584 lines
21 KiB
HTML
584 lines
21 KiB
HTML
<!--startcut ==========================================================-->
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
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<html>
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<head>
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<title>More 2 Cent Tips & Tricks Issue 23</title>
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</head>
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<BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000" LINK="#0000FF" VLINK="#0020F0"
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ALINK="#FF0000">
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<!--endcut ============================================================-->
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<H4>"Linux Gazette...<I>making Linux just a little more fun!</I>
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"</H4>
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<P> <hr> <P>
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<!-- QUICK TIPS SECTION ================================================== -->
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<center>
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<H1><A NAME="tips"><IMG ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="" SRC="../gx/twocent.gif">
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More 2¢ Tips!</A></H1> <BR>
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Send Linux Tips and Tricks to <A HREF="mailto:gazette@ssc.com">
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gazette@ssc.com
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</A></center>
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<p><hr><p>
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<H3>Contents:</H3>
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<ul>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_tips23.html#spin">Spinning Down Unused HDs</a>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_tips23.html#find">Finding What You Want with find</a>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_tips23.html#cutpaste">Cutting and Pasting Without a Mouse</a>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_tips23.html#slow">Slow Modem</a>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_tips23.html#string">Finding Strings with find</a>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_tips23.html#calc">Another Calculator Tip</a>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_tips23.html#laptop">Upgrading a Laptop Hard Disk</a>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_tips23.html#wall">Wallpaper</a>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_tips23.html#post">PostScript</a>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_tips23.html#virtual">Linux Virtual Console Key Sequences</a>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_tips23.html#hidden">Netscape Hidden "Easter Eggs"</a>
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</ul>
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<P> <hr> <P>
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<!--================================================================-->
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<a name="spin"></a>
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<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
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Spinning Down Unused HDs
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</H3><P>
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Date: Sat, 8 Nov 1997 18:34:07 +0100 (MET)<br>
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From: Philipp Braunbeck <a
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href="mailto:100.182763@germany.net">100.182763@germany.net</a><br>
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<P>I guess there's no more need to emphasize how much we all like
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LG. Here's just my humble-newbie-one-and-a-half.
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<P>If You're like me and You've been upgrading for a couple of years
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now You're likely to have several HD's on Your IDE- or
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SCSI-Interfaces. Now there's probably some GNU-Linux-partition and one
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or more other partitions with M$-stuff on a separate disk. I've got a
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120MB Conner (with actually nothing on it, I use it as a
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backup-device; it used to be win3.1, but I don't need it anymore :-)
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which is horribly loud. In the old days of DOS one friend of mine
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wrote a little Pascal-program which would stop the disk after a period
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of time, and it would only restart on some (hardware?)-interrupt.
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Some modern BIOSes can do that job for You, but people told me, that
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either it doesn't work on Linux (because the BIOS is only used on
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bootup in order to get some basic configuration) or it is not
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recommended to do so anyway.
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<P>When I was on some adventure-trip through /usr/sbin, I discovered
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some new species called "hdparm", which should be included on any
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major distribution. The manual page says that you can use it to spin
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down any drive on Your system! All You need to do now is putting a
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line like "hdparm -S1 /dev/hdb" in some boot-startup-script (I guess
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the filenames differ in different distributions) and You're done. What
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a silence!
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<P>However, You shouldn't do it with Your working /-partition, as it
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syncs the disk every now and then and the disk will keep starting and
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stopping, and this is definitely not good for any HD.
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<P>If You like my 2-cent just go ahead and publish it. If not, there
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will certainly be a good reason for this. As I am a newbie, i.e. I've
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been using GNU/Linux for about one year now, I'm humble enough to
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admit that this hint seems more than obvious to any experienced
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user. But if You decide to publish it, I'd prefer that I can stay
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anonymous, not because I got anything to hide, but because I don't
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want to pretend to be someone I'm not, like a sysadmin or I dunno.
