1568 lines
65 KiB
Plaintext
1568 lines
65 KiB
Plaintext
PCTel HSP MicroModem Configuration mini-HOWTO
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Sayamindu Dasgupta
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<unmadindu_NO_SPAM_@Softhome.net>
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Jan Stifter
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<j.stifter_NO_SPAM_@medres.ch>
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Revision History
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Revision 2.5.10 2002-12-04
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Added new FAQ entry, and other minor clean ups.
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Revision 2.5.9 November 11th 2002
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Added new driver info, made corrections and clarifications in the GCC 3 FAQ .
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Revision 2.5.8 November 10th 2002
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Added information on GCC 3, fixed typos, and other minor corrections.
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Revision 2.5.6 September 21st 2002
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Changes in the FAQ section based on reader suggestions, and general error
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cleanups.
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Revision 2.5.5 August 17th 2002
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Made changes in driver section, and other additions
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Revision 2.5.1 July 20th 2002
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Made changes in driver section, and misc. additions
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Revision 2.50 June 6th 2002
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Made changes in the drivers and FAQ section, added the database info, other
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corrections
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Revision 2.00 March 30th 2002
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Made changes in the drivers section, other corrections
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Revision 1.10 December 4th 2001
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Cleaning up of sgml by Greg Ferguson, Relicensed under the GFDL, minor
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corrections
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Revision 1.00 November 26th 2001
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First Release
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The purpose of this document is to guide you to make your PCTel HSP
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MicroModem work in GNU/Linux.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Table of Contents
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1. Introduction
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1.1. Copyright Information
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1.2. Disclaimer
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1.3. New Versions
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1.4. Credits
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1.5. Feedback
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1.6. Translations
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1.7. Conventions used in this document
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2. Purpose of the mini-HOWTO
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3. Where to get the drivers
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4. Choosing a suitable driver
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5. Compiling and installing the drivers
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5.1. Installing the 2.2x drivers.
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5.2. Installing the pctel-0.9.6 driver
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5.3. Installing the pctel-0.8.6 driver
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6. Testing the drivers
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7. A few other points that must be noted.
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7.1. The unofficial PCTel winmodem-Linux compatibility database.
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7.2. Loading the modules at automatically
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7.3. Country codes
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7.4. Other options while loading the modules.
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7.5. The sequence of loading/unloading the modules.
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7.6. Bugs in the pctel-0.9.6 and the 0.8.6 versions.
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7.7. Directory of the kernel source files
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7.8. PnP BIOS issues
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7.9. AMR modems
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7.10. Possible conflict with sound modules
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8. FAQ/Troubleshooting
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8.1. Compiling Problems
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8.2. Problems while loading the modules.
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8.3. General modem based problems.
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8.4. I have a problem that is not listed in this section. What do I do?
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9. Appendix
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9.1. A sample script file to load the modules.
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9.2. Web Resources
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9.3. Other drivers that are available
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9.4. Identifying the chip set of the modem
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9.5. Helping the author
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9.6. GNU Free Documentation License
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1. Introduction
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1.1. Copyright Information
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Copyright © 2002-2003 Sayamindu Dasgupta, Jan Stifter. Permission is
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granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms
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of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version
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published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections ,
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with no Front-Cover Texts , and with no Back-Cover Texts . A copy of the
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license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation
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License".
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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1.2. Disclaimer
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The methods described in this document might damage your data or your PC or
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both. The authors will not be responsible for any damage that might arise out
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of the use of this document. Use this document ENTIRELY at your own risk.
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All copyrights are held by their respective owners, unless specifically noted
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otherwise. Use of a term in this document should not be regarded as affecting
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the validity of any trademark or service mark.
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Naming of particular products or brands should not be seen as endorsements.
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You are strongly recommended to take a backup of your system before major
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installation and backups at regular intervals.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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1.3. New Versions
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The latest version of this mini-HOWTO will always be made available in my
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[http://www.peacefulaction.org/sayamindu] homepage (many thanks to [http://
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www.peacefulaction.org] Peaceful Action for hosting my homepage) in a variety
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of formats:
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* [http://www.peacefulaction.org/sayamindu/pctel.html] HTML.
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* [http://www.peacefulaction.org/sayamindu/pctel.txt] plain text.
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* [http://www.peacefulaction.org/sayamindu/pctel.pdf] PDF.
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* [http://www.peacefulaction.org/sayamindu/pctel.rtf] RTF.
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* compressed html (multiple pages format).
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* [http://www.peacefulaction.org/sayamindu/pctel.sgml] SGML source.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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1.4. Credits
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I am extremely grateful to the howtos[NO_SPAM]@frodo.hserus.net list members
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for their support, especially to [http://geocities.com/usmbish/] USM Bish.
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The members of the discuss@linmodems.org list have been very helpful too,
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specially in the initial phase of the howto-writing. I am also extremely
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grateful to Phil Richard Burchill, Rajesh Fowkar, KV Pham, Bram Vonk, Derek
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Cordeiro, Steven Sangster and Andrew Kar (akar) for their valuable
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suggestions and corrections.
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The sgml-stuff has been done with the help of the template written by Stein
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Gjoen, Gregory Leblanc and Greg Ferguson. I am also indebted to Greg Ferguson
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for cleaning up the mess I had made with Docbook :-).
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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1.5. Feedback
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If you have any comments, criticisms, ideas, additions, corrections, then
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please do mail them to <unmadindu_NO_SPAM_@Softhome.net>. But for technical
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queries, we suggest that you ask at the discuss@linmodems.org mailing list.
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Caution Please do not mail me with your problems. You will NOT get any
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answer. For answers ask at discuss@linmodems.org.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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1.6. Translations
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* [www.domsilverio.com.br/phptest/pctel/] Portuguese Translation by Rafael
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Cardoso <rafamvc_NO_SPAM_@yahoo.com.br>
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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1.7. Conventions used in this document
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We have used a number of special formatting to indicate warning messages,
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commands, filenames, computer outputs etc.
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Bash commands
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bash$ ls
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Notes
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Note NOTE
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Cautions
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Caution CAUTION
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Info
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Tip INFO
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Warnings
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Warning WARNING
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Filename/Directory
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/usr/src/linux/
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Applications
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application
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Computer Output
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no such file or directory
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Codes/scripts
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#! /bin/bash
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Large Computer Outputs
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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|logfile begins |
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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2. Purpose of the mini-HOWTO
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The purpose of this document is to guide you to make your PCTel HSP
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MicroModem work in GNU/Linux.
