872 lines
13 KiB
HTML
872 lines
13 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
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<HTML
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><HEAD
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><TITLE
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>Interactive editing</TITLE
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><META
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NAME="GENERATOR"
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CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7"><LINK
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REL="HOME"
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TITLE="Bash Guide for Beginners"
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HREF="index.html"><LINK
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REL="UP"
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TITLE="The GNU sed stream editor"
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HREF="chap_05.html"><LINK
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REL="PREVIOUS"
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TITLE="Introduction"
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HREF="sect_05_01.html"><LINK
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REL="NEXT"
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TITLE="Non-interactive editing"
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HREF="sect_05_03.html"></HEAD
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><BODY
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CLASS="sect1"
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BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
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TEXT="#000000"
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LINK="#0000FF"
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VLINK="#840084"
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ALINK="#0000FF"
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><DIV
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CLASS="NAVHEADER"
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><TABLE
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SUMMARY="Header navigation table"
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WIDTH="100%"
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BORDER="0"
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CELLPADDING="0"
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CELLSPACING="0"
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><TR
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><TH
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COLSPAN="3"
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ALIGN="center"
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>Bash Guide for Beginners</TH
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></TR
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><TR
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><TD
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WIDTH="10%"
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ALIGN="left"
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VALIGN="bottom"
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><A
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HREF="sect_05_01.html"
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ACCESSKEY="P"
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>Prev</A
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></TD
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><TD
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WIDTH="80%"
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ALIGN="center"
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VALIGN="bottom"
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>Chapter 5. The GNU sed stream editor</TD
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><TD
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WIDTH="10%"
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ALIGN="right"
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VALIGN="bottom"
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><A
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HREF="sect_05_03.html"
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ACCESSKEY="N"
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>Next</A
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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><HR
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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WIDTH="100%"></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="sect1"
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><H1
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CLASS="sect1"
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><A
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NAME="sect_05_02"
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></A
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>5.2. Interactive editing</H1
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><DIV
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CLASS="sect2"
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><H2
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CLASS="sect2"
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><A
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NAME="sect_05_02_01"
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></A
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>5.2.1. Printing lines containing a pattern</H2
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><P
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>This is something you can do with <B
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CLASS="command"
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>grep</B
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>, of course, but you can't do a <SPAN
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CLASS="QUOTE"
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>"find and replace"</SPAN
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> using that command. This is just to get you started.</P
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><P
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>This is our example text file:</P
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="screen"
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> <TT
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CLASS="prompt"
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>sandy ~></TT
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> <B
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CLASS="command"
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>cat <TT
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CLASS="option"
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>-n</TT
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> <TT
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CLASS="filename"
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>example</TT
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></B
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>
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1 This is the first line of an example text.
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2 It is a text with erors.
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3 Lots of erors.
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4 So much erors, all these erors are making me sick.
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5 This is a line not containing any errors.
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6 This is the last line.
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<TT
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CLASS="prompt"
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>sandy ~></TT
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>
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</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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><P
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>We want <B
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CLASS="command"
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>sed</B
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> to find all the lines containing our search pattern, in this case <SPAN
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CLASS="QUOTE"
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>"erors"</SPAN
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>. We use the <B
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CLASS="command"
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>p</B
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> to obtain the result:</P
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="screen"
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> <TT
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CLASS="prompt"
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>sandy ~></TT
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> <B
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CLASS="command"
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>sed <TT
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CLASS="parameter"
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><I
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>'/erors/p'</I
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></TT
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> <TT
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CLASS="filename"
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>example</TT
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></B
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>
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This is the first line of an example text.
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It is a text with erors.
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It is a text with erors.
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Lots of erors.
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Lots of erors.
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So much erors, all these erors are making me sick.
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So much erors, all these erors are making me sick.
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This is a line not containing any errors.
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This is the last line.
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<TT
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CLASS="prompt"
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>sandy ~></TT
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>
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</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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><P
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>As you notice, <B
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CLASS="command"
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>sed</B
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> prints the entire file, but the lines containing the search string are printed twice. This is not what we want. In order to only print those lines matching our pattern, use the <TT
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CLASS="option"
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>-n</TT
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> option:</P
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="screen"
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> <TT
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CLASS="prompt"
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>sandy ~></TT
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> <B
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CLASS="command"
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>sed <TT
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CLASS="option"
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>-n</TT
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> <TT
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CLASS="parameter"
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><I
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>'/erors/p'</I
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></TT
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> <TT
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CLASS="filename"
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>example</TT
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></B
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>
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It is a text with erors.