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I've got too much respect for them guys who are lots more intelligent
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than I am, but would they ever consider to mail something as primitive
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as I suggest to LG? It really is a matter of getting started for
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unexperienced users, finding that GNU/Linux gets even more powerful
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while sorting it all out. So just put it in "Clueless at the prompt"
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or where You like. Sign with Your name, You knew the trick anyway,
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didn't You?
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<P> <hr> <P>
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<!--================================================================-->
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<a name="find"></a>
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<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
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Finding What You Want with find
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</H3>
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<P>
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Date: Wed, 12 Nov 1997 16:14:43 +0000 (GMT)<br>
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From: Jon Rabone <a href="mailto:jkr@camcon.co.uk">jkr@camcon.co.uk</a><br>
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<P>In the October 97 issue, Dave Nelson suggests using
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<pre>find . -type f -exec grep "string" /dev/null {} \;</pre>
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to persuade grep to print the filenames that it finds the search
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expression in. This starts up a grep for each file, however. A shorter and
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more efficient way of doing it uses backticks:
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<pre>grep "string" `find . -type f`</pre>
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<P>Note however, that if the find matches a large number of files you may
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exceed a command line buffer in the shell and cause it to complain.
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<P> <hr> <P>
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<!--================================================================-->
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<a name="cutpaste"></a>
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<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
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Cutting and Pasting without a Mouse
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</H3>
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<P>
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From: <a
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href="mailto:fk5a005@rrz.uni-hamburg.de">fk5a005@rrz.uni-hamburg.de</a><br>
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Date: Wed, 5 Nov 1997 18:58:41 +0100<br>
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<P>It is possible, I did think there was no way but there is a way to cut
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and paste without any mouse.
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Just use screen-3.6x to achieve what you may have wanted for a long time.
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you use screen already but did you know how to use this cut-and-paste tool?
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<ul>
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<li>Use control-a and ESC to switch on Copy-mode.
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<li>"Drive" thru your screen with j,k and all the other well known vi-movements.
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<li>Mark the area to copy with the space-key.
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<li>Mark the end of the area with a space-key.
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<li>Go to another window with e.g. control-a n .
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<li>Press control-] where you want the pasting to happen.
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ready!
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</ul>
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<P>This was pasting without leaving your keyboard for a while!
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<P>Control-a can be any key to achieve a screen-3.6 command.
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There are many more very useful features with screen but i guess
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that like me there are people out there who may not know this very
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useful feature.
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Another hint: It is really worth printing the Manual.
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If like me you are going by train you can read the Manual x.
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I found out there are so many important features in so many programs I
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did not know and that did help me a lot after discovering.
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<P>About vim and completion:
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there is a feature that lets you complete words which you did write
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before which is very, very useful.
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press control-n in Insert-mode and vim will complete your word if you
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typed it before.
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It is even better:
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You can get vim to complete words that are in a different file.
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Just tell vim what the name of the file is with
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:set dictionary=file
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Then complete the word with control-x-control-k.
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Now imagine how much easier it may be to get a list of words with
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a grep command than to write down all kinds of abbreviations and put
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them into a file.
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This is a Killer-feature IMO!
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<P>About emacs and completion:
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<P>Emacs was first with completion or at least this kind of completion
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mentioned for vim goes back to 1992.
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What you need is hippie-exp.el which can perform all kinds of
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completion.
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<P>About atchange
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<P>There is a very nice script out there written in perl.
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I like it very much because it lets you perform an action whenever
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you change the date of a file. The action can be almost anything
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like calling another program and executing things or whatever you want.
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The idea came from Tom Schneider who has a page about atchange out there:
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<a
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href="http://www-lmmb.ncifcrf.gov/~toms/atchange.html">http://www-lmmb.ncifcrf.gov/~toms/atchange.html</a>
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<P>I strongly encourage you to read it, this is an idea, that can really
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save your time. The perl-script itself is only 68 lines of code.