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First let me explain what is so "special" about these PCTel modems that made
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me write this guide. These modems fall in a special class of hardware,
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specifically made for M$-Windows systems, and have device drivers which are
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specific for M$-Windows ...These modems are also called "Winmodems" and are
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one of the most troublesome pieces of hardwares for GNU/Linux. Most of the
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winmodems do not work with GNU/Linux (the manufacturers use patented
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technologies and so drivers for these modems cannot be developed as Open
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Source). For a few of these winmodems, drivers have been developed
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The PCTel modems belong to this category and fall under linmodems.
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Note Please do note that PCTel provides proprietary drivers, and in the free
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world of GNU/Linux, proprietary drivers are not the solution. These
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drivers can turn out to be a great threat as the Free Software Movement
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evolves and matures. So, at the very beginning, please consider whether
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you want to surrender your "freedom" to PCTel, or whether you want to go
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out and buy a new modem which has a GPL'ed driver. I understand, that
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for many, buying a new modem is not possible, and hence, this doc
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exists. But whatever you do, please do send a mail to Mr. Jack Seller of
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PCTel's Public Relation department at [mailto: jack_seller@pctel.com]
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this address asking PCTel to release the source code of their drivers.
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Remember that when you are using proprietary drivers, you are giving up
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your freedom.
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Note Though I am referring PCTel modems here, actually PCTel only
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manufactures the chips for these modems, so if you have say, XXX modem
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and you get a
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00:09.0 Communication controller: PCTel Inc HSP MicroModem 56 (rev 01)
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when you issue the bash$ lspci command, then do not worry, you have what
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we call a PCTel linmodem.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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3. Where to get the drivers
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Now let me come to the next obvious question, that is; Where are the
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drivers??
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Well, if you are impatient, and if you have a 2.4x series kernel then go to
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[http://linmodems.technion.ac.il/pctel-linux/] http://
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linmodems.technion.ac.il/pctel-linux/, and if you are stuck with the older
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2.2.x kernels, go to [http://modems.dewback.cl] http://modems.dewback.cl (the
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exact link for the file it self is [http://modems.dewback.cl/
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pctel-2.2.tar.gz] http://modems.dewback.cl/pctel-2.2.tar.gz )
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But there are a number of drivers in both the sites, and you will definitely
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feel confused..so read on.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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4. Choosing a suitable driver
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The driver version that you will have to use depends on the kernel version
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you have. To know your kernel version, you will have to issue the command
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uname -r
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If you see something like 2.2.x, go to [http://modems.dewback.cl] http://
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modems.dewback.cl and download the [http://modems.dewback.cl/
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pctel-2.2.tar.gz] pctel 2.2x drivers from the PCTel section of that site.
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If you see something like 2.4x, go to [http://linmodems.technion.ac.il/
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pctel-linux/] http://linmodems.technion.ac.il/pctel-linux/ and download the
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pctel 0.9.6 (pctel-0.9.6.tar.gz) drivers from that site.
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Important Also note that only the pctel 0.9.6 drivers have support for the
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new AMR modems.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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5. Compiling and installing the drivers
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The first requisite for installation is that you have a kernel source in /usr
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/src/linux/ (see section 7.7) and it must be configured, that is, you should
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have done a bash$ make configure and bash$ make dep on it.
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While doing these make sure that you have the source for your running
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kernel...for example, if you are running kernel 2.4.8 and if you have the
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source for kernel 2.4.9 in /usr/src/linux/, then the drivers would not work.
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Moreover, you must configure the kernel with isapnp and pnp support and see
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to the fact that you don't have a smp/uniprocessor mismatch ( that is,
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running uniprocessor kernel but having a kernel source with smp support in /
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usr/src/linux). Also, you will need a kernel which supports loadable modules.
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And of course, you need to have gcc installed, check it by issuing the
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command bash$ gcc -v . If you do not get any errors, then everything is all
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right
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Note If you have gcc version 3 or above , and have problems during compiling,
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please refer to this section in the FAQ.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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5.1. Installing the 2.2x drivers.
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Login as root.
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Make sure that you have a 2.2.x kernel with the command bash$ uname -r
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Check whether the downloaded files are in your current directory with the
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bash$ ls
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command. Then unpack the downloaded files with the command
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bash$ tar -xzvf pctel-2.2.tar.gz
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Once you have unpacked, you will be left with a ~/pctel directory.
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Move into that directory with the command
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bash$ cd pctel/
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There is an (install.sh) installation script that makes the job easier from
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now on.
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Make this script executable with the command
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bash$ chmod +x install.sh
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Then, just run the script
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bash$ ./install.sh
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You will see a number of messages fly by as the appropriate device files/
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nodes are made in the /dev/ directory, the driver files are unpacked and then
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compiled and loaded into the memory.
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Once the process is complete without any error messages (if you get any
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errors, proceed to the Troubleshooting section), you will find that a new
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directory called lib/ has been created under directory ~/pctel/. This ~/pctel
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/lib/ directory contains the drivers/modules that can be loaded into the
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kernel.
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If you move into the ~/pctel/lib/ directory with
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bash$ cd ~/pctel/lib/
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and do a bash$ ls, you will find two files there, one called pctel.o and the
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other ptserial.o
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These are the two modules that are to be loaded to make the modem work.
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To load the modules, you will have to issue the commands
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bash$ insmod pctel.o
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bash$ insmod ptserial.o
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from the ~/pctel/lib/ directory.
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(The install.sh script automatically does this, so you don't need to do the
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insmod part after running the script, but once you reboot, you will have to
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load the modules by
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bash$ cd `your pctel directory`/lib/
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bash$ insmod pctel.o
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bash$ insmod ptserial.o )
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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5.2. Installing the pctel-0.9.6 driver
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Make sure that you have kernel 2.4.0 or greater by the command
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bash$ uname -r
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Unpack the downloaded files with the commands
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bash$ tar -xzvf pctel-0.9.6.tar.gz
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Now you will have a pctel-0.9.6 directory
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cd into that with the command
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bash$ cd pctel-0.9.6/
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Now comes the complicated part.
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To proceed further you will have to know what chip set your modem has.See
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section 9.4 for more information on this.
