1087 lines
39 KiB
HTML
1087 lines
39 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
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<html>
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<head>
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<title>More 2 Cent Tips & Tricks Issue 13</title>
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</head>
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<BODY BGCOLOR=#C0C0C0 TEXT=#000000 LINK=#0000FF VLINK=#0020F0
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ALINK=#FF0000 BACKGROUND="../gx/spirbind.gif">
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<table width=100%>
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<tr><td><img src="../gx/blank.gif" width=50></td>
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<td>
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<H4>"Linux Gazette...<I>making Linux just a little more fun!</I>
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"</H4>
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<P> <hr> <P>
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<!-- QUICK TIPS SECTION ================================================== -->
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<center>
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<H1><A NAME="tips"><IMG ALIGN=MIDDLE ALT="" SRC="../gx/twocent.gif">
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More 2¢ Tips!</A></H1> <BR>
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Send Linux Tips and Tricks to <A HREF="mailto:gazette@ssc.com">
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gazette@ssc.com
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</A></center>
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<p><hr><p>
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<H3>Contents:</H3>
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<ul>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_tips13.html#free">Another 2cent Tip for LG</a>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_tips13.html#console">Console Trick Follow-up</a>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_tips13.html#gif">GIF Animations</a>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_tips13.html#adm">How to close and reopen a new /var/adm/messages file</a>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_tips13.html#admin">How to truncate /var/adm/messages</a>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_tips13.html#infozip">Info-ZIP encryption code</a>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_tips13.html#kernel">Kernel Compile Woes</a>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_tips13.html#title">Letter 1 to LJ Editor re Titlebar</a>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_tips13.html#more">Letter 2 to LJ Editor re Titlebar</a>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_tips13.html#redial">PPP redialer script--A Quick Hack </a>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_tips13.html#table">TABLE tags in HTML</a>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_tips13.html#undelete">Text File undelete</a>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_tips13.html#var">Truncating /var/adm/messages</a>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_tips13.html#host">2c Host Trick</a>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_tips13.html#tcsh">Use of TCSH's :e and :r Extensions</a>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_tips13.html#notes">Various notes on 2c tips, Gazette 12</a>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_tips13.html#howto">Viewing HOWTO Documents</a>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_tips13.html#xaw">Xaw-XPM .Xresources troubleshooting tip</a>
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<li><a HREF="./lg_tips13.html#xterm">Xterm Titlebar</a>
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</ul>
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<P> <hr> <P>
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<!--================================================================-->
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</td> </tr> </table>
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<a name="free"><p></a>
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<table>
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<td><img src="../gx/blank.gif" width=50></td>
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<td>
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<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
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Another 2cent Script for LG
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</H3>
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Date: Wed, 11 Dec 1996 23:34:58 +0100 <BR>
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From: Hans Zoebelein, <A HREF="mailto:zocki@goldfish.cube.net">
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zocki@goldfish.cube.net</A><BR>
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<P>
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Hello LG people,
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<P>
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here comes a short script which will check from time to time
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that there is enough free space available on anything
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which shows up in mount (disks, cdrom, floppy...)
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<P>
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If space runs out, a message is printed every X seconds
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to the screen and 1 mail message per filled device is fired up.
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<P>
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Enjoy! <BR>
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Hans
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<PRE>
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#!/bin/sh
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#
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# $Id: lg_tips13.html,v 1.3 2003/02/03 21:50:18 lg Exp $
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#
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#
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# Since I got mysterious error messages during compile when
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# tmp files filled up my disks, I wrote this to get a warning
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# before disks are full.
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#
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# If this stuff saved your servers from exploding,
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# send praising email to zocki@goldfish.cube.net.
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# If your site burns down because of this, sorry but I
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# warned you: no comps.
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# If you really know how to handle sed, please forgive me :)
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#
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#
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# Shoot and forget: Put 'check_hdspace &' in rc.local.
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# Checks for free space on devices every $SLEEPTIME sec.
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# You even might check your floppies or tape drives. :)
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# If free space is below $MINFREE (kb), it will echo a warning
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# and send one mail for each triggering device to $MAIL_TO_ME.
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# If there is more free space than trigger limit again,
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# mail action is also armed again.
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#
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# TODO: Different $MINFREE for each device.
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# Free /*tmp dirs securely from old junk stuff if no more free space.
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DEVICES='/dev/sda2 /dev/sda8 /dev/sda9' # device; your put disks here
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MINFREE=20480 # kb; below this do warning
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SLEEPTIME=10 # sec; sleep between checks
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MAIL_TO_ME='root@localhost' # fool; to whom mail warning
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# ------- no changes needed below this line (hopefully :) -------
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MINMB=0
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ISFREE=0
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MAILED=""
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let MINMB=$MINFREE/1024 # yep, we are strict :)
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while [ 1 ]; do
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DF="`/bin/df`"
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for DEVICE in $DEVICES ; do
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ISFREE=`echo $DF | sed s#.\*$DEVICE" "\*[0-9]\*" "\*[0-9]\*" "\*## | sed s#" ".\*##`
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if [ $ISFREE -le $MINFREE ] ; then
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let ISMB=$ISFREE/1024
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echo "WARNING: $DEVICE only $ISMB mb free." >&2
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#echo "more stuff here" >&2
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echo -e "\a\a\a\a"
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if [ -z "`echo $MAILED | grep -w $DEVICE`" ] ; then
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echo "WARNING: $DEVICE only $ISMB mb free.
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(Trigger is set to $MINMB mb)" \
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| mail -s "WARNING: $DEVICE only $ISMB mb free!" $MAIL_TO_ME
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MAILEDH="$MAILED $DEVICE"
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MAILED=$MAILEDH
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# put further action here like cleaning
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# up */tmp dirs...