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almost one half is explanation, the most important thing is the idea
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itself but Tom has a good page. So I don't tell you more right now :)
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<P> <hr> <P>
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<!--================================================================-->
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<a name="slow"></a>
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<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
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Slow Modem
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</H3>
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<P>
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Date: Mon, 3 Nov 1997 17:45:13 -0600 (CST)<br>
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From:Michael J. Hammel<a
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href="mailto:mjhammel@long.emass.com">mjhammel@long.emass.com</a><br>
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To: Larry E Scheib <a
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href="mailto:scheib@tenet.edu">scheib@tenet.edu</a><br>
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<P>In a previous message, Larry E Scheib says:
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<P><I>When I access a remote site with Linux my screens paint painfully slowly;
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a problem I don't experience with Windows95. When my modem connects under
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Linux it replys "Connected at 38,400", the actual speed of my modem.
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The modem runs off of cua1, IRQ 3.</I>
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<P>I'm not very good at debugging modem connections. I've never really had
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any problems with my dial-ups except when the network itself is bogged
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down. To be honest, I have no idea how fast my modem connections are
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actually running. I just know they're tolerable (they actually seem to run
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quite fast - I have a 33.6 modem).
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<P>Things that might affect this would be:
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<ol>
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<li>some other process sitting on cua0 - perhaps a getty?
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<li>You didn't run setserial, a command to setup your serial ports for use
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with modems. I've never run this myself, but I know others have had to do
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so in order to get better throughput. Perhaps its because I don't use MS
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so my ports are not switched back and forth between MS and Linux settings.
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</ol>
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<P> <hr> <P>
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<!--================================================================-->
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<a name="string"></a>
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<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
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Finding Strings with find
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</H3>
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<P>
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Date: Tue, 28 Oct 1997 16:31:47 +0100<br>
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From: Gordon Walker <a
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href="mailto:hellcat@easynet.fr">hellcat@easynet.fr</a><br>
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<P>Being new to Linux I find the Tips section very useful in general and
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the tip about searching for a string with find inspired me to write my
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first conditional Bash script. It finds a string in the current or given
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directory
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<pre>#!/bin/sh
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## Recursively finds all strings in given or current directory
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## Usage string_search <dir> <string> (dir is optional)
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## For example: "string_search fish " finds string "fish" in current
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directory
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## and "string_search /water fish " finds string "fish" in directory
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/water
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if [ "$2" = "" ]; then
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find . -type f -exec grep "$1" /dev/null {} \;
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else
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find $1 -type f -exec grep "$2" /dev/null {} \;
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fi
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</pre>
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<P> <hr> <P>
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<!--================================================================-->
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<a name="calc"></a>
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<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
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Another Calculator Tip
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</H3>
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<P>
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From: Frank Damgaard <a href="mailto:frank@diku.dk">frank@diku.dk</a><br>
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Date: Thu, 23 Oct 1997 22:05:14 +0200 (METDST)
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<P>In issue 21 there was a smart perl based command line calculator,
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here is another one.
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<P>I have for some years used a simple alias for the calculator command.
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The alias only requires awk, and that tcsh (or csh) is the running shell.
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This alias will not work with bash/sh/ksh since these shells do not allow
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arguments in aliases.
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<P>Just place the following line in your ~/.tcshrc or type at the prompt:
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<pre>alias calc 'awk "BEGIN{ print \!* }" '
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# When calling calc do not escape "*":
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# Example: calc (3+5)*4/5</pre>
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<P> <hr> <P>
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<!--================================================================-->
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<a name="laptop"></a>
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<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
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Upgrading a Laptop Hard Disk
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</H3>
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<P>
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Date: Fri, 24 Oct 1997 14:38:58 -0400<br>
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From: Peter Teuben <a
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href="mailto:teuben@astro.umd.edu">teuben@astro.umd.edu</a><br>
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<P>I wanted to upgrade the harddisk of my laptop, which had gotten
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a bit tight with 800Mb and maintaining both linux and W95 (don't
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ask).
