943 lines
12 KiB
HTML
943 lines
12 KiB
HTML
<HTML
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><HEAD
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><TITLE
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>Network Commands</TITLE
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><META
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NAME="GENERATOR"
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CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7"><LINK
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>GNU/Linux Command-Line Tools Summary</TH
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><TD
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WIDTH="10%"
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ALIGN="left"
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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WIDTH="100%"></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="CHAPTER"
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><H1
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><A
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NAME="NETWORK-COMMANDS"
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></A
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>Chapter 13. Network Commands</H1
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><DIV
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CLASS="TOC"
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><DL
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><DT
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><B
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>Table of Contents</B
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></DT
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><DT
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><A
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HREF="c8319.htm#NETWORK-CONFIGURATION"
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>Network Configuration</A
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></DT
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><DT
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><A
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HREF="x8751.htm"
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>Internet Specific Commands</A
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></DT
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><DT
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><A
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HREF="x9094.htm"
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>Remote Administration Related</A
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></DT
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></DL
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></DIV
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><P
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>The network <A
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NAME="AEN8322"
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></A
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>commands chapter explains <A
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NAME="AEN8324"
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></A
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>various tools which can be useful when networking <A
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NAME="AEN8326"
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></A
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>with other computers <A
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NAME="AEN8328"
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></A
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>both within the network <A
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NAME="AEN8330"
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></A
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>and accross the internet,<A
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NAME="AEN8332"
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></A
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> obtaining more <A
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NAME="AEN8334"
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></A
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>information <A
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NAME="AEN8336"
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></A
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>about other computers. This chapter also includes <A
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NAME="AEN8338"
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></A
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>information on tools for network <A
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NAME="AEN8340"
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></A
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>configuration, file transfer <A
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NAME="AEN8342"
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></A
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>and working with remote machines.<A
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NAME="AEN8344"
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></A
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></P
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><P
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></P
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><DIV
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CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
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><DL
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><DT
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>netstat</DT
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><DD
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><P
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><A
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NAME="AEN8351"
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></A
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>Displays contents <A
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NAME="AEN8353"
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></A
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>of /proc/net files.<A
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NAME="AEN8355"
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></A
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> It works with the <SPAN
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CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
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>Linux</SPAN
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> Network Subsystem,<A
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NAME="AEN8358"
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></A
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> it will tell <A
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NAME="AEN8360"
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></A
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>you what the status<A
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NAME="AEN8362"
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></A
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> of ports <A
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NAME="AEN8364"
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></A
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>are ie. open,<A
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NAME="AEN8366"
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></A
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> closed,<A
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NAME="AEN8368"
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></A
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> waiting,<A
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NAME="AEN8370"
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></A
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> masquerade <A
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NAME="AEN8372"
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></A
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>connections. It will also display various other things. It has many different options.<A
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NAME="AEN8374"
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></A
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></P
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></DD
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><DT
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>tcpdump</DT
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><DD
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><P
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><A
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NAME="AEN8380"
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></A
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>This is a sniffer,<A
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NAME="AEN8382"
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></A
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> a program that captures <A
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NAME="AEN8384"
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></A
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>packets off <A
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NAME="AEN8386"
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></A
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>a network<A
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NAME="AEN8388"
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></A
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> interface <A
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NAME="AEN8390"
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></A
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>and interprets <A
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NAME="AEN8392"
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></A
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>them for you. It understands all basic <A
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NAME="AEN8394"
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></A
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>internet <A
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NAME="AEN8396"
