1244 lines
42 KiB
Plaintext
1244 lines
42 KiB
Plaintext
The Linux Thai HOWTO
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Poonlap Veeratanabutr, poon-v@fedu.uec.ac.jp
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v0.4, 4 August 1998
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This document describes how to use Thai language with Linux. This will
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cover setting Thai fonts, Thai keyboard and some Thai applications.
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______________________________________________________________________
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Table of Contents
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1. Introduction
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2. Thai Input and Output
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2.1 Linux console
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2.1.1 Thai fonts
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2.1.2 Keyboard layout
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2.2 X Window system
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2.2.1 Thai fonts
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2.2.1.1 Installing Thai fonts
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2.2.2 Thai keyboard layout There are two ways to map Thai keyboard on X window, using X Keyboard Extension (XKB) and using
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2.2.2.1 XKB and Thai keyboard layout.
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2.2.2.2 Thai keyboard layout with xmodmap
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3. Applications with Thai language
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3.1 Some X applications and Thai language
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3.1.1 txterm
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3.1.2 Emacs, Mule
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3.1.3 vi
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3.1.4 pine
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3.1.5 Netscape
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3.1.6 Ss, Simple thai word Separator
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3.1.7 Xzthai, X keyboard configurator + simple editor
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3.2 Printing Thai document
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3.2.1 Latex and Thai language
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3.2.2 Latex's configuration for Thai language
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3.2.3 Use Thai
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3.2.4 Editing
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3.3 X Application Resources
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3.4 Thai Extension for Linux (TE)
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4. References and FTP sites
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4.1 Other documents of relevance
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4.2 Thai related stuffs
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4.3 FTP and Web sites
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5. Acknowledgments and Copyright
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______________________________________________________________________
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1. Introduction
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It's about one year that I didn't update this document. There were a
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lot of movement in Thai computing and using Linux in Thailand. For
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example, Linux boxes are used as server in many schools in Thailand
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<http://www.school.net.th>.
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The purpose of this document is to show how to set your Linux to use
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Thai language. I use Linux RedHat 5.0 as I wrote this document, so
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directories which I mention in this document may be different from
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other distribution.
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First I would like to talk about Thai standard character set. Thai
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standard character set is TIS-620. There are also other Thai standard
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character sets such as ISO-IR-166, CP874, etc. Please see
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http://www.inet.co.th/cyberclub/trin/thairef/
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<http://www.inet.co.th/cyberclub/trin/thairef/> for further
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information about Thai standard character set. TIS-620 is 8-bit
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character set. It has the same range as ISO-8859-1, so we can use
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apllications that support ISO-8859-1 character set also. Although we
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can use Thai language with apllications that support ISO-8859-1
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character set, but it does not mean those applications support Thai
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language.
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Thai characters are different from English characters. There is a
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variation of position, normal position, character can be on other
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character, character can be under other character. There is no space
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between words. These are some problems in developing Thai supported
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application.
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You can find the lastest version of Thai-HOWTO document from
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http://www.fedu.uec.ac.jp/ZzzThai/Linux
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<http://www.fedu.uec.ac.jp/ZzzThai/Linux>. Your comment is welcome.
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2. Thai Input and Output
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2.1. Linux console
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Thai characters do not display properly in Linux console. If you
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mainly use X window, you may pass this section.
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2.1.1. Thai fonts
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You can obtain Linux Thai console fonts which created by Mr. Phaisarn
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Techajaruwong from ZzzThai ftp site
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<ftp://ftp.fedu.uec.ac.jp/pub/thai/UEC/ZzzThai/Sofware/Linux/fonts/console>
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For example, there is a font name "phaisarn.psf". Put it in
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/usr/lib/kbd/consolefonts/ directory. Then, you can load the new font
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from Linux console by command
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%setfont phaisarn.psf
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2.1.2. Keyboard layout
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You can set keyboard behavior as you like by using loadkeys command.
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Usually, you use loadkeys to load the file located in
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/usr/lib/kbd/keytables. You can create a US/Thai keyboard-map file and
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save it in this directory. Here is a sample.
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keycode 0 =
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keycode 1 = Escape Escape
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alt keycode 1 = Meta_Escape
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keycode 2 = +one exclam +0x0e5 plus
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alt keycode 2 = Meta_one
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alt shift keycode 2 = Meta_exclam
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keycode 3 = +two at +slash 0x0f1
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control keycode 3 = nul
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control shift keycode 3 = nul
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alt keycode 3 = Meta_two
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alt shift keycode 3 = Meta_at
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keycode 4 = +three numbersign +underscore 0x0f2
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control keycode 4 = Escape
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alt keycode 4 = Meta_three
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alt shift keycode 4 = Meta_numbersign
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keycode 5 = +four dollar +0x0c0 0x0f3
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control keycode 5 = Control_backslash
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alt keycode 5 = Meta_four
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alt shift keycode 5 = Meta_dollar
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keycode 6 = +five percent +0x0b6 0x0f4
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control keycode 6 = Control_bracketright
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alt keycode 6 = Meta_five
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alt shift keycode 6 = Meta_percent
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keycode 7 = +six asciicircum +0x0d8 0x0d9
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control keycode 7 = Control_asciicircum
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alt keycode 7 = Meta_six
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alt shift keycode 7 = Meta_asciicircum
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keycode 8 = +seven ampersand +0x0d6 0x0df
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control keycode 8 = Control_underscore
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alt keycode 8 = Meta_seven
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keycode 9 = +eight asterisk +0x0a4 0x0f5
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control keycode 9 = Delete
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alt keycode 9 = Meta_eight
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keycode 10 = +nine parenleft +0x0b5 0x0d6
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alt keycode 10 = Meta_nine
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keycode 11 = +zero parenright +0x0a8 0x0f7
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alt keycode 11 = Meta_zero
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keycode 12 = +minus underscore +0x0a2 0x0f8
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control keycode 12 = Control_underscore
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control shift keycode 12 = Control_underscore
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alt keycode 12 = Meta_minus
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keycode 13 = +equal plus +0x0aa 0x0f9
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alt keycode 13 = Meta_equal