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fi
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elif [ -n "`echo $MAILED | grep -w $DEVICE`" ] ; then
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# Remove mailed marker if enough disk space
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# again. So we are ready for new mailing action.
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MAILEDH="`echo $MAILED | sed s#$DEVICE##`"
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MAILED=$MAILEDH
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fi
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done
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sleep $SLEEPTIME
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done
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</PRE>
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<P> <hr> <P>
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<!--================================================================-->
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</td> </tr> </table>
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<a name="console"><p></a>
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<table>
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<td><img src="../gx/blank.gif" width=50></td>
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<td>
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<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
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Console Trick Follow-up
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</H3>
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Date: Wed, 27 Nov 1996 16:20:06 -0500 (EST)<BR>
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From: Elliot Lee, <A HREF="mailto:sopwith@cuc.edu">sopwith@cuc.edu </A><BR>
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<P>
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Just finished reading issue #12, nice work.
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<P>
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A followup to the "Console Tricks" 2-cent tip: <BR>
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What I like to do is have a line in /etc/syslog.conf that says:
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<PRE>
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*.* /dev/tty10
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</PRE>
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that sends all messages to VC 10, so I can know what's going on whether in
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X or text mode. Very useful IMHO.
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<P>
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-- Elliot, http://www.redhat.com/
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<P> <hr> <P>
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<!--================================================================-->
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</td> </tr> </table>
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<a name="gif"><p></a>
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<table>
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<td><img src="../gx/blank.gif" width=50></td>
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<td>
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<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
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GIF Animations
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</H3>
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Date: Thu, 28 Nov 1996 20:41:22 -0600 (CST) <BR>
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From: Greg Roelofs, <A HREF="mailto:newt@pobox.com">newt@pobox.com </A>
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<P>
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I too thought WhirlGIF (Graphics Muse, issue 12) was the greatest thing
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since sliced bread (well, aside from PNG) when I first discovered it, but
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for creating animations, it's considerably inferior to Andy Wardley's
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<A HREF="http://www.peritas.com/~abw/multigif.html">MultiGIF</A>. The
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latter can specify tiny sprite images as parts of the animation, not just
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full images. For my PNG-balls animation (see http://quest.jpl.nasa.gov/PNG/),
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this resulted in well over a factor-of-two reduction in size (577k to 233k).
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For another animation with a small, horizontally oscillating (Cylon eyes)
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sprite, the savings was more than a factor of 20(!).
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<P>
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MultiGIF is available as source code, of course. (And I had nothing to do
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with it, but I do find it darned handy.)
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<P>
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Regards, <BR>
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Greg Roelofs, http://pobox.com/~newt/ <BR>
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Newtware, Info-ZIP, PNG Group, U Chicago, Philips Research, ...
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<P> <hr> <P>
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<!--================================================================-->
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</td> </tr> </table>
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<a name="adm"><p></a>
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<table>
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<td><img src="../gx/blank.gif" width=50></td>
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<td>
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<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
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Re: How to close and reopen a new /var/adm/messages file
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</H3>
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Date: Thu, 05 Dec 1996 01:09:27 -0800 <BR>
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From: CyberTech, <A HREF="mailto:CyberTech@ns.cybertech.org">CyberTech@ns.cybertech.org</A><BR>
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<P>
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Regarding the posting in issue #12 of your gazette, how to backup the
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current messages file & recreate, here is an alternative method...
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<P>
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Place the lines at the end of this messages in a shell script
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(/root/cron/swaplogs in this example). Don't forget to make it +x!
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Execute it with 'sh scriptname', or by adding the following lines to
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your (root's) crontab:
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<PRE>
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# Swap logfiles every day at 1 am, local time
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0 01 * * * /root/cron/swaplogs
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</PRE>
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The advantage to this method over renaming the logfile and creating a
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new one is that in this method, syslogd is not required to be restarted.
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<PRE>
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#!/bin/sh
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cp /var/adm/messages /var/adm/messages.`date +%d-%m-%y_%T`
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cat /dev/null >/var/adm/messages
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cp /var/adm/syslog /var/adm/syslog.`date +%d-%m-%y_%T`
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cat /dev/null >/var/adm/syslog
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cp /var/adm/debug /var/adm/debug.`date +%d-%m-%y_%T`
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cat /dev/null >/var/adm/debug
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</PRE>
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<P> <hr> <P>
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<!--================================================================-->
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</td> </tr> </table>
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<a name="admin"><p></a>
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<table>
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<td><img src="../gx/blank.gif" width=50></td>
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<td>
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<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
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How to truncate /var/adm/messages
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</H3>
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Date: Mon, 02 Dec 1996 16:47:20 +0100 <BR>
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From: Eje Gustafsson, <A HREF="mailto:gne@ffa.se">gne@ffa.se </A> <BR>
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<PRE>
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>In answer to the question:
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>
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> What is the proper way to close and reopen a new >/var/adm/messages
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> file from a running system?
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>
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> Step one: rename the file. Syslog will still be writing in it >after renaming so you don't
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> lose messages. Step two: create a new one. After re-initializing >syslogd it will be used.
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>just re-initialize.
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>
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> 1.mv /var/adm/messages /var/adm/messages.prev
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> 2.touch /var/adm/messages
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> 3.kill -1 pid-of-syslogd
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>
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> This should work on a decent Unix(like) system, and I know Linux >is one of them.
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</PRE>
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This is NOT an proper way of truncate /var/adm/messages.