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></A
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>protocols,<A
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NAME="AEN8398"
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></A
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> and can be used to save <A
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NAME="AEN8400"
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></A
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>entire packets <A
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NAME="AEN8402"
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></A
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>for later inspection.<A
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NAME="AEN8404"
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></A
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></P
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></DD
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><DT
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>ping</DT
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><DD
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><P
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>The ping <A
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NAME="AEN8410"
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></A
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>command (named after the sound <A
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NAME="AEN8412"
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></A
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>of an active sonar system) sends <A
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NAME="AEN8414"
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></A
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>echo requests <A
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NAME="AEN8416"
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></A
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>to the host <A
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NAME="AEN8418"
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></A
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>you specify <A
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NAME="AEN8420"
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></A
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>on the command line, and lists<A
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NAME="AEN8422"
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></A
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> the responses <A
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NAME="AEN8424"
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></A
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>received their round <A
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NAME="AEN8426"
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></A
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>trip time.</P
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><P
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>You simply use ping as:</P
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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>ping ip_or_host_name</PRE
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><P
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>Note to stop <A
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NAME="AEN8431"
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></A
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>ping (otherwise it goes forever) use
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<B
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CLASS="KEYCAP"
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>CTRL</B
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>-<B
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CLASS="KEYCAP"
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>C</B
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>
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<A
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NAME="AEN8436"
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></A
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>
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(break).</P
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><DIV
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CLASS="NOTE"
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><BLOCKQUOTE
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CLASS="NOTE"
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><P
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><B
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>Please note: </B
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>Using ping/smbmount/ssh or other <SPAN
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CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
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>UNIX</SPAN
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> system programs with a computer name rather than IP address will only work if you have the computer listed <A
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NAME="AEN8442"
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></A
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>in your /etc/hosts<A
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NAME="AEN8444"
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></A
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> file. Here is an example:</P
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><P
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><PRE
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CLASS="SCREEN"
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>192.168.1.100 new </PRE
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> This line says that their is a computer called “new”<A
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NAME="AEN8448"
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></A
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> with IP address 192.168.1.100<A
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NAME="AEN8450"
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></A
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>. Now that it exists in the /etc/hosts file I don't have to type the IP address anymore, just the name “new”.</P
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></BLOCKQUOTE
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></DIV
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></DD
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><DT
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>hostname</DT
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><DD
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><P
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><A
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NAME="AEN8456"
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></A
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>Tells the user the host <A
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NAME="AEN8458"
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></A
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>name of the computer they are logged <A
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NAME="AEN8460"
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></A
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>into. Note: may be called <SPAN
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CLASS="emphasis"
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><I
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CLASS="EMPHASIS"
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>host.<A
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NAME="AEN8463"
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></A
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></I
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></SPAN
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></P
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></DD
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><DT
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>traceroute</DT
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><DD
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><P
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><A
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NAME="AEN8469"
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></A
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><SPAN
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CLASS="emphasis"
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><I
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CLASS="EMPHASIS"
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>traceroute</I
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></SPAN
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> will show <A
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NAME="AEN8472"
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></A
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>the route <A
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NAME="AEN8474"
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></A
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>of a packet.<A
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NAME="AEN8476"
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></A
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> It attempts <A
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NAME="AEN8478"
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></A
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>to list <A
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NAME="AEN8480"
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></A
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>the series <A
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NAME="AEN8482"
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></A
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>of hosts <A
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NAME="AEN8484"
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></A
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>through which <A
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NAME="AEN8486"
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></A
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>your packets <A
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|