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keycode 14 = Delete Delete Delete Delete
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alt keycode 14 = Meta_Delete
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keycode 15 = Tab Tab Tab Tab
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alt keycode 15 = Meta_Tab
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keycode 16 = +q Q +0x0e6 0x0f0
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keycode 17 = +w W +0x0e4 quotedbl
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keycode 18 = +e E +0x0d3 0x0ae
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keycode 19 = +r R +0x0be 0x0b1
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keycode 20 = +t T +0x0d0 0x0b8
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keycode 21 = +y Y +0x0d1 0x0ed
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keycode 22 = +u U +0x0d5 0x0ea
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keycode 23 = +i I +0x0c3 0x0b3
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keycode 24 = +o O +0x0b9 0x0cf
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keycode 25 = +p P +0x0c2 0x0ad
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keycode 26 = +bracketleft braceleft +0x0ba 0x0b0
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control keycode 26 = Escape
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alt keycode 26 = Meta_bracketleft
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alt shift keycode 26 = Meta_braceleft
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keycode 27 = +bracketright braceright +0x0c5 comma
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control keycode 27 = Control_bracketright
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alt keycode 27 = Meta_bracketright
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alt shift keycode 27 = Meta_braceright
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keycode 28 = Return Return Return Return
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alt keycode 28 = 0x080d
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keycode 29 = Control Control Control Control
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keycode 30 = +a A +0x0bf 0x0c4
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keycode 31 = +s S +0x0cb 0x0a6
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keycode 32 = +d D +0x0a1 0x0af
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keycode 33 = +f F +0x0b4 0x0e2
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keycode 34 = +g G +0x0e0 0x0ac
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keycode 35 = +h H +0x0e9 0x0e7
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keycode 36 = +j J +0x0e8 0x0eb
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keycode 37 = +k K +0x0d2 0x0c9
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keycode 38 = +l L +0x0ca 0x0c8
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keycode 39 = +semicolon colon +0x0c7 0x0ab
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alt keycode 39 = Meta_semicolon
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keycode 40 = +apostrophe quotedbl +0x0a7 period
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control keycode 40 = Control_g
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alt keycode 40 = Meta_apostrophe
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keycode 41 = +grave asciitilde +minus percent
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control keycode 41 = nul
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alt keycode 41 = Meta_grave
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keycode 42 = Shift Shift Shift Shift
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keycode 43 = +backslash bar +0x0a3 0x0a5
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control keycode 43 = Control_backslash
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alt keycode 43 = Meta_backslash
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alt shift keycode 43 = Meta_bar
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keycode 44 = +z Z +0x0bc parenleft
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keycode 45 = +x X +0x0bb parenright
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keycode 46 = +c C +0x0e1 0x0a9
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keycode 47 = +v V +0x0cd 0x0ce
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keycode 48 = +b B +0x0d4 0x0da
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keycode 49 = +n N +0x0d7 0x0ec
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keycode 50 = +m M +0x0b7 question
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keycode 51 = +comma less +0x0c1 0x0b2
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alt keycode 51 = Meta_comma
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alt shift keycode 51 = Meta_less
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keycode 52 = +period greater +0x0e3 0x0cc
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alt keycode 52 = Meta_period
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alt shift keycode 52 = Meta_greater
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keycode 53 = +slash question +0x0bd 0x0c6
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control keycode 53 = Delete
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alt keycode 53 = Meta_slash
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keycode 54 = Shift Shift Shift Shift
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keycode 55 = KP_Multiply
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keycode 56 = Alt Alt Alt Alt
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keycode 57 = space space space space
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control keycode 57 = nul
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alt keycode 57 = Meta_space
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keycode 58 = Caps_Lock Caps_Lock Caps_Lock Caps_Lock
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keycode 59 = F1 F11 Console_13
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control keycode 59 = F1
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alt keycode 59 = Console_1
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control alt keycode 59 = Console_1
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keycode 60 = F2 F12 Console_14
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control keycode 60 = F2
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alt keycode 60 = Console_2
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control alt keycode 60 = Console_2
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keycode 61 = F3 F13 Console_15
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control keycode 61 = F3
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alt keycode 61 = Console_3
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control alt keycode 61 = Console_3
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keycode 62 = F4 F14 Console_16
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control keycode 62 = F4
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alt keycode 62 = Console_4
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control alt keycode 62 = Console_4
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keycode 63 = F5 F15 Console_17
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control keycode 63 = F5
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alt keycode 63 = Console_5
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control alt keycode 63 = Console_5
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keycode 64 = F6 F16 Console_18
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control keycode 64 = F6
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alt keycode 64 = Console_6
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control alt keycode 64 = Console_6
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keycode 65 = F7 F17 Console_19
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control keycode 65 = F7
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alt keycode 65 = Console_7
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control alt keycode 65 = Console_7
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keycode 66 = F8 F18 Console_20
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control keycode 66 = F8
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alt keycode 66 = Console_8
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control alt keycode 66 = Console_8
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keycode 67 = F9 F19 Console_21
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control keycode 67 = F9
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alt keycode 67 = Console_9
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control alt keycode 67 = Console_9
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keycode 68 = F10 F20 Console_22
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control keycode 68 = F10
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alt keycode 68 = Console_10
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control alt keycode 68 = Console_10
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keycode 69 = Num_Lock
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keycode 70 = Scroll_Lock Show_Memory Show_Registers
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control keycode 70 = Show_State
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alt keycode 70 = Scroll_Lock
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keycode 71 = KP_7
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alt keycode 71 = Ascii_7
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keycode 72 = KP_8
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alt keycode 72 = Ascii_8
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keycode 73 = KP_9
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alt keycode 73 = Ascii_9
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keycode 74 = KP_Subtract
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keycode 75 = KP_4
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alt keycode 75 = Ascii_4
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keycode 76 = KP_5
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alt keycode 76 = Ascii_5
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keycode 77 = KP_6
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alt keycode 77 = Ascii_6
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keycode 78 = KP_Add
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keycode 79 = KP_1
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alt keycode 79 = Ascii_1
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keycode 80 = KP_2
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alt keycode 80 = Ascii_2
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keycode 81 = KP_3
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alt keycode 81 = Ascii_3
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keycode 82 = KP_0
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alt keycode 82 = Ascii_0
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keycode 83 = KP_Period
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altgr control keycode 83 = Boot
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control alt keycode 83 = Boot
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keycode 84 = Last_Console
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keycode 85 =
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keycode 86 = less greater bar
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alt keycode 86 = Meta_less