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<P>I got a new 2Gb drive, and of course wanted to install W95 as well as
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linux. I decided, despite my die-hard Slackware, to try RedHat4.2 for
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linux and basically "copying" W95. Since the laptop is on a local
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ethernet at home, I could make a backup of W95 on the desktop, and after
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linux was braught up, restore W95 back over the network. Indeed this
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worked quite nice, but you have to remember a few tricks. Here were my
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basic steps:
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<ol>
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<li>backup, using tar, the old /DOS partition accross the network
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<li>replace drive, partitioned as dos on /dev/hda1, swap on hda2,
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ext2 on hda3 and hda4.
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Don't forget to toggle the bootable flags of hda1.
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<li>installed linux on hda3, and did 'mkdosfs /dev/hda1' to format
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the dos partition from within linux (using DOS bootfloppy
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and FORMAT should work just as well, see my FAT32 caveat below)
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LILO was installed at this stage to boot linux as well as W95.
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<li>by default RedHat mounts hda1 as 'dos', but you need to
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re-mount this still empty partition as 'vfat':
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<pre>umount /DOS
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insmod vfat
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mount -t vfat /dev/hda1 /DOS</pre>
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<li>untar the previously saved dos.tar back to /DOS, via the network
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from the desktop machine. Since /DOS is vfat, it will properly
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keep the long names.
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<li>reboot the machine with a previously made 'emergency W95
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bootfloppy' and run "SYS C:" to restore the bootimage
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<li>reboot and select W95 from the LILO prompt, and it should all
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work nicely now (it did for me).
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</ol>
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<P>Caveat: For FAT32 versions of W95 (from OSR2 or W98) you may need to
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patch the 2.1.x kernels to include this.
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<P> <hr> <P>
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<!--================================================================-->
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<a name="wall"></a>
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<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
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Wallpaper
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</H3>
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<P>
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Date: Mon, 27 Oct 1997 14:38:35 +0100<br>
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From: Roger Irwin <a href="mailto:irwin@mail.com">irwin@mail.com</a><br>
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<P>Use netscape, got xv?
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<P>Try running this script in your home directory:
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<pre>rm -f XVbaa
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for foo in .netscape/cache/*
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do
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for baa in $foo/*.gif
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do
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echo $baa >>XVbaa
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done
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done
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xv -root -quit -random -flist XVbaa</pre>
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<P>This will make you a custom wallpaper on the fly by fishing in netscapes
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cache.
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<P>I mapped this to my fvwm2 button bar by using the following lines in
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.fvwm2rc95:
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<pre>*FvwmButtons(Title Mood, Icon exit.xpm, \
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Action 'Exec XVchange ')</pre>
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<P>This goes in the FVWM buttons section in the middle of the other lines
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that define the other buttons....
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When I hit the Mood button, the wallpaper changes.
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I suppose a lazier person might use crontab....
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<P> <hr> <P>
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<!--================================================================-->
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<a name="post"></a>
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<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
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PostScript
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</H3>
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<P>
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Date: Sun, 9 Nov 1997 22:00:31 +0000 (GMT)<br>
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From: Ivan Griffin <a
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href="mailto:ivan.griffin@ul.ie">ivan.griffin@ul.ie</a><br>
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<P>Counting the Number of Pages in a file
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<P>To count the number of pages in a PostScript file, you are relying on the
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creator of the file to have been a sociable application and to have followed
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the Adobe Document Structuring Conventions (ADSC).
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These conventions entail the automatic placement of comments (%%) in the
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PostScript source so that additional applications will find it easier
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(and indeed, possible!) to post-process the PostScript without having
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to interpret it. They are generally ignored by PostScript interpreters
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and printers.
