LDP
/
old-www
1
1
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull Requests Releases Wiki Activity
old-www/HOWTO/text/Sybase-ASE-HOWTO

1603 lines
88 KiB
Plaintext
Raw Permalink Blame History

Sybase Adaptive Server Enterprise / SQL Server HOWTO
Kian Spongsveen
<sybase(at)kian.org>
2003-09-21
Revision History
Revision 1.0 2003-09-21 Revised by: ks
Initial public release
Revision 0.9 2003-09-05 Revised by: ks
Initial draft release
Describes installation and configuration of Sybase Adaptive Server
Enterprise (formerly known as SQL Server) relational database server on the
Linux platform, together with basic usage.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1. Copyright and License
1.2. Contact information
1.3. What is Not Covered
1.4. History
1.5. Availability
2. Installation
2.1. Super-quick RPM installation for the impatient
2.2. Pre-install Steps For All Installations
2.3. Unloading the Software to Disk, Part 1: Making Some Considered
Decisions
2.4. Unloading the Software to Disk, Part 2: Getting the Job Done
3. Configuring an ASE Server
3.1. Pre-Configuration steps
3.2. Preparing the Data Area
3.3. Starting the Configuration
3.4. Finishing Off
4. Basic Usage
4.1. Starting and Stopping the Server
4.2. Connecting to the Server
4.3. Your First Useful Commands
4.4. Stopping the Server
4.5. Maintenance
4.6. Other Sybase Utilities
5. ASE Architecture: Observing the Server
5.1. Processes
5.2. Physical Storage
5.3. Network
5.4. Memory
5.5. Boot Process
A. Languages for connecting to ASE
B. Technical Resources
C. GNU General Public License
C.1. Preamble
1. Introduction
Sybase ASE / SQL Server is an industry-strength high-performance database
solution used by some of the largest corporations worldwide. It is also, in
my personal opinion, one of the easiest database servers to learn and to work
with. It has a wide range of extremely advanced options, probably the most
advanced replication in the market, and a set of various add-on products that
will even support opaque access of data from competing products. There is a
Linux version available for download which is free even for production use.
Sharing a common heritage with Microsoft SQL Server (Sybase sold the code to
Microsoft, but the T-SQL dialect remains almost the same in both products),
Sybase ASE is the easiest way of getting "MS SQL on Linux". Having said that,
you may also understand by now that Sybase ASE could deserve the label "the
best-kept secret in the market". Welcome to a free helping of a commercial
database server that basically runs most of Wall Street and stock exchanges
around the world - now on your home PC or business server.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.1. Copyright and License
Copyright (c) 2003 Kian P. C. Spongsveen.
This document is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any
later version. This document is distributed in the hope that it will be
useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General
Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU
General Public License along with this document; if not, write to the Free
Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
02111-1307, USA.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.2. Contact information
Kian Spongsveen is the originator and currently the maintainer of this
HOWTO. Please send feedback, suggestions for improvement, questions to me at
<sybase@kian.org>. English is not my native language, so please send me
helpful corrections to grammar and spelling as well as any technical issues
you find in this document.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.3. What is Not Covered
There are some parts I have skipped since this is a HOWTO for installation,
configuration and very basic usage. Some points that could be of interest
are:
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A> SySAM - a utility needed to install software license certificates for
certain advanced options that you have to pay extra for in version
12.5.0.x and up.
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A> Full-Text Search - an add-on for searching TEXT columns
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A> Data replication - Two products are available for free with the server
(SQL Remote in 11.9.2.x, ASE Replicator in ASE 12.5.0.1 and up). There is
also Replication Server, a separate product also available for Linux.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.4. History
Sybase started as a company in 1984, making a relational database management
system (RDBMS) called SQL Server. At version 4.9.2, Microsoft licensed the
code and released their SQL Server 6.0. Sybase version-inflated their next
version to "System X". The product has been enhanced and improved over the
years, it was first released on Linux with a pilot of version 11.0.3.3 which
was already a mature version on it's way out at the time of release in 1999.
The product was renamed from SQL Server to Adaptive Server Enterprise (ASE)
when version 11.5 was released, the name is a bit of a mouthful and some
users simply refer to it as "ace". Later, version 11.9.2 was released both as
a free developer version and a fully supported production version on Linux.
Currently Linux is considered a tier-1 platform and the current version as of
this writing, 12.5.0.x, as well as the beta release of the next version,
12.5.1, are available for the Linux OS.
A brief note about the version numbering. Sybase patches are called EBFs, or
Emergency Bug Fixes, and each has a unique number (product number) for that
particular set of fixes on each particular architecture. Since this made
comparing the various bug fixes across OS platforms difficult, the notation
of ESD (Electronic Software Distribution) was introduced. So for a major
release (Maintenance Release) 12.5.0.0 there were some EBFs numbered ESD#1,
ESD#2 and so on, until a minor release with significant enhancements (Interim
Release) numbered 12.5.0.1 and then further EBFs are based on this. If a
Linux machine and a Solaris machine both run 12.5.0.3 ESD #1, you know they
will have exactly the same bugfixes corrected even if the EBF product number
of course differs.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.5. Availability
I have briefly mentioned the available versions. You can download the free
versions from [http://linux.sybase.com] http://linux.sybase.com, and if you
need a production server with support etc. you can order a boxed CD from your
local Sybase office or [http://eshop.sybase.com] http://eshop.sybase.com.
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A> SQL Server 11.0.3.3 ESD #6 is no longer supported or maintained. The
reason it is still made available is that it is free for production use
on Linux. Read the license file shipped with the product for details. The
11.0.3 versions are the earliest that were Y2K-certified.
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A> ASE 11.9.2.x was the first release on Linux where you could get either a
free developer license or buy support. It is no longer actively
maintained or supported. I describe it in this document since it was the
first production use supported release for Linux and hence became very
popular.
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A> ASE 12.5.0.x is the current release on all platforms, including Linux.
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A> ASE 12.5.1 is the next release, currently in beta. There is a beta for
Linux available.