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Once you have got the name of the chip set, just type one of the following
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commands (depending on the chip set)
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If you have a PCT 789 chip set,
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bash$ ./configure --with-hal=pct789
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If you have a CM8738 chip set,
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bash$ ./configure -with-hal=cm8738
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If you have a chip set integrated with an i8** chip set based box,
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bash$ ./configure --with-hal=i8xx
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If you have a chip set integrated with an VIA 686a chip set based motherboard
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,
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bash$ ./configure --with-hal=via686a
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The configure script will run and a number of messages will fly past. Check
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for any error messages that may fly past. When you have the prompt again,
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(and if you have not got any errors), compile the drivers with the command
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bash$ make
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Then if you do not get any error messages , install the drivers with the
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command
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bash$ make install
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(You will have to be logged in as root for performing the last step)
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Then just load the drivers with the commands
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bash$ insmod pctel
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bash$ insmod ptserial
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NOTE: These commands can be issued from any directory as the insmod program
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will automatically find the drivers pctel.o and ptserial.o in /lib/modules/
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`your kernel version`/misc/ )
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Note NOTE: If you get a message that says configure: error: You must have
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linux kernel >= 2.4.0 installed, then please refer to section 8.1.1 for
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ways to solve this.
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However, if you have an AMR modem, then you will have to use the 0.9.6
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drivers.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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5.3. Installing the pctel-0.8.6 driver
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Caution Use this driver only if you experience problems with the pctel-0.9.6
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drivers
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Make sure that you have kernel 2.4.0 or greater by the command
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bash$ uname -r
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Unpack the downloaded files with the commands
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bash$ tar -xzvf 0.8.6.tar
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Now you will have a pctel-0.8.6 directory
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cd into that with the command
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bash$ cd pctel-0.8.6/
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Now comes the complicated part.
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To proceed further you will have to know what chip set your modem has.See
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section 9.4 for more information on this.
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Once you have got the name of the chip set, just type one of the following
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commands (depending on the chip set)
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If you have a PCT 789 chip set,
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bash$ ./configure --with-hal=pct789
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If you have a CM8738 chip set,
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bash$ ./configure -with-hal=cm8738
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If you have a chip set integrated with an Intel 810 chip set based
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motherboard from Intel,
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bash$ ./configure --with-hal=i810intel
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If you have a chip set integrated with an Intel 810 chip set based
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motherboard from SIS,
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bash$ ./configure --with-hal=i810sis
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If you have a chip set integrated with an VIA 686a chip set based motherboard
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,
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bash$ ./configure --with-hal=via686a
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The configure script will run and a number of messages will fly past. Check
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for any error messages that may fly past. When you have the prompt again,
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(and if you have not got any errors), compile the drivers with the command
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bash$ make
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Then if you do not get any error messages, install the drivers with the
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command
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bash$ make install
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(You will have to be logged in as root for performing the last step)
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Then just load the drivers with the commands
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bash$ insmod pctel
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bash$ insmod ptserial
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(these too, like in the case of the pctel-0.9.6 drivers, can be issued from
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any directory as the insmod program will automatically find the drivers
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pctel.o and ptserial.o in /lib/modules/`your kernel version`/misc/ )
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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6. Testing the drivers
|
||
|
||
There is only one way to check whether the drivers are working or not. You
|
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will have to see if your modem is recognized or not. The driver makes a node
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for your modem at /dev/ttyS15 , no matter what com port it may be in in M$DOS
|
||
/M$ Windows. /dev/ttyS15 is symlinked to /dev/modem and as most programs
|
||
search for a modem at /dev/modem first, you will not have to fiddle with the
|
||
settings/configs of those programs. The program that I use to test my modem
|
||
in GNU/Linux is minicom. If you have minicom installed, what you have to do
|
||
is type
|
||
|
||
bash$ minicom
|
||
|
||
in a shell prompt or in a terminal emulator window. If everything is all
|
||
right, you will see a Initializing modem message for a few seconds and then a
|
||
screen with a blinking cursor. Just type in ATZ in that screen and hit the
|
||
enter key. If you see a OK message, then, congratulations, your modem is
|
||
working in GNU/Linux. Type in ATI 3 and hit enter and you will see a PCtel
|
||
HSP56 MicroModem output. If you get a error message, or if you fail to get
|
||
any response from minicom proceed to the troubleshooting section. If
|
||
everything is all right up to now, you can go ahead to configure your dialer
|
||
software and connect to the internet, and please do take some time to submit
|
||
your modem information to the compatibility database at [http://
|
||
pctelcompdb.sourceforge.net] http://pctelcompdb.sourceforge.net. Also, you
|
||
may consider helping out the author. See this section for more information.
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
7. A few other points that must be noted.
|
||
|
||
Here are a few more points you might find to be of interest/useful.
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
7.1. The unofficial PCTel winmodem-Linux compatibility database.
|
||
|
||
There has been a lot of confusion over the --with-hal option which has to be
|
||
used with the configure script, and for that, I coded a MySQL-PHP driven
|
||
database that takes in information from the modem owners, so that newbies can
|
||
browse and search the database, and find their modems' chipsets. If you have
|
||
a PCTel modem, then please do submit your modem information at [http://
|
||
pctelcompdb.sourceforge.net] http://pctelcompdb.sourceforge.net.
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
7.2. Loading the modules at automatically
|
||
|
||
Well, if you have the pctel.o and ptserial.o files in /lib/modules/`your
|
||
kernel version`/misc/ , you can just add these lines to your /etc/
|
||
modules.conf file
|
||
# for pctel modem
|
||
|
||
|
||
alias char-major-62 ptserial
|
||
|
||
|
||
below ptserial pctel
|
||
|
||
|
||
# country code for pctel modem
|
||
|
||
options ptserial country_code=1
|
||
|
||
Run
|
||
|
||
bash$ depmod -a
|
||
|
||
after modifying your /etc/modules.conf .
|
||
|
||
In this case, running ppp would automatically load these modules. You can
|
||
also write up some shell-script and put them in your /usr/bin/ directory (I
|
||
have a sample of such a script in the appendix section)
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
7.3. Country codes
|
||
|
||
The ptserial.o driver also lets you specify the country code, though for most
|
||
situations, the default of USA is all right. If you still want to specify the
|
||
country code, load the ptserial.o module with the command
|
||
|
||
bash$ insmod ptserial country_code=x
|
||
|
||
(where x is the country code you want) The list of country codes with the
|
||
corresponding country names is listed below.
