in and pressed F1 rather than
|
|
the Enter key, the parameter ``failsafe'' is passed to the
|
|
session file. The first thing the /etc/X11/xdm/Xsession file does is
|
|
check if this parameter exists and, if it does, exec's an xterm.
|
|
This bypasses all other initialization and provides the user with a
|
|
terminal window to work with. Notice that this is a good method of
|
|
logging in if the user has done something to his/her personal session
|
|
file that otherwise prevents logging in.
|
|
<p>
|
|
For those that don't understand the function of exec, this is a
|
|
builtin command provided by all the standard shell programs. It causes
|
|
the current running shell to be replaced by the exec'd program.
|
|
Thus, the current running shell never returns from an exec (unless the
|
|
program referenced fails to start for some reason) and the parent process
|
|
is not aware of any change in the child process. The exec'd
|
|
program retains the process ID of the shell and, when it terminates,
|
|
it is as if the shell terminated and the user session ends.
|
|
<p>
|
|
Presuming ``failsafe'' is not a parameter passed to Xsession,
|
|
the script continues by redirecting stderr to an error file. If it can
|
|
write to it, this file will be .xsession-errors in the user's home
|
|
directory. If the session can't write to the user's home
|
|
directory or this file is write protected for some reason, the script
|
|
will attempt to use /tmp/xses-$USER, where $USER is the user's
|
|
login name.
|
|
<p>
|
|
This error file is useful for determining problems during the user's
|
|
session. Any errors generated by applications that are started (including
|
|
the window manager or applications started by the window manager)
|
|
will be sent to this file. If the user has problems starting a user
|
|
session after logging in, he/she can perform a ``failsafe''
|
|
login (as described above) and look at this file. The error messages
|
|
may be of some help in determining the problem.
|
|
<p>
|
|
Finally, the standard Xsession file transfers control to one of a set of
|
|
shell scripts, depending on their existence and if they are executable.
|
|
It does this with the exec command which means that, whichever program is
|
|
run, it replaces the Xsession process and becomes the new user session.
|
|
The shell scripts are:
|
|
<p>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
1. $HOME/.xsession
|
|
2. $HOME/.Xclients
|
|
3. /etc/X11/xinit/Xclients
|
|
</pre>
|
|
Some interesting notes about this compared to the script used on an
|
|
SGI computer. SGI does not require the scripts to be executable but
|
|
will run /bin/sh against them if they aren``t. Also, SGI only looks
|
|
for $HOME/.xsession. If this file doesn't exist, the system Xsession
|
|
file sets up the default user environment provided by SGI. Red Hat
|
|
chose to break the default user session into two steps, since the
|
|
standard installation will provide /etc/X11/xinit/Xclients.
|
|
<p>
|
|
If none of the three files above exist or are executable, then the
|
|
user``s .Xresources file is loaded (if it exists) and the program
|
|
<i>xsm</i> is exec'd. <i>xsm</i> is one of the many window managers
|
|
provided with Red Hat Linux.
|
|
<p>
|
|
<h3>User Customized Xsession File</h3>
|
|
<p>
|
|
As you may have guessed from the above explanation of the
|
|
system's Xsession file, the user can create his/her own shell script
|
|
which will be processed as the user session. This is a very powerful
|
|
capability and provides each user the ability to do whatever processing
|
|
they want each time they log in via the X login. In this script,
|
|
the user can start various applications, set root window resources,
|
|
set one-time environment variables, change default keyboard definitions
|
|
and select a window manager.
|
|
<p>
|
|
The easiest way to set up your own personal Xsession file is to copy
|
|
the system /etc/X11/xinit/Xclients file into your home directory as
|
|
.xsession or .Xclients (what, in the future, I will refer to as the
|
|
user's Xsession file) and then edit it as desired. I'm not
|
|
going to step through the contents of the /etc/X11/xinit/Xclients file,
|
|
you can do this on your own. I'm going to just explain some of
|
|
the things one might want to do.
|
|
<p>
|
|
One important thing is to load desired resources into the root window.
|
|
This is usually done with the following commands:
|
|
<p>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
resources=$HOME/.Xresources
|
|
if [ -f "$resources" ]; then
|
|
/usr/bin/X11/xrdb -load "$resources"
|
|
fi
|
|
</pre>
|
|
Another thing that the user may wish to do is set the root
|
|
window background to something different. This is done with the
|
|
<i>/usr/bin/X11/xsetroot</i> command. For example, I have my background
|
|
defined as follows:
|
|
<p>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
|
|
</pre>
|
|
Note that this command can also be used to set the default cursor
|
|
and cursor color for the root window, a two-tone plaid pattern for the
|
|
background or an X bitmap to be used as a pattern.