The functionality varies in the releases, certain significant enhancements
have been made in the current versions. However, major corporations based
their infrastructure on SQL Server 11.0.x until very recently (and some of
them may have old installations still very active) so don't think of it as
outdated. Some of the new enhancements may be of interest to you, others will
only sooth your pain if you were annoyed by the lack of them over a period of
time first.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Installation
The different versions of ASE for Linux that are available have slightly
different installation and configuration procedures. The installation
documents that come with the product are quite detailed so I will instead try
to focus on some alternatives in order to avoid common problems. In
particular, I will describe how to install without RPM since the RPM utility
is a functionality unique to Linux and most Sybase DBAs with background from
other types of UNIX prefer to avoid this format and use the traditional
installation instead. However, I will also describe how you can play it safer
when using RPM.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.1. Super-quick RPM installation for the impatient
If you are just doing a test, simply install the sybase-common and
sybase-ase RPMs using rpm -ihv as root. The installation should then create a
sybase user and start the configuration scripts automatically. For version
11.0.3.3, only the sybase-ase package is needed.
bash$ su - root
Password:
bash# rpm -ihv sybase-common-12.5-1.rpm sybase-ase-12.5-1.rpm
I strongly recommend that you read through any text files shipped with the
software (README for instance), and also the documents "Release Bulletin" and
"Installation Guide" available on the Sybase documentation website (also
known as SyBooks). These will contain lots of important information, and I
have attempted to avoid duplication of those efforts as much as possible.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.2. Pre-install Steps For All Installations
1. The first thing to check is whether your Linux installation is able to
run the version of ASE you have selected. The RPM utility will attempt to
check this during installation, but you can check the dependencies in
advance with rpm -qRp <package>. RPM will check against the RPM database
of installed products on your machine, if these have lower version
numbers than the requirements you will get an error message and it is
first necessary to update these packages to be able to install. Note that
you will also get an error if the package name is not found in the RPM
database. This can happen if you installed software without using RPM
(e.g. compiled from source, not SRPMs) or the package has a different
name from what the ASE packages list as dependencies (e.g. RedHat places
the Linux kernel in a package named "kernel", SuSE uses k_deflt for the
default kernel and other names for other supplied kernels such as k_smp).
You can then check the kernel version with uname -r and the glibc version
will most likely be what is reported by ldd --version, but also do ls -l
/lib/ and check the actual filenames that the symlinks /lib/libc.so, /lib
/libpthread.so and /lib/librt.so link to.
Note Certified OS levels
<20> The distribution Sybase has chosen to certify on is RedHat. For
installation of 11.0.3.3 or 11.9.2 you can probably use any
distribution, for the newer enterprise features of 12.5.0.x you will
have to check exactly which distribution is certified and only use
that particular Linux distribution and release level. Don't expect
anything else than the certified OS level to work. The installation
document lists the minimum required kernel and glibc versions.
Important Glibc-specific issues
<20> There are some known issues with glibc that cause serious
problems with ASE. Basically, you will see this as a
Segmentation Fault when starting the server (the error log will
say something about process infected with signal 11 and then
dump out a stack trace.). These problems are seen above version
12.5.0.1 on any uncertified platform, including currently
RedHat 9.0. You must use a certified Linux distribution and
version (RedHat 7.2, RedHat Advanced Server 2.1) and make sure
the proper fixes are in the i686 glibc libraries (update them
from RedHat Network). In particular, at the time of this
writing the current ASE version (12.5.0.3) does not work on the
current RedHat version (9.0) - nor on the beta of the next
Enterprise Server (3.0) due to glibc issues! RedHat is working
on this, and the release of Enterprise Server should be in
order. See RedHat bugs 90002 and 102995 as well as the research
done by Sybase under CR 326398. Hopefully this will eventually
trickle up to the FSF/GNU distribution point for glibc and then
to the various other distributions.
2. Check the available disk space. You will initially need space for
installing the binaries and for installing the system databases. This is
listed in the Installation Guide, but you will need additional space for
the databases you create and you will have to make some estimates of how
much you need for this.
Table 1. Default Installation Directory
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|Version |Minimum RAM |Application Disk |System Database |
| |Dedicated to ASE |Space |Devices |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|11.0.3.3 |??15 MB |110 MB |17 MB master 12 |
| | | |MB sysprocsdev |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|11.9.2.x |??32 MB |140 MB |25 MB master 45 |
| | | |MB sysprocsdev |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|12.5.0.x |??50 MB |215 MB |30 MB master 100 |
| | | |MB sysprocsdev |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
3. After checking that ASE can be installed, create the sybase user group
and then the sybase user as a member of it. This is an ordinary user that
will be used mainly for starting the database server, so the user has to
own all the ASE-related files. I suggest you keep the home directory of
this user together with the home directories of other normal users,
instead of using the installation directory of the ASE software as a home
directory. Use adduser, useradd or whatever GUI utility your distribution
provides you with.
bash$ su - root
bash# groupadd sybase
bash# useradd -g sybase -d /home/sybase -c "Sybase ASE DBA account" -p Hard2Guess sybase
The installation scripts will not attempt to create the user if you have
done so yourself first.
Once these steps are done, we are ready to unload the software onto the base
directory that ASE will be installed in. By default, the RPM packages are
configured to place this under /opt/<sybase-directory> where <
sybase-directory> is:
Table 2. Default Installation Directory
+-------------------+-------------------+
|Version |Directory |
+-------------------+-------------------+
|11.0.3.3 |/opt/sybase/ |
+-------------------+-------------------+
|11.9.2.x |/opt/sybase-11.9.2/|
+-------------------+-------------------+
|12.5.0.x |/opt/sybase-12.5/ |
+-------------------+-------------------+
You can choose a different location if you like, either with the --relocate
parameter to rpm, or by unpacking to a different directory if you are
converting to .tgz file first. Again, I recommend keeping a normal home
directory for the sybase user, a directory for the ASE software and a third
location for the database storage.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.3. Unloading the Software to Disk, Part 1: Making Some Considered Decisions
After preparing the environment, it is time to write the software to disk.
You can either install with RPM or convert the RPM packages to another format
first. These options will be covered here, and why you would want to choose
one or the other.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.3.1. The issues with RPM and how to avoid them
So, why is RPM bad? Well, as long as you install the latest ASE patches on
the latest working RedHat version with the latest patches you may not have a
lot of problems. However, you may also find that the RPM installations will
cause the following problems depending on exactly which version of ASE (or
EBFs) you are installing on which RedHat version (or other distribution).
Known Problems with RPM and Their Workarounds
Problem: RPM installation of ASE or applying EBFs will truncate the /etc/
ld.so.conf file.
Symptom: After RPM installation of ASE if will truncate your /etc/
ld.so.conf file to 0 bytes, making your OS installation forget where
shared libraries are found. This may affect X, sshd and several others.
Caused by: the post-install scripts. You can view them with rpm -qp
-scripts <package>. They try to use a varaible named $RPM_INSTALL_PREFIX
which is apparently not set by newer versions of the RPM utility.
