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Linux VPN Masquerade HOWTO
John D. Hardin <jhardin@wolfenet.com>
$Revision: 2.19 $ $Date: 2000-10-22 12:07:43-07 $
How to configure a Linux firewall to masquerade IPsec- and PPTP-based
Virtual Private Network traffic, allowing you to establish a VPN con­
nection without losing the security and flexibility of your Linux
firewall's internet connection and allowing you to make available a
VPN server that does not have a registered internet IP address. Brief
information on configuring the VPN client and server is also given.
______________________________________________________________________
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Feedback, Credits & Resources
1.3 Copyright & Disclaimer
2. Background Knowledge
2.1 What is a VPN?
2.2 What is IPsec?
2.3 What is PPTP?
2.4 What is FWZ?
2.5 Why masquerade a VPN client?
2.6 Can several clients on my local network use IPsec simultaneously?
2.7 Can several clients on my local network use PPTP simultaneously?
2.8 Can I access the remote network from my entire local network?
2.9 Why masquerade the VPN server?
2.10 Why patch the Linux kernel?
2.11 Current Status
3. Configuring the Linux firewall
3.1 Example network
3.2 Determining what needs to be done on the firewall
3.3 Patching and configuring the 2.0.x kernel for VPN Masquerade support
3.4 Patching and configuring the 2.2.x kernel for VPN Masquerade support
3.5 ipfwadm setup for a Private-IP VPN Client or Server
3.6 ipchains setup for a Private-IP VPN Client or Server
3.7 A note about dynamic IP addressing
3.8 Additional setup for a Private-IP VPN Server
3.9 ipfwadm setup for a Registered-IP VPN Server
3.10 ipfwadm setup for a Registered-IP VPN Client
3.11 ipchains setup for a Registered-IP VPN Server
3.12 ipchains setup for a Registered-IP VPN Client
3.13 VPN Masq and LRP
3.14 VPN Masq on a system running FreeS/WAN or PoPToP
4. Configuring the VPN client
4.1 Configuring a MS W'95 client
4.2 Configuring a MS W'98 client
4.3 Configuring a MS W'ME client
4.4 Configuring a MS NT client
4.5 Configuring for network-to-network routing
4.6 Masquerading Checkpoint SecuRemote-based VPNs
5. Troubleshooting
5.1 Testing
5.2 Possible problems
5.3 Troubleshooting
5.4 MS PPTP Clients and domain-name issues
5.5 MS PPTP Clients and Novell IPX
5.6 MS network password issues
5.7 If your IPsec session always dies after a certain amount of time
5.8 If VPN masquerade fails to work after you reboot
5.9 If your second PPTP session kills your first session
6. IPsec masquerade technical notes and special security considerations
6.1 Limitations and weaknesses of IPsec masquerade
6.2 Proper routing of inbound encrypted traffic
______________________________________________________________________
1. Introduction
1.1. Introduction
This document describes how to configure masquerading of IPsec and
PPTP VPN traffic. SSH-based VPNs (such as that sold by F-Secure and
outlined in the VPN mini-HOWTO) are based on standard TCP traffic and
do not need any special kernel modifications.
VPN Masquerade allows you to establish one or more IPsec and/or PPTP
sessions to internet-accessible VPN servers via your Linux internet
firewall without forcing you to connect to your ISP directly from the
VPN client system - thus retaining all of the benefits of your Linux
internet firewall. It also allows you to set up a VPN server with a
Private Network IP address (as described in RFC1918) behind a
masquerading Linux firewall, permitting you to provide relatively
secure access to a private network via only one registered IP address
- even if that IP address represents a dynamic dial-up link.
It is strongly recommended that you understand, configure and test
regular IP Masquerading before you attempt to set up VPN masquerading.
Please see the IP Masquerade HOWTO and the IP Masquerade Resource page
at <http://ipmasq.cjb.net/> before proceeding. Planning and setting up
your VPN and firewall is beyond the scope of this document. Here are
some resources:
· <http://www.linux.org/help/ldp/howto/Firewall-HOWTO.html>
· <http://hal2000.hal.vein.hu/~mag/linux-security/VPN-HOWTO.html>
The patch for the 2.0.x-series kernels works well on Linux kernel
version 2.0.36, has been incorporated into the 2.0.37 release, may
work on versions earlier than 2.0.36, and should work on Linux kernels
up to about version 2.1.102. The IP masquerade code in the kernel was
restructured at about version 2.1.103, requiring a different patch for
the 2.1.105+ and 2.2.x series of kernels. A patch is available for
kernels from 2.2.5 to 2.2.17, and it may work on earlier kernels.
1.2. Feedback, Credits & Resources
The home page for the Linux VPN Masquerade kernel patches is
<http://www.impsec.org/linux/masquerade/ip_masq_vpn.html>
Please feel free to send any feedback or comments regarding this
document to me at <jhardin@wolfenet.com>. The current version can be
found at:
· HTML: <ftp://ftp.rubyriver.com/pub/jhardin/masquerade/VPN-
howto/VPN-Masquerade.html>
· Postscript: <ftp://ftp.rubyriver.com/pub/jhardin/masquerade/VPN-
howto/VPN-Masquerade.ps.gz>
· SGML source: <ftp://ftp.rubyriver.com/pub/jhardin/masquerade/VPN-
Masquerade.sgml>
If you are working with a kernel whose version number is higher
than any mentioned in this document, please see if there is an
updated version of the HOWTO at the above site before contacting me
directly.
It can also be found via the Linux Documentation Project's HOWTO
repository and in the /usr/doc/HOWTO/ directory on your nearest Linux
system. These copies are not directly updated by me, so they may be
somewhat out of date.
I personally have experience with masquerading IPsec and PPTP clients
running on MS W'98 and NT, configuring a registered-IP PPTP server,
and using PPTP for network-to-network routing.
The information on masquerading a Private-IP PPTP server is from
discussions with Len Bayles <len@isdi.com>, Simon Cocking
<simon@ibs.com.au> and C. Scott Ananian <cananian@lcs.mit.edu>.
The home page for the PPTP-only Masquerade kernel patch for the
2.1.105+ and early 2.2.x kernel series is
<http://bmrc.berkeley.edu/people/chaffee/linux_pptp.html>.
The home page for the ipportfw port-forwarding kernel patch and
configuration tool for 2.0.x kernels is
<http://www.ox.compsoc.org.uk/~steve/portforwarding.html>. Port
forwarding is built into the 2.2.x kernel, and the ipmasqadm
configuration tool for controlling 2.2.x port forwarding can be
obtained at <http://juanjox.kernelnotes.org/>.
The home page for the ipfwd generic IP redirector is
<http://www.pdos.lcs.mit.edu/~cananian/Projects/IPfwd/>.
Profuse thanks to Gordon Chaffee <chaffee@cs.berkeley.edu> for coding
and sharing a patch to traceroute that allows tracing GRE traffic. It
should prove invaluable in troubleshooting if your GRE traffic is
being blocked somewhere. The patch is available at
<http://www.wolfenet.com/~jhardin/pptp-traceroute.patch.gz>
More thanks to Steve Chinatti <chinatti@alumni.Princeton.EDU> for
contributing his original IPsec masquerade hack, from which I
shamelessly stole some very important ideas...
More information on setting up firewall rules to run automatically -
including how to automatically use the correct IP address in a
dynamic-IP environment - can be found at
<http://www.wolfenet.com/~jhardin/ipfwadm/invocation.html>
The home page for Linux FreeS/WAN (IPsec for Linux) is
<http://www.xs4all.nl/~freeswan/> - this is the preferred Linux VPN
solution.
A native Linux PPTP server called PoPToP is available at
<http://www.moretonbay.com/vpn/pptp.html> - for the most up-to-date
information about PPTP on Linux, go there.
Paul Cadach <paul@odt.east.telecom.kz> has made patches that add MS-
CHAP-v2, MPPE and Multilink support to Linux pppd. See
<ftp://ftp.east.telecom.kz/pub/src/networking/ppp/ppp-2.3.5-my.tgz>
for MS-CHAP and MPPE, and
<ftp://ftp.east.telecom.kz/pub/src/networking/ppp/multilink/ppp-2.3.5-mp.tgz>
for Multilink. Another (possibly related) set of pppd patches are
available at the PoPToP download site at
<http://www.moretonbay.com/vpn/download_pptp.html>.
The home page for the original Linux PPTP project is
<http://www.pdos.lcs.mit.edu/~cananian/Projects/PPTP> and a patch to
add PPTP server capability to it is available at
<http://debs.fuller.edu/cgi-bin/display?list=pptp&msg=222>
Thanks to Eric Raymond for maintaining the Jargon File, and Denis Howe
for The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing.
1.3. Copyright & Disclaimer
This document is copyright © 1999-2000 by John D. Hardin. Permission
is granted to redistribute it under the terms of the LDP License,
available at <http://www.linuxdoc.org/COPYRIGHT.html>
The information presented in this document is correct to the best of
my knowledge. IP Masquerading is experimental, and it is possible that
I have made a mistake in writing or testing the kernel patch or
composing the instructions in this document; you should determine for
yourself if you want to make the changes outlined in this document.
THE AUTHOR IS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY DAMAGES INCURRED DUE
TO ACTIONS TAKEN BASED ON THE INFORMATION IN THIS DOCUMENT.
BACK UP ANY AND ALL CRITICAL INFORMATION BEFORE IMPLEMENTING
THE CHANGES OUTLINED IN THIS DOCUMENT. MAKE SURE YOU HAVE A
WORKING, BOOTABLE KERNEL AVAILABLE BEFORE PATCHING AND
RECOMPILING YOUR KERNEL AS OUTLINED IN THIS DOCUMENT.
In other words, take sensible precautions.
2. Background Knowledge
2.1. What is a VPN?
A Virtual Private Network, or "VPN", is a tunnel that carries private
network traffic from one endpoint system to another over a public
network (such as the Internet) without the traffic being aware that
there are intermediate hops between the endpoints, or the intermediate
hops being aware they are carrying the network packets that are
traversing the tunnel. The tunnel may optionally compress and/or
encrypt the data, providing enhanced performance and some measure of
security.
The "Virtual" part stems from the fact that you are constructing a
private link over a public network, rather than actually buying a
direct hardwired link over leased lines. The VPN allows you to pretend
you are using a leased line or direct telephone call to communicate
between the endpoints.
You may find the VPN FAQ at
<http://kubarb.phsx.ukans.edu/~tbird/vpn/FAQ.html> informative.
2.2. What is IPsec?
IPsec is a set of standard protocols for implementing secure
communications and encryption key exchange between computers. It can
be used to implement a VPN.
An IPsec VPN generally consists of two communications channels between
the endpoint hosts: a key-exchange channel over which authentication
and encryption key information is passed, and one or more data
channels over which private network traffic is carried.
The key-exchange channel is a standard UDP connection to and from port
500. The data channels carrying the traffic between the client and
server use IP protocol number 50 (ESP).
More information is available in F-Secure's IPsec FAQ at
<http://www.Europe.F-Secure.com/support/vpn+/faq/techfaq.html>, and in
RFC2402 (the AH protocol, IP protocol number 51), RFC2406 (the ESP
protocol, IP protocol number 50), and RFC2408 (the ISAKMP key-exchange
protocol).