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The comment '%%Page:' delimits each new page. So to count the number of pages
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in a DSC compliant PostScript file, all you have to do is grep for the
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number of '%%Page:' markers:
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<pre>grep -c '%%Page:' filename.ps</pre>
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I generally tend to alias this to pspage in my .cshrc
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<pre>alias pspage 'grep -c %%Page:'</pre>
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<P>Printing 2up
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<P>The utility pstops, part of the psutils package, allows you to process
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a PostScript file to enable 2up printing. I find the following works
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for A4 (European) paper -- the measurements will need to be tweaked
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for US Letter:
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<pre>alias psdouble 'pstops "2:0L@.7(21cm,0)+1L@.7(21cm,14.85cm)"'</pre>
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<P>To use it, it is as simple as:
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<pre>psdouble < 1up.ps > 2up.ps</pre>
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<P>Microsoft Ugly PostScript
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<P>Quite often in PostScript generated by the Microsoft Windows driver, it
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requires the interpreter to have 30MB of memory, and refuses to print
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otherwise!! This is quite incredible, and I have found that it always
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seems to print perfectly well if this artifical limit is removed. The
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PostScript in question is:
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<P>/VM? {vmstatus exch sub exch pop gt { [
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(This job requires more memory than is available in this printer.) 100 500
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(Try one or more of the following, and then print again:) 100 485
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(In the PostScript dialog box, click Optimize For Portability.) 115 470
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(In the Device Options dialog box, make sure the Available Printer Memory is accurate.) 115 455
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(Reduce the number of fonts in the document.) 115 440
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(Print the document in parts.) 115 425
|
|
12 /Times-Roman showpage
|
|
(%%[ PrinterError: Low Printer VM ]%%) =
|
|
true FatalErrorIf}if} bind def
|
|
30000 VM?
|
|
|
|
<P>The line "30000 VM?" checks that (roughly) 30MB of memory is available
|
|
in the printer. Deleting this line is sufficient to ensure that the
|
|
check is not performed, and that the job will now print (or be interpreted
|
|
successfully in ghostview for example).
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="virtual"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
Linux Virtual Console Key Sequences
|
|
</H3>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Date: Sun, 9 Nov 1997 22:00:31 +0000 (GMT)<br>
|
|
From: Ivan Griffin <a
|
|
href="mailto:ivan.griffin@ul.ie">ivan.griffin@ul.ie</a><br>
|
|
|
|
<P>Pressing these key sequences on a VC will dump information to the screen.
|
|
|
|
<P>Displaying task information:
|
|
|
|
<P>Ctrl-Scroll Lock gives:
|
|
<pre> free sibling
|
|
task PC stack pid father child younger older
|
|
swapper 0 R current 4096 0 0 1
|
|
init 1 S FFFFFFFF 2676 1 0 706
|
|
kflushd 2 S 00000000 3984 2 1 3
|
|
kswapd 3 S 00000000 3976 3 1 4 2
|
|
nfsiod 4 S 00000000 3520 4 1 5 3
|
|
nfsiod 5 S 00000000 3520 5 1 6 4