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Lots of erors.
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So much erors, all these erors are making me sick.
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<TT
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CLASS="prompt"
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>sandy ~></TT
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>
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</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="sect2"
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><H2
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CLASS="sect2"
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><A
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NAME="sect_05_02_02"
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></A
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>5.2.2. Deleting lines of input containing a pattern</H2
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><P
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>We use the same example text file. Now we only want to see the lines <EM
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>not</EM
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> containing the search string:</P
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="screen"
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> <TT
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CLASS="prompt"
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>sandy ~></TT
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> <B
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CLASS="command"
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>sed <TT
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CLASS="parameter"
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><I
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>'/erors/d'</I
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></TT
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> <TT
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CLASS="filename"
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>example</TT
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></B
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>
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This is the first line of an example text.
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This is a line not containing any errors.
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This is the last line.
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<TT
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CLASS="prompt"
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>sandy ~></TT
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>
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</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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><P
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>The <B
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CLASS="command"
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>d</B
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> command results in excluding lines from being displayed.</P
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><P
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>Matching lines starting with a given pattern and ending in a second pattern are showed like this:</P
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="screen"
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> <TT
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CLASS="prompt"
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>sandy ~></TT
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> <B
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CLASS="command"
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>sed <TT
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CLASS="option"
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>-n</TT
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> <TT
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CLASS="parameter"
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><I
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>'/^This.*errors.$/p'</I
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></TT
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> <TT
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CLASS="filename"
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>example</TT
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></B
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>
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This is a line not containing any errors.
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<TT
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CLASS="prompt"
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>sandy ~></TT
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>
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</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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><P
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>Note that the last dot needs to be escaped in order to actually match. In our example the expression just matches any character, including the last dot.</P
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></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="sect2"
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><H2
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CLASS="sect2"
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><A
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NAME="sect_05_02_03"
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></A
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>5.2.3. Ranges of lines</H2
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><P
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>This time we want to take out the lines containing the errors. In the example these are lines 2 to 4. Specify this range to address, together with the <B
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CLASS="command"
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>d</B
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> command:</P
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="screen"
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> <TT
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CLASS="prompt"
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>sandy ~></TT
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> <B
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CLASS="command"
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>sed <TT
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CLASS="parameter"
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><I
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>'2,4d'</I
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></TT
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> <TT
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CLASS="filename"
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>example</TT
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></B
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>
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This is the first line of an example text.
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This is a line not containing any errors.
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This is the last line.
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<TT
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CLASS="prompt"
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>sandy ~></TT
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>
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</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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><P
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>To print the file starting from a certain line until the end of the file, use a command similar to this:</P
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="screen"
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> <TT
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CLASS="prompt"
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>sandy ~></TT
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> <B
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CLASS="command"
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>sed <TT
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CLASS="parameter"
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><I
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>'3,$d'</I
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></TT
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> <TT
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CLASS="filename"
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>example</TT
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></B
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>
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This is the first line of an example text.
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It is a text with erors.
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<TT
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CLASS="prompt"
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>sandy ~></TT
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>
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</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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><P
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>This only prints the first two lines of the example file.</P
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><P
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>The following command prints the first line containing the pattern <SPAN
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CLASS="QUOTE"
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>"a text"</SPAN
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>, up to and including the next line containing the pattern <SPAN
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CLASS="QUOTE"
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>"a line"</SPAN
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>:</P
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="screen"
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> <TT
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CLASS="prompt"
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>sandy ~></TT
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> <B
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CLASS="command"
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>sed <TT
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CLASS="option"
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>-n</TT
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> <TT
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CLASS="parameter"
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><I
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>'/a text/,/This/p'</I
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></TT
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> <TT
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CLASS="filename"
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>example</TT
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></B
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>
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It is a text with erors.
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Lots of erors.
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So much erors, all these erors are making me sick.
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This is a line not containing any errors.