Kludge 1: first copy all the files that will be destroyed by the
installation. /etc/ld.so.conf, .profile and .cshrc for the sybase user
should be copied to a safe place before installing. Then install as per
the Sybase instructions and copy the files back when you are done. When
the correct /etc/ld.so.conf is in place, run ldconfig as root.
Kludge 2: First set the $RPM_INSTALL_PREFIX to the top-level directory
where the ASE files are to be installed (what will become $SYBASE).
Kludge 3: Make RPM install without running the scripts; rpm -ihv
--noscripts
Problem: .profile and .cshrc overwritten
Symptom: RPM installation will overwrite the .profile and .cshrc files in
the $SYBASE directory. If this is the home directory of the sybase user
and you have personalized these to include preferred settings you will
have to rewrite them afterwards.
Caused by: The files are located in the $SYBASE/install/ directory in ASE
12.5. The script $SYBASE/install/sybinstall.sh which is called during RPM
installation will copy these to $SYBASE.
Kludge 1: Backup these files before installation, copy back after
installation is done.
Kludge 2: Make RPM install without the scripts; rpm -ihv --noscripts
Kludge 3: Create a home directory ($HOME) for the sybase user separate
from the installation directory ($SYBASE).
Problem: RPM claims that installed libraries or even the kernel are not of
the approved version or not installed.
Problem: RPM installation reports that certain versions of OS rpms such
as kernel or glibc must be installed, but you verify they are OK.
Caused by: RPM installations may fail if it is unable to determine
whether you have the proper versions of kernel and glibc installed. For
instance, SuSE calls its default kernel rpm package "k_deflt", other
kernels are named after their main functionality (smp, athlon etc.). The
Sybase RPMs search for "kernel" since that is what RedHat uses.
Kludge:Make absolutely sure you do actually have the required level of
these packages. Then force-install with rpm -ihv --nodeps --force.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.4. Unloading the Software to Disk, Part 2: Getting the Job Done
Unless the above problem descriptions scared you, you may want to use RPM
with a few extra modifications. Instead of letting RPM try to be helpful but
end up causing trouble, we will disable the friendly attempts and have to do
some manual corrections ourselves afterwards.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.4.1. The Manual RPM Installation
Just to be on the safe side, we first copy out the files that are at risk; /
etc/ld.so.conf, <sybase user home>/.profile and <sybase user home>/.cshrc.
The switches I have chosen to add are:
--relocate
--nodeps
--noscripts
Now, mount the CD or download the files with FTP and cd to this directory. As
root, install the files with:
rpm -ihv --relocate /opt/sybase-12.5=/opt/sybase --nodeps --noscripts sybase-common* sybase-ase*
As part of the server configuration we now need to make the changes we
disabled when we stopped the RPM scrips from excuting using the --noscripts.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.4.2. Using the RPM Alternatives
A couple of common utilities for installing without RPM are rpm2tgz and
alien. You can use any of these to first convert into a tgz package and then
unpack the files without running any of the RPM scripts. The distribuiton of
the RPM utility also ships with a program called rpm2cpio which will convert
to a cpio archive.
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A> alien: [http://www.kitenet.net/programs/alien/] http://www.kitenet.net/
programs/alien/
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A> rpm2tgz: This is apparently the name of a utility shipped with Slackware
and TurboLinux. The TurboLinux files indicate that it is simply a wrapper
for rpm2cpio and cpio2tgz, the latter of these will actually unpack the
cpio archive into a temporary directory and repack it as tgz.
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A> rpm2cpio: This is part of the RedHat Package Manager (RPM) distribution
so it should be installed if you have rpm installed. You will need cpio
together with it.
The alien utility can either unpack the rpm using alien -g, or you can
create a tgz archive with alien -t.
bash$ su -
Password:
bash# alien -t sybase-ase*.rpm sybas-common*.rpm
sybase-common-12.5.tgz generated
sybase-ase-12.5.tgz generated
The rpm2tgz utility does the same thing, converts the rpm into a tgz
archive.
rpm2tgz sybase-ase*.rpm
rpm2tgz sybase-common*.rpm
The distribution of RPM contains the rpm2cpio utility, it reads an rpm from
a file or STDIN and outputs a cpio archive on STDOUT.
rpm2cpio sybase-ase-12.5-3.i386.rpm > sybase-ase-12.5-3.i386.cpio
rpm2cpio sybase-common-12.5-3.i386.rpm > sybase-common-12.5-3.i386.cpio
Once you have created a .tgz archive from the RPM, you can unpack it. Since
the path in the archive is relative to /, you need to do this as root.
bash$ su -
Password:
bash# tar -xvzf sybase-ase*.tgz
bash# tar -xvzf sybase-common*.tgz
For a cpio archive, unpack it with the cpio command:
cpio --extract --make-directories --verbose
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Configuring an ASE Server
So far we have copied the software into the file system, now we will do the
actual setup of a database server. First we need to make sure the sybase user
is set up properly, then we can start the configuration utilities and enter
the correct settings there.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.1. Pre-Configuration steps
1. To begin with, read the LICENSE file if it exists. Once you agree with
this, continue down this list.
2. There are some useful steps done by the installation scripts in the RPM
packages that you may want to do by hand if you installed with extra RPM
switches or used alien. One is that directories in ASE 12.5 get shortcuts
created with shorter names. ASE-12_5 gets a symlink named ASE, OCS-12_5
has a symlink named OCS. You can set these up yourself to save some
typing later.
bash$ cd /opt/sybase
bash$ ln -s SYBASE_ASE ASE
bash$ ln -s SYBASE_OCS OCS
bash$ ln -s shared-1_0 shared
bash$ ln -s SYSAM-1_0 SYSAM
3. Change the installation to be owned by the sybase user.
bash$ su - root
bash# chown -R sybase.sybase /opt/sybase
bash# chmod -R ug+w /opt/sybase
This is more or less what the sybinstall.sh script does for you. In SQL
Server 11.0.3.3 there is a script which attempts to set all permissions
right, $SYBASE/install/setperm_all
4. Make sure you allow ASE to allocate the necessary amount of shared
memory. Your current maximum is what you find from ipcs -lm (in
KiloBytes) or cat /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax (in bytes) or sysctl
kernel.shmmax (in bytes). This can be set with
sysctl -w kernel.shmmax=[number of bytes]
or by directly
echo [number of bytes] > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax
as root. Make sure this is permanently changed on every reboot by either
inserting a line in /etc/sysctl.conf or place the echo command in a rc
startup file (such as rc.local) as the Sybase documentation says.