|
|
nfsiod 6 S 00000000 3520 6 1 7 5
|
|
nfsiod 7 S 00000000 3520 7 1 21 6
|
|
bash 8 S 00000000 3012 172 164 711
|
|
login 9 S 00000000 2820 164 1 172 166 135
|
|
kerneld 10 S 00000000 3224 21 1 76 7
|
|
login 11 S 00000000 3012 706 1 712 571
|
|
syslogd 12 S FFFFFFFF 3192 76 1 85 21
|
|
klogd 13 R 00000000 3404 85 1 96 76
|
|
crond 14 S 00000000 3480 96 1 108 85
|
|
inetd 15 S FFFFFFFF 3464 108 1 119 96
|
|
lpd 16 S FFFFFFFF 3376 119 1 135 108
|
|
gpm 17 S 000B206C 3368 135 1 164 119
|
|
vi 18 S FFFFFFFF 3012 711 172
|
|
mingetty 19 S FFFFFFFF 3012 166 1 167 164
|
|
bash 20 S 00000000 3012 712 706 724
|
|
httpd 21 S 00000000 3460 573 571 574
|
|
httpd 22 S 00000000 3600 574 571 575 573
|
|
httpd 23 S 00000000 3308 571 1 579 706 171
|
|
httpd 24 S 00000000 3600 575 571 576 574
|
|
mingetty 25 S FFFFFFFF 3012 167 1 168 166
|
|
mingetty 26 S FFFFFFFF 3012 168 1 169 167
|
|
mingetty 27 S FFFFFFFF 3012 169 1 171 168
|
|
httpd 28 S 00000000 3600 576 571 577 575
|
|
update 29 S 00000000 3460 171 1 571 169
|
|
httpd 30 S 00000000 3600 577 571 579 576
|
|
vi 31 S FFFFFFFF 3012 724 712
|
|
httpd 32 S 00000000 3600 579 571 577
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<P>Displaying Memory Information
|
|
|
|
<P>Shift-Scroll Lock gives:
|
|
|
|
<pre>Mem-info:
|
|
Free pages: 3136kB
|
|
( 4*4kB 0*8kB 1*16kB 1*32kB 0*64kB 24*128kB = 3136kB)
|
|
Swap cache: add 0/0, delete 231912/0, find 0/0
|
|
Free swap: 16596kB
|
|
5120 pages of RAM
|
|
789 free pages
|
|
449 reserved pages
|
|
2572 pages shared
|
|
Buffer memory: 2324kB
|
|
Buffer heads: 2340
|
|
Buffer blocks: 2324
|
|
Buffer[0] mem: 1953 buffers, 10 used (last=1953), 0 locked, 0 protected, 0 dirty 0 shrd
|
|
Buffer[2] mem: 337 buffers, 25 used (last=337), 0 locked, 0 protected, 0 dirty 0 shrd
|
|
Buffer[4] mem: 3 buffers, 3 used (last=3), 0 locked, 0 protected, 3 dirty 0 shrdSize [LAV] Free Clean Unshar Lck Lck1 Dirty Shared
|
|
512 [ 0]: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
|
|
1024 [ 186]: 31 1953 0 337 0 3 0
|
|
2048 [ 0]: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
|
|
4096 [ 0]: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
|
|
8192 [ 0]: 0 0 0 0 0 0
|
|
0</pre>
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
<a name="hidden"></a>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
Netscape Hidden "Easter Eggs"
|
|
</H3>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Date: Sun, 9 Nov 1997 22:00:31 +0000 (GMT)<br>
|
|
From: Ivan Griffin <a
|
|
href="mailto:ivan.griffin@ul.ie">ivan.griffin@ul.ie</a><br>
|
|
|
|
<P>These special URLs do interesting things in Netscape Navigator and
|
|
Communicator.
|
|
|
|
<pre>about:cache gives details on your cache
|
|
about:global gives details about global history
|
|
about:memory-cache
|
|
about:image-cache
|
|
about:document
|
|
about:hype
|
|
about:plugins
|
|
about:editfilenew
|
|
|
|
view-source:URL opens source window of the URL</pre>
|
|
|
|
<P>Ctrl-Alt-F take you to an interesting site :-)
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
<center>Published in Linux Gazette Issue 23, December 1997</center>
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
<A HREF="./index.html"><IMG SRC="../gx/indexnew.gif" ALT="[ TABLE OF
|
|
CONTENTS ]"></A> <A HREF="../index.html"><IMG SRC="../gx/homenew.gif"
|
|
ALT="[ FRONT PAGE ]"></A> <A HREF="./lg_mail23.html"><IMG SRC="../gx/back2.gif" ALT=" Back "></A>
|
|
<A HREF="./lg_bytes23.html"><IMG SRC="../gx/fwd.gif" ALT=" Next "></A>
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<h5>This page maintained by the Editor of <I>Linux Gazette</I>,
|
|
<A HREF="mailto: gazette@ssc.com">gazette@ssc.com</A><BR>
|
|
Copyright © 1997 Specialized Systems Consultants, Inc. </H5>
|
|
<P>
|
|
<!--startcut ==========================================================-->
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</body>
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</html>
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<!--endcut ============================================================-->
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