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<TT
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CLASS="prompt"
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>sandy ~></TT
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>
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</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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></DIV
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><DIV
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CLASS="sect2"
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><H2
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CLASS="sect2"
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><A
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NAME="sect_05_02_04"
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></A
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>5.2.4. Find and replace with sed</H2
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><P
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>In the example file, we will now search and replace the errors instead of only (de)selecting the lines containing the search string.</P
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="screen"
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> <TT
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CLASS="prompt"
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>sandy ~></TT
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> <B
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CLASS="command"
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>sed <TT
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CLASS="parameter"
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><I
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>'s/erors/errors/'</I
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></TT
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> <TT
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CLASS="filename"
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>example</TT
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></B
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>
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This is the first line of an example text.
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It is a text with errors.
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Lots of errors.
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So much errors, all these erors are making me sick.
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This is a line not containing any errors.
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This is the last line.
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<TT
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CLASS="prompt"
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>sandy ~></TT
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>
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</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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><P
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>As you can see, this is not exactly the desired effect: in line 4, only the first occurrence of the search string has been replaced, and there is still an 'eror' left. Use the <B
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CLASS="command"
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>g</B
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> command to indicate to <B
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CLASS="command"
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>sed</B
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> that it should examine the entire line instead of stopping at the first occurrence of your string:</P
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="screen"
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> <TT
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CLASS="prompt"
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>sandy ~></TT
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> <B
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CLASS="command"
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>sed <TT
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CLASS="parameter"
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><I
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>'s/erors/errors/g'</I
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></TT
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> <TT
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CLASS="filename"
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>example</TT
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></B
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>
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This is the first line of an example text.
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It is a text with errors.
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Lots of errors.
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So much errors, all these errors are making me sick.
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This is a line not containing any errors.
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This is the last line.
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<TT
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CLASS="prompt"
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>sandy ~></TT
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>
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</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
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><P
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>To insert a string at the beginning of each line of a file, for instance for quoting:</P
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><TABLE
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BORDER="0"
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BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
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><PRE
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CLASS="screen"
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> <TT
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CLASS="prompt"
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>sandy ~></TT
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> <B
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CLASS="command"
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>sed <TT
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CLASS="parameter"
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><I
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>'s/^/> /'</I
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></TT
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> <TT
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CLASS="filename"
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>example</TT
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></B
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>
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> This is the first line of an example text.
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> It is a text with erors.
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> Lots of erors.
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> So much erors, all these erors are making me sick.
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|
> This is a line not containing any errors.
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|
> This is the last line.
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|
|
<TT
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CLASS="prompt"
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>sandy ~></TT
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>
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</PRE
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></FONT
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></TD
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></TR
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></TABLE
|
|
><P
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|
>Insert some string at the end of each line:</P
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><TABLE
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
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WIDTH="100%"
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><TR
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><TD
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><FONT
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COLOR="#000000"
|
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><PRE
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|
CLASS="screen"
|
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> <TT
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|
CLASS="prompt"
|
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>sandy ~></TT
|
|
> <B
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CLASS="command"
|
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>sed <TT
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CLASS="parameter"
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><I
|
|
>'s/$/EOL/'</I
|
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></TT
|
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> <TT
|
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CLASS="filename"
|
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>example</TT
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></B
|
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>
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|
This is the first line of an example text.EOL
|
|
It is a text with erors.EOL
|
|
Lots of erors.EOL
|
|
So much erors, all these erors are making me sick.EOL
|
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This is a line not containing any errors.EOL
|
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This is the last line.EOL
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<TT
|
|
CLASS="prompt"
|
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>sandy ~></TT
|
|
>
|
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</PRE
|
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></FONT
|
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></TD
|
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></TR
|
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></TABLE
|
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><P
|
|
>Multiple find and replace commands are separated with individual <TT
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CLASS="option"
|
|
>-e</TT
|
|
> options:</P
|
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><TABLE
|
|
BORDER="0"
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|
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"
|
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><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
><FONT
|
|
COLOR="#000000"
|
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><PRE
|
|
CLASS="screen"
|
|
> <TT
|
|
CLASS="prompt"
|
|
>sandy ~></TT
|
|
> <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>sed <TT
|
|
CLASS="option"
|
|
>-e</TT
|
|
> <TT
|
|
CLASS="parameter"
|
|
><I
|
|
>'s/erors/errors/g'</I
|
|
></TT
|
|
> <TT
|
|
CLASS="option"
|
|
>-e</TT
|
|
> <TT
|
|
CLASS="parameter"
|
|
><I
|
|
>'s/last/final/g'</I
|
|
></TT
|
|
> <TT
|
|
CLASS="filename"
|
|
>example</TT
|
|
></B
|
|
>
|
|
This is the first line of an example text.