IPsec is a peer-to-peer protocol. However, since most people will be
exposed to it in the form of an originate-only Windows client being
used to access a central network security gateway, "client" will be
used to refer to the endpoint host that the user is sitting in front
of and "server" will be used to refer to the central network security
gateway.
Important note: If your VPN is based on the AH protocol (including
AH+ESP), it cannot be masqueraded. The AH protocol specifies a
cryptographic checksum across portions of the IP header, including the
IP addresses. IP Masquerade is implemented by modifying the source IP
address for outbound packets and the destination IP address for
inbound packets. Since the masquerading gateway cannot participate in
the encryption key exchange, it cannot generate the correct
cryptographic checksums for the modified IP headers. Thus the modified
IP packets will be discarded by the recipient as invalid, because they
fail the cryptographic checksum test.
2.3. What is PPTP?
PPTP stands for Point-to-Point Tunnelling Protocol. It is a Microsoft-
proposed protocol for implementing a VPN.
The PPTP VPN protocol consists of two communications channels between
the client and server: a control channel over which link-management
information is passed, and a data channel over which (possibly
encrypted) private network traffic is carried.
The control channel is a standard TCP connection to port 1723 on the
server. The data channel carrying the private network traffic uses IP
protocol number 47 (GRE), a generic encapsulation protocol described
in RFC1701. The transparent transmission of data over the data channel
is achieved by negotiating a standard PPP connection over it, just as
if it were a dialup connection directly from the client to the server.
The options negotiated over the tunnel by PPP control whether the data
is compressed and/or encrypted, thus PPTP itself has nothing to do
with encryption.
The details of the PPTP protocol are documented in RFC2637.
Microsoft's implementation of the PPTP protocol is not considered very
secure. If you're interested in the details, here are three separate
analyses:
<http://www.counterpane.com/pptp.html>
<http://www.geek-girl.com/bugtraq/1999_1/0664.html>
<http://oliver.efri.hr/~crv/security/bugs/NT/pptp2.html>
2.4. What is FWZ?
FWZ is a proprietary encryption protocol developed by Check Point
Software Technologies. It is used in VPNs that are built around their
Firewall-1 product.
A Checkpoint-based firewall can be configured in several modes. The
"FWZ Encapsulation" mode cannot be masqueraded. The "IKE" mode, which
uses standard IPsec protocols, can be masqueraded with minor
configuration changes on the VPN gateway.
2.5. Why masquerade a VPN client?
Most current VPN clients assume you will be connecting the client
computer directly to the internet. Doing this when you have only a
single connection for internet access bypasses your Linux firewall and
the security and access-sharing capabilities that it provides.
Extending the Linux firewall to also masquerade VPN traffic allows you
to retain the firewalling security provided by the Linux firewall as
well as permitting the other systems on your local network to access
the internet regardless of whether or not the VPN network connection
is active.
If your firewall is being used in a corporate setting you may also
wish to require your VPN client users to go through that firewall for
security reasons, rather than providing them with modems so they can
dial out on their own when they need to use VPN. VPN Masquerade allows
you to do so even if the desktops do not have registered IP addresses.
2.6. Can several clients on my local network use IPsec simultane­
ously?
Yes, though there may occasionally be minor problems.
The IPsec protocols define a method for identifying the traffic
streams called the Security Parameters Index ("SPI"). Unfortunately
the SPI used by outbound traffic is different from the SPI used by
inbound traffic, and there is no other identifying information
available that is not encrypted, so association of the inbound and
outbound data streams is difficult and not perfectly reliable.
IPsec Masquerade attempts to associate inbound and outbound ESP
traffic by serializing new connections. While this has worked well in
testing, it cannot be guaranteed to be perfectly reliable, and the
serialization of new traffic may result in some timeouts if the link
is saturated or if many local IPsec hosts attempt to initiate
communications or rekey with the same remote IPsec host
simultaneously.
It is also assumed that should this association scheme fail to
associate the traffic streams correctly, the IPsec hosts themselves
will discard the incorrectly routed traffic because it will have the
wrong SPI values. This is required by the IPsec RFCs.
These problems could be eliminated if there was some way to sniff the
new SPI values from the ISAKMP key exchange before any ESP traffic
appears, but unfortunately that portion of the key exchange is
encrypted.
To minimize the problems associated with this, it is recommended that
you open a command window on your masqueraded IPsec host and run the
"ping" program pinging a host on the remote network for as long as you
have the tunnel up.
See the IPsec technical notes at the end of the document for more
details.
2.7. Can several clients on my local network use PPTP simultaneously?
Yes.
You must enable PPTP Call ID masquerade when configuring your kernel
in order to distinguish between multiple data streams from the same
server. PPTP masq with Call ID masq enabled will support many
concurrent masqueraded sessions with no restrictions on which server a
client can call.
The PPTP RFC specifies in section 3.1.3 that there may only be one
control channel connection between two systems. This should mean that
you can only masquerade one PPTP session at a time with a given remote
server, but in practice the MS implementation of PPTP does not enforce
this, at least not as of NT 4.0 Service Pack 4. If the PPTP server
you're trying to connect to only permits one connection at a time,
it's following the protocol rules properly. Note that this does not
affect a masqueraded server, only multiple masqueraded clients
attempting to contact the same remote server.
For another alternative, see the next question...
2.8. Can I access the remote network from my entire local network?
Yes. However, your VPN client must be able to forward IP traffic.
This means that you'll either have to use a Linux VPN client or a MS
NT VPN client. The IP stack in W'95 and W'98 does not support IP
forwarding. NT Workstation will work for this, and is less expensive
than NT Server if you're only using it to route encrypted traffic.
If you cannot install a Linux or NT-based VPN client, then you'll have
to enable PPTP Call-ID masquerade if you are using PPTP, and install
VPN client software on every system you want to provide access for.
This is inefficient, aesthetically revolting, a security weakness, and
may not work if the PPTP server correctly implements the protocol, but
it's cheaper than licensing NT.
Network-to-network routing this way works very well. This is how I
have my home network set up for telecommuting. It does require a
little more networking knowhow than simply giving everybody their own
VPN client.
In my experience, network-to-network routing in a pure-MS environment
requires RRAS be installed at both ends of the tunnel.
2.9. Why masquerade the VPN server?
If your VPN server has a registered IP address you do not need to
masquerade it, simply configure your firewall to route the VPN traffic
properly as described below.
If your VPN server has a Private-Network IP address you will need to
redirect the inbound traffic to it and masquerade the outbound traffic
from it. Masquerading allows you to make a VPN server available to the
internet even if you only have one assigned IP address. This should
work even if your IP address is dynamically assigned: you would
publicize the IP address for clients through the use of a third-party
dynamic DNS service such as that provided by DDNS.ORG or CJB.NET and
configure the clients to connect to a system named our-
company.ddns.org or something similar. Note that this is a security
risk, because it is possible for an incorrect IP address to be
retrieved from the dynamic DNS server through timing problems, a
failure to properly register the current dynamic IP address, or a
third party registering a different IP address under the system name.
2.10. Why patch the Linux kernel?
The largest problem in masquerading VPN traffic is that the stock
Linux IP masquerade has no special awareness of IP protocols other
than TCP, UDP and ICMP.
All IP traffic may be forwarded and filtered by IP address, but
masquerading IP protocols other than TCP, UDP and ICMP requires
modifying the kernel.
The PPTP control channel is plain TCP and requires no special setup
beyond letting it through the firewall and masquerading it.
Masquerading the IPsec and PPTP data channels requires a modification
that adds support for the ESP and GRE protocols to the masquerading
code, and masquerading the ISAKMP key exchange protocol requires a
modification that prevents masquerade from altering the UDP source
port number and adds tracking of the ISAKMP cookie values instead of
the port number.
2.11. Current Status
The 2.0.x kernel patch works on kernel 2.0.36 and is incorporated into
the standard 2.0.37 and higher kernel releases. It may work on earlier
kernels but I have not tested it, and I recommend you upgrade to
kernel 2.0.38 anyway for security reasons if you are running an older
kernel.
The 2.2.x kernel patch works on kernels from 2.2.5 to 2.2.17 and may
work on earlier kernels, but that has not been tested. It has been
submitted for inclusion in the standard 2.2.18 release.
I don't have the resources to follow the development kernels, so at
this time no work on VPN Masquerade for 2.3.x or 2.4.x has taken
place. If you know someone who is working on this, please let me know.
The 2.0.x kernel patch has been tested and works on x86 and Sparc
systems, and the 2.2.x kernel patch has been tested and works on x86
and PowerPC systems, but there should be no major problems in porting
to other architectures. I believe the architecture dependencies would
only be in endian-ness within the bitmaps in the GRE header definition
used to format debugging log messages. If anyone ports this to a non-
Intel architecture I'd appreciate hearing about it so I can merge any
changes into the master copy.
A PPTP-only kernel patch for the 2.1.105+ and early 2.2.x kernels is
available at
<http://bmrc.berkeley.edu/people/chaffee/linux_pptp.html>.
See the VPN Masquerade home page at
<http://www.impsec.org/linux/masquerade/ip_masq_vpn.html> for the
status of the VPN Masq patches, and
<http://bmrc.berkeley.edu/people/chaffee/linux_pptp.html> for the
status of the 2.1.105+/2.2.x PPTP-only Masq patch.
3. Configuring the Linux firewall
3.1. Example network
For the Private-IP configuration examples in this document we will use
this sample network:
Internet-------- 200.200.200.* ppp0 or 200.200.200.200 eth1
Dual-Homed Linux Firewall
.--- 10.0.0.1 eth0
|
|--- 10.0.0.2 VPN client or server
|
For the registered-IP configuration examples in this document we will
use this sample network:
Internet-------- 200.200.200.200 eth1
Dual-Homed Linux Firewall
.--- 222.0.0.1 eth0
|
|--- 222.0.0.2 VPN client or server
|
The VPN server that the example clients connect to will be 199.0.0.1
The VPN clients that the connect to the example server will be
199.0.0.2 and 199.0.0.3
3.2. Determining what needs to be done on the firewall
If your VPN client or server has a registered internet IP address you
do not need to masquerade or modify your kernel - the stock kernel
will successfully route all VPN traffic. You can skip directly to the
registered-IP setup sections below.
If your VPN client or server has a Private-Network IP address as
described in RFC1918 you will need to patch your kernel (unless your
kernel is 2.0.37 or higher in the 2.0.x series).
If you are setting up a masqueraded VPN server, you will also have to
obtain and install the following two packages:
· To redirect the inbound TCP/UDP traffic (the 1723/tcp PPTP control
channel or the 500/udp ISAKMP channel), you need the appropriate
ipportfw port-forwarding kernel patch and configuration tool from
<http://www.ox.compsoc.org.uk/~steve/portforwarding.html>. Port
forwarding has been incorporated into the 2.2.x kernel. See man
ipmasqadm for configuration details. If ipmasqadm is not included
with your distribution it can be obtained at
<http://juanjox.kernelnotes.org/>.
· To redirect the initial inbound tunnel traffic (GRE for PPTP and
ESP for IPsec), you need the ipfwd generic-IP redirector from
<http://www.pdos.lcs.mit.edu/~cananian/Projects/IPfwd/>.