NAME="AEN8488"
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></A
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|
>travel<A
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|
NAME="AEN8490"
|
|
></A
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> on their way to a given destination.<A
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|
NAME="AEN8492"
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></A
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|
> Also have a look at <SPAN
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|
CLASS="emphasis"
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><I
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CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
|
>xtraceroute</I
|
|
></SPAN
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|
> (one of several <A
|
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NAME="AEN8495"
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|
></A
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|
>graphical <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8497"
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|
></A
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|
>equivalents of this program). </P
|
|
><P
|
|
>Command syntax:</P
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
|
>traceroute machine_name_or_ip</PRE
|
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></DD
|
|
><DT
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|
>tracepath</DT
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|
><DD
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><P
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><A
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NAME="AEN8505"
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|
></A
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><SPAN
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CLASS="emphasis"
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><I
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|
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
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>tracepath</I
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|
></SPAN
|
|
> performs <A
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NAME="AEN8508"
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></A
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>a very simlar function <A
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NAME="AEN8510"
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></A
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>to <SPAN
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CLASS="emphasis"
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><I
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CLASS="EMPHASIS"
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>traceroute</I
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|
></SPAN
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> the main difference <A
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NAME="AEN8513"
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|
></A
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>is that <SPAN
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CLASS="emphasis"
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><I
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CLASS="EMPHASIS"
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>tracepath</I
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|
></SPAN
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|
> doesn't take complicated <A
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NAME="AEN8516"
|
|
></A
|
|
>options.</P
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><P
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|
>Command syntax:</P
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|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="SCREEN"
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>tracepath machine_name_or_ip</PRE
|
|
></DD
|
|
><DT
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|
>findsmb</DT
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|
><DD
|
|
><P
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><A
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NAME="AEN8524"
|
|
></A
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><SPAN
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CLASS="emphasis"
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|
><I
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|
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
|
>findsmb</I
|
|
></SPAN
|
|
> is used to list info <A
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|
NAME="AEN8527"
|
|
></A
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|
>about machines <A
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NAME="AEN8529"
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></A
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|
>that respond <A
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NAME="AEN8531"
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></A
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>to SMB <A
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NAME="AEN8533"
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></A
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|
>name queries <A
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|
NAME="AEN8535"
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></A
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>(for example windows <A
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NAME="AEN8537"
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></A
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>based machines <A
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NAME="AEN8539"
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></A
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|
>sharing <A
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NAME="AEN8541"
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></A
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>their hard disk's). </P
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|
><P
|
|
>Command syntax:</P
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><PRE
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|
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
|
>findsmb</PRE
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|
><P
|
|
>This would find all machines <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8546"
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|
></A
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|
>possible,<A
|
|
NAME="AEN8548"
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|
></A
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|
> you may need to specify a particular<A
|
|
NAME="AEN8550"
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|
></A
|
|
> subnet to query those machines only...</P
|
|
></DD
|
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><DT
|
|
>nmap</DT
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|
><DD
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|
><P
|
|
><A
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|
NAME="AEN8556"
|
|
></A
|
|
>“ network <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8558"
|
|
></A
|
|
>exploration tool and security <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8560"
|
|
></A
|
|
>scanner<A
|
|
NAME="AEN8562"
|
|
></A
|
|
>”. <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="emphasis"
|
|
><I
|
|
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
|
>nmap</I
|
|
></SPAN
|
|
> is a very advanced <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8565"
|
|
></A
|
|
>network tool used to query <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8567"
|
|
></A
|
|
>machines (local or remote) as to whether they are up and what ports <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8569"
|
|
></A
|
|
>are open <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8571"
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|
></A
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|
>on these machines.<A
|
|
NAME="AEN8573"
|
|
></A
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|
> </P
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|
><P
|
|
>A simple usage example:</P
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
|
>nmap machine_name</PRE
|
|
><P
|
|
>This would query your own machine <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8578"
|
|
></A
|
|
>as to what ports <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8580"
|
|
></A
|
|
>it keeps open.<A
|
|
NAME="AEN8582"
|
|
></A
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|
> <SPAN
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CLASS="emphasis"
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|
><I
|
|
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
|
>nmap</I
|
|
></SPAN
|
|
> is a very powerful <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8585"
|
|
></A
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|
>tool, documentation <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8587"
|
|
></A
|
|
>is available <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8589"
|
|
></A
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|
>on the <A
|
|
HREF="http://www.insecure.org/nmap/"
|
|
TARGET="_top"
|
|
>nmap site</A
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="AEN8592"
|
|
></A
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> as well as the information in the manual <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8594"
|
|
></A
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|
>page.<A
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NAME="AEN8596"
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></A
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></P
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></DD
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></DL
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></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="SECT1"
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><H1
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CLASS="SECT1"
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><A
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NAME="NETWORK-CONFIGURATION"
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></A
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>Network Configuration</H1
|
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><P
|