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<P>
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It is better to do: <BR>
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<ol>
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<li>cp /var/adm/messages /var/adm/messages.prev
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<li>>/var/adm/messages or cp /dev/null /var/adm/messages
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(both of them makes the file empty).
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<li>No more.
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</ol>
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The problem is that when you remove the /var/adm/messages syslogd
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gets confused and unhappy and you have to give syslogd a HUPSIG
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but if you just sets the file length to zero without removing the file
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syslogd don't complain. And if you are really unlucky your system
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will go down because you didn't create /var/adm/messages quick enough
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or forgot it.
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<P>
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Best of regards, <BR>
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Eje Gustafsson, System Administrator <BR>
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THE AERONAUTICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF SWEDEN <BR>
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<P> <hr> <P>
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<!--================================================================-->
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</td> </tr> </table>
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<a name="infozip"><p></a>
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<table>
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<td><img src="../gx/blank.gif" width=50></td>
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<td>
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<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
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Info-ZIP encryption code
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</H3>
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Date: Thu, 28 Nov 1996 20:58:39 -0600 (CST) <BR>
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From: Greg Roelofs, <A HREF="mailto:newt@pobox.com">newt@pobox.com</A><BR>
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<P>
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This is a relatively minor point, but Info-ZIP's Zip/UnZip encryption
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code is *not* DES as reported in Robert Savage's article (LG issue 12).
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It's actually considerably weaker, so much so that Paul Kocher has pub-
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lished a known-plaintext attack (the existence of which is undoubtedly
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the reason PKWARE was granted an export license for the code). While
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the encryption is good enough to keep your mom and probably your boss
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from reading your files, those who desire *real* security should look
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to PGP (which is also based on Info-ZIP code, but only for compression).
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<P>
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And while I'm at it, Linux users will be happy to learn that the upcoming
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releases of UnZip 5.3 and Zip 2.2 will be noticeably faster than the cur-
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rent publicly released code. In Zip's case this is due to a work-around
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for a gcc bug that prevented a key assembler routine from being used--Zip
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is now 30-40% faster on large files. In UnZip's case the improvement is
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due to a couple of things, one of which is simply better-optimized CRC
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code. UnZip 5.3 is about 10-20% faster than 5.2, I believe. The new ver-
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sions should be released in early January, if all goes well. And then...
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we start working on multi-part archives. :-)
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<P>
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Greg Roelofs, http://pobox.com/~newt/ <BR>
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Newtware, Info-ZIP, PNG Group, U Chicago, Philips Research, ...
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<P> <hr> <P>
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<!--================================================================-->
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</td> </tr> </table>
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<a name="kernel"><p></a>
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<table>
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<td><img src="../gx/blank.gif" width=50></td>
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<td>
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<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
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Kernel Compile Woes
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</H3>
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Date: Mon, 2 Dec 1996 21:35:29 +0400 (GMT-4)<BR>
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From: Duncan Hill, <A HREF="mailto:dhill@sunbeach.net">dhill@sunbeach.net</A><BR>
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<P>
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Greetings. Having been through hell after a recompile of my kernel, I
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thought I'd pass this on.
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<P>
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It all started with me compiling a kernel for JAVA binary support..who
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tell me do that. Somehow I think I got experimental code in..even worse :>
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Anyway, it resulted in a crash, and I couldn't recompile since then.
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<P>
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Well, after several cries for help, and trying all sorts of stuff, I
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upgraded binutils to 2.7.0.3, and told the kernel to build elf support and
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in elf format, and hey presto. I'd been wrestling with the problem for
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well over a week, and every time, I'd get an error. Unfortunately, I had
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to take out sound support, so I'm going to see if it'll add back in.
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<P>
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I have to say thank you to the folks on the linux-kernel mailing list at
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vger.rutgers.edu. I posted there once, and had back at least 5 replies in
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an hour. (One came back in 10 minutes).
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<P>
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As for the LG, it looks very nice seen thru Lynx 2-6 (no graphics to get
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messed up :>) I love the Weekend Mechanic, and the 2 cent tips mainly.
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Perhaps one day I'll contribute something,.
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<P>
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Duncan Hill, Student of the Barbados Community College
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http://www.sunbeach.net/personal/dhill/dhill.htm
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http://www.sunbeach.net/personal/dhill/lynx/lynx-main.html
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<p><hr><p>
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<!--================================================================-->
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</td> </tr> </table>
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<a name="title"><p></a>
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<table>
|
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<td><img src="../gx/blank.gif" width=50></td>
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<td>
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|
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<h3><img align=bottom alt=" " src="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
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|
Letter 1 to the LJ Editor re Titlebar
|
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</h3>
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|
Date: Sat, 21 Dec 1996 15:18:01 -0600 <br>
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From: Roger Booth, <a
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href="mailto: Roger_Booth@crow.bmc.com">Roger_Booth@crow.bmc.com</a><br>
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To: linux@ssc.com
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The Jan97 Issue 33 of <i>Linux Journal</i> contained the "Linux Gazette Two
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Cent Tips".
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I was interested in the tip "X Term Titlebar Function". Although
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the text of the tip stated that the tip would work in ksh-based
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systems, I could not get it to work as shown. I think there are
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three problems. First, I think there are a few transcription
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errors in the script. Second, I believe the author is using
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embedded control characters and it was not obvious to me which
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character sequences are representations of control characters
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and which characters should be typed verbatim. Third, the
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author uses a command-line option to the echo command which
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is not available on all Unix platforms.