You do not need port forwarding or ipfwd if you are masquerading only
clients.
3.3. Patching and configuring the 2.0.x kernel for VPN Masquerade
support
1. Install the kernel source (preferably version 2.0.37), which you
can obtain from <http://www.kernel.org/> or a mirror. The sources
should be automatically extracted into a directory named
/usr/src/linux.
2. Configure and test standard IP Masquerading (see the IP Masquerade
HOWTO). Doing this will familiarize you with recompiling your
kernel and introduce you to IP Masquerading in general.
3. Back up your kernel sources.
4. Obtain the kernel patch if necessary.
If your kernel version is 2.0.36 or lower, obtain the 2.0.x VPN
Masquerade kernel patch from the VPN Masquerade home page in the
"Resources" section above.
If your kernel version is 2.0.37 or higher in the 2.0.x series, you
do not need to apply any patches. The VPN Masquerade code is
included in the kernel. Skip the discussion of patching the kernel.
For the purposes of this document we'll assume you've saved the
appropriate patch in /usr/src/ip_masq_vpn.patch.gz.
5. Apply the VPN Masquerade patch to your kernel if necessary:
· Change to the kernel source directory:
cd /usr/src/linux
· Apply the patch:
zcat ../ip_masq_vpn.patch.gz | patch -l -p0 > vpn-patch.log
2>&1
Note that the options are "dash lowercase L, dash lowercase
P zero". You may get odd results if you change the order of
the arguments, as patch seems to be sensitive to the order
they appear on the command line.
· Check the vpn-patch.log file to see if any hunks failed. If you
get failed hunks, then you probably either omitted the options or
ran the patch program from the wrong directory. Restore your kernel
from the backup and try again.
6. If you are masquerading a VPN server, obtain and install the
ipportfw patch from the site given above.
There is a known conflict between the VPN Masquerade patch and two
other networking patches: the IP Firewall Chains patch and the
ipportfw patch. They are all trying to add options at the same
location in net/ipv4/Config.in, and the changes made by one patch
alter the context that the other patches are looking for.
If you're applying the VPN Masquerade patch and the IP Firewall
Chains or ipportfw patches to your 2.0.x kernel, you will have to
manually edit net/ipv4/Config.in and add the block of configuration
options from the patch file that fails to work. Looking at the
patch file should show you where in net/ipv4/Config.in the new
options should be added.
The syntax of patch files is simple. For each block of changes to
make, there are two sections: the first shows the "before" state,
with an indication of lines to be changed or deleted; the second
shows the "after" state, with an indication of the lines that have
been changed or added. Use the first section to find where to add
the lines, and add the lines that are indicated in the second
section.
This should not be a problem once those patches are updated for
2.0.37+
7. Configure your kernel and select the following options - say YES to
the following:
* Prompt for development and/or incomplete code/drivers
CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL
- You must enable this to see the VPN Masq options.
* Networking support
CONFIG_NET
* Network firewalls
CONFIG_FIREWALL
* TCP/IP networking
CONFIG_INET
* IP: forwarding/gatewaying
CONFIG_IP_FORWARD
* IP: firewalling
CONFIG_IP_FIREWALL
* IP: masquerading (EXPERIMENTAL)
CONFIG_IP_MASQUERADE
- This is required.
* IP: PPTP masq support (EXPERIMENTAL)
CONFIG_IP_MASQUERADE_PPTP
- Enables PPTP data channel masquerading, if you are
masquerading a PPTP client or server.
* IP: PPTP Call ID masq support (EXPERIMENTAL)
CONFIG_IP_MASQUERADE_PPTP_MULTICLIENT
- Enables PPTP Call ID masquerading; only necessary if
you will be masquerading more than one client trying
to connect to the same remote server. DO NOT enable
this option if you will be masquerading a PPTP server.
* IP: IPsec ESP & ISAKMP masq support (EXPERIMENTAL)
CONFIG_IP_MASQUERADE_IPSEC
- Enables IPsec masquerade, if you are masquerading an
IPsec host.
* IP: IPSEC masq table lifetime (minutes)
- See your network administrator to determine what the
"rekey interval" or "key lifetime" is set to. The
default lifetime of masq table entries is thirty
minutes. If your rekey interval is greater than
thirty minutes, then you should increase the lifetime
to a value slightly greater than the rekey interval.
* IP: always defragment
CONFIG_IP_ALWAYS_DEFRAG
- Highly recommended for a firewall.
NOTE: These are just the settings you need for masquerading. Select
whatever other options you need for your specific setup.
8. Recompile the kernel and install it for testing. Don't replace a
known working kernel with your new kernel until you have proven it
works.
To determine whether the running kernel includes VPN Masquerade
support, run the following command:
grep -i masq /proc/ksyms
...and look for the following entries:
· IPsec masquerade: ip_masq_out_get_isakmp, ip_masq_in_get_isakmp,
ip_fw_masq_esp and ip_fw_demasq_esp
· PPTP masquerade: ip_fw_masq_gre and ip_fw_demasq_gre
· PPTP Call-ID masquerade: ip_masq_pptp
If you don't see these entries, VPN Masquerade support is probably not
available. If you get complaints about /proc/ksyms not being available
or /proc not being available, make sure that you have enabled the
/proc filesystem in your kernel configuration.
See the Kernel HOWTO for more details on configuring and recompiling
your kernel.
If you are using IPsec masquerade and your system is generating
General Protection errors (see /var/log/messages) or is locking up,
see the VPN Masquerade home page for an update. This patch is for
2.0.38, but should work on earlier kernels. It has been submitted to
Alan Cox for inclusion in the 2.0.39 kernel.
3.4. Patching and configuring the 2.2.x kernel for VPN Masquerade
support
1. Install the kernel source (preferably version 2.2.17 or later),
which you can obtain from <http://www.kernel.org/> or a mirror.
The sources should be automatically extracted into a directory
named /usr/src/linux.
2. Configure and test standard IP Masquerading (see the IP Masquerade
HOWTO). Doing this will familiarize you with recompiling your
kernel and introduce you to IP Masquerading in general.
3. Back up your kernel sources.
4. Obtain the kernel patch from the VPN Masquerade home page in the
"Resources" section above.
For the purposes of this document we'll assume you've saved the
appropriate patch in /usr/src/ip_masq_vpn.patch.gz.
5. Apply the VPN Masquerade patch to your kernel if necessary:
· Change to the source directory:
cd /usr/src
· Apply the patch:
zcat ip_masq_vpn.patch.gz | patch -l -p0 > vpn-patch.log
2>&1
Note that the options are "dash lowercase L, dash lowercase
P zero". You may get odd results if you change the order of
the arguments, as patch seems to be sensitive to the order
they appear on the command line.
Also note that the directory you run the patch command in is
different for the 2.2.x kernel patch
· Check the vpn-patch.log file to see if any hunks failed. If you
get failed hunks, then you probably either omitted the options or
ran the patch program from the wrong directory. Restore your kernel
from the backup and try again.
6. If you are masquerading a VPN server you do not need the ipportfw
patch as port forwarding is now built-in. See the ipmasqadm man
page for more details. If ipmasqadm is not included with your
distribution it can be obtained at
<http://juanjox.kernelnotes.org/>.
7. Configure your kernel and select the following options - say YES to
the following:
* Prompt for development and/or incomplete code/drivers
CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL
- You must enable this to see the VPN Masq options.
* Networking support
CONFIG_NET
* Network firewalls
CONFIG_FIREWALL
* TCP/IP networking
CONFIG_INET
* IP: firewalling
CONFIG_IP_FIREWALL
* IP: always defragment
CONFIG_IP_ALWAYS_DEFRAG
- Required for masquerading. This may or may not
be in your kernel config. If not, you should
run this in your startup scripts:
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_always_defrag
* IP: masquerading (EXPERIMENTAL)
CONFIG_IP_MASQUERADE
- This is required.
* IP: masquerading special modules support
CONFIG_IP_MASQUERADE_MOD
- This is required.
* IP: ipportfw masq support (EXPERIMENTAL)
CONFIG_IP_MASQUERADE_IPPORTFW
- Enable this if you will be masquerading a VPN server.
* IP: PPTP masq support
CONFIG_IP_MASQUERADE_PPTP
- Enables PPTP data channel masquerading, if you are
masquerading a PPTP client or server. This is now
available as a module.
Note that you no longer need to specify Call-ID masquerade.
* IP: IPsec ESP & ISAKMP masq support (EXPERIMENTAL)
CONFIG_IP_MASQUERADE_IPSEC
- Enables IPsec masquerade, if you are masquerading an
IPsec host. This is now available as a module.
* IP: IPsec masq table lifetime (minutes)
- See your network administrator to determine what the
"rekey interval" or "key lifetime" is set to. The default
lifetime of masq table entries is thirty minutes. If
your rekey interval is greater than thirty minutes,
then you should increase the lifetime to a value
slightly greater than the rekey interval.
* IP: Enable parallel sessions (possible security risk - see help)
CONFIG_IP_MASQUERADE_IPSEC_PAROK
- See the IPsec masquerade technical notes and special
security considerations section of the HOWTO for
security considerations to be aware of when
masquerading IPsec traffic. If you are only
masquerading one IPsec client this setting has no
effect.
Say NO to the following:
* IP: GRE tunnels over IP
CONFIG_NET_IPGRE
- This, confusingly, has *NOTHING* to do with PPTP.
It enables support for GRE tunnels as used by Cisco
routers. The fact that you see this option does not
imply that PPTP support is available. You still need
to apply the VPN Masquerade patch if the PPTP options
listed above do not appear when you are configuring
your kernel. DO NOT enable this unless you are setting
up a GRE tunnel to a Cisco router.
NOTE: These are just the settings you need for masquerading. Select
whatever other options you need for your specific setup.
8. Recompile the kernel and install it for testing. Don't replace a
known working kernel with your new kernel until you have proven it
works.
To determine whether the running kernel includes VPN Masquerade
support, run the following command:
grep -i masq /proc/ksyms
...and look for the following entries:
· IPsec masquerade: ip_masq_esp and ip_demasq_esp
· PPTP masquerade: ip_masq_pptp_tcp and ip_demasq_pptp_tcp
Or run:
lsmod
...and look for the following entries:
· IPsec masquerade: ip_masq_ipsec
· PPTP masquerade: ip_masq_pptp
If you don't see these entries, VPN Masquerade support is probably not
available - did you remember to modprobe ip_masq_pptp.o or modprobe
ip_masq_ipsec.o if you compiled them as modules? If VPN masquerade
stops working after you reboot, did you remember to add the modprobe
commands into your /etc/rc.d/rc.local startup script?
If you get complaints about /proc/ksyms not being available or /proc
not being available, make sure that you have enabled the /proc
filesystem in your kernel configuration.
See the Kernel HOWTO for more details on configuring and recompiling
your kernel.
3.5. ipfwadm setup for a Private-IP VPN Client or Server
The firewall must now be configured to masquerade the outbound VPN
traffic. You may wish to visit
<http://www.wolfenet.com/~jhardin/ipfwadm.html> to take a look at a
GUI wrapper around the ipfwadm command that automates a lot of
security-related packet filtering setup.