|
||
|
||
Table 1. Country Codes
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|Country Name |country_code|
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|USA |1 |
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|France |2 |
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|Germany |3 |
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|Italy |4 |
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|Sweden |5 |
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|UK |6 |
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|Japan |7 |
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|Australia |8 |
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|Spain |9 |
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|Taiwan |10 |
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|Singapore |11 |
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|Korea |12 |
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|Switzerland |13 |
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|Norway |14 |
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|Netherlands |15 |
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|Belgium |16 |
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|Canada |17 |
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|Ireland |18 |
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|Portugal |19 |
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|Polan |20 |
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|Hungary |21 |
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|Finland |22 |
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|Denmark |23 |
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|Austria |24 |
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|South Africa |25 |
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|CTR21 Countries |26 |
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|China |27 |
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|Malaysia |28 |
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|Luxumburg |29 |
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|Greece |30 |
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|Iceland |31 |
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|New Zealand |32 |
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
|Brazil |33 |
|
||
+----------------+------------+
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
7.4. Other options while loading the modules.
|
||
|
||
The other options that you may want to use while loading ptserial.o are:
|
||
|
||
For all HALs :
|
||
|
||
- irq: Force to using irq #.
|
||
|
||
- iobase: Force to use iobase for modem detection.
|
||
|
||
Only for I810/VAI686A HALs:
|
||
|
||
- iobase1: Force the iobase 1
|
||
|
||
Note NOTE: if you want to set iobase or iobase1, you should use irq/iobase/
|
||
iobase1 at same time.
|
||
|
||
Only for CM8738/PCT789 HALs:
|
||
|
||
- vendor_id: vendor ID of the modem
|
||
|
||
- device_id: device ID of the modem.
|
||
|
||
Note NOTE: vendor_id and device_id should be used at the same time, but you
|
||
cannot combinate this two options with iobase, iobase prevail to (vendor
|
||
/device)_id detection.
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
7.5. The sequence of loading/unloading the modules.
|
||
|
||
When you load the modules, you must load the pctel.o module at first
|
||
|
||
bash$ insmod pctel
|
||
|
||
and then the ptserial.o
|
||
|
||
bash$ insmod ptserial
|
||
|
||
While unloading, the sequence is reversed,
|
||
|
||
bash$ rmmod ptserial
|
||
|
||
bash$ rmmod pctel
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
7.6. Bugs in the pctel-0.9.6 and the 0.8.6 versions.
|
||
|
||
There is a serious bug in the drivers for the kernel 2.4x The modem often
|
||
seems to stop working/hang while dialing out, and you get nothing but a
|
||
beeeeeeeeee... sound from the modem speaker and later, the dialer gives a
|
||
message No Carrier and disconnects.
|
||
|
||
This problem has no real workaround , but sometimes unloading and reloading
|
||
of the modules work. For that the commands will be (assuming that you have
|
||
the modules in /lib/modules/'your kernel version`/misc/ )
|
||
|
||
bash$ rmmod ptserial
|
||
|
||
bash$ rmmod pctel
|
||
|
||
bash$ insmod pctel
|
||
|
||
bash$ insmod ptserial
|
||
|
||
Note You must exit from your dialer before trying to unload the drivers,
|
||
otherwise you will get a device or resource busy error.
|
||
|
||
When the problems become too acute, the only solution seems to be rebooting.
|
||
|
||
It has been also noticed that sometimes, this problem is ISP dependent, with
|
||
the problem surfacing when using a particular ISP.
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
7.7. Directory of the kernel source files
|
||
|
||
If you get an error saying /usr/src/linux/include/linux/modversions.h : no
|
||
such file or directory, look in your /usr/src directory for the kernel
|
||
source. The default location is /usr/src/linux/ but some distributions may
|
||
install the files somewhere else.
|
||
|
||
If you find that the files are somewhere else, say in the directory, /usr/src
|
||
/myspecialsource/ , do not try to move the files, just create a symbolic link
|
||
with the command
|
||
|
||
bash$ ln -s /usr/src/myspecialdirectory/ /usr/src/linux/
|
||
|
||
Note In case of the PCTel-0.8.6 or newer drivers you can also specify the
|
||
location of your kernel source by using the option
|
||
|
||
bash$ --with-kernel-includes=your kernel source directory
|
||
|
||
during running the configure script.
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
7.8. PnP BIOS issues
|
||
|
||
As most computers are designed for M$-Windows operating systems, the BIOS of
|
||
the computer assumes that you have a what it calls a "PnP OS installed". This
|
||
may cause trouble with these types of modems in GNU/Linux (specially if you
|
||
have resource conflicts) and so the best bet is to change the option "PnP OS
|
||
installed" to "No". To do these, you have to perform the following steps:
|
||
|
||
During startup, when you see "Memory Test" messages, CPU information, BIOS
|
||
information, just press the DEL key (if that does not work, usually one of
|
||
the Function (Fx) keys work..check your manual).
|
||
|
||
You will be presented with the BIOS configuration menu. Enter the "PNP/PCI
|
||
Configuration" section and set the option for "PNP OS Installed" to "NO".
|
||
Save the changes you have made, and then reboot.
|
||
|
||
Warning This is not applicable to all BIOSs, and you are advised to consult
|
||
your PC documentation if you have a different kind of BIOS
|
||
configuration menu.
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
7.9. AMR modems
|
||
|
||
There are certain PCTel chip set based internal modems that go into AMR slots
|
||
instead of the normal PCI slots. They are usually identified as HSP MR by the
|
||
bash$ lspci command. These modems are supported by the pctel-0.9.6 drivers
|
||
only.
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
7.10. Possible conflict with sound modules
|
||
|
||
Recently, there were some posts in the discuss@linmodems.org list that the
|
||
PCTel modules worked only after the sound modules were unloaded with the
|
||
bash$ rmmod command. If you do not get a response from your modem even after
|
||
the pctel.o and ptserial.o modules have been loaded, then you can try
|
||
unloading the sound modules, and then reloading the PCTel modules. However,
|
||
this problem does not occur if you are using the commercial ($$$) drivers
|
||
from [http://www.opensound.com] www.opensound.com .
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
8. FAQ/Troubleshooting
|
||
|
||
Here is a set of common problems that you may face, along with their possible
|
||
solutions.