|
|
<p>
|
|
Also, the command <i>/usr/bin/X11/xset</i> can be used to set the
|
|
desired bell volume, key click, DPMS (energy saving) features and
|
|
mouse parameters. This command can also set autorepeat and screensaver
|
|
parameters.
|
|
<p>
|
|
If you want to define special keys, you can run <i>/usr/bin/X11/xmodmap</i>
|
|
from this script. For example, I like to be able to access the full
|
|
ISO 8859-1 character set and insert internationalized characters in
|
|
my documents. Also, Linux likes to define <Shft>F1 to be F11
|
|
and <Shft>F2 to be F12. Since my keyboard has an F11 and F12,
|
|
I prefer these keys to be set to F13 and F14 respectively. To handle
|
|
this, I have defined $HOME/.xmodmaprc to contain the following:
|
|
<p>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
keycode 113 = Multi_key
|
|
keysym F1 = F1 F13
|
|
keysym F2 = F2 F14
|
|
keysym F3 = F3 F15
|
|
...
|
|
keysym F10 = F10 F22
|
|
keycode 95 = F11 F23
|
|
keycode 96 = F12 F24
|
|
</pre>
|
|
Then, in my $HOME/.xsession file I have the following:
|
|
<p>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
if [ -r $HOME/.xmodmaprc ]; then
|
|
/usr/bin/X11/xmodmap $HOME/.xmodmaprc
|
|
fi
|
|
</pre>
|
|
Finally, the most important step is running a window manager.
|
|
Red Hat likes to run <i>fvwm</i> because it can be set up to look a lot
|
|
like Windows 95®. Since I use SGI computers a lot, I prefer Motif (which
|
|
costs money and doesn't come with Linux normally). There is also
|
|
<i>xsm</i> and <i>twm</i> available. You might want to read the man pages
|
|
for each to determine which window manager you prefer.
|
|
<p>
|
|
If it is desired, the user can exec the window manager as the last
|
|
thing in the Xsession file. This will mean that the user has to end
|
|
the window manager to end their session and return to the login screen.
|
|
I prefer to run the window manager as a background process and exec an
|
|
xterm as the last thing. This way, when I exit the xterm session, the
|
|
user session will end and the login screen will be brought up. Note that
|
|
the window manager and any window applications will be terminated because
|
|
the X display will be closed. Any non-window applications started as
|
|
a background process will not be terminated automatically and could
|
|
continue after the user's session ends.
|
|
<p>
|
|
I start the Motif window manager as follows:
|
|
<p>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
/usr/bin/X11/mwm
|
|
</pre>
|
|
I start the final xterm with:
|
|
<p>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
exec nxterm -geometry 80x50+10+10 -ls
|
|
</pre>
|
|
This creates a version of the xterm that supports color. It will be
|
|
80 characters wide and display 50 lines. The window will be positioned
|
|
in the upper left corner of the screen (at pixel position 10x10).
|
|
The last option forces nxterm to run the shell as a login shell.
|
|
<p>
|
|
From within the user's Xsession file, you can run a number of
|
|
xterms, xclock or whatever, all of which will start automatically when
|
|
you login. Be sure to specify a geometry (with the -geometry option)
|
|
to get each application positioned on the screen where you want it.
|
|
<p>
|
|
Also, remember to run the applications in the background (by terminating
|
|
the line with ``&'') otherwise, the user Xsession file will
|
|
wait until that application terminates before continuing.
|
|
<p>
|
|
<h3>Important Tricks</h3>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Here I want to discuss some more interesting and important tricks
|
|
that can be done from the user's Xsession file.
|
|
<p>
|
|
All window managers can execute programs from a pulldown menu. Sometimes
|
|
these programs need special environment variables defined prior to
|
|
their execution (for example, Netscape may need SOCKS_NS to be defined).
|
|
Since the user's environment variables are not usually set until
|
|
a shell is started, the window manager and any programs started from
|
|
the window manager will not have the user's environment defined.
|
|
Trying to set them in $HOME/.cshrc, $HOME/.profile or $HOME/.login
|
|
won't do any good.
|
|
<p>
|
|
One trick is to define these environment variables in the user's
|
|
Xsession file. It is necessary to set these environment variables before
|
|
you start the window manager.
|
|
<p>
|
|
Another trick that I like to do is define XUSERFILESEARCHPATH in my user
|
|
Xsession file. Most applications look for and use a application resource
|
|
file, usually found in /usr/lib/X11/app-defaults. For example, Netscape
|
|
uses the file /usr/lib/X11/app-defaults/Netscape for its application
|
|
resource settings. If you want to change any of these settings for your
|
|
personal environment, you can copy this file into your home directory
|
|
and modify it. Next time you run Netscape, it will find the one in your
|
|
home directory first and use it.