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keycode 87 = F11 F11 Console_23
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control keycode 87 = F11
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alt keycode 87 = Console_11
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control alt keycode 87 = Console_11
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keycode 88 = F12 F12 Console_24
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control keycode 88 = F12
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alt keycode 88 = Console_12
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control alt keycode 88 = Console_12
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keycode 89 =
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keycode 90 =
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keycode 91 =
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keycode 92 =
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keycode 93 =
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keycode 94 =
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keycode 95 =
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keycode 96 = KP_Enter
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keycode 97 = Control
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keycode 98 = KP_Divide
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keycode 99 = Control_backslash
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control keycode 99 = Control_backslash
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alt keycode 99 = Control_backslash
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keycode 100 = AltGr_Lock
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keycode 101 = Break
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keycode 102 = Find
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keycode 103 = Up
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keycode 104 = Prior
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shift keycode 104 = Scroll_Backward
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keycode 105 = Left
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alt keycode 105 = Decr_Console
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keycode 106 = Right
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alt keycode 106 = Incr_Console
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keycode 107 = Select
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keycode 108 = Down
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keycode 109 = Next
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shift keycode 109 = Scroll_Forward
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keycode 110 = Insert
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keycode 111 = Remove
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altgr control keycode 111 = Boot
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control alt keycode 111 = Boot
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keycode 112 =
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keycode 113 =
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keycode 114 =
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keycode 115 =
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keycode 116 =
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keycode 117 =
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keycode 118 =
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keycode 119 =
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keycode 120 =
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keycode 121 =
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keycode 122 =
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keycode 123 =
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keycode 124 =
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keycode 125 =
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keycode 126 =
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keycode 127 =
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string F1 = "\033[[A"
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string F2 = "\033[[B"
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string F3 = "\033[[C"
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string F4 = "\033[[D"
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string F5 = "\033[[E"
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string F6 = "\033[17~"
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string F7 = "\033[18~"
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string F8 = "\033[19~"
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string F9 = "\033[20~"
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string F10 = "\033[21~"
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string F11 = "\033[23~"
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string F12 = "\033[24~"
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string F13 = "\033[25~"
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string F14 = "\033[26~"
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string F15 = "\033[28~"
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string F16 = "\033[29~"
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string F17 = "\033[31~"
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string F18 = "\033[32~"
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string F19 = "\033[33~"
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string F20 = "\033[34~"
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string Find = "\033[1~"
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string Insert = "\033[2~"
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string Remove = "\033[3~"
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string Select = "\033[4~"
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string Prior = "\033[5~"
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string Next = "\033[6~"
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string F21 = ""
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string F22 = ""
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string F23 = ""
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string F24 = ""
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string F25 = ""
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string F26 = ""
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Suppose you save this file as thai.map. From Linux console, use
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command loadkeys to load thai.map.
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%loadkeys thai.map
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You can switch to Thai keyboard by pressing the right Alt key. If you
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want to switch the keyboard back, press the right Alt key again.
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2.2. X Window system
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2.2.1. Thai fonts
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You can obtain Thai fonts in bdf format or pcf format from internet.
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You can also use scalable fonts such as Type1 or TrueType fonts. But I
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will not describe about these.
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2.2.1.1. Installing Thai fonts
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You must log in as root. Let's put Thai fonts in
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/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc/, this is a default font path. Change
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directory to /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc/ and run command
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%mkfontdir
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%xset fp rehash
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If you put Thai fonts in different directory, you must use xset to add
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the new font path. Please see man-page for further information. You
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can check the new fonts by running command xlsfonts and see whether
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there are Thai fonts or not. If you can not see any Thai fonts from
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this command, you may need to restart X window.
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2.2.2. There are two ways to map Thai keyboard on X window, using X
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Keyboard Extension (XKB) and using xmodmap . Please select how you map
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Thai keyboard. I recommend using XKB. Thai keyboard layout
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2.2.2.1. XKB and Thai keyboard layout.
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Beginning with XFree86 3.1.2D, you can use the new X11R6.1 XKEYBOARD
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extension to manage the keyboard layout. This is very helpful.
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During X server configuration with xf86config you will be asked about
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XKB, if you want to to set Thai keyboard layout for your system, say
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yes. There are a list of pre-configured keymaps. Choose Standard
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101-key, Thai encoding.
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XF86Setup is the graphical X server configuration utility for XFree86
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X server. It is easier than traditional xf86config. You can select a
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keyboard layout easily with this tool.
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Ther are many choices of keyboard switch key to select. The default is
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LeftAlt+RightShift switch to Thai and LeftAlt+LeftShift switch to US.
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You can type Thai characters in any applications which support
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ISO-8859-1 character set, but don't forget to use Thai fonts with
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those applications too.
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I found that pre-configured keymaps that came with XFree86-3.2 is not
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correct. You may not be able to type THO THUNG which located at " 5
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key " . To fix this problem, you should add the line
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key <AE05> { [], [ paragraph, ocircumflex ] };
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in the file /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xkb/symbols/th as the example.
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.................
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key <AE03> { [], [ minus, ograve ] };
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key <AE04> { [], [ Agrave, oacute ] };
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key <AE05> { [], [ paragraph, ocircumflex ] };
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key <AE06> { [], [ Ooblique, Ugrave ] };
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key <AE07> { [], [ Odiaeresis, ssharp ] };
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.................