The minimum firewall rules are:
# Set the default forwarding policy to DENY:
ipfwadm -F -p deny
# Allow local-network traffic
ipfwadm -I -a accept -S 10.0.0.0/8 -D 0.0.0.0/0 -W eth0
ipfwadm -O -a accept -S 0.0.0.0/0 -D 10.0.0.0/8 -W eth0
# Masquerade traffic for internet addresses and allow internet traffic
ipfwadm -F -a accept -m -S 10.0.0.0/8 -D 0.0.0.0/0 -W ppp0
ipfwadm -O -a accept -S 0.0.0.0/0 -D 0.0.0.0/0 -W ppp0
ipfwadm -I -a accept -S 0.0.0.0/0 -D 0.0.0.0/0 -W ppp0
or, if you have a permanent connection,
ipfwadm -F -a accept -m -S 10.0.0.0/8 -D 0.0.0.0/0 -W eth1
ipfwadm -O -a accept -S 0.0.0.0/0 -D 0.0.0.0/0 -W eth1
ipfwadm -I -a accept -S 0.0.0.0/0 -D 0.0.0.0/0 -W eth1
This is a completely open setup, though. It will masquerade any traf­
fic from any host on the local network destined for any host on the
internet, and provides no security at all.
A tight firewall setup would only allow traffic between the client and
the server, and would block everything else:
# Set the default policy to DENY:
ipfwadm -I -p deny
ipfwadm -O -p deny
ipfwadm -F -p deny
# Allow local-network traffic
ipfwadm -I -a accept -S 10.0.0.0/8 -D 0.0.0.0/0 -W eth0
ipfwadm -O -a accept -S 0.0.0.0/0 -D 10.0.0.0/8 -W eth0
# Masquerade only VPN traffic between the VPN client and the VPN server
ipfwadm -F -a accept -m -P udp -S 10.0.0.2/32 500 -D 199.0.0.1/32 500 -W ppp0
ipfwadm -F -a accept -m -P tcp -S 10.0.0.2/32 -D 199.0.0.1/32 1723 -W ppp0
ipfwadm -F -a deny -P tcp -S 10.0.0.2/32 -D 199.0.0.1/32 -W ppp0
ipfwadm -F -a deny -P udp -S 10.0.0.2/32 -D 199.0.0.1/32 -W ppp0
ipfwadm -F -a accept -m -P all -S 10.0.0.2/32 -D 199.0.0.1/32 -W ppp0
ipfwadm -O -a accept -P udp -S 200.200.200.0/24 500 -D 199.0.0.1/32 500 -W ppp0
ipfwadm -O -a accept -P tcp -S 200.200.200.0/24 -D 199.0.0.1/32 1723 -W ppp0
ipfwadm -O -a deny -P tcp -S 200.200.200.0/24 -D 199.0.0.1/32 -W ppp0
ipfwadm -O -a deny -P udp -S 200.200.200.0/24 -D 199.0.0.1/32 -W ppp0
ipfwadm -O -a accept -P all -S 200.200.200.0/24 -D 199.0.0.1/32 -W ppp0
ipfwadm -I -a accept -P udp -S 199.0.0.1/32 500 -D 200.200.200.0/24 500 -W ppp0
ipfwadm -I -a accept -P tcp -S 199.0.0.1/32 1723 -D 200.200.200.0/24 -W ppp0
ipfwadm -I -a deny -P tcp -S 199.0.0.1/32 -D 200.200.200.0/24 -W ppp0
ipfwadm -I -a deny -P udp -S 199.0.0.1/32 -D 200.200.200.0/24 -W ppp0
ipfwadm -I -a accept -P all -S 199.0.0.1/32 -D 200.200.200.0/24 -W ppp0
or, if you have a permanent connection,
ipfwadm -F -a accept -m -P udp -S 10.0.0.2/32 500 -D 199.0.0.1/32 500 -W eth1
ipfwadm -F -a accept -m -P tcp -S 10.0.0.2/32 -D 199.0.0.1/32 1723 -W eth1
ipfwadm -F -a deny -P tcp -S 10.0.0.2/32 -D 199.0.0.1/32 -W eth1
ipfwadm -F -a deny -P udp -S 10.0.0.2/32 -D 199.0.0.1/32 -W eth1
ipfwadm -F -a accept -m -P all -S 10.0.0.2/32 -D 199.0.0.1/32 -W eth1
ipfwadm -O -a accept -P udp -S 200.200.200.200/32 500 -D 199.0.0.1/32 500 -W eth1
ipfwadm -O -a accept -P tcp -S 200.200.200.200/32 -D 199.0.0.1/32 1723 -W eth1
ipfwadm -O -a deny -P tcp -S 200.200.200.200/32 -D 199.0.0.1/32 -W eth1
ipfwadm -O -a deny -P udp -S 200.200.200.200/32 -D 199.0.0.1/32 -W eth1
ipfwadm -O -a accept -P all -S 200.200.200.200/32 -D 199.0.0.1/32 -W eth1
ipfwadm -I -a accept -P udp -S 199.0.0.1/32 500 -D 200.200.200.200/32 500 -W eth1
ipfwadm -I -a accept -P tcp -S 199.0.0.1/32 1723 -D 200.200.200.200/32 -W eth1
ipfwadm -I -a deny -P tcp -S 199.0.0.1/32 -D 200.200.200.200/32 -W eth1
ipfwadm -I -a deny -P udp -S 199.0.0.1/32 -D 200.200.200.200/32 -W eth1
ipfwadm -I -a accept -P all -S 199.0.0.1/32 -D 200.200.200.200/32 -W eth1
Note: these rules only allow VPN traffic and block everything else.
You will have to add rules for any other traffic you wish to permit,
such as DNS, HTTP, POP, IMAP, etc.
3.6. ipchains setup for a Private-IP VPN Client or Server
The minimum ipchains firewall rules are:
# Set the default forwarding policy to DENY:
ipchains -P forward DENY
# Allow local-network traffic
ipchains -A input -j ACCEPT -s 10.0.0.0/8 -d 0.0.0.0/0 -i eth0
ipchains -A output -j ACCEPT -s 0.0.0.0/0 -d 10.0.0.0/8 -i eth0
# Masquerade traffic for internet addresses and allow internet traffic
ipchains -A forward -j MASQ -s 10.0.0.0/8 -d 0.0.0.0/0 -i ppp0
ipchains -A output -j ACCEPT -s 0.0.0.0/0 -d 0.0.0.0/0 -i ppp0
ipchains -A input -j ACCEPT -s 0.0.0.0/0 -d 0.0.0.0/0 -i ppp0
or, if you have a permanent connection,
ipchains -A forward -j MASQ -s 10.0.0.0/8 -d 0.0.0.0/0 -i eth1
ipchains -A output -j ACCEPT -s 0.0.0.0/0 -d 0.0.0.0/0 -i eth1
ipchains -A input -j ACCEPT -s 0.0.0.0/0 -d 0.0.0.0/0 -i eth1
This is a completely open setup, though. It will masquerade any traf­
fic from any host on the local network destined for any host on the
internet, and provides no security at all.
A tight firewall setup would only allow traffic between the client and
the server, and would block everything else:
# Set the default policy to DENY:
ipchains -P input DENY
ipchains -P output DENY
ipchains -P forward DENY
# Allow local-network traffic
ipchains -A input -j ACCEPT -s 10.0.0.0/8 -d 0.0.0.0/0 -i eth0
ipchains -A output -j ACCEPT -s 0.0.0.0/0 -d 10.0.0.0/8 -i eth0
# Masquerade only VPN traffic between the VPN client and the VPN server
# IPsec
ipchains -A forward -j MASQ -p udp -s 10.0.0.2/32 500 -d 199.0.0.1/32 500 -i ppp0
ipchains -A output -j ACCEPT -p udp -s 200.200.200.0/24 500 -d 199.0.0.1/32 500 -i ppp0
ipchains -A input -j ACCEPT -p udp -s 199.0.0.1/32 500 -d 200.200.200.0/24 500 -i ppp0
ipchains -A forward -j MASQ -p 50 -s 10.0.0.2/32 -d 199.0.0.1/32 -i ppp0
ipchains -A output -j ACCEPT -p 50 -s 200.200.200.0/24 -d 199.0.0.1/32 -i ppp0
ipchains -A input -j ACCEPT -p 50 -s 199.0.0.1/32 -d 200.200.200.0/24 -i ppp0
# PPTP
ipchains -A forward -j MASQ -p tcp -s 10.0.0.2/32 -d 199.0.0.1/32 1723 -i ppp0
ipchains -A output -j ACCEPT -p tcp -s 200.200.200.0/24 -d 199.0.0.1/32 1723 -i ppp0
ipchains -A input -j ACCEPT -p tcp -s 199.0.0.1/32 1723 -d 200.200.200.0/24 -i ppp0
ipchains -A forward -j MASQ -p 47 -s 10.0.0.2/32 -d 199.0.0.1/32 -i ppp0
ipchains -A output -j ACCEPT -p 47 -s 200.200.200.0/24 -d 199.0.0.1/32 -i ppp0
ipchains -A input -j ACCEPT -p 47 -s 199.0.0.1/32 -d 200.200.200.0/24 -i ppp0
or, if you have a permanent connection,
# IPsec
ipchains -A forward -j MASQ -p udp -s 10.0.0.2/32 500 -d 199.0.0.1/32 500 -i eth1
ipchains -A output -j ACCEPT -p udp -s 200.200.200.200/32 500 -d 199.0.0.1/32 500 -i eth1
ipchains -A input -j ACCEPT -p udp -s 199.0.0.1/32 500 -d 200.200.200.200/32 500 -i eth1
ipchains -A forward -j MASQ -p 50 -s 10.0.0.2/32 -d 199.0.0.1/32 -i eth1
ipchains -A output -j ACCEPT -p 50 -s 200.200.200.200/32 -d 199.0.0.1/32 -i eth1
ipchains -A input -j ACCEPT -p 50 -s 199.0.0.1/32 -d 200.200.200.200/32 -i eth1
# PPTP
ipchains -A forward -j MASQ -p tcp -s 10.0.0.2/32 -d 199.0.0.1/32 1723 -i eth1
ipchains -A output -j ACCEPT -p tcp -s 200.200.200.200/32 -d 199.0.0.1/32 1723 -i eth1
ipchains -A input -j ACCEPT -p tcp -s 199.0.0.1/32 1723 -d 200.200.200.200/32 -i eth1
ipchains -A forward -j MASQ -p 47 -s 10.0.0.2/32 -d 199.0.0.1/32 -i eth1
ipchains -A output -j ACCEPT -p 47 -s 200.200.200.200/32 -d 199.0.0.1/32 -i eth1
ipchains -A input -j ACCEPT -p 47 -s 199.0.0.1/32 -d 200.200.200.200/32 -i eth1
Note: these rules only allow VPN traffic. You will have to add rules
for any other traffic you wish to permit, such as DNS, HTTP, POP,
IMAP, etc.
Also note how there rules are much neater and easier to make sense of
than the equivalent ipfwadm rules. This is because ipchains allows
specification of all IP protocols, not just TCP, UDP, ICMP or ALL.