|
|
<p>
|
|
I have found my home directory cluttered with application resource files
|
|
and wanted to put them into my own private app-defaults directory. I did
|
|
this by creating the directory and copying all the resource files into it.
|
|
Then, I set XUSERFILESEARCHPATH to the following in my user Xsession file:
|
|
<p>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
/home/carlson/app-defaults/%N:/usr/lib/X11/%L/app-defaults/%N:/usr/lib/X11/app-defaults/%N
|
|
</pre>
|
|
This makes the application search in /home/carlson/app-defaults
|
|
for application resource files before going to the default locations
|
|
under /usr/lib/X11.
|
|
<p>
|
|
One last trick is for those of you that have multiple computers all
|
|
running X servers. Here at home, I have an SGI O2 and my Linux machine.
|
|
When I log in remotely to my O2, I want to be able to run X applications
|
|
and have them use the display on my Linux box. In order to do this,
|
|
I need to run <i>xhost</i> each time I log in to my Linux box to allow
|
|
remote logins to access the X server.
|
|
<p>
|
|
As part of my user Xsession file, I have the following line:
|
|
<p>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
|
|
</pre>
|
|
This sets the X server on my Linux box to allow access from
|
|
moonlight, the name of my O2.
|
|
<p>
|
|
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
|
|
<p>
|
|
I hope you have found this information useful and interesting.
|
|
I've tried to show you how to create your own user Xsession
|
|
file to start applications, set a special environment and run your own
|
|
window manager. I'm sure you can come up with many more ideas.
|
|
<p>
|
|
One useful tool that I wrote, based on a similar application provided
|
|
with SGI, is <i>userenv</i>. This application creates a login shell as
|
|
a child and has it print its environment. This environment is collected
|
|
and then printed to stdout in a form that can be executed to create the
|
|
same environment by a shell.
|
|
<p>
|
|
In my user Xsession file, I have the following line:
|
|
<p>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
eval `userenv`
|
|
</pre>
|
|
This computes my user environment and echos it in a form that
|
|
the shell can execute the output to create the same environment.
|
|
The <i>eval</i> command causes the output to be processed by the shell.
|
|
<p>
|
|
You are welcome to a copy of the source for this program from my web
|
|
site, http://members.home.net/cwcarlson/files/utilities.tar.gz.
|
|
<p>
|
|
<a name="foot"></a>
|
|
<h3>Footnote</h3>
|
|
<p>
|
|
I am running Red Hat 5.1 but it appears that it
|
|
hasn't changed significantly for a few years. Also, I find the
|
|
configuration almost identical with other Unix platforms such as Silicon
|
|
Graphics IRIX®. The only differences appear to be in what directory
|
|
files are maintained.)
|
|
<p>
|
|
<!--===================================================================-->
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<center><H5>Copyright © 1999, Chris Carlson <BR>
|
|
Published in Issue 42 of <i>Linux Gazette</i>, June 1999</H5></center>
|
|
|
|
<!--===================================================================-->
|
|
<center><H2>
|
|
<A HREF="http://www.linuxgazette.com/">
|
|
<IMG SRC="../gx/newlogo.jpg" width=600 height=256 border=0
|
|
ALT="Linux Gazette... making Linux just a little more fun!"></a>
|
|
</H2>
|
|
<H4>Published by <A HREF="http://www.linuxjournal.com/"><I>Linux Journal</I></A></H4>
|
|
</center>
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
|
|
<H1><font color="maroon">The Back Page</font></H1>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_backpage42.html#authors">About This Month's Authors</a>
|
|
<li><a HREF="./lg_backpage42.html#notlinux">Not Linux</a>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<a name="authors"></a>
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<!--======================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<center><H3><font color="maroon">About This Month's Authors</font></H3></center>
|
|
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<!--======================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<H4><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/note.gif">Stephen Adler</H4>
|
|
While not building <a href="http://www.phenix.bnl.gov">detectors</a>
|
|
in search of the quark gluon plasma, Steve Adler spends his time either
|
|
4 wheeling around the lab grounds or writing articles about the people
|
|
behind the open source movement.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<H4><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/note.gif">Larry Ayers</H4>
|
|
Larry lives on a small farm
|
|
in northern Missouri, where he is currently engaged in building a
|
|
timber-frame house for his family. He operates a portable band-saw mill,
|
|
does general woodworking, plays the fiddle and searches for rare
|
|
prairie plants, as well as growing shiitake mushrooms. He is also
|
|
struggling with configuring a Usenet news server for his local ISP.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<H4><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/note.gif">Chris Carlson</H4>
|
|
Chris has been developing software for various systems
|
|
and hardware since 1973. He worked for 8 years as a Developer's
|
|
Support Engineer for Silicon Graphics, Inc. based in Southern California.