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You can not type SORUSI also. Please change the line from
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key <AC08> { [], [ Ograve, eacute ] };
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to
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key <AC08> { [], [ Ograve, Eacute ] };
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|
|
|
|
Note that eacute is equal to MAITHO and Eacute is equal to SORUSI.
|
|
|
|
There are also XKB extension utilities such as setxkbmap, xkbcomp,
|
|
etc. Please see man-page for more information. I recommend to use
|
|
xkbvled. The leds will be on when you are using Thai keyboard so you
|
|
can know your keyboard's status.
|
|
The following is part of XF86Config file about keyboard section. If
|
|
you want to configure the keyboard by hand, change the content of
|
|
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/XF86Config as an example below. This configuration
|
|
uses the default toggle key.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Section "Keyboard"
|
|
Protocol "Standard"
|
|
AutoRepeat 500 5
|
|
LeftAlt Meta
|
|
RightAlt Meta
|
|
ScrollLock Compose
|
|
RightCtl Control
|
|
# XkbDisable
|
|
XkbKeycodes "xfree86"
|
|
XkbTypes "default"
|
|
XkbCompat "default"
|
|
XkbSymbols "us(pc101)"
|
|
XkbGeometry "pc"
|
|
XkbRules "xfree86"
|
|
XkbModel "pc101"
|
|
XkbLayout "th"
|
|
EndSection
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
If you use XKB extension, Thai keyboard mapping with xmodmap may not
|
|
work. See XF86Config man-page for mor information.
|
|
|
|
|
|
2.2.2.2. Thai keyboard layout with xmodmap
|
|
|
|
You can use the utility xmodmap to map Thai keyboard. Normally
|
|
xmodmap is used to load a keyboard configured file. For most Linux
|
|
distributions, when you start X window with startx, X server will find
|
|
.Xmodmap in /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xinit/ first. If .Xmodmap does not
|
|
exist, X server will find .Xmodmap in your home directory. Please see
|
|
the content of /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xinit/xinitrc.
|
|
|
|
The following is the sample of .Xmodmap for Thai Kedmanee keyboard
|
|
layout.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
!
|
|
! Linux/XFree86 Thai Kedmanee layout (based on US keyboard)
|
|
! Use ScrollLock to switch to Thai keyboard.
|
|
! This file will work with XFree86 only.
|
|
!
|
|
|
|
keycode 0x09 = Escape
|
|
keycode 0x43 = F1
|
|
keycode 0x44 = F2
|
|
keycode 0x45 = F3
|
|
keycode 0x46 = F4
|
|
keycode 0x47 = F5
|
|
keycode 0x48 = F6
|
|
keycode 0x49 = F7
|
|
keycode 0x4A = F8
|
|
keycode 0x4B = F9
|
|
keycode 0x4C = F10
|
|
keycode 0x5F = F11
|
|
keycode 0x60 = F12
|
|
keycode 0x6F = Print
|
|
keycode 0x4E = Mode_switch XF86ModeLock
|
|
keycode 0x6E = Pause
|
|
keycode 0x31 = grave asciitilde minus percent
|
|
keycode 0x0A = 1 exclam 0x0e5 plus
|
|
keycode 0x0B = 2 at slash 0x0f1
|
|
keycode 0x0C = 3 numbersign underscore 0x0f2
|
|
keycode 0x0D = 4 dollar 0x0c0 0x0f3
|
|
keycode 0x0E = 5 percent 0x0b6 0x0f4
|
|
keycode 0x0F = 6 asciicircum 0x0d8 0x0d9
|
|
keycode 0x10 = 7 ampersand 0x0d6 0x0df
|
|
keycode 0x11 = 8 asterisk 0x0a4 0x0f5
|
|
keycode 0x12 = 9 parenleft 0x0b5 0x0f6
|
|
keycode 0x13 = 0 parenright 0x0a8 0x0f7
|
|
keycode 0x14 = minus underscore 0x0a2 0x0f8
|
|
keycode 0x15 = equal plus 0x0aa 0x0f9
|
|
keycode 0x33 = backslash bar 0x0a3 0x0a5
|
|
keycode 0x16 = BackSpace
|
|
keycode 0x6A = Insert
|
|
keycode 0x61 = Home
|
|
keycode 0x63 = Prior
|
|
keycode 0x4D = Num_Lock
|
|
keycode 0x70 = KP_Divide
|
|
keycode 0x3F = KP_Multiply
|
|
keycode 0x52 = KP_Subtract
|
|
keycode 0x17 = Tab
|
|
keycode 0x18 = q Q 0x0e6 0x0f0
|
|
keycode 0x19 = w W 0x0e4 quotedbl
|
|
keycode 0x1A = e E 0x0d3 0x0ae
|
|
keycode 0x1B = r R 0x0be 0x0b1
|
|
keycode 0x1C = t T 0x0d0 0x0b8
|
|
keycode 0x1D = y Y 0x0d1 0x0ed
|
|
keycode 0x1E = u U 0x0d5 0x0ea
|
|
keycode 0x1F = i I 0x0c3 0x0b3
|
|
keycode 0x20 = o O 0x0b9 0x0cf
|
|
keycode 0x21 = p P 0x0c2 0x0ad
|
|
keycode 0x22 = bracketleft braceleft 0x0ba 0x0b0
|
|
keycode 0x23 = bracketright braceright 0x0c5 comma
|
|
keycode 0x24 = Return
|
|
keycode 0x6B = Delete
|
|
keycode 0x67 = End
|
|
keycode 0x69 = Next
|
|
keycode 0x4F = KP_7
|
|
keycode 0x50 = KP_8
|
|
keycode 0x51 = KP_9
|
|
keycode 0x56 = KP_Add
|
|
keycode 0x42 = Caps_Lock
|
|
keycode 0x26 = a A 0x0bf 0x0c4
|
|
keycode 0x27 = s S 0x0cb 0c0a6
|
|
keycode 0x28 = d D 0x0a1 0x0af
|
|
keycode 0x29 = f F 0x0b4 0x0e2
|
|
keycode 0x2A = g G 0x0e0 0x0ac
|
|
keycode 0x2B = h H 0x0e9 0x0e7
|
|
keycode 0x2C = j J 0x0e8 0x0eb
|
|
keycode 0x2D = k K 0x0d2 0x0c9
|
|
keycode 0x2E = l L 0x0ca 0x0c8
|
|
keycode 0x2F = semicolon colon 0x0c7 0x0ab
|
|
keycode 0x30 = apostrophe quotedbl 0x0a7 period
|
|
keycode 0x53 = KP_4
|
|
keycode 0x54 = KP_5
|
|
keycode 0x55 = KP_6
|
|
keycode 0x32 = Shift_L
|
|
keycode 0x34 = z Z 0x0bc parenleft
|
|
keycode 0x35 = x X 0x0bb parenright
|
|
keycode 0x36 = c C 0x0e1 0x0a9
|
|
keycode 0x37 = v V 0x0cd 0x0ce
|
|
keycode 0x38 = b B 0x0d4 0x0da
|
|
keycode 0x39 = n N 0x0d7 0x0ec
|
|