Depending upon the version, here is the memory requirements for ASE:
Table 3. ASE Memory Requirements
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
|Version |Minimum Memory|shmmax |"total memory"|
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
|11.0.3.3 | ??15 MB|15360000 bytes| 7500 2K pages|
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
|11.9.2.x | 32 MB|33554432 bytes|16384 2K pages|
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
|12.5.0.x | 50 MB|52428800 bytes|25600 2K pages|
+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+
5. Make sure the sybase user has all relevant environment variables set
correctly.
Table 4. Sybase environment variables
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
|Version |Variable |Set to |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
|11.0.3.3 and 11.9.2.x |<7C> |<7C> |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
|<7C> |$LANG |Must not be set! |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
|<7C> |$LC_ALL |"default" |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
|<7C> |$SYBASE |Top-level of |
| | |installation, default |
| | |is /opt/sybase/ |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
|<7C> |$PATH |Add /opt/sybase/bin to |
| | |the start of the |
| | |existing $PATH |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
|<7C> |$LD_LIBRARY_PATH |Add /opt/sybase/lib to |
| | |the start of the |
| | |existing |
| | |$LD_LIBRARY_PATH |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
|<7C> |$SYBPLATFORM |"linux" |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
|12.5.0.x |All of the above plus |<7C> |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
|<7C> |$SYBASE_ASE |Subdirectory (not full |
| | |path) to the ASE part |
| | |of the installation |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
|<7C> |$SYBASE_OCS |Subdirectory (not full |
| | |path) to the Open |
| | |Client / Open Server |
| | |part of the |
| | |installation |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
Create a script with all environment variables that you can source in, or
modify startup files such as .cshrc or .profile. Here are the needed
settings:
sh/bash/ksh type shells
unset LANG
export LC_ALL="default"
export SYBASE="/opt/sybase/"
export PATH="$SYBASE/bin:$SYBASE/$SYBASE_ASE/bin:$SYBASE/$SYBASE_OCS/bin:
$SYBASE/$SYBASE_SYSAM/bin:$PATH"
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH="$SYBASE/lib:$SYBASE/$SYBASE_ASE/lib:$SYBASE/$SYBASE_OCS/lib:
$LD_LIBRARY_PATH"
export SYBPLATFORM="linux"
export SYBASE_ASE="ASE"
export SYBASE_OCS="OCS"
export SYBASE_FTS="FTS"
export SYBASE_SYSAM="SYSAM"
csh/tcsh type shells
unsetenv LANG
setenv LC_ALL default
setenv SYBASE /opt/sybase/
setenv PATH $SYBASE/bin:$SYBASE/$SYBASE_ASE/bin:$SYBASE/$SYBASE_OCS/bin:
$SYBASE/$SYBASE_SYSAM/bin:$PATH
setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$SYBASE/lib:$SYBASE/$SYBASE_ASE/lib:$SYBASE/$SYBASE_OCS/lib:
$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
setenv SYBPLATFORM=linux
setenv SYBASE_ASE ASE
setenv SYBASE_OCS OCS
setenv SYBASE_FTS FTS
setenv SYBASE_SYSAM SYSAM
6. Prepare the data area.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.2. Preparing the Data Area
Since the file system for the software is now prepared, we can decide where
to locate the data storage used to hold the data inserted into the databases.
The first decision is whether to use raw devices or file system.
Traditionally, raw devices were used. You had to partition a disk and set a
certain label to have it recognized as raw. Linux didn't have this previously
and the Sybase virtual devices were instead written to files in a file
system.
So, what is the difference between these approaches and when should you
choose each? Unfortunately, it is one of the areas where the answer is a very
clear and unambiguos "it depends". Raw devices were introduced first with
kernel patches and then included in the 2.4 series. You use the command raw
to create bindings between partitions and the /dev/rawn devices. This means
that you will need to have a free partition on a disk. Changing this later
can also be difficult. The advantages of raw devices are that you know
exactly where on disk they are located - you can place them on the fastest
cylinders if you like. Writes to the raw devices will be unbuffered, they
will go directly to disk. In case of a failure (such as power outage, disk
controller failure or process crash) the finished writes are guaranteed to be
on disk instead of only having been written to a buffer waiting for the disk
to be ready. Also, the ASE server will to asynchronous I/O on these devices.
It can queue a series of I/O instead of having to do a single I/O, wait for
it to finish and then do the next operation. While the I/O result is pending,
the ASE server will perform other work. With a virtual device written to a
file on a file system (ext2, ext3 and Reiserfs are all supported), the writes
will normally be done to the file system buffers. The actual file may be
located anywhere on the partition and may not be contiguous. Note that there
is no need for a journalling file system since these will only log the
changes to the inode, not the contents of the data blocks. The Sybase ASE
transaction log will do exactly this kind of "journalling" of the data
modifications for you. The buffering means that reading data not held in ASE
cache may take place from the file system buffer instead of having to read it
from disk, thereby speeding up these. However, writes will probably take
longer time to finish since they have to pass through the file system driver
layer. In order to have safe writes to file system devices you can configure
ASE to open the device using the O_DSYNC flag, which will cause writes to be
flushed to disc immediately when writing.
In ASE 11.0.3.3 ESD #6 there is support for raw devices. This will need
certain patches shipped in the GPL directory, one for raw device access, one
for KAIO. There are instructions for how to apply these to the kernels and
distributions that were current at the time.
In 11.9.2.x it was decided not to include any experimental raw device
support before the Linux kernel officially included and supported this. In
order to guarantee safe writes, the O_DSYNC flag is always enabled by
default. You can globally disable this with traceflag 1625; add -T1625 as a
parameter to the RUN_SERVER file.
In ASE 12.5.0.x there was a change starting in 12.5.0.2 where the server is
now compiled to use the kernel 2.4 functionality. That means you can create
raw devices on OS level and configure ASE to use these without any special
patches. If you prefer file system devices, you can set the O_DSYNC flag to
be used with the dsync=true parameter when creating the device with disk init
, or the sp_deviceattr stored procedure to modify it later.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.3. Starting the Configuration
To configure a SQL Server 11.0.3.3 you log in as the sybase user and start
the sybinit utility. You can run this in a console, make changes and hit Ctrl
-A for "accept" and Ctrl-X to go back to the previous menu.
In ASE 11.9.2.x and 12.5.0.x, you normally use the srvbuild command, but you
will need an X server to display it. For those not using X, an option is to
use the shell script "sybinit4ever", available on the web from SyPron, see
the 3rd party utilities section later. This will give you a classic sybinit
menu interface to the configuration process. An alternative from Sybase is
the srvbuildres utility which uses a resource file containing all
configuration options which you can edit with your settings, these options
are described in an appendix of the Installation Guide.