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<p>
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I finally used the following script:
|
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<pre>
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if [ ${SHELL##/*/} = "ksh" ] ; then
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if [[ $TERM = x"term" ]] ; then
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HOSTNAME=`uname -n`
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label () { echo "\\033]2;$*\\007\\c"; }
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alias stripe='label $LOGNAME on $HOSTNAME - ${PWD#$HOME/}'
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cds () { "cd" $*; eval stripe; }
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alias cd=cds
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eval stripe
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fi
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fi
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</pre>
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I don't use vi, so I left out that functionality.
|
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<p>
|
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The functional changes I made are all in the arguments to the
|
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echo command. The changes are to use \\033 rather than what
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was shown in the original tip as ^[, to use \\007 rather than
|
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^G, and to terminate the string with \\c rather than use the
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option -n.
|
|
<p>
|
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On AIX 4.1, the command "echo -n hi" echoes "-n hi"; in
|
|
other
|
|
words, -n is not a portable command-line option to the echo
|
|
command. I tested the above script on AIX 3.2, AIX 4.1,
|
|
HPUX 9.0, HPUX 10.0, Solaris 2.4 and Solaris 2.5. I'm still
|
|
trying to get Linux and my Wintel box mutually configured,
|
|
so I haven't tested it on Linux.
|
|
<p>
|
|
I have noticed a problem with this script. I use the rlogin
|
|
command to log in to a remote box. When I exit from the
|
|
remote box, the caption is not updated, and still shows the
|
|
hostname and path that was valid just before I exited. I tried
|
|
adding
|
|
<pre>
|
|
exits () { "exit" $*; eval stripe; }
|
|
alias exit=exits
|
|
</pre>
|
|
and
|
|
<pre>
|
|
rlogins () { "rlogin" $*; eval stripe; }
|
|
alias rlogin=rlogins
|
|
</pre>
|
|
Neither addition updated the caption to the host/path
|
|
returned to. Any suggestions?
|
|
<p>
|
|
Roger Booth, rbooth@bmc.com
|
|
|
|
<p><hr><p>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
</td> </tr> </table>
|
|
<a name="more"><p></a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<td><img src="../gx/blank.gif" width=50></td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
|
|
<h3><img align=bottom alt=" " src="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
Letter 2 to the LJ Editor re Titlebar
|
|
</h3>
|
|
Date: Fri, 13 Dec 1996 23:03:37 -0700 (MST)
|
|
From: Gary Masters, <A HREF="mailto:gmasters@csn.net">gmasters@csn.net</A><BR>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Some further clarification is needed with respect to the X Term Titlebar
|
|
Function tip in the Linux Gazette Two Cent Tips column of the January
|
|
1997 issue. With regard to the -print option to find, Michael Hammel
|
|
says, "Linux does require this." This is yet another example of "Your
|
|
mileage may vary." Some versions of Linux do not require the -print
|
|
option. And, although Solaris may not, SunOS 4.1.3_U1 and 4.1.4 do
|
|
require the -print option. Also, if running csh or tcsh, remember to
|
|
escape wildcards in the file specification ( e.g. find ./ -name \*txt\* )
|
|
so that the shell doesn't attempt to expand them.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Second, for those tcsh fans out there, here is an xterm title bar function
|
|
for tcsh.
|
|
<P>
|
|
NOTE: This works on Slackware 3.0 with tcsh version 6.04.00, under the
|
|
tab, fv, and OpenLook window managers. Your mileage may vary.
|
|
<pre>
|
|
if ( $TERM == xterm ) then
|
|
set prompt="%h> "
|
|
alias cwdcmd 'echo -n "^[]2;`whoami` on ${HOST} - $cwd^G^[]1;${HOST}^G"'
|
|
alias vi 'echo -n "^[]2;${HOST} - editing file-> \!*^G" ; vim \!* ;
|
|
cwdcmd'
|
|
alias telnet '/bin/telnet \!* ; cwdcmd'
|
|
alias rlogin '/usr/bin/rlogin \!* ; cwdcmd'
|
|
cwdcmd
|
|
else
|
|
set prompt="[%m]%~% "
|
|
endif
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>Check to see if tcsh is running in an xterm.
|
|
<li>Set the prompt to show the current history event number.
|
|
<li>Set the alias cwdcmd to display the user, host, and current path in
|
|
the xterm title bar, and set the icon name to the host name. cwdcmd
|
|
is a special tcsh alias, which if set holds a command that will be
|
|
executed after changing the value of $cwd.
|
|
<li>Set a vi alias to display the user, host, and file name under edit in
|
|
the xterm title bar. And run cwdcmd on exit to restore the xterm
|
|
title bar and icon name.
|
|
<li>Alias telnet and rlogin to restore the xterm title bar and icon name
|
|
upon exit. NOTE: Paths to telnet and rlogin may vary.
|
|
<li>Run the alias cwdcmd to set the initial xterm title bar and icon name.
|
|
<li>If this wasn't an xterm, set the prompt to show hostname and path.
|
|
</ul>
|
|
Gary Masters
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
</td> </tr> </table>
|
|
<a name="redial"><p></a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<td><img src="../gx/blank.gif" width=50></td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
PPP redialer script--A Quick Hack
|
|
</H3>
|
|
Date: Sun, 08 Dec 1996 13:20:25 +0200 <BR>
|
|
From: Markku J. Salama, <A
|
|
HREF="mailto:msalama@usa.net">msalama@usa.net</A><BR>
|
|
<P>
|
|
This here is the way I do it, but don't use it if your area has some
|
|
regulations
|
|
about redialing the same phone numbers over and over:
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
#!/bin/sh
|
|
|
|
# A quick hack for redialing with ppp by <root@superfly.salama.fi>
|
|
# Tries 2 numbers sequentially until connected
|
|
# Takes 1 cmdline parm, the interface (ppp0, ppp1...)
|
|
|
|
# You need 2 copies of the ppp-on script (here called modemon{1,2}) with
|
|
# different telephone numbers for the ISP. These scripts should be
|
|
slightly
|
|
# customized so that the passwd is _not_ written in them, but is taken
|
|
# separately from the user in the main (a.k.a. this) script.
|
|
|
|
# Here's how (from the customized ppp-on a.k.a. modemon1):
|
|
# ...
|
|
# TELEPHONE=your.isp.number1 # Then make a copy of this script ->
|
|
modemon2
|
|
# and change this to your.isp.number2
|
|
# ACCOUNT=your.account
|
|
# PASSWD=$1 # This gets the passwd from the main
|
|
script.