|
|
It is a text with errors.
|
|
Lots of errors.
|
|
So much errors, all these errors are making me sick.
|
|
This is a line not containing any errors.
|
|
This is the final line.
|
|
|
|
<TT
|
|
CLASS="prompt"
|
|
>sandy ~></TT
|
|
>
|
|
</PRE
|
|
></FONT
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
><P
|
|
>Keep in mind that by default <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>sed</B
|
|
> prints its results to the standard output, most likely your terminal window. If you want to save the output to a file, redirect it:</P
|
|
><P
|
|
><B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>sed <TT
|
|
CLASS="option"
|
|
>option</TT
|
|
> <TT
|
|
CLASS="function"
|
|
>'some/expression'</TT
|
|
> <TT
|
|
CLASS="filename"
|
|
>file_to_process</TT
|
|
> > <TT
|
|
CLASS="filename"
|
|
>sed_output_in_a_file</TT
|
|
></B
|
|
> </P
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="tip"
|
|
><P
|
|
></P
|
|
><TABLE
|
|
CLASS="tip"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="25"
|
|
ALIGN="CENTER"
|
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
|
><IMG
|
|
SRC="../images/tip.gif"
|
|
HSPACE="5"
|
|
ALT="Tip"></TD
|
|
><TH
|
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
|
VALIGN="CENTER"
|
|
><B
|
|
>More examples</B
|
|
></TH
|
|
></TR
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
> </TD
|
|
><TD
|
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
|
VALIGN="TOP"
|
|
><P
|
|
>Plenty of <B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>sed</B
|
|
> examples can be found in the startup scripts for your machine, which are usually in <TT
|
|
CLASS="filename"
|
|
>/etc/init.d</TT
|
|
> or <TT
|
|
CLASS="filename"
|
|
>/etc/rc.d/init.d</TT
|
|
>. Change into the directory containing the initscripts on your system and issue the following command:</P
|
|
><P
|
|
><B
|
|
CLASS="command"
|
|
>grep <TT
|
|
CLASS="parameter"
|
|
><I
|
|
>sed</I
|
|
></TT
|
|
> <TT
|
|
CLASS="filename"
|
|
>*</TT
|
|
></B
|
|
> </P
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></DIV
|
|
><DIV
|
|
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
|
|
><HR
|
|
ALIGN="LEFT"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"><TABLE
|
|
SUMMARY="Footer navigation table"
|
|
WIDTH="100%"
|
|
BORDER="0"
|
|
CELLPADDING="0"
|
|
CELLSPACING="0"
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="33%"
|
|
ALIGN="left"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
><A
|
|
HREF="sect_05_01.html"
|
|
ACCESSKEY="P"
|
|
>Prev</A
|
|
></TD
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="34%"
|
|
ALIGN="center"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
><A
|
|
HREF="index.html"
|
|
ACCESSKEY="H"
|
|
>Home</A
|
|
></TD
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="33%"
|
|
ALIGN="right"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
><A
|
|
HREF="sect_05_03.html"
|
|
ACCESSKEY="N"
|
|
>Next</A
|
|
></TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
><TR
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="33%"
|
|
ALIGN="left"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
>Introduction</TD
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="34%"
|
|
ALIGN="center"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
><A
|
|
HREF="chap_05.html"
|
|
ACCESSKEY="U"
|
|
>Up</A
|
|
></TD
|
|
><TD
|
|
WIDTH="33%"
|
|
ALIGN="right"
|
|
VALIGN="top"
|
|
>Non-interactive editing</TD
|
|
></TR
|
|
></TABLE
|
|
></DIV
|
|
></BODY
|
|
></HTML
|
|
> |