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></P
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><P
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></P
|
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><DIV
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CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
|
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><DL
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><DT
|
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>ifconfig</DT
|
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><DD
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><P
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><A
|
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NAME="AEN8606"
|
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></A
|
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>This command is used to configure <A
|
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NAME="AEN8608"
|
|
></A
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>network <A
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NAME="AEN8610"
|
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></A
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>interfaces<A
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NAME="AEN8612"
|
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></A
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>, or to display their current configuration.<A
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NAME="AEN8614"
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></A
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> In addition <A
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NAME="AEN8616"
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></A
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>to activating and deactivating <A
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NAME="AEN8618"
|
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></A
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>interfaces <A
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NAME="AEN8620"
|
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></A
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>with the “up” and “down” settings,<A
|
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NAME="AEN8622"
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></A
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> this command is necessary for setting <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8624"
|
|
></A
|
|
>an interface's address<A
|
|
NAME="AEN8626"
|
|
></A
|
|
> information <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8628"
|
|
></A
|
|
>if you don't have the <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="emphasis"
|
|
><I
|
|
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
|
>ifcfg</I
|
|
></SPAN
|
|
> script.<A
|
|
NAME="AEN8631"
|
|
></A
|
|
></P
|
|
><P
|
|
>Use <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="emphasis"
|
|
><I
|
|
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
|
>ifconfig</I
|
|
></SPAN
|
|
> as either:</P
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
|
>ifconfig</PRE
|
|
><P
|
|
>This will simply list all information on all network <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8637"
|
|
></A
|
|
>devices currently up.</P
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
|
>ifconfig eth0 down</PRE
|
|
><P
|
|
>This will take eth0 (assuming the device <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8641"
|
|
></A
|
|
>exists) down, it won't be able<A
|
|
NAME="AEN8643"
|
|
></A
|
|
> to receive <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8645"
|
|
></A
|
|
>or send <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8647"
|
|
></A
|
|
>anything until you put the device back “up” again.</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>Clearly there are a lot more options for this tool, you will need to read the manual/info page to learn <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8650"
|
|
></A
|
|
>more <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8652"
|
|
></A
|
|
>about them. </P
|
|
><P
|
|
></P
|
|
></DD
|
|
><DT
|
|
>ifup</DT
|
|
><DD
|
|
><P
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="AEN8659"
|
|
></A
|
|
>Use <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="emphasis"
|
|
><I
|
|
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
|
> ifup device-name </I
|
|
></SPAN
|
|
>to bring an interface <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8662"
|
|
></A
|
|
>up by following a script (which will contain your default networking <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8664"
|
|
></A
|
|
>settings). Simply type<SPAN
|
|
CLASS="emphasis"
|
|
><I
|
|
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
|
> ifup <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8667"
|
|
></A
|
|
></I
|
|
></SPAN
|
|
>and you will get help on using the script.</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>For example typing:</P
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
|
>ifup eth0</PRE
|
|
><P
|
|
>Will bring eth0 <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8672"
|
|
></A
|
|
>up if it is currently down.</P
|
|
></DD
|
|
><DT
|
|
>ifdown</DT
|
|
><DD
|
|
><P
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="AEN8678"
|
|
></A
|
|
>Use<SPAN
|
|
CLASS="emphasis"
|
|
><I
|
|
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
|
> ifdown device-name </I
|
|
></SPAN
|
|
>to bring an interface <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8681"
|
|
></A
|
|
>down using a script (which will contain your default network settings). Simply type<SPAN
|
|
CLASS="emphasis"
|
|
><I
|
|
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
|
> ifdown <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8684"
|
|
></A
|
|
></I
|
|
></SPAN
|
|
>and you will get help <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8686"
|
|
></A
|
|
>on using the script.</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>For example typing:</P
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
|
>ifdown eth0</PRE
|
|
><P
|
|
>Will bring eth0 <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8691"
|
|
></A
|
|
>down if it is currently up.</P
|
|
></DD
|
|
><DT
|
|
>ifcfg</DT
|
|
><DD
|
|
><P
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="AEN8697"
|
|
></A
|
|
>Use <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="emphasis"
|
|
><I
|
|
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
|
>ifcfg</I
|
|
></SPAN
|
|
> to configure <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8700"
|
|
></A
|
|
>a particular interface.<A
|
|
NAME="AEN8702"
|
|
></A
|
|
> Simply type ifcfg <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8704"
|
|
></A
|
|
>to get help <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8706"
|
|
></A
|
|
>on using this script.</P
|
|
><P
|
|
>For example, to change <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8709"
|
|
></A
|
|
>eth0 <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8711"
|
|
></A
|
|
>from 192.168.0.1 <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8713"
|
|
></A
|
|
>to 192.168.0.2 <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8715"
|
|
></A
|
|
>you could do:</P
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
|
>ifcfg eth0 del 192.168.0.1
|
|
ifcfg eth0 add 192.168.0.2</PRE
|
|
><P
|
|
>The first command takes eth0 <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8719"
|
|
></A
|
|
>down and removes <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8721"
|
|
></A
|
|
>that stored <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8723"
|
|
></A
|
|
>IP address<A
|
|
NAME="AEN8725"
|
|
></A
|
|
> and the second one brings it back up with the new <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8727"
|
|
></A
|
|
>address.</P
|
|
></DD
|
|
><DT
|
|
>route</DT
|
|
><DD
|
|
><P
|
|
><A
|
|
NAME="AEN8733"
|
|
></A
|
|
>The <SPAN
|
|
CLASS="emphasis"
|
|
><I
|
|
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
|
|
>route</I
|
|
></SPAN
|
|
> command is the tool used to display <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8736"
|
|
></A
|
|
>or modify <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8738"
|
|
></A
|
|
>the routing <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8740"
|
|
></A
|
|
>table.<A
|
|
NAME="AEN8742"
|
|
></A
|
|
> To add <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8744"
|
|
></A
|
|
>a gateway <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8746"
|
|
></A
|
|
>as the default <A
|
|
NAME="AEN8748"
|
|
></A
|
|
>you would type:</P
|
|
><PRE
|
|
CLASS="SCREEN"
|
|
>route add default gw some_computer</PRE
|
|
></DD
|
|
></DL
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
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CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
|
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><HR
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
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SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
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><TD
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WIDTH="33%"
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ALIGN="left"
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VALIGN="top"
|
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><A
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HREF="c8113.htm"
|
|
ACCESSKEY="P"
|
|
>Prev</A
|
|
></TD
|
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><TD
|
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WIDTH="34%"
|
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ALIGN="center"
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><A
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HREF="book1.htm"
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ACCESSKEY="H"
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>Home</A
|
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></TD
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><TD
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WIDTH="33%"
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>Mathematical tools</TD
|
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><TD
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WIDTH="34%"
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ALIGN="center"
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VALIGN="top"
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> </TD
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|
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