3.7. A note about dynamic IP addressing
If your firewall is assigned a dynamic IP address by your ISP (dialup
accounts are this way, as are some cable internet services), then you
should add the following to the startup script /etc/rc.d/rc.local:
echo 7 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_dynaddr
This enables dynamic IP address following, which means that should
your connection drop and be reestablished, any active sessions will be
updated to the new IP address rather than using the old IP address.
This does not mean that the session will continue across the interrup­
tion, rather that it will be closed down quickly.
If you do not do this, then there may be a "dead period" after you
redial and before old masq table entries expire where you're being
masqueraded with the wrong IP address, which will prevent your
establishing a connection.
This is particularly helpful if you are using a demand-dial daemon
such as diald to manage your dialup connection.
See /usr/src/linux/Documentation/networking/ip_dynaddr.txt for more
details.
3.8. Additional setup for a Private-IP VPN Server
If you are setting up VPN masquerade for a Private-IP VPN server (that
is, you wish to provide for inbound connections as well as outbound
connections), you also need to install two packet-forwarding
utilities. One (ipportfw) forwards inbound TCP or UDP traffic
addressed to a specific port on the firewall system to a system on the
local network behind the firewall. This is used to redirect the
initial inbound 1723/tcp PPTP control channel or 500/udp ISAKMP
traffic to the VPN server. The other (ipfwd) is a more generic
forwarding utility that allows you to do this for any IP protocol. It
is used to forward the initial inbound 47/ip (GRE) or 50/ip (ESP) data
channel traffic to the VPN server.
Outbound responses to the inbound 1723/tcp or 500/udp traffic are
masqueraded using the normal IP-Masquerade facilities in the Linux
kernel. The outbound 47/ip or 50/ip traffic is masqueraded using the
VPN-Masquerade kernel patch you installed earlier.
Once these utilities are installed, you must configure them to forward
the traffic to the VPN server.
· Configuring ipportfw under 2.0.x kernels
The following commands will set up ipportfw to forward the initial
inbound 500/udp traffic to the IPsec server:
# Static-IP ipportfw setup for IPsec
# Clear the ipportfw forwarding table
/sbin/ipportfw -C
# Forward traffic addressed to the firewall's 500/udp port
# to the IPsec server's 500/udp port
/sbin/ipportfw -A -u 200.200.200.200/500 -R 10.0.0.2/500
The following commands will set up ipportfw to forward the initial
inbound 1723/tcp traffic to the PPTP server:
# Static-IP ipportfw setup for PPTP
# Clear the ipportfw forwarding table
/sbin/ipportfw -C
# Forward traffic addressed to the firewall's 1723/tcp port
# to the PPTP server's 1723/tcp port
/sbin/ipportfw -A -t 200.200.200.200/1723 -R 10.0.0.2/1723
Note that the ipportfw command line requires the internet IP address
of the firewall, and you cannot specify the interface (e.g. ppp0) as
you can with ipfwadm. This means that for a dynamic-IP connection
(such as a typical dialup PPP connection) you have to run these com­
mands every time you connect to the internet and are assigned a new IP
address. You can do this quite easily - simply add the following to
your /etc/ppp/ip-up or /etc/ppp/ip-up.local script:
# Dynamic-IP ipportfw setup for IPsec
# Clear the ipportfw forwarding table
/sbin/ipportfw -C
# Forward traffic addressed to the firewall's 500/udp port
# to the IPsec server's 500/udp port
/sbin/ipportfw -A -u ${4}/500 -R 10.0.0.2/500
or:
# Dynamic-IP ipportfw setup for PPTP
# Clear the ipportfw forwarding table
/sbin/ipportfw -C
# Forward traffic addressed to the firewall's 1723/tcp port
# to the PPTP server's 1723/tcp port
/sbin/ipportfw -A -t ${4}/1723 -R 10.0.0.2/1723
See <http://www.wolfenet.com/~jhardin/ipfwadm/invocation.html> for
more information on firewalling with a dynamic IP.
· Configuring ipfwd under both 2.0.x and 2.2.x kernels
The following command will set up ipfwd to forward the initial
inbound 50/ip traffic to the IPsec server:
/sbin/ipfwd --masq 10.0.0.2 50 &
The following command will set up ipfwd to forward the initial inbound
47/ip traffic to the PPTP server:
/sbin/ipfwd --masq 10.0.0.2 47 &
It should only be run once, from your /etc/rc.d/rc.local script.
The techniques described here can be generalized to allow masquerading
of most any type of server - HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and so forth. Servers
that are purely TCP- or UDP-based will not require ipfwd.
If you are masquerading a PPTP server you also need to make sure that
you have not enabled PPTP Call ID masquerade in the kernel. Enabling
PPTP Call ID masquerade builds in some assumptions that you're
masquerading only PPTP clients, so enabling it will prevent proper
masquerade of the PPTP server traffic. This also means that with the
2.0.x version of the patch you cannot simultaneously masquerade a PPTP
server and PPTP clients.
3.9. ipfwadm setup for a Registered-IP VPN Server
Setting up a registered-IP VPN server behind a Linux firewall is a
simple matter of making sure the appropriate routing and packet-filter
commands are in place. Masquerading is not required.
Unfortunately the 2.0.x-series kernels will not let us specify IP
protocol 47 or 50 directly, so this firewall is less secure than it
could be. If this is a problem for you, then install the IP Firewall
Chains kernel patch or move to the 2.1.x or 2.2.x series kernel, where
you can filter by IP protocol.
The firewall rules will look something like this:
# This section should follow your other firewall rules.
# Specify the acceptable clients explicitly for tighter security.
# Allow the IPsec ISAKMP traffic in and out.
ipfwadm -I -a accept -W eth1 -V 200.200.200.200 -P udp -S 199.0.0.2/32 500 -D 222.0.0.2/32 500
ipfwadm -O -a accept -W eth1 -V 200.200.200.200 -P udp -D 199.0.0.2/32 500 -S 222.0.0.2/32 500
ipfwadm -I -a accept -W eth1 -V 200.200.200.200 -P udp -S 199.0.0.3/32 500 -D 222.0.0.2/32 500
ipfwadm -O -a accept -W eth1 -V 200.200.200.200 -P udp -D 199.0.0.3/32 500 -S 222.0.0.2/32 500
# Allow the PPTP control channel in and out.
ipfwadm -I -a accept -W eth1 -V 200.200.200.200 -P tcp -S 199.0.0.2/32 -D 222.0.0.2/32 1723
ipfwadm -O -a accept -W eth1 -V 200.200.200.200 -P tcp -D 199.0.0.2/32 -S 222.0.0.2/32 1723
ipfwadm -I -a accept -W eth1 -V 200.200.200.200 -P tcp -S 199.0.0.3/32 -D 222.0.0.2/32 1723
ipfwadm -O -a accept -W eth1 -V 200.200.200.200 -P tcp -D 199.0.0.3/32 -S 222.0.0.2/32 1723
# Block all other TCP and UDP traffic from the internet.
# This is essentially a "default deny TCP/UDP" that
# only applies to the internet interface.
ipfwadm -I -a deny -W eth1 -V 200.200.200.200 -P tcp
ipfwadm -I -a deny -W eth1 -V 200.200.200.200 -P udp
# Specify the acceptable clients explicitly for tighter security.
# Note that this is too open since we're forced to
# specify "-P all" rather than "-P 47" or "-P 50"...
# Allow the PPTP data channel and IPsec ESP traffic in and out.
ipfwadm -I -a accept -W eth1 -V 200.200.200.200 -P all -S 199.0.0.2/32 -D 222.0.0.2/32
ipfwadm -0 -a accept -W eth1 -V 200.200.200.200 -P all -D 199.0.0.2/32 -S 222.0.0.2/32
ipfwadm -I -a accept -W eth1 -V 200.200.200.200 -P all -S 199.0.0.3/32 -D 222.0.0.2/32
ipfwadm -O -a accept -W eth1 -V 200.200.200.200 -P all -D 199.0.0.3/32 -S 222.0.0.2/32
# Block all other traffic from the internet.
# This is essentially a "default deny" that
# only applies to the internet interface.
ipfwadm -I -a deny -W eth1 -V 200.200.200.200
If you are installing firewall rules on forwarding and/or rules on the
inner interface, you will have do do something similar. The above
example only covers VPN traffic; you will have to merge it into your
existing firewall setup to allow any other traffic you need.
3.10. ipfwadm setup for a Registered-IP VPN Client
Setting up a registered-IP VPN client behind a Linux firewall is
similar to setting up a registered-IP VPN server.
The firewall rules will look something like this:
# Allow the IPsec ISAKMP traffic out and in.
ipfwadm -O -a accept -W eth1 -V 200.200.200.200 -P udp -S 222.0.0.2/32 500 -D 199.0.0.1/32 500
ipfwadm -I -a accept -W eth1 -V 200.200.200.200 -P udp -D 222.0.0.2/32 500 -S 199.0.0.1/32 500
# Allow the PPTP control channel out and in.
ipfwadm -O -a accept -W eth1 -V 200.200.200.200 -P tcp -S 222.0.0.2/32 -D 199.0.0.1/32 1723
ipfwadm -I -a accept -W eth1 -V 200.200.200.200 -P tcp -D 222.0.0.2/32 -S 199.0.0.1/32 1723
# Block all other TCP and UDP traffic from the internet.
# This is essentially a "default deny TCP/UDP" that
# only applies to the internet interface.
ipfwadm -I -a deny -W eth1 -V 200.200.200.200 -P tcp
ipfwadm -I -a deny -W eth1 -V 200.200.200.200 -P udp
# Note that this is too open since we're forced to
# specify "-P all" rather than "-P 47" or "-P 50"...
# Allow the PPTP data channel and IPsec ESP traffic out and in
ipfwadm -O -a accept -W eth1 -V 200.200.200.200 -P all -S 222.0.0.2/32 -D 199.0.0.1/32
ipfwadm -I -a accept -W eth1 -V 200.200.200.200 -P all -D 222.0.0.2/32 -S 199.0.0.1/32
# Block all other traffic from the internet.
# This is essentially a "default deny" that
# only applies to the internet interface.
ipfwadm -I -a deny -W eth1 -V 200.200.200.200
3.11. ipchains setup for a Registered-IP VPN Server
Setting up a registered-IP VPN server behind a Linux firewall is a
simple matter of making sure the appropriate routing and packet-filter
commands are in place. Masquerading is not required.