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
8.1. Compiling Problems
|
||
|
||
8.1.1. I get a configure: error: You must have linux kernel >= 2.4.0
|
||
installed during ./configure
|
||
8.1.2. I get a /usr/src/linux/include/linux/modversions.h : no such file or
|
||
directory
|
||
8.1.3. I get a permission denied error while running bash$ make install
|
||
8.1.4. I have gcc 3 and while compiling, I get an error which goes like this
|
||
<command line>:1:13: multi-line string literals are deprecated make[3]: *
|
||
** [ptserial.o] Error 1.
|
||
8.1.5. I have RedHat 8.0/Mandrake 9.0, and I am having troubles compiling the
|
||
drivers.
|
||
|
||
8.1.1. I get a configure: error: You must have linux kernel >= 2.4.0
|
||
installed during ./configure
|
||
|
||
If this occurs, you will have to patch your configure script. Download the
|
||
file configure.patch from [http://www.peacefulaction.org/sayamindu/
|
||
configure.patch] here and give the command
|
||
|
||
cat configure.patch | patch -p0
|
||
|
||
Note I am supposing that you are in the pctel-0.9.6 directory, and the
|
||
configure.patch is also in that directory
|
||
|
||
8.1.2. I get a /usr/src/linux/include/linux/modversions.h : no such file or
|
||
directory
|
||
|
||
You need to have your kernel source installed under /usr/src/linux/
|
||
|
||
If you have the kernel source installed somewhere else, just make the
|
||
appropriate symlink. (see section 7.7 for more information) If you have that
|
||
installed under /usr/src/linux/ , run
|
||
|
||
bash$ make config
|
||
|
||
bash$ make dep
|
||
|
||
in /usr/src/linux/
|
||
|
||
8.1.3. I get a permission denied error while running bash$ make install
|
||
|
||
You need to be logged in as root while doing bash$ make install
|
||
|
||
8.1.4. I have gcc 3 and while compiling, I get an error which goes like this
|
||
<command line>:1:13: multi-line string literals are deprecated make[3]: ***
|
||
[ptserial.o] Error 1.
|
||
|
||
This should not happen anymore since the pctel-0.9.6 driver was released to
|
||
address this issue. However, if you still face such a problem, (with an older
|
||
driver or something like that), you will have to edit the file <your pctel
|
||
directory>src/ptserial/Makefile. In that file, find out the line which says
|
||
|
||
CFLAGS = -D__KERNEL__ -Werror -Wno-trigraphs -fno-common -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -O2 -fomit-frame-pointer -fno-strict-aliasing -pipe -fno-strength-reduce -DMODULE -DMODVERSIONS -DEXPORT_SYMTAB -D$(HAL_TARGET) $(AUDIO_ROUTING) -DBUILD_SYSTEM=\""$(BUILD_SYSTEM)\"" -DGCC_VERSION=\""$(GCC_VERSION)\"" -I$(top_srcdir)/include -I$(KERNEL_INCLUDES) -include $(KERNEL_INCLUDES)/linux/modversions.h
|
||
|
||
and change that to
|
||
|
||
CFLAGS = -D__KERNEL__ -Wno-trigraphs -fno-common -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -O2 -fomit-frame-pointer -fno-strict-aliasing -pipe -fno-strength-reduce -DMODULE -DMODVERSIONS -DEXPORT_SYMTAB -D$(HAL_TARGET) $(AUDIO_ROUTING) -DBUILD_SYSTEM=\""$(BUILD_SYSTEM)\"" -DGCC_VERSION=\""$(GCC_VERSION)\"" -I$(top_srcdir)/include -I$(KERNEL_INCLUDES) -include $(KERNEL_INCLUDES)/linux/modversions.h
|
||
|
||
....and then recompile.
|
||
|
||
Tip If you cannot find the file src/ptserial/Makefile, then run the configure
|
||
script, and try again.
|
||
|
||
Alternatively, you may also try out the pre-compiled (distro specific)
|
||
drivers at [http://www.geocities.com/jcmp3/] http://www.geocities.com/jcmp3/.
|
||
Just note that I have not personally tested out these drivers, and I don't
|
||
know much about them.
|
||
|
||
8.1.5. I have RedHat 8.0/Mandrake 9.0, and I am having troubles compiling the
|
||
drivers.
|
||
|
||
See the answer to the previous question (8.1.4).
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
8.2. Problems while loading the modules.
|
||
|
||
8.2.1. I get unresolved symbols.... messages while loading the modules
|
||
8.2.2. I get an Operation not permitted error while trying to load the
|
||
drivers
|
||
8.2.3. I get a Warning: loading /lib/modules/2.4.19/misc/ptserial.o will
|
||
taint the kernel: non-GPL license - GPL linked with proprietary libraries
|
||
message while loading the modules.
|
||
8.2.4. I get a The module you are trying to load (/lib/modules/2.4.18-14/misc
|
||
/pctel.o) is compiled with a gcc version 2 compiler, while the kernel you
|
||
are running is compiled with a gcc version 3 compiler. This is known to
|
||
not work. message while loading the modules.
|
||
|
||
8.2.1. I get unresolved symbols.... messages while loading the modules
|
||
|
||
Firstly, check that you are loading ptserial.o only after loading pctel.o.
|
||
|
||
If that does not solve the problem, then probably you have compiled your
|
||
modules for the wrong kernel version. Check your kernel version with the
|
||
command
|
||
|
||
bash$ uname -r
|
||
|
||
and then verify if you have the right files in /usr/src/linux .
|
||
|
||
Moreover, if you have a running kernel for a uniprocessor machine and have
|
||
kernel source in /usr/src/linux/ that is configured for smp support, then you
|
||
will get unresolved symbols. A method to check whether you have a smp
|
||
supporting source is by running bash$ make menuconfig in /usr/src/linux/ and
|
||
seeing whether smp support is selected.
|
||
|
||
Another way to get rid of the unresolved symbols problem is to use the
|
||
fixscript package from [http://linmodems.technion.ac.il/pctel-linux/
|
||
fixscript.gz] http://linmodems.technion.ac.il/pctel-linux/fixscript.gz
|
||
|
||
The procedure is to:
|
||
|
||
Unpack the downloaded file with
|
||
|
||
bash$ gzip -d fixscript.gz
|
||
|
||
Make it executable with
|
||
|
||
bash$ chmod +x fixscript
|
||
|
||
Run it with
|
||
|
||
bash$ ./fixscript old_module.o new_module.o
|
||
|
||
This will create the new module, which you can try to load with
|
||
|
||
bash$ insmod new_module.o
|
||
|
||
If fixscript reports an error like
|
||
|
||
objcopy: --redefine-sym: Symbol x is target of more than one redefinition
|
||
|
||
then, fixscript can not help you.