keycode 0x3A = m M 0x0b7 question
|
|
keycode 0x3B = comma less 0x0c1 0x0b2
|
|
keycode 0x3C = period greater 0x0e3 0x0cc
|
|
keycode 0x3D = slash question 0x0bd 0x0c6
|
|
keycode 0x3E = Shift_R
|
|
keycode 0x62 = Up
|
|
keycode 0x57 = KP_1
|
|
keycode 0x58 = KP_2
|
|
keycode 0x59 = KP_3
|
|
keycode 0x6C = KP_Enter
|
|
keycode 0x25 = Control_L
|
|
keycode 0x40 = Alt_L Meta_L
|
|
keycode 0x41 = space
|
|
keycode 0x71 = Alt_R Meta_R
|
|
keycode 0x6D = Control_R
|
|
keycode 0x64 = Left
|
|
keycode 0x68 = Down
|
|
keycode 0x66 = Right
|
|
keycode 0x5A = KP_0
|
|
keycode 0x5B = KP_Decimal
|
|
|
|
clear Shift
|
|
clear Lock
|
|
clear Control
|
|
clear Mod1
|
|
clear Mod2
|
|
clear Mod3
|
|
clear Mod4
|
|
clear Mod5
|
|
|
|
add Shift = Shift_L Shift_R
|
|
add Lock = Caps_Lock
|
|
add Control = Control_L Control_R
|
|
add Mod1 = Alt_L Alt_R
|
|
add Mod2 = Mode_switch
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Just put .Xmodmap in your home directory will be OK. When you start X
|
|
window, X server will load this file.
|
|
|
|
You can also load .Xmodmap from command line.
|
|
|
|
|
|
%xmodmap ~/.Xmodmap
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
In above .Xmodmap file, US/Thai switch key is assigned to keycode 0x4E
|
|
(78), Scroll Lock key, with the statement
|
|
|
|
|
|
______________________________________________________________________
|
|
keycode 0x4E = Mode_switch XF86ModeLock
|
|
______________________________________________________________________
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
XF86ModeLock is the special keysym for XFree86 X server. If you don't
|
|
add this keysym, you have to hold the scroll lock key while you are
|
|
typing Thai characters. Note that if you use commercial X server, some
|
|
keycodes are different. You may have to map keyboard by yourself. See
|
|
man-pages of X and xev for further information.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note: If you are using XFree86 version 3.1.2D or later, you need to
|
|
add the line XkbDisable in keyboard section of XF86Config file. You
|
|
may config the keyboard section like the following sample.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Section "Keyboard"
|
|
Protocol "Standard"
|
|
AutoRepeat 500 5
|
|
LeftAlt Meta
|
|
RightAlt ModeShift
|
|
ScrollLock ModeLock
|
|
RightCtl Compose
|
|
XkbDisable
|
|
EndSection
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3. Applications with Thai language
|
|
|
|
This is the tricky part. Most applications support ISO-8859-1
|
|
character set. For example, emacs can display ISO-8859-1 character. If
|
|
we set emacs to display ISO-8859-1 and use Thai font, you can edit
|
|
Thai document with emacs. But this is not a good policy. You should
|
|
avoid using this trick as possible. What we need is Thai locale or
|
|
Thai supported applications to manage these things.
|
|
|
|
|
|
To make X window application displays Thai font, you should run the
|
|
application with -fn option. For example,
|
|
|
|
|
|
%xedit -fn thai8x16
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note that thai8x16 is just a one of Thai font names. You can see all
|
|
available fonts by command xlfonts. If you don't want to fill -fn
|
|
option every time you run application. You should set Thai font in
|
|
your ~/.Xdefaults or ~/.Xresources like this
|
|
|
|
|
|
XTerm*font: thai8x16
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.1. Some X applications and Thai language
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.1.1. txterm
|
|
|
|
txterm is Thai version of xterm. There are several programs running
|
|
under xterm such as shell, pine, vi, less, etc. We can type Thai
|
|
characters without any problems with txterm. Txterm also provides its
|
|
own Thai input method by pressing " F1 " key. Txterm will use fonts
|
|
thai9x13 as default Thai font. You can change this by add -fn option.
|
|
|
|
You can get txterm from Thaigate <http://thaigate.nacsis.ac.jp> or
|
|
ZzzThai
|
|
<ftp://ftp.fedu.uec.ac.jp/pub/thai/UEC/ZzzThai/Software/Linux>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
bash shell :
|
|
Normally, shell accepts only ASCII character set. To type Thai
|
|
characters in shell command line, you should set environment
|
|
LC_CTYPE to iso_8859_1.
|
|
|
|
I don't set LC_CTYPE environment variable to iso_8859_1 because
|
|
this environment variable will effect other applications too.
|
|
With bash shell, you can specify which environment variable to
|
|
be passed to the application. For example, I can make a fake
|
|
Thai X terminal with this syntax.
|
|
|
|
|
|
LC_CTYPE=iso_8859_1 xterm -fn thai8x16
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This xterm display Thai characters well, but not good for typing
|
|
Thai characters. I strongly recommend you to use txterm.
|
|
|
|
|
|
ls :
|
|
If you name a filename in Thai. Issue the command as
|
|
|
|
|
|
ls -N
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
You may set alias in ~/.bashrc or ~/.cshrc, so you can type ls
|
|
without option. If you don't use ls with -N option, you may see
|
|
Thai filename as ?????.