The firewall rules will look something like this:
# Specify the acceptable clients explicitly for tighter security.
# Allow the IPsec ISAKMP traffic in and out.
ipchains -A input -j ACCEPT -p udp -s 199.0.0.2/32 500 -d 222.0.0.2/32 500 -i eth1
ipchains -A output -j ACCEPT -p udp -d 199.0.0.2/32 500 -s 222.0.0.2/32 500 -i eth1
ipchains -A input -j ACCEPT -p udp -s 199.0.0.3/32 500 -d 222.0.0.2/32 500 -i eth1
ipchains -A output -j ACCEPT -p udp -d 199.0.0.3/32 500 -s 222.0.0.2/32 500 -i eth1
# Allow the IPsec ESP traffic in and out.
ipchains -A input -j ACCEPT -p 50 -s 199.0.0.2/32 -d 222.0.0.2/32 -i eth1
ipchains -A output -j ACCEPT -p 50 -d 199.0.0.2/32 -s 222.0.0.2/32 -i eth1
ipchains -A input -j ACCEPT -p 50 -s 199.0.0.3/32 -d 222.0.0.2/32 -i eth1
ipchains -A output -j ACCEPT -p 50 -d 199.0.0.3/32 -s 222.0.0.2/32 -i eth1
# Allow the PPTP control channel in and out.
ipchains -A input -j ACCEPT -p tcp -s 199.0.0.2/32 -d 222.0.0.2/32 1723 -i eth1
ipchains -A output -j ACCEPT -p tcp -d 199.0.0.2/32 -s 222.0.0.2/32 1723 -i eth1
ipchains -A input -j ACCEPT -p tcp -s 199.0.0.3/32 -d 222.0.0.2/32 1723 -i eth1
ipchains -A output -j ACCEPT -p tcp -d 199.0.0.3/32 -s 222.0.0.2/32 1723 -i eth1
# Allow the PPTP tunnel in and out.
ipchains -A input -j ACCEPT -p 47 -s 199.0.0.2/32 -d 222.0.0.2/32 -i eth1
ipchains -A output -j ACCEPT -p 47 -d 199.0.0.2/32 -s 222.0.0.2/32 -i eth1
ipchains -A input -j ACCEPT -p 47 -s 199.0.0.3/32 -d 222.0.0.2/32 -i eth1
ipchains -A output -j ACCEPT -p 47 -d 199.0.0.3/32 -s 222.0.0.2/32 -i eth1
If you are installing firewall rules on forwarding and/or rules on the
inner interface, you will have do do something similar. The above
example only covers VPN traffic; you will have to merge it into your
existing firewall setup to allow any other traffic you need.
3.12. ipchains setup for a Registered-IP VPN Client
Setting up a registered-IP VPN client behind a Linux firewall is
similar to setting up a registered-IP VPN server.
The firewall rules will look something like this:
# Allow the IPsec ISAKMP traffic out and in.
ipchains -A output -j ACCEPT -p udp -s 222.0.0.2/32 500 -d 199.0.0.1/32 500 -i eth1
ipchains -A input -j ACCEPT -p udp -d 222.0.0.2/32 500 -s 199.0.0.1/32 500 -i eth1
# Allow the IPsec ESP traffic out and in.
ipchains -A output -j ACCEPT -p 50 -s 222.0.0.2/32 -d 199.0.0.1/32 -i eth1
ipchains -A input -j ACCEPT -p 50 -d 222.0.0.2/32 -s 199.0.0.1/32 -i eth1
# Allow the PPTP control channel out and in.
ipchains -A output -j ACCEPT -p tcp -s 222.0.0.2/32 -d 199.0.0.1/32 1723 -i eth1
ipchains -A input -j ACCEPT -p tcp -d 222.0.0.2/32 -s 199.0.0.1/32 1723 -i eth1
# Allow the PPTP tunnel out and in.
ipchains -A output -j ACCEPT -p 47 -s 222.0.0.2/32 -d 199.0.0.1/32 -i eth1
ipchains -A input -j ACCEPT -p 47 -d 222.0.0.2/32 -s 199.0.0.1/32 -i eth1
3.13. VPN Masq and LRP
The Linux Router Project at <http://www.linuxrouter.org/> provides a
Linux-based firewall-on-a-floppy kit. With a '386 PC, two network
cards, and a diskette drive, you can set up a full-featured
masquerading firewall. No hard disk is needed.
VPN Masquerade is supposed to be included in LRP version 2.2.9 - to
verify it is available, see if ip_masq_ipsec or ip_masq_pptp are
listed in the loadable modules in Package Settings -> Modules, or grep
/proc/ksyms as described above. If you want to add VPN masquerade to
an earlier version of LRP then somebody on the LRP mailing list may be
able to provide a diskette image for you, or you can roll your own
kernel using the instructions available on the LRP home page.
The firewall rules would be added to the startup script file in
Network Settings -> Direct Network Setup.
3.14. VPN Masq on a system running FreeS/WAN or PoPToP
If you are going to be using the firewall as an IPsec gateway with
FreeS/WAN, you must not enable IPsec masquerade. If you are going to
be using the firewall as a PPTP server with PoPToP, or a PPTP client
using the Linux PPTP client software, you must not enable PPTP
masquerade.
VPN masquerade and a VPN client or server using the same protocols
cannot at this time coexist on the same computer.
Your firewall can, however, be a FreeS/WAN IPsec VPN gateway while
masquerading PPTP traffic, or vice-versa.
4. Configuring the VPN client
4.1. Configuring a MS W'95 client
1. Set up your routing so that the Linux firewall is your default
gateway:
a. Open Control Panel/Network or right-click "Network Neighborhood"
and click on Properties.
b. Click on the Configuration tab.
c. In the list of installed network components, double-click on the
"TCP/IP -> whatever-NIC-you-have" line.
d. Click on the Gateway tab.
e. Enter the local-network IP address of your Linux firewall.
Delete any other gateways.
f. Click on the "OK" button.
2. Test masquerading. For example, run "telnet my.isp.mail.server
smtp" and you should see the mail server's welcome banner.
3. Install and configure the VPN software. For IPsec software follow
the manufacturer's instructions. For MS PPTP:
a. Open Control Panel/Network or right-click "Network Neighborhood"
and click on Properties.
b. Click on the Configuration tab.
c. Click on the "Add" button, then double-click on the "Adapter"
line.
d. Select "Microsoft" as the manufacturer and add the "Virtual
Private Networking Adapter" adapter.
e. Reboot when prompted to.
f. If you need to use strong (128-bit) encryption, download the
strong encryption DUN 1.3 update from the MS secure site at
<http://mssecure.www.conxion.com/cgi-bin/ntitar.pl> and install
it, then reboot again when prompted to.
g. Create a new dial-up phonebook entry for your PPTP server.
h. Select the VPN adapter as the device to use, and enter the PPTP
server's internet IP address as the telephone number.
i. Select the Server Types tab, and check the compression and
encryption checkboxes.
j. Click on the "TCP/IP Settings" button.
k. Set the dynamic/static IP address information for your client as
instructed to by your PPTP server's administrator.
l. If you wish to have access to your local network while the PPTP
connection is up, uncheck the "Use default gateway on remote
network" checkbox.
m. Reboot a few more times, just from habit... :)
4.2. Configuring a MS W'98 client
1. Set up your routing so that the Linux firewall is your default
gateway and test masquerading as described above.
2. Install and configure the VPN software. For IPsec software follow
the manufacturer's instructions. For MS PPTP:
a. Open Control Panel/Add or Remove Software and click on the
Windows Setup tab.
b. Click on the Communications option and click the "Details"
button.
c. Make sure the "Virtual Private Networking" option is checked.
Then click the "OK" button.
d. Reboot when prompted to.
e. If you need to use strong (128-bit) encryption, download the
strong encryption VPN Security update from the MS secure site at
<http://mssecure.www.conxion.com/cgi-bin/ntitar.pl> and install
it, then reboot again when prompted to.
3. Create and test a new dial-up phonebook entry for your VPN server
as described above.
4.3. Configuring a MS W'ME client
I haven't seen one of these yet. I expect the procedure is very
similar to that for W'98. Could someone who has done this let me know
what, if any, differences there are? Thanks.
4.4. Configuring a MS NT client
Note: this section may be incomplete as it's been a while
since I've installed PPTP on an NT system.
1. Set up your routing so that the Linux firewall is your default
gateway:
a. Open Control Panel/Network or right-click "Network Neighborhood"
and click on Properties.
b. Click on the Protocols tab and double-click on the "TCP/IP"
line.
c. Enter the local-network IP address of your Linux firewall in the
"Default Gateway" box.
d. Click on the "OK" button.
2. Test masquerading. For example, run "telnet my.isp.mail.server
smtp" and you should see the mail server's welcome banner.
3. Install and configure the VPN software. For IPsec software follow
the manufacturer's instructions. For MS PPTP:
a. Open Control Panel/Network or right-click "Network Neighborhood"
and click on Properties.
b. Click on the Protocols tab.
c. Click on the "Add" button, then double-click on the "Point-to-
Point Tunneling Protocol" line.
d. When it asks for the number of Virtual Private Networks, enter
the number of PPTP servers you could possibly be communicating
with.
e. Reboot when prompted to.
f. If you need to use strong (128-bit) encryption, download the
strong encryption PPTP update from the MS secure site at
<http://mssecure.www.conxion.com/cgi-bin/ntitar.pl> and install
it, then reboot again when prompted to.
g. Create a new dial-up phonebook entry for your PPTP server.
h. Select the VPN adapter as the device to use, and enter the PPTP
server's internet IP address as the telephone number.
i. Select the Server Types tab, and check the compression and
encryption checkboxes.
j. Click on the "TCP/IP Settings" button.
k. Set the dynamic/static IP address information for your client as
instructed to by your PPTP server's administrator.
l. If you wish to have access to your local network while the PPTP
connection is up, see MS Knowledge Base article Q143168 for a
registry fix. (Sigh.)
m. Make sure you reapply the most recent Service Pack, to ensure
that your RAS and PPTP libraries are up-to-date for security and
performance enhancements.
4.5. Configuring for network-to-network routing
Yet to be written.
You really ought to look at FreeS/WAN (IPsec for Linux) at
<http://www.xs4all.nl/~freeswan/> instead of masquerading.
4.6. Masquerading Checkpoint SecuRemote-based VPNs
It is possible to masquerade Checkpoint SecuRemote-based VPN traffic
under certain circumstances.
First, you must configure the SecuRemote firewall to allow masqueraded
sessions. On the SecuRemote firewall do the following:
1. Run fwstop
2. Edit $FWDIR/conf/objects.C and after the ":props (" line, add or
modify the following lines to read:
:userc_NAT (true)
:userc_IKE_NAT (true)
3. Run fwstart
4. Re-install your security policy.
5. Verify the change took effect by checking both
$FWDIR/conf/objects.C and $FWDIR/database/objects.C
If you use the IPsec protocols (called "IKE" by CheckPoint) you don't
have to do anything else special to masquerade the VPN traffic.
Simply configure your masquerading gateway to masquerade IPsec traffic
as described above.
Checkpoint's proprietary FWZ protocol is more complicated. There are
two modes that FWZ can be used in: encapsulated mode and transport
mode. In encapsulated mode, integrity checking is done over the whole
IP packet, just as in IPsec's AH protocol. Changing the IP address
breaks this integrity guarantee, thus encapsulated FWZ tunnels cannot
be masqueraded.
In transport mode, only the data portion of the packet is encrypted,
and the IP headers are not verified against changes. In this mode,
masquerading should work with the modifications described above.
The configuration for encapsulated or transport mode is done in the
FireWall-1 GUI. In the network object for the Firewall, under the VPN
tab, edit the FWZ properties. The third tab in FWZ properties allows
you to set encapsulated mode.
You will only be able to masquerade one client at a time.
Further information can be found at:
· <http://www.phoneboy.com/fw1/nat.html>,
· <http://www.phoneboy.com/fw1/faq/0141.html>
· <http://www.phoneboy.com/fw1/faq/0372.html>
5. Troubleshooting
5.1. Testing
To test VPN Masquerade:
1. Bring up your ISP connection from your Linux box and verify that it
still works properly.