|
|
# ...
|
|
|
|
# /sbin/ifconfig must be user-executable for this hack to work.
|
|
|
|
wd1=1 # counter start
|
|
stty -echo # echo off
|
|
echo -n "Password: " # for the ISP
|
|
account
|
|
read wd2
|
|
stty echo # back on
|
|
echo
|
|
echo "Trying..."
|
|
echo 'ATE V1 M0 &K3 &C1 ^M' > /dev/modem # modem init,
|
|
# change as
|
|
needed
|
|
|
|
/usr/sbin/modemon1 $wd2 # first try
|
|
flag=1 # locked
|
|
|
|
while [ 1 ]; do # just keep on
|
|
going
|
|
|
|
if [ "$flag" = 1 ]; then # locked?
|
|
|
|
bar=$(ifconfig | grep -c $1) # check for a link
|
|
|
|
if [ "$bar" = 1 ]; then # connected?
|
|
echo "Connected!" # if so, then
|
|
exit 0 # get outta here
|
|
else
|
|
foo=$(ps ax) # already
|
|
running?
|
|
blaat=$(echo $foo | grep "/usr/sbin/pppd")
|
|
|
|
if [ "$blaat" = "" ]; then # if not, then
|
|
flag=0 # unset lock
|
|
fi
|
|
fi
|
|
|
|
else # no lock, ready
|
|
# to continue
|
|
wd1=$[wd1+1]
|
|
echo "Trying again... $wd1"
|
|
|
|
if [ $[wd1%2] = 1 ]; then # this modulo
|
|
test
|
|
/usr/sbin/modemon1 $wd2 # does the
|
|
switching
|
|
else # between the 2
|
|
numbers
|
|
/usr/sbin/modemon2 $wd2 # we are using
|
|
fi
|
|
|
|
flag=1 # locked again
|
|
|
|
fi
|
|
|
|
done # All done!
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
There. Customize as needed & be an excellent person. Ant DON'T break any
|
|
laws if redialing is illegal in your area!
|
|
<P>
|
|
Mark
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
</td> </tr> </table>
|
|
<a name="table"><p></a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<td><img src="../gx/blank.gif" width=50></td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
TABLE tags in HTML
|
|
</H3>
|
|
Date: Fri, 20 Dec 1996 11:51:22 -0500 <BR>
|
|
From: Michael O'Keefe, <A HREF="mailto:Michael.OKeefe@LMC.Ericsson.SE">
|
|
Michael.OKeefe@LMC.Ericsson.SE </A> <BR>
|
|
Organization: Ericsson Research Canada <BR>
|
|
<P>
|
|
G'day,
|
|
<P>
|
|
Just browsing through the mailbox, and I noticed your reply to a user
|
|
about HTML standard compliance and long download times. You replied that
|
|
you use the spiral image (a common thing these days) inside a <TABLE>.
|
|
<P>
|
|
I hope you are aware that a browser cannot display any contents of a
|
|
<TABLE> until it has received the </TABLE> tag (no matter what version
|
|
of any browser - it is a limitation of the HTML tag) because the browser
|
|
cannot run its algorithm until it has received all of the <TR> and
|
|
<TD> tags, and it can't be sure of that until the </TABLE> linux-questions-only@ssc.comes
|
|
through. I have seen many complex sites, using many images (thankfully
|
|
they at least used the HEIGHT and WIDTH tags on those images to tell
|
|
the browser how big the image will be so it didn't have to download
|
|
it to find out) but still, putting it in a table nullifies much of the
|
|
speediness that users require.
|
|
<P>
|
|
A solution I often offer the HTML designers under me is to use a
|
|
<DL><DD> combination. Though this doesn't technically fit the HTML DTD
|
|
(certain elements are not allowed in a <DL>) and I use an editor that
|
|
will not allow illegal HTML, so I can't do it myself (without going
|
|
via a backdoor - but that's bad quality in my opionion). The downside
|
|
of the this is of course that you don't know what sized FONT the user
|
|
has set on the browser, and the FONT size affects the indetation width
|
|
of the <DD> element. But if your spiral image is not too wide, then
|
|
that could be made a NULL factor. The plus to the <DL><DD> is that the
|
|
page can be displayed instantly as it comes down (again..providing the
|
|
developer uses the HEIGHT and WIDTH attributes on *ALL* images so that
|
|
the browser doesn't have to pause it's display to get the image and work
|
|
out how to lay out around the image)
|
|
<p>
|
|
Michael O'Keefe
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
</td> </tr> </table>
|
|
<a name="undelete"><p></a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<td><img src="../gx/blank.gif" width=50></td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
Text File undelete
|
|
</H3>
|
|
Date: Sat, 7 Dec 1996 15:00:58 +1300 (NZDT) <BR>
|
|
From: Michael Hamilton, <A HREF="mailto:michael@actrix.gen.nz">
|
|
michael@actrix.gen.nz </A> <BR>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Here's a trick I've had to use a few times.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Desperate person's text file undelete.