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.1.2. Emacs, Mule
|
|
|
|
Mule stands for " Multilingual Enhancement to GNU Emacs " . It has the
|
|
same functions as emacs and supports many languages. Mule provides its
|
|
own input method, so you don't need any configuration for typing Thai.
|
|
You needs only Thai fonts for mule which you can get from, ZzzThai
|
|
<ftp://ftp.fedu.uec.ac.jp/pub/thai/UEC/ZzzThai/Software/Linux/fonts/>
|
|
or Etl site <ftp://etlport.etl.go.jp/pub/mule/fonts/ETL/>. These Thai
|
|
fonts are fixed width fonts.
|
|
|
|
You need some configuration for mule. Puts the following lines in your
|
|
.emacs.
|
|
|
|
|
|
;;
|
|
;; Thai System, add in .emacs
|
|
;;
|
|
(set-file-coding-system-for-read '*tis620*)
|
|
(set-default-file-coding-system '*tis620*)
|
|
(set-display-coding-system '*tis620*)
|
|
(set-keyboard-coding-system '*tis620*)
|
|
(setq-deafault quail-current-package (assoc "thai" quail-package-alist))
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Add the following lines in .Xdefaults.
|
|
|
|
|
|
!
|
|
! Emacs, Mule - Font menu
|
|
!
|
|
Emacs*FontSetList: thai14, thai16, thai24
|
|
Emacs*FontSet-thai14:\
|
|
-etl-fixed-medium-r-normal--14-140-72-72-m-70-tis620.2529-1
|
|
Emacs*FontSet-thai16:\
|
|
-etl-fixed-medium-r-normal--16-160-72-72-m-80-tis620.2529-1
|
|
Emacs*FontSet-thai24:\
|
|
-etl-fixed-medium-r-normal--24-500-72-72-m-120-tis620.2529-1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
When you hold shift key and press left mouse's button, you can select
|
|
Thai fonts to display in mule window. To type Thai characters, press
|
|
" Ctrl + ] " . To type English, press " Ctrl + ] " again.
|
|
|
|
You can get mule from ElectroTechnical Laboratory(ETL)
|
|
<ftp://etlport.etl.go.jp/pub/mule/>
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.1.3. vi
|
|
|
|
Vi should be run on txterm.
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.1.4. pine
|
|
|
|
In the past, we could not send 8-bit characters through E-mail. Now,
|
|
although mail transfer agent can handle 8-bit characters but some old
|
|
mail transfer agent can not. We can send Thai e-mail by using e-mail
|
|
application that supports MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)
|
|
E-mail applications that support MIME are pine, elm, Netscape mail,
|
|
etc.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Put the following definition in your ~/.pinerc file:
|
|
|
|
|
|
character-set=ISO-8859-1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This can also be set via the Setup option in pine window. You can find
|
|
it under Config. You can read Thai news from pine, too.
|
|
|
|
Pine should be run in txterm.
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.1.5. Netscape
|
|
|
|
If you have Thai fonts in your system. Just set Thai font from
|
|
preference. Thai fonts will appear in User defined area. See
|
|
http://www.fedu.uec.ac.jp/ZzzThai/unix
|
|
<http://www.fedu.uec.ac.jp/ZzzThai/unix> for setting Thai language on
|
|
Netscape.
|
|
|
|
Some movement about Thai Mozilla project at
|
|
http://members.xoom.com/inThai/mozthai.html
|
|
<http://members.xoom.com/inThai/mozthai.html>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.1.6. Ss, Simple thai word Separator
|
|
|
|
ss is a dictionary based Thai word separation program similar to
|
|
cttex. It can be used to insert a configurable string between Thai
|
|
words. It can also show words that cannot be found in the dictionary.
|
|
More words can be added to the dictionary. Developed by Mr.Teera
|
|
Kittichareonpot.
|
|
|
|
We can use this program to insert < WBR > tag between Thai words in
|
|
html file. Browser will display Thai homepage better than normal html
|
|
document.
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.1.7. Xzthai, X keyboard configurator + simple editor
|
|
|
|
Xzthai, this is the Tcl/Tk application for mapping Thai keyboard on
|
|
any keyboard with graphical user interface. Also provides simple
|
|
editor and keyboard layout figure. It actually uses xmodmap program in
|
|
background to map Thai keyboard. This may be useful for commercial X
|
|
server and X server on UNIX.
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.2. Printing Thai document
|
|
|
|
Thai2ps is used to convert plain text file to postscript file.You can
|
|
use ghostscript(gs) to print your Thai document. For better quality
|
|
document, you have to use (La)TeX.
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.2.1. Latex and Thai language
|
|
|
|
Dr. Manop Wongsaisuwan first tried to use Thai language with latex. He
|
|
wrote some perl script as filter for latex source code that contains
|
|
Thai language. Then pass the result to latex. Mr. Vuthichai
|
|
Ampornaramvech used this concept and wrote a program in C language,
|
|
cttex, to handle this. It runs faster and makes Thai word segmentation
|
|
based on dictionary. Cttex also fixes the position of Thai characters
|
|
in word, so SARA and WANNAYUK will be placed in the beautiful
|
|
position.
|
|
You can find Thai latex filter from
|
|
http://thaigate.nacsis.ac.jp/files/ttex.html
|
|
<http://thaigate.nacsis.ac.jp/files/ttex.html>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.2.2. Latex's configuration for Thai language
|
|
|
|
You must have latex installed in your computer. First, download Thai
|
|
postscript (Type1) fonts, tfm fonts and Thai style file. These fonts
|
|
are needed by Latex. This is the list of files you should download.