2. Verify that regular masquerading still works properly by, for
example, trying to browse a Web site or access an FTP server from a
masqueraded box on your local network.
3. PPTP: Verify that you have masquerading of the PPTP control channel
properly configured: try to telnet from the PPTP client system to
port 1723 on your PPTP server. Don't expect to see anything, but if
you get a timeout or an error saying the connection failed, take a
look at the masquerade rules on your Linux box to ensure that you
are indeed masquerading traffic from your PPTP client to TCP port
1723 on your PPTP server.
4. PPTP: Attempt to establish a PPTP connection. I recommend you also
run RASMON if it is available, as this will give you a minimal
amount of information about the status of the connection. If you
establish a PPTP connection on the first try, congratulations!
You're done!
5. IPsec: Attempt to establish an IPsec connection.
5.2. Possible problems
There are several things that may prevent a VPN session from being
established. We'll work through them going from the client to the
server and back again. We will assume you're using a Windows-based
client for the examples, as that's the most common case.
1. Connect information: the "telephone number" in the VPN dialup
configuration must be the Internet IP address of the VPN server, or
the IP address of the firewall if the server is being masqueraded.
2. PPTP and strong encryption: unless both client and server have the
128-bit NDISWAN.SYS or W'95/'98 PPTP software, you will not be able
to establish a strongly-encrypted session. Unfortunately in my
experience this problem does not generate any obvious error
messages, it just keeps trying and trying and trying... The strong
encryption update can be obtained from the Microsoft secure site
URL given in the "Configuring a MS Client" section.
This may also affect IPsec clients, if they use the MS-supplied
encryption libraries rather than using their own libraries.
3. Routing: verify that the default route on your VPN client is
pointing at the Linux masquerade box. Run the route print command
and look for an 0.0.0.0 entry.
If other masqueraded services (such as HTTP, FTP, IRC, etc.) work
from your VPN client system then this probably is not the problem.
4. Masquerading: there are two parts to the VPN session.
For IPsec, the authentication and key exchange service (ISAKMP),
which is a normal UDP session to port 500 on the remote IPsec host,
must be configured for masquerading as you would any other UDP
service (such as DNS).
For PPTP, the control channel, which is a normal TCP session to
port 1723 on the PPTP server, must be configured for masquerading
as you would any other TCP service (such as HTTP).
The encrypted data channel in IPsec is carried over ESP, IP
protocol 50. The encrypted data channel in PPTP is carried over
GRE, IP protocol 47. (Note that these are not TCP or UDP port
numbers!) Since the 2.0 Linux kernel only lets you specify TCP,
UDP, ICMP and ALL IP protocols when creating masquerade rules, you
must also masquerade ALL protocol traffic if you are masquerading
only specific services. If you are masquerading everything, you
don't need to worry about this.
In order to isolate the firewall rules from the kernel masquerade
code, try establishing a VPN connection with your firewall
completely open, then if it works, tighten the firewall rules.
2.0.x ipfwadm completely open firewall:
ipfwadm -I -p accept
ipfwadm -O -p accept
ipfwadm -F -a accept -m
2.2.x ipchains completely open firewall:
ipchains -P input ACCEPT
ipchains -P output ACCEPT
ipchains -P forward MASQ
Do not leave your firewall completely open for any longer than it
takes to prove that a masqueraded VPN connection can be established!
5. Intermediary hops and the Internet: All routers between your Linux
firewall and the remote IPsec host must forward packets carrying IP
protocol 50. All routers between your Linux firewall and the PPTP
server must forward packets carrying IP protocol 47. If you had
IPsec or PPTP working when your VPN client system directly dialled
your ISP then this probably is not the problem.
To isolate whether an intermediary hop is blocking GRE traffic, use
a patched traceroute to trace the progress of GRE packets. See the
resources section for information on the traceroute patch. A
similar patch for ESP is in the works.
6. The remote firewall: the firewall at the server end must allow a
system with the IP address assigned to your Linux box by your ISP
to connect to port 500/udp on the IPsec host or port 1723/tcp on
the PPTP server. If you had the VPN working when your VPN client
system directly dialled your ISP then this probably is not the
problem.
7. The server firewall and ESP: the IPsec encrypted data is carried
over IP protocol 50. If the firewall the remote IPsec host is
behind does not forward ESP traffic in both directions, IPsec will
not work. Again, if you had IPsec working when your IPsec client
system directly dialled your ISP then this probably is not the
problem.
8. The server firewall and GRE: the PPTP data channel is carried as a
GRE-encapsulated (IP protocol 47) PPP session. If the firewall your
PPTP server is behind does not forward GRE traffic in both
directions, PPTP will not work. Again, if you had PPTP working when
your PPTP client system directly dialed your ISP then this probably
isn't the problem.
9. The patch: If your IPsec client successfully authenticates you but
cannot establish a network connection, the patch may not be
masquerading ESP traffic properly. If your PPTP client establishes
the control channel (RASMON beeps and the little telephone lights
up) and sends GRE traffic (the upper light in RASMON blinks) but
gets no GRE traffic back (the lower light in RASMON does not blink
in response) the patch may not be masquerading GRE traffic
properly.
Look in /var/log/messages for log entries showing that VPN traffic
was seen. Turning on VPN debugging may help you to determine
whether or not the patch is at fault. Also run a sniffer on your
internet connection and look for outbound VPN traffic (see below).
10.
Multiple clients: the older PPTP patch does NOT support
masquerading of multiple PPTP clients attempting to access the same
PPTP server. If you're trying to do this, you should take a look at
your network design and consider whether you should set up a PPTP
router for your local clients. The 2.0 patch incorporates Call-ID
masquerading, which allows multiple simultaneous sessions. Note: do
not enable PPTP Call-ID masquerade if you are masquerading a PPTP
Server. At the current time this will prevent the server's outbound
traffic from being masqueraded.
5.3. Troubleshooting
Most problems can be localized by running a packet sniffer (e.g.
tcpdump with the -v option) on your VPN firewall. If everything is
working properly, you'll see the following traffic:
· Client local network:
IPsec: UDP (destination UDP port 500) and ESP (IP protocol 50)
traffic from your IPsec client local network IP to the remote IPsec
host's Internet IP. If you don't see this, your IPsec client is
misconfigured.
PPTP: TCP (destination TCP port 1723) and GRE (IP protocol 47)
traffic from your PPTP client local network IP to the PPTP server's
Internet IP. If you don't see this, your PPTP client is
misconfigured.
· ISP side of client firewall: UDP and ESP or TCP and GRE traffic
from the client firewall Internet IP (remember - we're
masquerading) to the VPN server's Internet IP. If you don't see
this, your masquerade is misconfigured or the patch isn't working.
· ISP side of server firewall: UDP and ESP or TCP and GRE traffic
from the client Internet IP to the VPN server's Internet IP. If you
don't see this, the Internet is down :) or some intermediary is
blocking ESP or GRE traffic.
· Boundary network (DMZ) side of server firewall: UDP and ESP or TCP
and GRE traffic from the client internet IP to the server IP. If
you don't see this, check your firewall rules for forwarding UDP
port 500 and IP protocol 50 or TCP port 1723 and IP protocol 47,
and the configuration of ipportfw and ipfwd if you're masquerading
the server.
· Boundary network side of server firewall: UDP (source port 500) and
ESP or TCP (source port 1723) and GRE traffic from the VPN server
IP to the client internet IP. If you don't see this, check the VPN
server configuration, including the packet filtering rules on the
VPN server.
· ISP side of server firewall: UDP and ESP or TCP and GRE traffic
from the VPN server IP (or firewall IP if the server is
masqueraded) to the client internet IP. If you don't see this,
check your firewall rules for forwarding UDP port 500 and IP
protocol 50 or TCP port 1723 and IP protocol 47.
· ISP side of client firewall: UDP and ESP or TCP and GRE traffic
from the VPN server IP to the client firewall internet IP. If you
don't see this, the Internet is acting up again.
· Client local network: UDP and ESP or TCP and GRE traffic from the
VPN server internet IP to the VPN client local network IP. If you
see the UDP traffic but not the ESP traffic, or the TCP traffic but
not the GRE traffic, the patch isn't working or wasn't properly
installed.
You may find it helpful to turn on VPN debugging and recompile your
kernel. Add the following to /etc/syslog.conf
# debugging
*.=debug /var/log/debug
and watch /var/log/messages and /var/log/debug for log messages about
the VPN traffic. Note that logging - especially verbose logging - will
cause a great deal of disk activity and will cause the log files to
grow very large very quickly. Don't turn on debugging unless you need
to, and turn it off when you're done.
5.4. MS PPTP Clients and domain-name issues
Thanks to Charles Curley <ccurley@trib.com> for the following:
If you use PPTP (Point to Point Tunneling Protocol) to
access a Microsoft Networking (SMB) environment and have
your own Microsoft Networking environment in your local pri­
vate network (Samba or Windows), give your local workgroup a
name that does not show up in the remote environment. The
reason is that while your PPTP client is logged into the
remote environment, it will see the remote environment's
domain name servers, and will only see the remote computers
in that workgroup.
You should avoid the lazy option. Microsoft ships Windows
set up for a default workgroup name of WORKGROUP. Some
people will be lazy and accept that as their workgroup when
they set up their computers. So there is a good chance that
the remote environment will have a workgroup called
WORKGROUP, administrators willing or not.
I think that this will apply regardless of the VPN in use, as name
services aren't dependent on the transport. If your client(s) can see
the WINS servers on the remote network then you may experience this,
PPTP or no PPTP.
5.5. MS PPTP Clients and Novell IPX
If you're having trouble with IPX traffic over your PPTP link, please
see sections 3.5 and 5.2 in this MS Knowledge Base article:
<http://microsoft.com/ntserver/nts/downloads/recommended/dun13win95/ReleaseNotes.asp>
The same considerations probably apply to Win'98 as well.
Thanks to David Griswold <dgriswol@ix.netcom.com>
5.6. MS network password issues
When you are using a VPN to access a MS network you should remember
that you will have to provide two different authentication tokens -
one to connect to the VPN server (the VPN password) and the other to
access resources on the remote network once the connection is
established (the network password).
The VPN password - the username and password you enter into your VPN
client when initiating the call to the VPN server - is only used by
the VPN server to grant you permission to connect to the network via
the VPN. It isn't used for anything else once you're connected.
The VPN password is not used to prove your identity to other computers
on the remote network. You must provide another username/password pair
- your network password - for that.
There are two ways to supply a network password. Your network password
may be the same username/password pair you supplied when logging onto
the local network when you started your computer up. If it is
different, you can configure your VPN client to ask you for your
network password for the remote network once the VPN connection is
established.
If you are successfully connecting to the VPN server but you cannot
access any of the resources provided by the remote network, then you
aren't providing a valid network username/password pair for the remote
network. Verify that the username and password for your local network
will also work on the remote network, or set your VPN client to prompt
you for a username and password for use on the remote network and "log
on" to the remote network once the VPN connection is established.