|
||
|
||
The best method is of course, to fix your kernel source and recompile the
|
||
drivers.
|
||
|
||
Make sure that you do a
|
||
|
||
bash$ make clean
|
||
|
||
before recompiling.
|
||
|
||
8.2.2. I get an Operation not permitted error while trying to load the
|
||
drivers
|
||
|
||
You will have to be logged in as root to load the drivers, otherwise, you can
|
||
also type in the
|
||
|
||
bash$ su
|
||
|
||
command and then load the drivers.
|
||
|
||
8.2.3. I get a Warning: loading /lib/modules/2.4.19/misc/ptserial.o will
|
||
taint the kernel: non-GPL license - GPL linked with proprietary libraries
|
||
message while loading the modules.
|
||
|
||
This message is just to inform you that you are loading a proprietary module
|
||
which is not supported by the Linux kernel developers. It also serves as a
|
||
warning that the drivers have not been officially tested with the kernel, and
|
||
may cause problems, and tells you that you should not send bug reports to the
|
||
kernel developers if you face system instability or any other problems after
|
||
loading these proprietary drivers.
|
||
|
||
Note Just remember that this is not a error message - it just informs you
|
||
that you are using an unsupported module.
|
||
|
||
8.2.4. I get a The module you are trying to load (/lib/modules/2.4.18-14/misc
|
||
/pctel.o) is compiled with a gcc version 2 compiler, while the kernel you are
|
||
running is compiled with a gcc version 3 compiler. This is known to not work.
|
||
message while loading the modules.
|
||
|
||
Try to load the modules with the commands with insmod -f pctel and insmod -f
|
||
ptserial instead of the plain insmod pctel and insmod ptserial.
|
||
|
||
Warning Just remember that this is not a very nice hack.
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
8.3. General modem based problems.
|
||
|
||
8.3.1. I get a /dev/modem no such device error.
|
||
8.3.2. My dialer gives a No Carrier error
|
||
8.3.3. I get a No Dialtone message.
|
||
8.3.4. I get a Modem Busy error.
|
||
|
||
8.3.1. I get a /dev/modem no such device error.
|
||
|
||
First of all, check if you really have the drivers loaded. You can do this by
|
||
the command
|
||
|
||
bash$ lsmod
|
||
|
||
This command lists all the modules that you have loaded, and if you see
|
||
something like
|
||
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|Module Size Used by |
|
||
|ptserial 47472 0 (unused) |
|
||
|pctel 1211808 0 [ptserial] |
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|
||
then, the modules are correctly loaded.
|
||
|
||
If not, just load them and retry.
|
||
|
||
Also check whether the file /dev/modem is symlinked to /dev/ttyS15
|
||
|
||
Remember, even if msdos or Microsoft Windows tells you that the modem is in
|
||
com 3 or com 4, in GNU/Linux the driver makes it appear in /dev/ttyS15 (the
|
||
Microsoft equivalent of which will be com 16!!)
|
||
|
||
If you are in doubt, I suggest that you re-create the device files by the
|
||
commands
|
||
|
||
bash$ rmmod ptserial
|
||
|
||
bash$ rmmod pctel
|
||
|
||
bash$ rm /dev/ttyS15 /dev/modem
|
||
|
||
bash$ mknod /dev/ttyS15 c 62 79
|
||
|
||
NOTE: the numbers after /devttyS15 are distribution specific, and the c 62 79
|
||
works for Red Hat Linux and derivatives. If you have any other distribution,
|
||
please check your documentations.
|
||
|
||
bash$ chgrp uucp /dev/ttyS15
|
||
|
||
bash$ chmod 666 /dev/ttyS15
|
||
|
||
bash$ ln -s /dev/ttyS15 /dev/modem
|
||
|
||
8.3.2. My dialer gives a No Carrier error
|
||
|
||
This is a bug with the drivers for the kernel 2.4x series
|
||
|
||
Refer to section 7.6 for more information.
|
||
|
||
8.3.3. I get a No Dialtone message.
|
||
|
||
This is usually solved by adding ATX3 to your modem init strings. The process
|
||
of adding the ATX3 init string varies depending on the dialer you are using.
|
||
For example, if you are using wvdial, you need to add X3 at the end of the
|
||
Init2 line in the file /etc/wvdial.conf. On the other hand, if you are using
|
||
KPPP, you will have to add ATX3 in the Initialization String 1 field, which
|
||
can be found in the Modem Commands section of the Modem of the Setup dialogue
|
||
box of KPPP.
|
||
|
||
8.3.4. I get a Modem Busy error.
|
||
|
||
First of all, check if the drivers are loaded or not and then see, if any
|
||
program is using the modem. If everything seems to be all right, try to find
|
||
out the irq of your modem with the command
|
||
|
||
bash$ lspci -v
|
||
|
||
If the irq listed is obviously incorrect (like 0) (or does not tally with
|
||
your M$-Windows configuration) then either use the setserial command
|
||
|
||
bash$ setserial /dev/ttyS15 irq * (where * is the irq of your modem)
|
||
|
||
or fiddle with the BIOS settings (see section 7.8)
|
||
|
||
Another possibilty may be that your sound modules are conflicting with the
|
||
PCTel modules. Refer to section 7.10 for this.
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
8.4. I have a problem that is not listed in this section. What do I do?
|
||
|
||
The output of the command
|
||
|
||
bash$ tail /var/log/messages
|
||
|
||
will give you a lot of information if anything goes wrong The normal output
|
||
should be something like this
|
||
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|Nov 11 10:50:24 localhost kernel: PCTel device[00:09.0](0x48) found "PCTel Inc HSP MicroModem 56 (rev 01)", iobase=0xe400, irq=12. |
|
||
|Nov 11 10:50:24 localhost kernel: PCTel driver version 0.9.5 [5.05c-4.27.215 (09-14-2001)] (PCT789) (2002-01-31) with MANY_PORTS SHARE_IRQ SERIAL_PCI enabled. |
|
||
|Nov 11 10:50:24 localhost kernel: PCTel driver built on [Linux 2.4.18-14 i686 i686 "2.4.18-14 <132114>"] with gcc-gcc (GCC) 3.2 |
|
||
|20020903 (Red Hat Linux 8.0 3.2-7). |
|
||
|Nov 11 10:50:24 localhost kernel: ttyS15 at 0xe400 (irq = 12) is a PCTel |
|
||
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||
|
||
Mail the output you get to the <discuss@linmodems.org> list( more on this in
|
||
section 9.2.2), and wait for a reply.