|
|
|
|
|
|
tfm fonts:
|
|
dbtt.tfm dbttb.tfm dbttbi.tfm dbtti.tfm
|
|
postscript fonts:
|
|
dbtt.pfa dbttb.pfa dbttbi.pfa dbtti.pfa
|
|
style files:
|
|
thai.sty sakka.sty
|
|
Thai Latex filter:
|
|
cttex
|
|
Sample Latex file:
|
|
ttex.ttex test.ttex
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
There is latex's directory at /usr/lib/texmf/texmf/ (RedHat 5.0). I
|
|
will call /usr/lib/texmf/texmf/ as " $texroot " . We will concentrate
|
|
at $texroot/texmf/ directory. In $texroot/texmf/ directory, there are
|
|
many files about tex's configuration. You have to edit files in dvips,
|
|
fonts, tex subdirectories.
|
|
|
|
Add the following lines to $texroot/texmf/dvips/misc/psfonts.map
|
|
|
|
|
|
dbtt DBThaiText <dbtt.pfa
|
|
dbttb DBThaiTextBold <dbttb.pfa
|
|
dbttbi DBThaiTextBoldItalic <dbttbi.pfa
|
|
dbtti DBThaiTextItalic <dbtti.pfa
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Make a new directories and copy files to the appropriate directories.
|
|
|
|
|
|
%mkdir /usr/lib/texmf/texmf/fonts/tfm/public/thai
|
|
%mkdir /usr/lib/texmf/texmf/fonts/type1/public/thai
|
|
%mkdir /usr/lib/texmf/texmf/tex/generic/thai
|
|
%cp *.tfm /usr/lib/texmf/texmf/fonts/tfm/public/thai
|
|
%cp *.pfa /usr/lib/texmf/texmf/fonts/type1/public/thai
|
|
%cp *.sty /usr/lib/texmf/texmf/tex/generic/thai
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Run texhash or MakeTeXls-R(in some system) to update Tex database.
|
|
|
|
|
|
%/usr/bin/texhash
|
|
texhash: updating /usr/lib/texmf/texmf/ls-R ...
|
|
texhash: Done.
|
|
|
|
3.2.3. Use Thai LaTeX filter
|
|
|
|
We can use cttex as filter like this,
|
|
|
|
|
|
%cttex < ttex.ttex > ttex.tex
|
|
C-TTeX $Revivsion: 1.15 $
|
|
Usage : cttex [cutcode] < infile > outfile
|
|
Usage : cutcode=0 forces operation in HTML mode.
|
|
Build-in dictionary size: 9945 words
|
|
343
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Done
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%latex ttex.tex
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...
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%xdvi ttex.dvi
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|
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|
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You can convert dvi file to postscript file by,
|
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|
|
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%dvips -o ttex.ps ttex.dvi
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|
|
|
|
|
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Finally, you can print ttex.ps by using gs or lpr. You must configure
|
|
printer before printing. See man-pages of printcap, gs, lpr for more
|
|
information.
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|
|
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|
3.2.4. Editing LaTex source file
|
|
|
|
For new latex user, lyx is helpful. But I recommend to use mule to
|
|
edit Thai latex source file because mule supports Thai language and it
|
|
is a powerful editor. You may take a look a Thai Latex tutorial
|
|
<http://www.fedu.uec.ac.jp/ZzzThai/Linux/ttex>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.3. X Application Resources
|
|
|
|
Because Xt based applications allow user to configure the applications
|
|
by resources. We can make the menu or label to be Thai language.
|
|
|
|
For example, if you want xman to display Thai labels. You may add
|
|
these lines in your .Xdefaults
|
|
|
|
|
|
......
|
|
!! Xman section
|
|
Xman*Font: thai8x16
|
|
Xman*helpButton.Label:
|
|
Xman*quitButton.Label:
|
|
Xman*manpageButton.Label:
|
|
......
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
You can use the same idea to set window manager to be more Thai
|
|
environment too.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.4. Thai Extension for Linux (TE)
|
|
|
|
Thai Extension for Linux is a installation package comes with
|
|
applicaions and Thai fonts. You don't have to configure Linux system
|
|
and applications by yourself. Let TE do configuration task for you.
|
|
After installation, you can use Thai language suddenly. Get TE from
|
|
ftp://fedu.uec.ac.jp/pub/thai/UEC/ZzzThai/Software/Linux/
|
|
<ftp://fedu.uec.ac.jp/pub/thai/UEC/ZzzThai/Software/Linux/>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4. References and FTP sites
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.1. Other documents of relevance
|
|
|
|
The HOWTOs ought to be available from all mirrors of sunsite.unc.edu.
|
|
|
|
The Linux Danish/International HOWTO by Niels Kristian Bech Jensen
|
|
|
|
The Linux Cyrillic HOWTO by Alexander L. Belikoff
|
|
|
|
The Keystroke mini-HOWTO by Zenon Fortuna.
|
|
|
|
The Locales mini-HOWTO by Peeter Joot. (This one is mainly for
|
|
developers.)
|
|
|
|
The ISO-8859-1 FAQ and Programming for Internationalization FAQ (plus
|
|
much more) by Michael Gschwind is available from his homepage
|
|
<http://www.vlsivie.tuwien.ac.at/mike/i18n.html>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.2. Thai related stuffs
|
|
|
|
" NACSIS R& D Thai Project Page " ,http://thaigate.nacsis.ac.jp
|
|
<http://thaigate.nacsis.ac.jp>
|
|
|
|
o Information about Thai computing.
|
|
|
|
o Discussion groups in Thai language, such as thai-l (Thai Mailing
|
|
list), Thai news, etc.
|
|
|
|
o Thai references and Thai softwares.
|
|
|
|
o Thai Latex filter.
|
|
|
|
" ZzzThai Project " , http://www.fedu.uec.ac.jp
|
|
<http://www.fedu.uec.ac.jp/ZzzThai/>
|
|
|
|
o Most softwares and Thai fonts introduced here can download from
|
|
ZzzThai.