|
|
He is now working for DataDirect Networks assisting in the development
|
|
and test of SGI and Linux device drivers. He lives in Orange County,
|
|
California.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<H4><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/note.gif">Jack Coats</H4>
|
|
Jack (is a consulting UNIX administrator
|
|
for Collective Technologies. Personal activities include his family,
|
|
church, leading a local UNIX users group in Houston (HOUNIX), and
|
|
hacking computers.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<H4><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/note.gif">Jim Dennis</H4>
|
|
Jim is the proprietor of <A href="http://www.starshine.org">
|
|
Starshine Technical Services</A> and is now working for <A
|
|
HREF="http://www.linuxcare.com/">LinuxCare</A>.
|
|
His professional experience includes work in the technical
|
|
support, quality assurance, and information services (MIS)
|
|
departments of software companies like
|
|
Quarterdeck, Symantec/Peter Norton Group and
|
|
McAfee Associates -- as well as
|
|
positions (field service rep) with smaller VAR's.
|
|
He's been using Linux since version 0.99p10 and is an active
|
|
participant on an ever-changing list of mailing lists and
|
|
newsgroups. He's just started collaborating on the 2nd Edition
|
|
for a book on Unix systems administration.
|
|
Jim is an avid science fiction fan -- and was
|
|
married at the World Science Fiction Convention in Anaheim.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<H4><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/note.gif">Michael J. Hammel</H4>
|
|
A Computer Science graduate of Texas Tech University, Michael J. Hammel,
|
|
mjhammel@graphics-muse.org, is an software developer specializing in X/Motif
|
|
living in Dallas, Texas (but calls Boulder, CO home for some reason).
|
|
His background includes everything from data
|
|
communications to GUI development to Interactive Cable systems, all based in
|
|
Unix. He has worked for companies such as Nortel, Dell Computer, and
|
|
Xi Graphics.
|
|
Michael writes the monthly Graphics Muse column in the Linux Gazette,
|
|
maintains the Graphics Muse Web site and theLinux Graphics mini-Howto, helps
|
|
administer the Internet Ray Tracing Competition (http://irtc.org) and
|
|
recently completed work on his new book "The Artist's Guide to the Gimp",
|
|
published by SSC, Inc. His outside interests include running, basketball,
|
|
Thai food, gardening, and dogs.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<H4><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/note.gif">Mark Nielsen</H4>
|
|
Mark founded The Computer Underground, Inc. in June of 1998. Since then,
|
|
he has been working on Linux solutions for his customers ranging from custom
|
|
computer hardware sales to programming and networking. Mark specializes in Perl,
|
|
SQL, and HTML programming along with Beowulf clusters. Mark believes in the
|
|
concept of contributing back to the Linux community which helped to start his
|
|
company. Mark and his employees are always looking for exciting projects to do.
|
|
|
|
<a name="notlinux"></a>
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--====================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<center><H3><font color="maroon">Not Linux</font></H3></center>
|
|
|
|
<P> <HR> <P>
|
|
<!--======================================================================-->
|
|
<P>
|
|
Thanks to all our authors, not just the ones above, but also those who wrote
|
|
giving us their tips and tricks and making suggestions. Thanks also to our
|
|
new mirror sites.
|
|
<P>
|
|
With this issue, <EM>Linux Gazette</EM> has a new editor. My name is Mike
|
|
Orr, and I have been SSC's Webmaster since April. Margie is still here to
|
|
advise me on the <EM>Gazette</EM>, and without her and Darcy's help, this
|
|
first issue would not have come out. Special thanks also goes to
|
|
Jim Dennis and Heather Stern, who also helped me out immensely this month.
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<P>
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I have been a Linux enthusiast since November 1991 and got my own computer
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to install Linux on in 1993. I started with SLS and Slackware, but have been
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running Debian since 1995. At times I can be seen lurking on the debian-devel
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mailing list, but currently I hang out mostly in the comp.lang.python
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newsgroup.
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<P>
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I have a personal web page at
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<A HREF=http://mso.oz.net/>http://mso.oz.net/</A>,
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<P>
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Have fun!
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<P> <hr> <P>
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Michael Orr<br>
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Editor, <A HREF="http://www.linuxgazette.com/"><i>Linux Gazette</i></A>, <A
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HREF="mailto:gazette@ssc.com">gazette@ssc.com</a>
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<P> <HR> <P>
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<center>
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<I>Linux Gazette</I> Issue 42, May 1999,
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<A HREF="http://www.linuxgazette.com/">http://www.linuxgazette.com</A><BR>
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This page written and maintained by the Editor of <I>Linux Gazette</I>,
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<A HREF="mailto:gazette@ssc.com"> gazette@ssc.com</A>
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<H5>Copyright © 1999 Specialized Systems Consultants, Inc.<br>
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