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
9. Appendix
|
||
|
||
9.1. A sample script file to load the modules.
|
||
|
||
#! /bin/bash
|
||
|
||
/sbin/insmod /lib/modules/`uname -r`/misc/pctel.o
|
||
|
||
/sbin/insmod /lib/modules/`uname -r`/misc/ptserial.o
|
||
|
||
# end file
|
||
|
||
You can save this file as modemon and then isuue the commands
|
||
|
||
bash$ chmod 700 modemon
|
||
|
||
bash$ cp modemon /usr/bin/modemon
|
||
|
||
Now, whenever you type in the command bash$ modemon , the modules will get
|
||
loaded automatically
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
9.2. Web Resources
|
||
|
||
There are a number of websites, mailing lists that may help you while you try
|
||
to configure your modem.
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
9.2.1. Web sites
|
||
|
||
The unofficial pctel linux driver site at [http://linmodems.technion.ac.il/
|
||
pctel-linux/] http://linmodems.technion.ac.il/pctel-linux/
|
||
|
||
The unofficial PCTel modem-Linux compatibility database at [http://
|
||
pctelcompdb.sourceforge.net] http://pctelcompdb.sourceforge.net.
|
||
|
||
The linmodem site (the mother page of all linmodem projets) at [http://
|
||
www.linmodems.org] http://www.linmodems.org
|
||
|
||
A huge lists of lin/winmodems at [ http://www.idir.net/~gromitkc/
|
||
winmodem.html ] http://www.idir.net/~gromitkc/winmodem.html
|
||
|
||
A list of AT commands from PCTel at [http://www.pctel.com/atcommands_dev.htm]
|
||
http://www.pctel.com/atcommands_dev.htm
|
||
|
||
For latest information related to linmodems, visit [http://
|
||
linmodems.technion.ac.il/] http://linmodems.technion.ac.il/.
|
||
|
||
The linmodem-howto is available at [http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/
|
||
Linmodem-HOWTO.html] http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Linmodem-HOWTO.html.
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
9.2.2. Mailing lists
|
||
|
||
The most important mailing list for linmodems is
|
||
|
||
<discuss@linmodems.org>
|
||
|
||
You can subscribe to that list by going to
|
||
|
||
[http://www.linmodems.org] http://www.linmodems.org or by sending a blank
|
||
e-mail to <discuss-subscribe@linmodems.org> .
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
9.3. Other drivers that are available
|
||
|
||
I have seen a number of modem manufacturers (Dax, Zoltrix, Lectron, Tiacom
|
||
etc) providing linux drivers for their modems that have PCTel chip sets.
|
||
|
||
Actually most (if not all) of these drivers are slightly modified form of the
|
||
drivers at Jan's and the modems.dewback.cl site, and so, in most cases, there
|
||
is no point in downloading them.
|
||
|
||
However, you may try out the pre-compiled (distro specific) drivers at [http:
|
||
//www.geocities.com/jcmp3/] http://www.geocities.com/jcmp3/. Just note that I
|
||
have not personally tested out these drivers, and I don't know much about
|
||
them.
|
||
|
||
Moreover, in the early days of 2.4x kernels, Thomas Wright had made a PCTel
|
||
driver and you can find it in his website at [http://www.geocities.com/
|
||
tom_in_rc/] http://www.geocities.com/tom_in_rc/.
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
9.4. Identifying the chip set of the modem
|
||
|
||
Well, the best way to identify the chip set of your modem is to open up the
|
||
cabinet of the machine., gently pull out the modem from it's slot (only if it
|
||
is not integrated into your motherboard), and see the name printed on the
|
||
black chip on the modem. (be very very careful while doing these, and make
|
||
sure that all power supplies to the system is disconnected, and touch the
|
||
ground/a metallic surface before handling any of the circuitry/wires in the
|
||
machine). But sometimes, this is not possible and so you will have to adopt
|
||
other methods.
|
||
|
||
The next best method is to run the command
|
||
|
||
bash$ lspci -n
|
||
|
||
This command will give you the numeric PCI id of your modem (you may have to
|
||
run bash$ lspci to crosscheck the device id) and you will have to submit the
|
||
number at [http://www.yourvote.com/pci/ ] http://www.yourvote.com/pci/ Here
|
||
you may or may not get the exact name of the chip set you have.
|
||
|
||
The unofficial PCTel modem-Linux compatibility database at [http://
|
||
pctelcompdb.sourceforge.net] http://pctelcompdb.sourceforge.net. might also
|
||
be of some help in this case
|
||
|
||
If you do not get the name, you can go through the database at [ http://
|
||
www.idir.net/~gromitkc/winmodem.html#drivers] http://www.idir.net/~gromitkc/
|
||
winmodem.html#drivers and search for an entry on your modem.
|
||
|
||
You can also ask at the local LUGs or ask your friends or even (a bad way, no
|
||
doubt), ask the support personnel of your modem manufacturer.
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
9.5. Helping the author
|
||
|
||
If you have liked the miniHOWTO, or if you have benefitted from the contents,
|
||
then please do consider linking my project site Peaceful Action ([http://
|
||
www.peacefulaction.org] http://www.peacefulaction.org) from your homepage, or
|
||
whatever site you may be the webmaster of. See this page for more
|
||
information.
|
||
|
||
You may also consider telling your friends about [http://
|
||
www.peacefulaction.org] Peaceful Action . To recommend [http://
|
||
www.peacefulaction.org] Peaceful Action to a friend, please do visit this
|
||
[http://www.peacefulaction.org/modules.php?name=Recommend_Us] page.
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
9.6. GNU Free Documentation License
|
||
|
||
Version 1.1, March 2000
|
||
|
||
|
||
Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place, Suite
|
||
330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and
|
||
distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is
|
||
not allowed.
|
||
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
0. PREAMBLE
|
||
|
||
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other written
|
||
document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective
|
||
freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either
|
||
commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the
|
||
author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being
|
||
considered responsible for modifications made by others.
|
||
|
||
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of
|
||
the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the
|
||
GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free
|
||
software.
|
||
|
||
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
|
||
software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program
|
||
should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does.
|
||
But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any
|
||
textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a
|
||
printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose
|
||
is instruction or reference.