The exact entries for configuring a server are described in more detail in
the /opt/sybase/doc/howto/howto-ase-quickstart.html file from the ASE
11.0.3.3 documentation RPM, and in the "Configuration Guide for UNIX" for the
newer versions. The information you will need for all versions are:
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A> IP address of the interface which ASE will listen on. Use the network IP
of the machine or 127.0.0.1 if you are only going to accept local
connections.
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A> TCP port which ASE will listen on. Choose any port not in use. Port 2025
was used before, 4100 is the current default. Use 1433 if you are trying
to trick applications into believing this is an MS SQL Server.
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A> Path to the master device (raw device or file).
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A> Path to the sybsystemprocs device (raw device or file).
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A> Character set and sort order for your data (you want to get this right
the first time, changing it later involves copying all data out to files
and load them back in). ISO_1 character set should be sufficient for most
purposes. Unicode is only supported in the 12.5.0.x releases.
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A> Logical server name - this is just a placeholder to identify an ASE
instance. In the examples I have named the server SYBASE.
Once you have decided on these settings, start the configuration program. If
you use srvbuild, you will need to set your $DISPLAY variable correctly. Type
in the requested settings and let the configuration utility build the server.
Some parts of this, such as creating the database devices and loading the
system stored procedures, will take time. Once the process has finished, you
server should have been built and be up and running, ready for requests.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.4. Finishing Off
If you want automatic startup and shutdown, consider the rc.sybase script a
good start. You can copy this to where all your other startup scripts are and
create the correct start and stop links from your runlevel directories.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Basic Usage
The intention behind this section is to allow you to get started with the
Sybase-specific parts quickly. You will still need to know a little bit about
relational databases, creating tables, designing the database and so on. You
will see how to start and stop the server, execute commands and a little bit
about backups.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.1. Starting and Stopping the Server
Starting the server is done with the startserver utility. During
installation a script file was created named RUN_ and then the name of the
server. Since the file name will vary with your server name, it is generally
referred to as the RUN_SERVER file. To start your server, make sure all
environment variables (in particular $SYBASE) are set correctly. Check with
showserver that the server is not already running - there is no risk of
starting the server twice, but you may get some confusing error messages
about the master device already being in use. Assuming the server is not
started, execute the following: startserver -f RUN_SYBASEAssuming that you
named your server "SYBASE" at install time, this should make various messages
starting with a timestamp scroll over your screen and hopefully end with
messages about the default character set and sort order. If not, read the
messages carefully for any errors. If they have scrolled out of your screen
buffer you can read the error log file instead, located in the same directory
as the RUN_SERVER file.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.2. Connecting to the Server
Once the server is up and running, you can attempt to connect to it. Start
with the simplest tool, which is also the traditional utility for Sybase
administration and use; isql. It takes many parameters, as listed in the
Utility Guide, but we only need a few. Make your first connection like this:
isql -Usa -P -SserverReplace the -S parameter with your logical server name
that you chose during installation.
Caution Remember to change the blank sa password
<EFBFBD> The -U parameter is the login name, we are here logging in as "sa"
the Sybase equivalent of "root". The password specified with the -P
parameter is blank, which is the default password for this user. It
should be fairly obvious that you don't want to leave your most
powerful login with a blank password. Note that the ASE logins are
independent from the OS logins and passwords.
The result should be a simple prompt:
1>
If the connection did not succeed, make sure the server is running and that
the port is reported by netstat -na to have a LISTENING state.
You can now start typing T-SQL commands and use the keyword "go" as a
terminator.
isql -Usa -P -SSERVER
1> select @@version
2> go
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adaptive Server Enterprise/12.5.0.3/EBF 10980 ESD#1/P/Linux Intel/Linux 2.4.18-18.7.xsmp i686/rel12503/1919/32-bit/OPT/Mon Mar 24 20:49:12 2003
(1 row affected)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.3. Your First Useful Commands
The first thing to do is to set a password for "sa" and then create a new
login with less privileges that we can use to play around with. By default
you are placed in the master database once you are logged in. We will make
our new login default to an example database instead to avoid creating
objects in the master database by mistake. So, we first set a password for sa
by calling the stored procedure sp_password with old and new passwords as
parameters:
1> exec sp_password NULL, "Secr3t"
2> go
Password correctly set.
(return status = 0)
Now sa has a new password, changed from the old null default. We add a new
login with sp_addlogin:
1> exec sp_addlogin "sybtest", "SomePass"
2> go
Password correctly set.
Account unlocked.
New login created.
(return status = 0)
We can log out by telling isql to disconnect using the exit command.
1> exit
Since this is not a T-SQL command but a directive to isql we don't need to
terminate with "go".
The isql command can also be used non-interactively to apply scripts of
T-SQL to the server. One such script that is shipped with the server is
installpubs2, located in the scripts directory. This is a very simple example
database for a bookshop or a publishing house holding data about books,
authors, publishers and so on. It is used in Sybase manuals and training
courses and also in some SQL books. Microsoft SQL Server contains a similar
database in addition to the Northwind example database they have added. In
order to create the database, use the -i parameter to read the script in.
Have a look at the file first so you understand the basics of what it is
doing; it will create a database named pubs2 and several tables populated
with data. It is time to execute the script. We'll do this as sa who will
also become the owner (dbo - database owner ) of the database. We redirect
the output to a file we call errors.out. The -e parameter tells isql to also
echo the T-SQL commands to the same file, giving more output but making it
easier to match any errors to the commands causing them.
bash$ cd $SYBASE/$SYBASE_ASE/scripts
bash$ isql -Usa -PSecr3t -SSYBASE -iinstallpubs2 -e -oerrors.out
In order to allow our new login full privileges to this sample database we
change ownership of the database to the new login. Here's how we give the
database away with sp_changedbowner:
isql -Usa -PSecr3t -SSYBASE
1> use pubs2
2> go
1> exec sp_changedbowner sybtest
2> go
DBCC execution completed. If DBCC printed error messages, contact a user with
System Administrator (SA) role.
Database owner changed.
(return status = 0)
We can now log in interactively as our new user and check what has been
installed.
1> exit
bash$ isql -Usybtest -PSomePass -SSYBASE
1> use pubs2
2> go
1> sp_help
2> go
[Lots of output deleted - the command displays all objects in the current database]
(Note that we don't actually have to use "exec" to execute a stored
procedure, the server will assume any non-keyword is a procedure.)
1> quit
One last command as the sa login in order to make life more convenient when
we continue to use our new login - we make the new pubs2 database the default
database.