|
|
<P>
|
|
If you accidentally remove a text file, for example, some email, or
|
|
the results of a late night programming session, all may not be lost.
|
|
If the file ever made it to disk, ie it was around for more than 30
|
|
seconds, its contents may still be in the disk partition.
|
|
<P>
|
|
You can use the grep command to search the raw disk partition for the
|
|
contents of file.
|
|
<P>
|
|
For example, recently, I accidentally deleted a piece of email.
|
|
So I immediately ceased any activity that could modify that partition:
|
|
in this case I just refrained from saving any files or doing any compiles
|
|
etc. On other occasions, I've actually gone to the trouble of bring the
|
|
system down to single user mode, and unmounted the filesystem.
|
|
<P>
|
|
I then used the egrep command on the disk partition: in my case the email
|
|
message was in /usr/local/home/michael/, so from the output from df,
|
|
I could see this was in /dev/hdb5
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
sputnik3:~ % df
|
|
Filesystem 1024-blocks Used Available Capacity Mounted on
|
|
/dev/hda3 18621 9759 7901 55% /
|
|
/dev/hdb3 308852 258443 34458 88% /usr
|
|
/dev/hdb5 466896 407062 35720 92% /usr/local
|
|
|
|
sputnik3:~ % su
|
|
Password:
|
|
[michael@sputnik3 michael]# egrep -50 'ftp.+COL' /dev/hdb5 > /tmp/x
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
Now I'm ultra careful when fooling around with disk partitions, so I
|
|
paused to make sure I understood the command syntax BEFORE pressing
|
|
return. In this case the email contained the word 'ftp' followed by
|
|
some text followed by the word 'COL'. The message was about 20 lines
|
|
long, so I used -50 to get all the lines around the phrase. In the
|
|
past I've used -3000 to make sure I got all the lines of some source
|
|
code. I directed the output from the egrep to a different disk
|
|
partition - this prevented it from over writing the message I was
|
|
looking for.
|
|
<P>
|
|
I then used strings to help me inspect the output
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
strings /tmp/x | less
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
Sure enough the email was in there.
|
|
<P>
|
|
This method can't be relied on, all, or some, of the disk space may
|
|
have already been re-used.
|
|
<P>
|
|
This trick is probably only useful on single user systems. On
|
|
multi-users systems with high disk activity, the space you free'ed up
|
|
may have already been reused. And most of use can't just rip the box
|
|
out from under our users when ever we need to recover a file.
|
|
<P>
|
|
On my home system this trick has come in handy on about three
|
|
occasions in the past few years - usually when I accidentally trash
|
|
some of the days work. If what I'm working survives to a point where
|
|
I feel I made significant progress, it get's backed up onto floppy, so
|
|
I haven't needed this trick very often.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Michael
|
|
|
|
<p><hr><p>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
</td> </tr> </table>
|
|
<a name="var"><p></a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<td><img src="../gx/blank.gif" width=50></td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
|
|
<h3><img align=bottom alt=" " src="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
Truncating /var/adm/messages
|
|
</h3>
|
|
Date: Tue, 31 Dec 1996 15:32:57 GMT+100 <BR>
|
|
From: Michel Vanaken, <A HREF="mailto:michel@idtech.be">michel@idtech.be</A><BR>
|
|
Organization: IDtech <BR>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Hi !
|
|
<P>
|
|
About the topic "How to truncate /var/adm/messages", here's the way
|
|
to do it with a shell script :
|
|
<pre>
|
|
mv /var/adm/messages /var/adm/messages.prev
|
|
touch /var/adm/messages
|
|
mv /var/adm/syslog /var/adm/syslog.prev
|
|
touch /var/adm/syslog
|
|
kill -1 `ps x | grep syslog | grep -v grep | awk '{ print $1 }'`
|
|
</pre>
|
|
Happy new year ! <BR>
|
|
Michel
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
</td> </tr> </table>
|
|
<a name="host"><p></a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<td><img src="../gx/blank.gif" width=50></td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
2c Host Trick
|
|
</H3>
|
|
Date: Tue, 10 Dec 1996 17:27:46 +0300 <BR>
|
|
From: Paul Makeev, <A HREF="mailto:mac@rosprint.ru">mac@rosprint.ru</A><BR>
|
|
<P>
|
|
In order to make DHCPD by ISC/Vixie to run under Linux, you should
|
|
have route to host 255.255.255.255. Standard "route" from Slackware
|
|
distribution does not like the string "route add -host 255.255.255.255
|
|
dev eth0". But you can add hostname to your /etc/hosts file with
|
|
address 255.255.255.255, and use "route add hostname dev eth0" instead.
|
|
It works.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Paul.
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
</td> </tr> </table>
|
|
<a name="tcsh"><p></a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<td><img src="../gx/blank.gif" width=50></td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
Use of TCSH's :e and :r Extensions
|
|
</H3>
|
|
Date: Mon, 02 Dec 1996 23:25:23 -0500 <BR>
|
|
From: Bill C. Riemers, <A HREF="mailto:bcr@feynman.com">bcr@feynman.com</A><BR>
|
|
<P>
|
|
I'd like to congratulate Jesper Pedersen on his article on tcsh
|
|
tricks. Tcsh has long been my favorite shell. But most of the features
|
|
Jesper hit upon are also found in bash. Tcsh's most useful and unique
|
|
features are its variable/history suffixes.
|
|
<P>
|
|
For example, if after applying a patch one wishes to undo things, by
|
|
moving the *.orig files to there base names, the :r extension which
|
|
means to strip the extension comes in handy. e.g.