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
|
||
|
||
This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a notice
|
||
placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms
|
||
of this License. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work.
|
||
Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you".
|
||
|
||
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document
|
||
or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or
|
||
translated into another language.
|
||
|
||
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the
|
||
Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or
|
||
authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related
|
||
matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall
|
||
subject. (For example, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics,
|
||
a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could
|
||
be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related
|
||
matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political
|
||
position regarding them.
|
||
|
||
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are
|
||
designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says
|
||
that the Document is released under this License.
|
||
|
||
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as
|
||
Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the
|
||
Document is released under this License.
|
||
|
||
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
|
||
represented in a format whose specification is available to the general
|
||
public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and
|
||
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
|
||
pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
|
||
drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for
|
||
automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text
|
||
formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup
|
||
has been designed to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers
|
||
is not Transparent. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
|
||
|
||
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII
|
||
without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a
|
||
publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML designed for
|
||
human modification. Opaque formats include PostScript, PDF, proprietary
|
||
formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML
|
||
or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available,
|
||
and the machine-generated HTML produced by some word processors for output
|
||
purposes only.
|
||
|
||
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such
|
||
following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License
|
||
requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have
|
||
any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent
|
||
appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the
|
||
text.
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
2. VERBATIM COPYING
|
||
|
||
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially
|
||
or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and
|
||
the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced
|
||
in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of
|
||
this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the
|
||
reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you
|
||
may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large
|
||
enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
|
||
|
||
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may
|
||
publicly display copies.
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
|
||
|
||
If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100, and
|
||
the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
|
||
copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts:
|
||
Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover.
|
||
Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of
|
||
these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of
|
||
the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the
|
||
covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as
|
||
they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be
|
||
treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
|
||
|
||
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you
|
||
should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual
|
||
cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.
|
||
|
||
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more
|
||
than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along
|
||
with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a
|
||
publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete
|
||
Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the general
|
||
network-using public has access to download anonymously at no charge using
|
||
public-standard network protocols. If you use the latter option, you must
|
||
take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies
|
||
in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible
|
||
at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you
|
||
distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of
|
||
that edition to the public.
|
||
|
||
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
|
||
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them
|
||
a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
4. MODIFICATIONS
|
||
|
||
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the
|
||
conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified
|
||
Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the
|
||
role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the
|
||
Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do
|
||
these things in the Modified Version:
|
||
|
||
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from
|
||
that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should,
|
||
if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You
|
||
may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of
|
||
that version gives permission.
|
||
|
||
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
|
||
responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version,
|
||
together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all
|
||
of its principal authors, if it has less than five).
|
||
|
||
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified
|
||
Version, as the publisher.
|
||
|
||
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
|
||
|
||
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to
|
||
the other copyright notices.
|
||
|
||
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving
|
||
the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this
|
||
License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
|
||
|
||
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and
|
||
required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
|
||
|
||
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
|
||
|
||
I. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and add to it an
|
||
item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the
|
||
Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section
|
||
entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year,
|
||
authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then
|
||
add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous
|
||
sentence.
|
||
|
||
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public
|
||
access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network
|
||
locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on.
|
||
These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network
|
||
location for a work that was published at least four years before the
|
||
Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to
|
||
gives permission.
|
||
|
||
K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", preserve the
|
||
section's title, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone
|
||
of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given
|
||
therein.
|
||
|
||
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their
|
||
text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not
|
||
considered part of the section titles.
|
||
|
||
M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be
|
||
included in the Modified Version.
|
||
|
||
N. Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements" or to conflict in
|
||
title with any Invariant Section.
|
||
|
||
|
||
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that
|
||
qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the
|
||
Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as
|
||
invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in
|
||
the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any
|
||
other section titles.
|
||
|
||
You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing
|
||
but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example,
|
||
statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an
|
||
organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.
|
||
|
||
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
|
||
passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of
|
||
Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and
|
||
one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any
|
||
one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,
|
||
previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are
|
||
acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old
|
||
one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old
|
||
one.
|
||
|
||
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give
|
||
permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply
|
||
endorsement of any Modified Version.
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
|
||
|
||
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
|
||
License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions,
|
||
provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of
|
||
all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant
|
||
Sections of your combined work in its license notice.
|
||
|
||
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple
|
||
identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are
|
||
multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make
|
||
the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in
|
||
parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if
|
||
known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section
|
||
titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
|
||
combined work.
|
||
|
||
In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled "History" in the
|
||
various original documents, forming one section entitled "History"; likewise
|
||
combine any sections entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections entitled
|
||
"Dedications". You must delete all sections entitled "Endorsements."
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
|
||
|
||
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
|
||
released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
|
||
License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the
|
||
collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim
|
||
copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
|
||
|
||
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it
|
||
individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License
|
||
into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects
|
||
regarding verbatim copying of that document.
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
|
||
|
||
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and
|
||
independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
|
||
distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version of the
|
||
Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the compilation.
|
||
Such a compilation is called an "aggregate", and this License does not apply
|
||
to the other self-contained works thus compiled with the Document, on account
|
||
of their being thus compiled, if they are not themselves derivative works of
|
||
the Document.
|
||
|
||
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of
|
||
the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter of the entire
|
||
aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that surround
|
||
only the Document within the aggregate. Otherwise they must appear on covers
|
||
around the whole aggregate.
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
8. TRANSLATION
|
||
|
||
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute
|
||
translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing
|
||
Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their
|
||
copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant
|
||
Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections.
|
||
You may include a translation of this License provided that you also include
|
||
the original English version of this License. In case of a disagreement
|
||
between the translation and the original English version of this License, the
|
||
original English version will prevail.
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
9. TERMINATION
|
||
|
||
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as
|
||
expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify,
|
||
sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically
|
||
terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received
|
||
copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses
|
||
terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
|
||
|
||
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU
|
||
Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be
|
||
similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address
|
||
new problems or concerns. See [http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/] http://
|
||
www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
|
||
|
||
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the
|
||
Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any
|
||
later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and
|
||
conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has
|
||
been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the
|
||
Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose
|
||
any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
|