1> exit
bash$ isql -Usa -PSecr3t -SSYBASE
1> sp_modifylogin sybtest, "defdb", "pubs2"
2> go
Default database changed.
(return status = 0)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.4. Stopping the Server
In order to stop the server in a controlled fashion, log in as sa and issue
the shutdown command.
bash$ isql -Usa -PSecr3t -SSYBASE
1> shutdown
2> go
Server SHUTDOWN by request.
The SQL Server is terminating this process.
CT-LIBRARY error:
ct_results(): network packet layer: internal net library error: Net-Library operation terminated due to disconnect
You will immediately be disconnected and a message is printed by isql to warn
you of this fact. You can check the error log for a message about the server
being shutdown and you can verify that the process is no longer running with
showserver.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.5. Maintenance
One of the most important aspects of being a database administrator may be
the backup. The I/O load of a relational database means little rest for the
hard drives and once a drive fails the database is in need of serious
disaster recovery. Even a mistyped command may result in the need to revert
to a previous backup generation. For this purpose, a separate server
application called the Backup Server is used. It is by default named the same
as your server with an extension of BCK. Start it with startserver -f
RUN_SYBASE_BCK. Certain commands typed into the isql propmt will be forwarded
from the dataserver process to the backupserver process, which will then
proceed with the actual backup (in Sybase terminology, this is a database
dump) while processing in the database continues unaffected. You should
schedule database dumps (usually via cron) to run at low activity hours. A
typical full database bacup is simply done like this:
isql -Usa -PSecr3t -SSYBASE
1> dump database pubs2 to "/mnt/backup/pubs2.bkp"
2> go
Backup Server session id is: 8. Use this value when executing the
'sp_volchanged' system stored procedure after fulfilling any volume change
request from the Backup Server.
Backup Server: 4.41.1.1: Creating new disk file /mnt/backup/pubs2.bkp.
Backup Server: 6.28.1.1: Dumpfile name 'pubs2011710275E ' section number 1
mounted on disk file '/mnt/backup/pubs2.bkp'
Backup Server: 4.58.1.1: Database pubs2: 396 kilobytes DUMPed.
Backup Server: 4.58.1.1: Database pubs2: 602 kilobytes DUMPed.
Backup Server: 3.43.1.1: Dump phase number 1 completed.
Backup Server: 3.43.1.1: Dump phase number 2 completed.
Backup Server: 3.43.1.1: Dump phase number 3 completed.
Backup Server: 4.58.1.1: Database pubs2: 610 kilobytes DUMPed.
Backup Server: 3.42.1.1: DUMP is complete (database pubs2).
1>
You can restore this back into your database using the load database command.
As time passes while users are doing modifications in the database, adding,
deleting or changing data, all operations are being written to the
transaction log. This keeps track of changes so they can be undone by an
implicit or explicit rollback, or for the undo/redo phases of revocery at
startup. This transaction log should normally be placed on a device of its
own for several reasons, but a small test database can be created on a single
mixed log and data device.
Apart from the performance benefits of spreading I/O, one reason for keeping
the log and data separate is for recovery purposes. You can at regular
intervals, depending upon your recovery needs, dump this log of changes to
the database. Together with the full database dump, this transaction log dump
now constitute an incremental backup. Should a restore become necessary, you
can load the database dump, then load all subsequent transaction log dumps.
There is even an "until_time" option to the load command enabling you to
specify the exact time you want to restore until, abandoning any mistakes
done after that time. Dumping the log is done with a similar syntax:
isql -Usa -PSecr3t -SSYBASE
1> dump transaction database to "/mnt/backup/dbtrandump2003_08_27_T23_32.bkp"
2> go
Note that we could not do this with pubs2 as it was not created with a
separate log fragment.
Unless you keep dumping the transaction log, it will just keep growing until
it fills up it's space and starts reporting error 1105. Users will be
suspended and appear to be hanging while the situation remains unresolved.
Dump the transaction log to file or tape, or simply truncate it if you don't
use incremental backups.
isql -Usa -PSecr3t -SSYBASE
1> dump transaction pubs2 with truncate_only
2> go
1>
Other maintenance commands you should read up on are
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A> DBCC, the DataBase Consistency Checker which will verify that the
physical integrity of the data structures on the ASE devices are OK.
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A> update statistics, which will make sure that ASE has a correct view of
how your data is distributed in your tables, enabling it to make the best
decisions of how to retrieve the data in the shortest possible time.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.6. Other Sybase Utilities
There are some other external utilities that are useful to know. The Java
based applications need the JDBC driver installed, this is included with
newer servers under the product name jConnect. There is a separate CD that
comes with ASE 11.9.2.x and 12.5.0.x called "PC Client CD". This is a set of
Windows-based tools for administration, pop the CD into your Windows box and
the installer will start up so you can select components from the CD.
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A> bcp or Bulk Copy is a command-line utility with a plethora of parameters
that imports table data from flat files and exports data out to files.
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A> Sybase Central is a GUI tool for database adminstration. It used to be a
native Win32 application, but in ASE 12.5.0.x it is now Java based and
can be installed on Linux. Note that you also need to install and
register the plug-in for administering ASE since Sybase Central is only a
framework which is used for many Sybase products by registering their
respective plugins.
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A> Jisql is a Java based GUI version of isql with some neat features such
as command history and table and column name lookup.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. ASE Architecture: Observing the Server
What follows is a brief description of the architecture of ASE and how you
can peek into this a bit closer. In order to get an overview of what ASE is
doing and how it is set up we'll use a combination of internal ASE commands
and OS commands.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.1. Processes
Each ASE server running on the machine will have at least one OS process,
the dataserver binary, and may have many such running. A single server
instance consists of at least one dataserver process. Under Sybase
terminology, such dataserver processes that are cooperating and communicating
with each other in shared memory are known as engines. For production use,
one CPU on the server machine is often reserved as dedicated to host each
Sybase engine. The engine may then be configured to hog this CPU, even when
there is no active work it will idle loop polling for new incoming client
connections to avoid context switches. Of course, this behaviour is entirely
configurable and running one or more server instances on a single-CPU machine
is not a problem - depending of course upon the load on these servers. As
long as there is sufficient memory for each instance and they are started on
different TCP ports, there is no problem having several instances on one
machine - even of different versions.