5.7. If your IPsec session always dies after a certain amount of time
If you're having trouble with your IPsec tunnel regularly dying,
particularly if checking the system logs on the firewall shows that
ISAKMP packets with "zero cookie" values are being seen, here's what's
happening:
Earlier versions of the IPsec Masq patch did not change the timeout
for masq table entries for ISAKMP UDP packets. The masq table entries
for the ISAKMP UDP traffic would time out fairly quickly (relative to
the data channel) and be removed; if the remote IPsec host then
decided to initiate rekeying before the local IPsec host did, the
inbound ISAKMP traffic for the rekey couldn't be routed to the
masqueraded host. The rekey traffic would be discarded, the remote
IPsec host would think the link had failed, and the connection would
eventually be terminated.
The 2.0.x patch has been modified from its original version to
increase the timeout on ISAKMP UDP masq table entries. Get the current
version of the patch, available via the sites given in the Resources
section, and repatch and recompile your kernel.
Also verify that your IPsec Masq Table Lifetime parameter is
configured to be the same as or slightly longer than your rekey
interval.
5.8. If VPN masquerade fails to work after you reboot
Did you remember to put modprobe ip_masq_pptp.o or modprobe
ip_masq_ipsec.o commands into your /etc/rc.d/rc.local startup script
if you compiled VPN Masq support as modules?
5.9. If your second PPTP session kills your first session
The PPTP RFC specifies that there may only be one control channel
between two systems. This may mean that only one masqueraded client
will be able to contact a given PPTP server at a time. See ``'' for
more details.
6. IPsec masquerade technical notes and special security considera­
tions
6.1. Limitations and weaknesses of IPsec masquerade
Traffic that uses the AH protocol cannot be masqueraded. The AH
protocol incorporates a cryptographic checksum across the IP addresses
that the masquerade gateway cannot correctly regenerate. Thus, all
masqueraded AH traffic will be discarded as having invalid checksums.
IPsec traffic using transport-mode ESP also cannot be reliably
masqueraded. Transport mode ESP essentially encrypts everything after
the IP header. Since, for example, the TCP and UDP checksums include
the IP source and destination addresses, and the TCP/UDP checksum is
within the encrypted payload and thus cannot be recalculated after the
masquerade gateway alters the IP addresses, the TCP/UDP header will
fail the checksum test at the remote gateway and the packet will be
discarded. Protocols that do not include information about the source
or destination IP addresses may successfully use masqueraded transport
mode.
Apart from these limitations, IPsec masquerade is secure and reliable
when only one IPsec host is being masqueraded at a time, or when each
masqueraded host is communicating with a different remote host. When
more than one masqueraded host is communicating with the same remote
host, a few weaknesses show up:
· Transport-mode communications are subject to collisions.
If two or more masqueraded hosts are using transport mode to
communicate with the same remote host, and the security policy of
the remote host permits multiple transport-mode sessions with the
same peer, it is possible for sessions to experience collisions.
This happens because the IP address of the masquerading gateway
will be used to identify the sessions, and any other identifying
information cannot be masqueraded because it is within the
encrypted portion of the packet.
If the remote host's security policy does not permit multiple
transport-mode sessions with the same peer, the situation is even
worse: the more-recently-negotiated transport mode session will
likely completely take over all of the traffic from the older
session, causing the older session to "go dead". While the
established sessions from the older transport-mode IPsec session
may be quickly reset if the remote host isn't expecting to receive
the traffic, at least one packet of information will be sent to the
wrong host. This information will probably be discarded by the
recipient, but it will still be sent.
Thus, a transport-mode collision may result in leaking of
information between the two sessions or termination of one or both
sessions. Using IPsec in transport mode via a masquerading gateway
is not recommended if there is the possibility that other transport
mode IPsec sessions will be attempted via the same masquerading
gateway to the same remote IPsec host.
IPsec using tunnel mode with extruded network addressing (where the
masqueraded IPsec host is assigned an IP address from the remote
host's network) is not subject to these problems, as the IP
addresses assigned from the remote network will be used to identify
the sessions instead of using the IP address of the masquerading
host.
· ISAKMP communications are subject to cookie collisions.
If two or more masqueraded hosts establishing a session to the same
remote host happen to select the same initiator cookie when
initiating ISAKMP traffic, the masquerading gateway will route all
of the ISAKMP traffic to the second host. There is a 1 in 2^64
(i.e. very small) chance of this collision happening for each host,
at the time of establishing the initial ISAKMP connection.
Correcting this requires including the responder cookie in the key
used to route inbound ISAKMP traffic. This modification is
incorporated into IPsec masquerade for the 2.2.x kernel, and the
short window between the time the masqueraded host initiates the
ISAKMP exchange and the remote host responds is covered by
discarding any new ISAKMP traffic that would collide with the
current outstanding traffic. This modification will be backported
to the 2.0.x code soon.
· There may be a collision between SPI values on inbound traffic.
Two or more masqueraded IPsec hosts communicating with the same
remote IPsec host may negotiate to use the same SPI value for
inbound traffic. If this happens the masquerading gateway will
route all of the inbound traffic to the first host to receive any
inbound traffic using that SPI. The possibility of this happening
is about 1 in 2^32 for each outstanding ESP session, and may occur
on any rekey.
Since the SPI values refer to different SAs having different
encryption keys the first host will not be able to decrypt the data
intended for the other hosts, so no data leakage will occur. There
is no way for the masquerading gateway to detect or prevent this
collision. The only way to prevent this collision is for the remote
IPsec host to check the SPI value proposed by the masqueraded host
to see if that SPI value is already in use by another SA from the
same IP address. It is not likely that this will be done, since it
imposes more overhead on an already expensive operation (the rekey)
to benefit a small percentage of users in case of a relatively rare
event.
· Inbound and outbound SPI values may be misassociated.
This is discussed in detail in the next section.
To avoid these problems the 2.2.x code by default prevents the
establishment of multiple connections to the same remote host. If the
weaknesses exposed by multiple connections to the same remote host are
acceptable, you can enable "parallel sessions".
Blocking parallel sessions for security reasons can be annoying: there
is no way for the IPsec masquerade code to sniff the session and see
when it is terminating, so the masquerade table entries will persist
for the IPsec Masq Table Lifetime even if the session terminates
immediately after it is established. If parallel sessions are
prevented, this means that the server will be unavailable to other
clients until the masq table entry for the most recent session has
timed out and been deleted. This can be up to several hours.
6.2. Proper routing of inbound encrypted traffic
The portion of the ISAKMP key exchange where the ESP SPI values are
communicated is encrypted, so the ESP SPI values must be determined by
inspection of the actual ESP traffic. Also, the outbound ESP traffic
does not contain any indication of what the inbound SPI will be. This
means there is no perfectly reliable way to associate inbound ESP
traffic with outbound ESP traffic.
IPsec masq attempts to associate inbound and outbound ESP traffic by
serializing initial ESP traffic on a by-remote-host basis. What this
means is:
· If an outbound ESP packet with an SPI value that has not previously
been seen (or whose masquerade table entry has expired) is received
(which shall hereafter be called an "initial packet"), a masquerade
table entry for that SourceAddr+SPI+DestAddr combination is
created. It is marked as "outstanding", that is, no inbound ESP
traffic has been received for it yet. This is done by setting the
"inbound SPI" value in the masq table entry to zero, which is a
value reserved for uses such as this. This will happen at the
initiation of a new ESP connection and at regular intervals when an
existing ESP connection rekeys.
· As long as the masq table entry is outstanding, no other initial
ESP packets for the same remote host will be processed. The packets
are immediately discarded, and a system log entry is made saying
the traffic is temporarily blocked. This also applies to initial
traffic from the same masqueraded host going to the same remote
host if the SPI values differ. Traffic to other remote hosts, and
traffic where both SPI values are known ("established" traffic) is
not affected by this.
· This could easily lead to a Denial of Service of the remote host,
so this outstanding ESP masq table entry is given a short lifetime,
and only a limited number of retries of the same traffic are
allowed. This permits round-robin access to the remote host if
several masqueraded hosts are attempting to initialize
simultaneously and responses aren't coming back very quickly, for
example due to network congestion or a slow remote host. The retry
limitation begins once there is a collision, so the masqueraded
IPsec host can wait as long as necessary for a reply until there's
a need for serialization.
· When an ESP packet from the outstanding remote host is received and
the SPI value does not appear in any masq table entry, it is
assumed that the packet is the response to the outstanding initial
packet. The SPI value is stored in that masq table entry, thus
associating the SPI values, and the inbound ESP traffic is routed
to the masqueraded host. At this point another initial packet for
the remote server may be processed.
· Any ESP traffic with a zero SPI value is discarded as invalid, per
the RFC requirements.
There are several ways this can fail to associate traffic properly:
· Network delays or a slow remote host can cause the response to the
first initial packet to be delayed long enough that the init masq
table entry expires and a different masqueraded host is given a
chance to initialize. This could cause the response to be
associated with the wrong outbound SPI, which would cause inbound
traffic to be routed to the wrong masqueraded host. If this happens
the masqueraded host receiving the traffic in error will discard it
because it has an unexpected SPI value, and everybody will
eventually time out, rekey and try again. This can be addressed by
editing /usr/src/linux/net/ipv4/ip_masq.c (ip_masq_ipsec.c in
2.2.x) and increasing the INIT lifetime or the number of INIT
retries permitted, at the cost of increasing the blocking (and DoS)
window.
· Sessions idle or semi-idle (with infrequent inbound traffic and no
outbound traffic) for a long period of time may be idle long enough
for the masq table entry to expire. If the remote host sends
traffic to an established yet masq-expired session while an
outstanding init to the same remote host is underway, the traffic
may be misrouted for the same reason as described above. This can
be addressed by making sure the IPsec Masq Table Lifetime kernel
configuration parameter is slightly longer than the rekey interval,
which is the longest time any given SPI pair should be used. The
problem here is that you may not know all of the rekey intervals if
you're masquerading for many remote servers, or some may have their
rekey intervals set to unreasonably high values, such as several
hours.
· If there is a delay between a rekey and the transmission of
outbound ESP traffic using the new SPI, and during this delay
inbound ESP traffic using the new SPI is received, there will be no
masq table entry describing how to route the inbound traffic. If
another masqueraded host has a pending init with the same remote
host, the traffic will be misassociated. Note that serialization of
ESP initial traffic does not affect ISAKMP rekey traffic.
The best solution is to have some way to preload the masq table with
the properly associated out-SPI/in-SPI pair or some other mapping of
remote_host + inbound_SPI to masqueraded_host. This cannot be done by
inspecting the ISAKMP key exchange, as it is encrypted. It may be
possible to use RSIP (a.k.a. Host-NAT) to communicate with the
masqueraded IPsec host and request notification of SPI information
once it has been negotiated. This is being investigated. If something
is done to implement this it will be done no sooner than the 2.3.x
series, as RSIP is a fairly complex client/server NAT protocol.
When an inbound ESP packet with a new SPI is received the masquerading
firewall attempts to guess which masqueraded host(s) the unassociated
inbound traffic is intended for. If the inbound ESP traffic is not
matched to an established session or a pending session initialization,
then the packet is sent to the masqueraded host(s) who most recently
rekeyed with that remote host. The "incorrect" masqueraded hosts will
discard the traffic as being improperly encrypted, and the "correct"
host will get its data. When the "correct" host responds, the normal
ESP init serialization process occurs.
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