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
foreach a ( *.orig )
|
|
mv $a $a:r
|
|
end
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
The same loop for ksh looks like:
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
for a in *.orig; do=20
|
|
mv $a `echo $a|sed -e 's,\.orig$,,g'`
|
|
done
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
Even better, one can use the :e extension to extract the file extension.
|
|
For example, lets say we we want to do the same thing on compressed
|
|
files:
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
foreach a ( *.orig.{gz,Z} )
|
|
mv $a $a:r:r.$a:e
|
|
end
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
The $a:r:r is the filename without .orig.gz and .orig.Z, we tack the
|
|
.gz or .Z back on with .$a:e.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Bill
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
</td> </tr> </table>
|
|
<a name="notes"><p></a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<td><img src="../gx/blank.gif" width=50></td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<H3><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="" SRC="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
Various notes on 2c tips, Gazette 12
|
|
</H3>
|
|
Date: Wed, 04 Dec 1996 15:30:21 -0600 <BR>
|
|
From: Justin Dossey, <A HREF="mailto:dossey@ou.edu">dossey@ou.edu </A> <BR>
|
|
<P>
|
|
I noticed a few overly difficult or unnecessary procedures recommended
|
|
in the 2c tips section of Issue 12. Since there is more than one, I'm
|
|
sending it to you:
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
#!/bin/sh
|
|
# lowerit
|
|
# convert all file names in the current directory to lower case
|
|
# only operates on plain files--does not change the name of
|
|
directories
|
|
# will ask for verification before overwriting an existing file
|
|
for x in `ls`
|
|
do
|
|
if [ ! -f $x ]; then
|
|
continue
|
|
fi
|
|
lc=`echo $x | tr '[A-Z]' '[a-z]'`
|
|
if [ $lc != $x ]; then
|
|
mv -i $x $lc
|
|
fi
|
|
done
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
Wow. That's a long script. I wouldn't write a script to do that;
|
|
instead, I would use this command:
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
for i in * ; do [ -f $i ] && mv -i $i `echo $i | tr '[A-Z]' '[a-z]'`;
|
|
done;
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
on the command line.
|
|
<P>
|
|
The contributor says he wrote the script how he did for
|
|
understandability (see below).
|
|
<P>
|
|
On the next tip, this one about adding and removing users, Geoff is
|
|
doing fine until that last step. Reboot? Boy, I hope he doesn't reboot
|
|
every time he removes a user. All you have to do is the first two
|
|
steps. What sort of processes would that user have going, anyway? An
|
|
irc bot? Killing the processes with a simple
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
kill -9 `ps -aux |grep ^<username> |tr -s " " |cut -d " " -f2`
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
Example, username is foo
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
kill -9 `ps -aux |grep ^foo |tr -s " " |cut -d " " -f2`
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
That taken care of, let us move to the forgotten root password.
|
|
<P>
|
|
The solution given in the Gazette is the most universal one, but not the
|
|
easiest one. With both LILO and loadlin, one may provide the boot
|
|
parameter "single" to boot directly into the default shell with no login
|
|
or password prompt. From there, one may change or remove any passwords
|
|
before typing ``init 3``to start multiuser mode.
|
|
Number of reboots: 1
|
|
The other way
|
|
Number of reboots: 2
|
|
<P>
|
|
That's just about it. Thanks for the great magazine and continuing
|
|
contribution to the Linux community. The Gazette is a needed element
|
|
for many linux users on the 'net.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Justin Dossey
|
|
<P>
|
|
Date: Wed, 4 Dec 1996 08:46:24 -0800 (PST) <BR>
|
|
Subject: <B> Re: lowerit shell script in the LG </B> <BR>
|
|
From: Phil Hughes, <A HREF="mailto:phil@ssc.com">phil@ssc.com </A> <BR>
|
|
<P>
|
|
The amazing Justin Dossey wrote:
|
|
<PRE>
|
|
> #!/bin/sh
|
|
> for i in * ; do [ -f $i ] && mv -i $i `echo $i | tr '[A-Z]' '[a-z]'`;
|
|
> done;
|
|
>
|
|
> may be more cryptic than
|
|
...
|
|
>
|
|
> but it is a lot nicer to the system (speed & memory-wise) too.
|
|
</PRE>
|
|
Can't argue. If I had written it for what I considered a high usage
|
|
situation I would have done it more like you suggested. The intent,
|
|
however, was to make something that could be easily understood.
|
|
<P>
|
|
Phil Hughes
|
|
|
|
<p><hr><p>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
</td> </tr> </table>
|
|
<a name="howto"><p></a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<td><img src="../gx/blank.gif" width=50></td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
|
|
<h3><img align=bottom alt=" " src="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
Viewing HOWTO Documents
|
|
</h3>
|
|
Date: Sun, 22 Dec 1996 09:43:40 -0800 <br>
|
|
From: Didier Juges, <a
|
|
href="mailto:dj@destin.nfds.net">dj@destin.nfds.net</a><br>
|
|
<p>
|
|
>From a newbie to another, here is a short script that eases looking for
|
|
and viewing howto documents.
|
|
My howto's are in /usr/doc/faq/howto/ and are gzipped. The file names are
|
|
XXX-HOWTO.gz, XXX being the subject.
|
|
I created the following script called "howto" in the /usr/local/sbin
|
|
directory:
|
|
<pre>
|
|
#!/bin/sh
|
|
if [ "$1" = "" ]; then
|
|
ls /usr/doc/faq/howto | less
|
|
else
|
|
gunzip -c /usr/doc/faq/howto/$1-HOWTO.gz | less
|
|
fi
|
|
</pre>
|
|
When called without argument, it displays a directory of the available
|
|
howto's. Then when entered with the first part of the file name (before
|
|
the hyphen) as an argument, it unzips (keeping the original intact) then
|
|
displays the document.