A simple ps will show you the dataserver processes (by default you only have
one), Sybase has provided a utility named showserver that will just show you
the Sybase-related processes that are active. The sp_sysmon stored procedure
will monitor ASE for a given time interval, then dump out several pages of
global performance data. The Engine section shows how active the server
really is, regardless of the CPU usage shown on OS level.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.2. Physical Storage
The ASE server does I/O to the raw devices or files, these are represented
internally as virtual devices. A database can reside on one or spread out on
many of these virtual devices, and a virtual device can hold many databases
if you want. You should locate the OS-level device files on fast disks and
make sure they are not removed or messed with by other applications or
sysadmins on a cleanup crusade. The path to the virtual devices are stored in
the master..sysdevices table, you can list these with the sp_helpdevice
stored procedure.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.3. Network
The server listens for incoming connections on one or several TCP ports. You
identify the server by the logical Sybase server name when you connect. This
logical name is listed in the interfaces file, used by both ASE server and
clients such as isql. When the ASE server is started, it finds it's name in
the RUN_SERVER file, looks this up in the interfaces file, finds the master
entry and starts a listener on the IP / port found there. When you start isql
it also looks for the logical server name in the interfaces file, but looks
for the query line instead. Normally this is the same IP and port, but it
gives you the option of starting the server on several different IPs and
ports and configure clients in different parts of the network to utilize
different pathways to the server. JDBC does not use the interfaces file, but
instead lets you use the IP and port as part of the URL.
You can observe the open port and established connections with netstat or
lsof -i. It is also possible to trace the communication using tcpdump or
Ethereal, these utilities have support for the Tabular Data Stream (TDS)
protocol used in Sybase client-server connections.
Once a client has connected it will be visible inside ASE as a task, an
internal process. These are not seen as separate OS processes, but can be
listed with the sp_who stored procedure.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.4. Memory
You can configure how much memory you want ASE to use down to a certain
needed minimum and up to whatever your OS and your ASE version combination
will allow you. Except for doing careful analysis and clever design and SQL
writing, using more of the available memory is what makes databases speed up
without changing hardware. By default, most of the memory you allow allocated
to ASE is used for caching data to avoid disk I/O as much as possible.
Another area of memory is used to cache stored procedures in a compiled form,
enabling these to be readily re-used without having to read from disk as
frequently. Smaller parts are reserved for various administrative memory
structures needed by the server for keeping track of each user connection,
each database and so on.
On OS level you can see this normally contiguous memory chunk with ipcs -m.
Inside ASE you can use sp_configure to read and modify configuration
parameters such as total memory. There are several ways of determining the
efficiency of memory usage, this art is explained in the Performance and
Tuning Guide.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.5. Boot Process
You start the server using the startserver utility. This will call the RUN_*
file that you specify on the command line. If you open this RUN_SERVER file
in a text editor you will find it simply calls the dataserver executable with
several parameters listed in the file. These are documented in the utility
guide. The server reads its configuration file (specified by one of the
parameters) and allocates the amount of shared memory stated in that file
(NOTE: this is configured in 2KB pages, not bytes), then does it's own
internal distribution of this memory for various purposes. Once the memory is
available, the process of initializing (you can think of it as "mounting")
the virtual devices used to store databases is started. When these are
verified available and OK, the databases have to go through recovery. This
means reading the write-ahead transaction log and comparing any changes
recorded there to the actual data stored. Transactions are redone and undone
as needed to get the databases to a clean and correct state. Once the process
is done the databases will be online. For the system databases the same
process is applied, except for the scratchpad database tempdb which will be
totally overwritten with the model template database and any remaining space
zeroed out. Finally the TCP port is opened and the server is ready to accept
incoming client connections.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
A. Languages for connecting to ASE
You can connect to ASE and perform SQL commands in all common computer
languages.
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A> C / C++
Sybase provides client development libraries under the name of Open
Client Developer's Kit which is included in their SDK. There is also an
Embedded SQL/C precompiler which enables you to add SQL code to your C
programs
If you prefer to use free / open source products, there is the FreeTDS
project at [http://www.freetds.org/] http://www.freetds.org/. This is a
re-implementation of Sybase's Tabular Data Stream (TDS), used for the
client-server communication.
Note that Microsoft has modified their SQL Server TDS dialect from their
Sybase legacy and you are no longer guaranteed that Microsoft SQL Server
clients can communicate with a Sybase server or vice versa. MS SQL Server
6.5 came with a patch to enable Sybase TDS compatibility, later versions
(7.0, 2000) do not support the Sybase communication protocol.
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A> Java / JDBC
Sybase ships the jConnect JDBC driver with ASE for Linux in ASE 12.5.0.x
and up. There are both JDBC 1.0 and 2.0 implementations, labeled as
jConnect 4.x and 5.x respectively. These are Type 4 JDBC drivers, which
means they are 100% Java implementations of the TDS protocol.
The FreeTDS project mentioned above also ships a JDBC driver.
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A> ODBC
For Windows clients, the ODBC drivers are shipped on the "PC Client CD".
This used to be a ODBC layer on top of the Open Client runtime libaries,
but are being modified to speak TDS directly instead.
There is also an ODBC driver available from FreeTDS. Unfortunately, it
appears there is no unixODBC ([http://www.unixodbc.org/] http://
www.unixodbc.org/) driver available yet.
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A>Perl
You can use any of DBD::Sybase, DBD::ODBC, DBD::FreeTDS or Sybperl with
the FreeTDS libraries. These modules are available from CPAN. You can
find lots of details from Michael Peppler's site, [http://www.mbay.net/
~mpeppler/] http://www.mbay.net/~mpeppler/.
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A>Python
A Python module for connecting to ASE (and documentation for it) can be
downloaded from [http://www.object-craft.com.au/projects/sybase/] http://
www.object-craft.com.au/projects/sybase/
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A> PHP
PHP includes Sybase connectivity, based on the Open Client libraries.
The PHP manual shows examples on connecting to an ASE server, sending
queries and handling the result sets. See [http://www.php.net/] http://
www.php.net/.
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A> Tcl
An extension for connecting to ASE from tcl is available from [http://
www.nyx.net/~tpoindex/tcl.html] http://www.nyx.net/~tpoindex/tcl.html
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
B. Technical Resources
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A> Sybase official sites
<20><>+<2B> The main entry to all Sybase Linux information is at [http://
www.sybase.com/linux] http://www.sybase.com/linux.
<20><>+<2B> Direct links to the ASE-related parts are at [http://www.sybase.com
/ase_linux] http://www.sybase.com/ase_linux.
<20><>+<2B> From the main [http://www.sybase.com] http://www.sybase.com
website, there are plenty of useful links, you can also go directly
to the support site, [http://www.sybase.com/support/] http://
www.sybase.com/support/. You may need to generate a login to get
access to all the unrestricted information - registered support users
get further access to their own account details in order to directly
log and trace their issues on the web.