|
|
|
|
o Describe how to use Thai with 3 main computer platforms, UNIX like,
|
|
Windows and Mac.
|
|
|
|
o Linux information at http://www.fedu.uec.ac.jp/ZzzThai/Linux
|
|
<http://www.fedu.uec.ac.jp/ZzzThai/Linux>, TE, Thai LaTeX tutorial,
|
|
etc.
|
|
|
|
o By The group of students at The University of Electro-
|
|
Communications, Tokyo.
|
|
|
|
" Vuthichai's Page " , http://www.ctrl.titech.ac.jp:80/~vuthi/
|
|
<http://www.ctrl.titech.ac.jp:80/~vuthi/>
|
|
|
|
|
|
o Information about Thai computing by Mr. Vuthichai Ampornaramveth.
|
|
|
|
" An annotated reference to the Thai implementations " ,
|
|
http://www.inet.co.th/cyberclub/trin/thairef/
|
|
<http://www.inet.co.th/cyberclub/trin/thairef/>
|
|
|
|
o Information about Thai character standard.
|
|
|
|
o By Mr.Trin Tantsetthi.
|
|
|
|
" X window and Thai language " , http://members.xoom.com.cwg.x11th/
|
|
<http://members.xoom.com/cwg/x11th/>
|
|
|
|
o By Mr.Rawat S.Pirom
|
|
|
|
" SchoolNet Internet Sever " , http://www.school.net.th/linux-sis/
|
|
<http://www.school.net.th/linux-sis/>
|
|
|
|
o Using Linux in School, Thailand.
|
|
|
|
o By NECTEC <http://www.nectec.or.th> (National Electronics and
|
|
Computer Technology Center).
|
|
|
|
" Thai Open Source Development " , http://members.xoom.com/inThai
|
|
<http://members.xoom.com/inThai>
|
|
|
|
o Mozilla Thai enabling.
|
|
|
|
o Open source Thai softwares and Libraries.
|
|
|
|
o By Mr.Samphan Raruenrom
|
|
|
|
" Linux Thai Project " , http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/8302
|
|
<http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/8302>
|
|
|
|
o Information about Linux in Thai language.
|
|
|
|
o By Kaiwal Development Team.
|
|
|
|
" ThaiLinux unofficial Webboard " ,
|
|
http://lulu.mptc.eng.cmu.ac.th/HyperNews/get/ThaiLinux.html
|
|
<http://lulu.mptc.eng.cmu.ac.th/HyperNews/get/ThaiLinux.html>
|
|
|
|
o Questions and answers about Linux in Thai language.
|
|
|
|
o By Mr.Pruet Boonma
|
|
|
|
" Thai Linux installation project " ,
|
|
http://www.geocities.com/Tokyo/Bay/4521/
|
|
<http://www.geocities.com/Tokyo/Bay/4521/>
|
|
|
|
o Installation guide in Thai language
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.3. FTP and Web sites
|
|
|
|
|
|
Most softwares and Thai fonts which introdued in this howto.
|
|
|
|
o ftp://ftp.fedu.uec.ac.jp/pub/thai/UEC/ZzzThai/Software/Linux
|
|
<ftp://ftp.fedu.uec.ac.jp/pub/thai/UEC/ZzzThai/Software/Linux>
|
|
|
|
o http://thaigate.nacsis.ac.jp/files/index.html
|
|
<http://thaigate.nacsis.ac.jp/files/index.html>
|
|
|
|
|
|
o http://www.nectec.or.th/pub/software/i18n/thai
|
|
<http://www.nectec.or.th/pub/software/i18n/thai>
|
|
|
|
Mule
|
|
|
|
o ftp://etlport.etl.go.jp/pub/mule <ftp://etlport.etl.go.jp/pub/mule>
|
|
|
|
Ss
|
|
|
|
o http://members.xoom.com/theera/ss/
|
|
<http://members.xoom.com/theera/ss/>
|
|
|
|
SunSite <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/linux/> and mirrors. doc/howto has
|
|
the above mentioned HOWTOs. utils/nls and subdirectories contain files
|
|
related to National Language Support. Developers should take a look
|
|
at locale-tutorial-0.8.txt.gz, locale-pack-0.8.tar.gz and cat-
|
|
pack.tar.gz.
|
|
|
|
The GNU archives <ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/> has the recode
|
|
package for character table conversion, the ABOUT-NLS file and the
|
|
gettext package for locale support of some GNU applications and (of
|
|
course) the latest versions of GNU emacs.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5. Acknowledgments and Copyright
|
|
|
|
Some parts of this HOWTO comes from The Linux Danish/International
|
|
HOWTO by Thomas Petersen, petersen@post1.tele.dk (the original author)
|
|
and Niels Kristian Bech Jensen, nkbj@image.dk.
|
|
|
|
Thank you to Phaisarn Techajaruwong for building Thai fonts and
|
|
valuable discussion.
|
|
|
|
Thank you to Thai students at The University of Electro-Communications
|
|
and Mr. Vuthichai Ampornaramveth for every help.
|
|
|
|
This HOWTO is copyrighted by Poonlap Veeratanabutr, poon-
|
|
v@fedu.uec.ac.jp. It is distributed as other Linux HOWTOs under the
|
|
terms described below.
|
|
|
|
Linux HOWTO documents may be reproduced and distributed in whole or in
|
|
part, in any medium physical or electronic, as long as this copyright
|
|
notice is retained on all copies. Commercial redistribution is allowed
|
|
and encouraged; however, the authors would like to be notified of any
|
|
such distributions.
|
|
|
|
All translations, derivative works, or aggregate works incorporating
|
|
any Linux HOWTO documents must be covered under this copyright notice.
|
|
That is, you may not produce a derivative work from a HOWTO and impose
|
|
additional restrictions on its distribution. Exceptions to these rules
|
|
may be granted under certain conditions; please contact the Linux
|
|
HOWTO coordinator at the address given below.
|
|
|
|
If you have questions, please contact Tim Bynum, the Linux HOWTO
|
|
coordinator, at linux-howto@sunsite.unc.edu via email.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|