|
|
<p>
|
|
For instance, to view the Serial-HOWTO.gz document, enter:
|
|
$ howto Serial
|
|
<p>
|
|
Keep up the good work.
|
|
<p>
|
|
Didier
|
|
|
|
<p><hr><p>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
</td> </tr> </table>
|
|
<a name="xaw"><p></a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<td><img src="../gx/blank.gif" width=50></td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
|
|
<h3><img align=bottom alt=" " src="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
Xaw-XPM .Xresources troubleshooting tip.
|
|
</h3>
|
|
Date: Wed, 18 Dec 1996 17:02:07 +0100 (GMT+0100) <br>
|
|
From: Robin Smidsroed, <a
|
|
href="mailto:dex@sysedata.no">dex@sysedata.no</a><br>
|
|
<p>
|
|
I'm sure a lot of you folks out there have installed the new Xaw-XPM and
|
|
like it a lot. But I've had some trouble with it. If I don't install the
|
|
supplied .Xresources-file, xcalc and some other apps (ghostview is one)
|
|
segfaults whenever you try to use them.
|
|
<p>
|
|
I found out that the entry which causes this, is this:
|
|
<pre>
|
|
*setPixmap: /path/to/an/xpm-file
|
|
</pre>
|
|
If this entry isn't in your .Xresources, xcalc and ghostview won't work. Hope
|
|
some of you out there need this.
|
|
<p>
|
|
And while you're at ghostview, remember to upgrade ghostscript to the latest
|
|
version to get the new and improved fonts, they certainly look better on
|
|
paper than the old versions.
|
|
<p>
|
|
Ciao! <br>
|
|
Robin
|
|
<p>
|
|
PS: Great mag, now I'm just waiting for the arrival of my copy of LJ
|
|
|
|
<p><hr><p>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
|
|
</td> </tr> </table>
|
|
<a name="xterm"><p></a>
|
|
<table>
|
|
<td><img src="../gx/blank.gif" width=50></td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
|
|
<h3><img align=bottom alt=" " src="../gx/lil2cent.gif">
|
|
xterm title bar
|
|
</h3>
|
|
Date: Wed, 18 Dec 1996 21:21:47 -0800 (PST)
|
|
From: bradshaw@nlc.com (Lee Bradshaw)
|
|
<p>
|
|
Hi Guys,
|
|
<p>
|
|
I noticed the "alias for cd xterm title bar tip" from Michael
|
|
Hammel in
|
|
the <i>Linux Gazette</i> and wanted to offer a possible improvement for your
|
|
.bashrc file. A similar solution might work for ksh, but you may need
|
|
to substitute $HOSTNAME for \h, etc:
|
|
<pre>
|
|
if [ "x$TERM" = "xxterm" ]; then
|
|
PS1='\h \w-> \[\033]0;\h \w\007\]'
|
|
else
|
|
PS1='\h \w-> '
|
|
fi
|
|
</pre>
|
|
PS1 is an environment variable used in bash and ksh for storing the
|
|
normal prompt. \h and \w are shorthand for hostname and working
|
|
directory in bash. The \[ and \] strings enclose non-printing
|
|
characters from the prompt so that command line editing will work
|
|
correctly. The \O33]0; and \007 strings enclose a string which
|
|
xterm will use for the title bar and icon name. Sorry, I don't
|
|
remember the codes for setting these independently. (ksh users note:
|
|
\033 is octal for ESC and \007 is octal for CTRL-G.) This example just
|
|
changes the title bar and icon names to match the prompt before the
|
|
cursor.
|
|
<p>
|
|
Any program which changes the xterm title will cause inconsistencies if
|
|
you try an alias for cd instead of PS1. Consider rlogin to another
|
|
machine which changes the xterm title. When you quit rlogin, there is
|
|
nothing to force the xterm title back to the correct value when using
|
|
the cd alias (at least not until the next cd). This is not a problem
|
|
when using PS1.
|
|
<p>
|
|
You could still alias vi to change the xterm title bar, but it may not
|
|
always be correct. If you use ":e filename" to edit a new file, vi
|
|
will not update the xterm title. I would suggest upgrading to vim (VI
|
|
iMproved). It has many nice new features in addition to displaying the
|
|
current filename on the xterm title.
|
|
<p>
|
|
Hopefully this tip is a good starting point for some more experimenting.
|
|
Good luck!
|
|
<p>
|
|
Lee Bradshaw, bradshaw@nlc.com
|
|
|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<!--================================================================-->
|
|
<A HREF="./index.html"><IMG SRC="../gx/indexnew.gif" ALT="[ TABLE OF
|
|
CONTENTS ]"></A> <A HREF="../index.html"><IMG SRC="../gx/homenew.gif"
|
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ALT="[ FRONT PAGE ]"></A> <A HREF="lg_mail13.html"><IMG SRC="../gx/back2.gif" ALT=" Back "></A>
|
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<A HREF="lg_bytes13.html"><IMG SRC="../gx/fwd.gif" ALT=" Next "></A>
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|
|
<P> <hr> <P>
|
|
<h5>This page maintained by the Editor of <I>Linux Gazette</I>,
|
|
<A HREF="mailto: gazette@ssc.com">gazette@ssc.com</A><BR>
|
|
Copyright © 1997 Specialized Systems Consultants, Inc. </H5>
|
|
<P>
|
|
</td></tr></table>
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|