<20><>+<2B> White papers etc are located at [http://www.sybase.com/support/
techdocs/] http://www.sybase.com/support/techdocs/.
<20><>+<2B> Manuals are at [http://www.sybase.com/manuals/] http://
www.sybase.com/manuals/, also known as "SyBooks". Choose "Adaptive
Server Enterprise" as the product or go directly to [http://
sybooks.sybase.com/as.html] http://sybooks.sybase.com/as.html. Of
particular interest is perhaps the "Transact-SQL User's Guide", the
"Administrator's Guide" and "Performance and Tuning Guide".
<20><>+<2B> CodeXchange is a relatively new section of the Sybase site,
intended for sharing code and tools. [http://
www.codexchange.sybase.com/] http://www.codexchange.sybase.com
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A> Unofficial sites
<20><>+<2B> The International Sybase Users Group is at [http://www.isug.com/]
http://www.isug.com/, and they host the unofficial FAQ at [http://
www.isug.com/Sybase_FAQ/] http://www.isug.com/Sybase_FAQ/.
<20><>+<2B> Lots of stuff you will need to know sooner or later, including
several printed reference books, have been published by Rob Verschoor
and can either be downloaded or ordered at [http://www.sypron.nl]
http://www.sypron.nl. Plenty of good links are maintained at [http://
www.sypron.nl/syblinks.html] http://www.sypron.nl/syblinks.html.
<20><>+<2B> The author of SybPerl, Michael Peppler, has written an ASE on Linux
FAQ which is at [http://www.mbay.net/~mpeppler/linux.html] http://
www.mbay.net/~mpeppler/linux.html. The same pages of course host
SybPerl and various other utilities and information.
<20><>+<2B> Ed Barlow has written a set of very useful stored procedures for
ASE administration, [http://www.edbarlow.com] http://
www.edbarlow.com.
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A>Third Party Utilities
<20><>+<2B> Many people prefer a tool known as "sqsh" to replace the standard
isql utility provided by Sybase. You can download this from [http://
www.sqsh.org] http://www.sqsh.org.
<20><>+<2B> If you connect from Java over JDBC using Sybase's jConnect driver,
you may want to use iSQL-Viewer as a GUI replacement for isql or
jisql. Note that result sets from Sybase stored procedures are not
visible in the current release version (2.1.5), download the core
classes from CVS until the next version is released. The author has
corrected the problem and the versions checked into CVS handle
multiple result sets returned by a query. Available at [http://
isql.sourceforge.net] http://isql.sourceforge.net.
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A> News Groups
<20><>+<2B> There is a public USENET discussion group named
comp.databases.sybase, but you can also find lots of official Sybase
news groups at the news server forums.sybase.com.
<EFBFBD><EFBFBD>*<2A> Mailing lists
<20><>+<2B> You can sign up for information about new white papers, patches,
announcements etc. when you register at http://www.sybase.com. This
will only send you updates on the topics you sign up for, Sybase is
very strict on avoiding spam and unwanted advertising.
<20><>+<2B> There is an ASE Linux mailing list hosted at [http://mathforum.org/
epigone/ase-linux-list] http://mathforum.org/epigone/ase-linux-list.
<20><>+<2B> There is also the SYBASE-L mailing list, see info from the URL
[http://www.lsoft.com/scripts/wl.exe?SL1=SYBASE-L&H=
LISTSERV.UCSB.EDU] http://www.lsoft.com/scripts/wl.exe?SL1=SYBASE-L&H
=LISTSERV.UCSB.EDU.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
C. GNU General Public License
Version 2, June 1991
Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple
Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this
license document, but changing it is not allowed.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
C.1. Preamble
The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to
share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended
to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the
software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to
most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program
whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation
software is covered by the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You
can apply it to your programs, too.
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our
General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom
to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you
wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you
can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that
you know you can do these things.
To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to
deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These
restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute
copies of the software, or if you modify it.
For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or
for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You
must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you
must show them these terms so they know their rights.
We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2)
offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute
and/or modify the software.
Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that
everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the
software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to
know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced
by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations.
Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We
wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will
individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program
proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be
licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification
follow.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
C.1.1. GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING,
DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a
notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the
terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below, refers to any
such program or work, and a "work based on the Program" means either the
Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work
containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with
modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter,
translation is included without limitation in the term "modification".) Each
licensee is addressed as "you".
Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the
Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if
its contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having
been made by running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the
Program does.
1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source code
as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and
appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and
disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this
License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of
the Program a copy of this License along with the Program.
You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you
may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it,
thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such
modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you
also meet all of these conditions:
a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating
that you changed the files and the date of any change.
b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or
in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be
licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this
License.
c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run,
you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the most
ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate
copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that
you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this License.
(Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print
such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print
an announcement.)
These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable
sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably
considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License,
and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as
separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole
which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be
on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to
the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your
rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the
right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on
the Program.
In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with
the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or
distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this
License.
3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under
Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1
and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source
code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on
a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to
give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically
performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the
corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1
and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to
distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only for
noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object
code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b
above.)
The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making
modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means all
the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface
definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and
installation of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source
code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in
either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel,
and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that
component itself accompanies the executable.
If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to
copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the
source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code,
even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the
object code.
4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except
as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy,
modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will automatically
terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received
copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses
terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed
it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the
Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you
do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the
Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of
this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying,
distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it.
6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original
licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and
conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients'
exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing
compliance by third parties to this License.
7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse
you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to
satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other
pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the
Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit
royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies
directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both
it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the
Program.
If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any
particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and
the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances.
It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents
or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims;
this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free
software distribution system, which is implemented by public license
practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of
software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent
application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or
she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee
cannot impose that choice.
This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a
consequence of the rest of this License.
8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain
countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original
copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an
explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so
that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded.
In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the
body of this License.
9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of
the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be
similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address
new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any later
version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
that version or of any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License,
you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to
ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software
Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make
exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of
preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of
promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
NO WARRANTY
11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN
OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO
THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM
PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR
CORRECTION.
12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR
THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
C.1.2. How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free
software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to
attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the
exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright"
line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.
Copyright (C) yyyy name of author
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when
it starts in an interactive mode:
Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be
called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be
mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
`Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
signature of Ty Coon, 1 April 1989
Ty Coon, President of Vice
This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may
consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General Public
License instead of this License.
Reference in New Issue View Git Blame Copy Permalink